WO2017159698A1 - 金属ナノワイヤ層が形成された基材及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
金属ナノワイヤ層が形成された基材及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
- B32B5/16—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by features of a layer formed of particles, e.g. chips, powder or granules
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- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B5/00—Non-insulated conductors or conductive bodies characterised by their form
- H01B5/14—Non-insulated conductors or conductive bodies characterised by their form comprising conductive layers or films on insulating-supports
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
- B32B15/02—Layer formed of wires, e.g. mesh
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
- B32B15/04—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
- B32B15/08—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/12—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin next to a fibrous or filamentary layer
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
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- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/02—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of metals or alloys
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- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/02—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of metals or alloys
- H01B1/026—Alloys based on copper
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
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- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B13/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing conductors or cables
- H01B13/0026—Apparatus for manufacturing conducting or semi-conducting layers, e.g. deposition of metal
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- H01B13/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing conductors or cables
- H01B13/008—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing conductors or cables for manufacturing extensible conductors or cables
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a substrate on which a metal nanowire layer is formed and a method for producing the same.
- Metal nanowires are not only materials that can form transparent conductors that are superior in transparency and conductivity compared to transparent conductive film materials represented by conventional ITO, but also mechanical durability such as bending and stretching. Since it is excellent, it is used for forming a transparent conductive film using a flexible film substrate or the like.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a method for producing a conductive pattern using metal nanowires.
- the transparent conductive film material when metal nanowires made of silver or copper are used as the transparent conductive film material, the transparent conductive film may deteriorate due to migration, sulfidation, oxidation, or the like. Therefore, in order to improve the durability of the metal nanowires, graphene or a polymer has been coated on the entire surface of the transparent conductive film, but high durability has not been ensured.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a configuration in which a metal other than silver is plated on the surface of silver nanowires.
- Patent Document 3 describes that in a conductive film in which linear metal nanowires are joined together at intersections to form a network, the joining is performed by pressure bonding or plating.
- the metal nanowire is easily peeled off from the substrate, and a stable plating process cannot be performed. Furthermore, high mechanical strength against bending and expansion / contraction cannot be obtained simply by forming a transparent conductive film composed of metal nanowires on a substrate.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a base material on which a metal nanowire layer having high durability against migration, sulfidation / oxidation and the like and high mechanical strength is formed, and a method for producing the same.
- the present invention has the following embodiments.
- a step of forming a metal nanowire layer on a substrate a step of applying external energy to the substrate on which the metal nanowire layer is formed, and embedding a part of the metal nanowire in the substrate, and the exposed And a step of plating part or all of the metal nanowires.
- [8] A method for producing a substrate on which the metal nanowire layer according to any one of [5] to [7] is formed, wherein the metal constituting the metal nanowire is silver or copper.
- a sensor or functional element including a base material on which the metal nanowire layer according to any one of [1] to [4] is formed.
- the present invention it is possible to provide a base material on which a metal nanowire layer having high durability against migration, sulfidation / oxidation and the like and high mechanical strength is formed, and a method for producing the same.
- the substrate on which the metal nanowire layer according to the embodiment is formed is a state in which a part of the metal nanowire is embedded in the substrate, and a part or all of the exposed metal nanowire is plated.
- the metal nanowire is a metal having a diameter on the order of nanometers, and is a conductive material having a wire shape.
- metal nanotubes which are conductive materials having a porous or non-porous tube shape, may be used together with (mixed with) metal nanowires or instead of metal nanowires.
- both “wire shape” and “tube shape” are linear, but the former is intended to have a hollow center, and the latter is intended to have a hollow center.
- the property may be flexible or rigid.
- metal nanowire when “metal nanowire” and “metal nanotube” are not described in succession, “metal nanowire” is used in the meaning of encompassing metal nanowire and metal nanotube.
- metal nanowires or metal nanotubes As a method for producing metal nanowires or metal nanotubes, known production methods can be used. For example, silver nanowires can be synthesized by reducing silver nitrate in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone using the Poly-ol method (see Chem. Mater., 2002, 14, 4736). Similarly, gold nanowires can be synthesized by reducing chloroauric acid hydrate in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (see J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2007, 129, 1733). Detailed descriptions of techniques for large-scale synthesis and purification of silver nanowires and gold nanowires can be found in WO2008 / 073143 and WO2008 / 046058.
- Gold nanotubes having a porous structure can be synthesized by reducing a chloroauric acid solution using silver nanowires as a template.
- the silver nanowire used as a template is dissolved in a solution by an oxidation-reduction reaction with chloroauric acid, and as a result, a gold nanotube having a porous structure is formed (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126, 3892). -3901).
- the average diameter of the metal nanowire and the metal nanotube is preferably 1 to 500 nm, more preferably 5 to 200 nm, still more preferably 5 to 100 nm, and particularly preferably 10 to 100 nm.
- the average length of the major axis of the metal nanowire and the metal nanotube is preferably 1 to 100 ⁇ m, more preferably 1 to 80 ⁇ m, further preferably 2 to 70 ⁇ m, and particularly preferably 5 to 50 ⁇ m.
- the average diameter thickness and the average long axis length satisfy the above range, and the average aspect ratio is preferably larger than 5, more preferably 10 or more, More preferably, it is more preferably 200 or more.
- the aspect ratio is a value obtained by a / b when the average diameter of the metal nanowires and the metal nanotubes is approximated with b and the average length of the major axis is approximated with a.
- a and b can be measured using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an optical microscope. Specifically, 10 or more diameters of metal nanowires are measured with an SEM (FE-SEM SU8020 manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation), and 100 or more metal nanowires are measured with an optical microscope (VHX-600 manufactured by Keyence Corporation). ), And the average diameter and the average length can be obtained from the arithmetic average value.
- the material of the metal nanowire is not particularly limited as long as the material itself is somewhat difficult in terms of durability against migration, sulfidation, oxidation, etc. and needs to be improved.
- silver, copper are highly conductive. Etc. are suitable.
- the base material is preferably a thermoplastic resin material.
- the thermoplastic resin may be colored, but it is preferable that the transparency by visible light is higher.
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- PEN polyethylene naphthalate
- thermoplastic polyimide polyethersulfone
- acrylic resin polyolefin And polyvinyl chloride
- polyurethane, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polyparaxylylene (Parylene (registered trademark)) are preferable from the viewpoints of adhesion of the metal nanowires to the substrate and stretchability of the substrate.
- the metal nanowire is partially embedded in the base material.
- the part of the metal nanowire is a part of one of the metal nanowires in the longitudinal direction, and examples thereof include one or both of both ends, a portion between both ends, and the like.
- the metal nanowire layer formed on the base material can obtain high mechanical strength against bending and stretching of the base material.
- the metal nanowire embedded in the substrate preferably has 5 to 95% of its surface area exposed. There may be metal nanowires completely embedded in the substrate. Moreover, you may include the metal nanowire which does not have the part embedded in the base material. In that case, the metal nanowire having no embedded portion in the substrate is preferably 5% to 95%, more preferably 10% to 85%, and more preferably 15% to 75%. More preferably, it is as follows.
- the metal nanowire is plated on a part or all of a part exposed from the base material, that is, a part not embedded in the base material.
- the plating layer formed on the metal nanowires is stabilized by immersing in the catalyst solution and heat treatment is performed, and a plating layer with excellent durability such as improved peel resistance is obtained. Therefore, it is possible to suppress the deterioration due to the occurrence of migration and sulfidation / oxidation.
- the heat treatment conditions depend on the heat resistance temperature of the base material, and therefore cannot be determined in general. A range is preferred.
- the treatment time is not limited as long as the solvent of the catalyst solution is volatilized as long as the base material is not damaged, but preferably 1 second to 1 hour, more preferably 30 seconds to 30 minutes. Range.
- connection means that the metal nanowires are not simply in contact with each other but are fused and integrated at the intersection. The connection method will be described later.
- the base material on which the metal nanowire layer according to the present embodiment described above is formed needs to be reliable, for example, inside or outside the member in contact with a solution that promotes metal migration (such as water or saline).
- the present invention can be applied to conductive members.
- a transparent conductive film formed on a flexible substrate in a device that comes into contact with moisture or water, a wearable device that comes in contact with sweat or biological fluid It can be used as a sensor member such as an embedded sensor, a chemical sensor, a micro-channel device, an infrastructure exposed to rain or seawater, or a sensor for agriculture and forestry.
- it can be used for conductive members of functional elements that require migration resistance, for example, conductive members such as solar cells, LEDs, and transistors using organic or inorganic semiconductors.
- FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 1C are explanatory views of an example of a manufacturing process of a base material on which a metal nanowire layer according to the embodiment is formed.
- a metal nanowire dispersion is applied onto a flexible substrate 10 to form a metal nanowire layer 12 (metal nanowire layer forming step).
- FIG. 1B external energy is applied to the base material 10 on which the metal nanowire layer 12 is formed, and a part of the metal nanowire is embedded in the base material 10 (embedding step).
- a method for applying external energy include light irradiation, heating by electromagnetic waves such as dielectric heating and induction heating, and heating by an oven, a hot plate, or the like.
- the surface layer of the base material 10 is melted, and a part of the metal nanowires contained in the metal nanowire layer 12 formed on the surface of the base material 10 is inside the melted surface layer of the base material 10. invade.
- FIG. 1B a part of the metal nanowire is embedded in the base material 10.
- the adhesion area between the metal nanowire and the base material is increased and the adhesion is improved.
- the part of the metal nanowire is at least one of both end portions, a portion between both end portions, or the like.
- the amount of external energy to be applied varies depending on the substrate, but when applying electromagnetic waves such as light irradiation, dielectric heating, induction heating, etc., and when applying heating by an oven, hot plate, etc., the glass transition point (Tg ) Or a condition capable of heating to the softening point or higher is adopted, and the conditions and temperature are appropriately selected depending on the substrate to be used.
- the metal nanowire layer 12 is formed on the base material 10
- a part of the metal nanowire is converted to the base material 10 by applying external energy.
- the coating layer is not formed so as to cover at least a part of the metal nanowire layer 12 after the metal nanowire layer 12 is formed on the substrate 10. That is, a part of the metal nanowire is embedded in the base material 10 itself, and the structure is not embedded only in the coating layer.
- the metal nanowires constituting the metal nanowire layer 12 Since a part of the metal nanowires constituting the metal nanowire layer 12 is embedded in the base material 10, it is possible to suppress the metal nanowires from being peeled off from the base material 10 in the subsequent plating process, thereby stabilizing the plating process. Can be done.
- a part or all of the metal nanowires that constitute the metal nanowire layer 12 and are exposed from the base material are plated (plating step).
- a plating method a known technique can be applied. For example, chemical reduction plating represented by electroless plating, displacement plating, or electrolytic plating is suitable, and a commercially available plating solution can be used. By this plating, the skeleton of the metal nanowire is covered, and a new structural strengthening can be achieved.
- the metal to be plated include gold, nickel / gold, and platinum.
- the plating thickness is not limited as long as the effect of improving durability by plating can be exhibited, but is, for example, 1 nm to 100 nm, preferably 3 nm to 70 nm, and more preferably 5 nm to 50 nm.
- the plating layer may be formed as a single layer, but a plurality of layers of 2 to 4 layers are preferably laminated. If it is 5 layers or more, the plating layer forming process becomes complicated from an industrial viewpoint, and optical characteristics are sacrificed in terms of characteristics as a transparent conductive film.
- the process of connecting at least one part of the metal nanowire which comprises the metal nanowire layer 12 before or after the said plating process means a process of fusing and integrating at least some of the plurality of intersecting parts of the metal nanowires existing on the substrate surface layer.
- the method of connection there are no limitations on the method of connection as long as the energy required to connect the metal nanowires without melting and cutting can be applied, and heating in an oven, microwave irradiation, or pulsed light irradiation is preferable. .
- Pulsed light irradiation is light irradiation with a short light irradiation time (irradiation time). When light irradiation is repeated a plurality of times, light is irradiated between the first irradiation time and the second irradiation time. It means light irradiation having a period that is not performed. The light intensity may change within the light irradiation time.
- the pulsed light is emitted from a light source including a flash lamp such as a xenon flash lamp.
- an electromagnetic wave having a wavelength range of 1 pm to 1 m can be used, preferably an electromagnetic wave having a wavelength range of 10 nm to 1000 ⁇ m, more preferably an electromagnetic wave having a wavelength range of 100 nm to 2000 nm.
- electromagnetic waves include gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet rays, visible light, infrared rays, microwaves, electromagnetic waves having longer wavelengths than microwaves, and the like.
- the wavelength is too short, damage to the resin substrate is not preferable.
- the wavelength is too long, it is not preferable because it cannot efficiently absorb and generate heat.
- the ultraviolet to infrared range is particularly preferable among the above-mentioned wavelengths, and a wavelength in the range of 100 nm to 2000 nm is more preferable.
- the duration of one pulsed light irradiation depends on the light intensity, but is preferably in the range of 20 microseconds to 50 milliseconds. If it is shorter than 20 microseconds, the sintering of the metal nanowire is difficult to proceed, and if it is longer than 50 milliseconds, the substrate may be adversely affected due to light deterioration and heat deterioration. More preferably, it is 40 microseconds to 10 milliseconds.
- the irradiation interval is preferably in the range of 20 microseconds to 5 seconds, and more preferably in the range of 2 milliseconds to 2 seconds in consideration of productivity. If it is shorter than 20 microseconds, it becomes close to continuous light, and since it is irradiated soon after it is cooled, the substrate may be heated to raise the temperature and deteriorate. If it is longer than 5 seconds, the process time becomes longer.
- the microwave used for microwave heating is an electromagnetic wave having a wavelength range of 1 m to 1 mm (frequency is 300 MHz to 300 GHz).
- the microwave irradiation is performed in a state where the surface of the substrate on which the metal nanowire layer is formed is maintained substantially parallel to the direction of the electric lines of force (the direction of the electric field).
- substantially parallel refers to a state in which the surface of the substrate and the direction of the electric force lines of the microwave are parallel or maintain an angle of 30 degrees or less with respect to the direction of the electric force lines.
- the angle within 30 degrees refers to a state in which the normal line standing on the surface of the substrate and the direction of the lines of electric force form an angle of 60 degrees or more.
- the number of lines of electric force passing through the metal nanowire layer (print pattern or solid pattern) formed on the substrate is limited, and the occurrence of sparks can be suppressed.
- the metal nanowire may be plated first, and the metal nanowire layer forming step and the embedding step may be performed using the metal nanowire after plating.
- Example 1 Silver nanowires were obtained by chemical synthesis to reduce silver nitrate in an ethylene glycol (EG) solvent in which polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and chloride ions are dissolved.
- EG ethylene glycol
- PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone
- PVP Peak Value
- EG EG-ethylene glycol
- Silver nitrate and iron (III) chloride solution 600 ⁇ mol / L, solvent: EG
- the mixed solution contains 0.006% by mass of PVP, 0.006% by mass of silver nitrate, and 0.1% by mass of iron (III) chloride.
- Silver nanowires were synthesized by holding the mixture at 110 ° C. without stirring for 12 hours. After the synthesis, centrifugation was performed to remove the upper end, and then ethanol was added and the solvent was replaced.
- the mixture was dispersed in ethanol so that the concentration of silver nanowires was 0.1% by mass.
- the average diameter of the obtained silver nanowire was 90 nm, and average length was 44 micrometers.
- the average diameter of silver nanowires was measured using a scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM SU8020, manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation), and the average length was measured using an optical microscope (VHX-600, manufactured by Keyence Corporation). ) was used to measure 200 silver nanowires, and the respective arithmetic mean values were obtained.
- the obtained silver nanowire / ethanol dispersion liquid is spray-coated (PEACE 3, Airtex) on a polyurethane substrate (MG90, length 120 mm, width 50 mm, thickness 50 ⁇ m, manufactured by Takeda Sangyo) as a flexible substrate.
- PEACE 3 Airtex
- MG90 polyurethane substrate
- a glass substrate having a thickness of 1 mm is placed so as to cover the entire surface of the coating, and heat treatment is performed in a hot-air circulating oven at 100 ° C. for 2 minutes so that a part of the silver nanowire is embedded in the substrate.
- a polyurethane substrate was obtained.
- the coating amount is arbitrarily set so that the amount of silver nanowires on the substrate is in the range of 0.0001 to 100 ⁇ g per cm 2 so as to obtain a desired initial sheet resistance. changed.
- the polyurethane substrate was treated with dilute sulfuric acid prepared to 0.1 N for 10 seconds, and a mixture of a predetermined amount of Pd catalyst solution (KG-529 manufactured by JX Metals Corporation) and dilute hydrochloric acid prepared to 0.1 N was used. Heat treatment in a hot air circulation oven at 100 ° C. for 5 minutes, treatment with 80 ° C. electroless Ni—P plating solution (KG-531 and KG-531H made by JX Metals Corporation) for 10 seconds, at 80 ° C.
- a nickel layer (about 10 to 30 nm) is formed on the surface of the silver nanowire by performing a treatment for 1 minute with a mixture of a predetermined amount of non-cyan Au plating solution (CF-500SS manufactured by JX Metals Corporation) and an aqueous solution of sodium gold sulfite. And an electroless plating layer of a gold layer (about 1 to 30 nm) was formed.
- CF-500SS non-cyan Au plating solution manufactured by JX Metals Corporation
- the appearance (diameter and length) of the sample is observed with a scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM SU8020, manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation), and the thickness of the plating layer is measured with an atomic resolution analytical electron microscope (JEM-ARM200F, manufactured by JEOL Ltd.) It was performed using.
- FE-SEM SU8020 manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation
- JEM-ARM200F atomic resolution analytical electron microscope
- FIG. 2 shows an SEM photograph of the polyurethane base material in which the electroless nickel / gold-plated silver nanowire according to Example 1 was embedded in the base material.
- FIG. 2 it is possible to confirm that a part of the silver nanowire is not formed with a plating film and is embedded in the base material by external energy (heat treatment in Example 1) (a portion surrounded by a white line). Moreover, it can also confirm collectively that the plating film is formed only in the silver nanowire exposed to the surface layer from the same figure.
- FIG. 3 shows a cross-sectional TEM photograph of the electroless nickel / gold plated silver nanowire according to Example 1.
- nickel is plated on the outer layer of the pentagonal silver nanowire with a thickness of about 10 to 30 nm, and further, a gold plating layer is formed on the outer side thereof. (Each layer is distinguished by the shading of the TEM image.)
- Example 2 A silver nanowire was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the holding temperature of the mixed solution was changed to 150 ° C., and the base material was a PET base material (Lumirror (registered trademark) S, width 30 mm, length 50 mm, thickness 100 ⁇ m, Toray A silver nanowire layer was formed on the entire surface of the substrate in the same manner except that the product was changed to a product manufactured by Komatsu Ltd., and then a silver nanowire pattern having a width of 10 mm and a length of 50 mm was formed by laser etching.
- PET base material Limirror (registered trademark) S, width 30 mm, length 50 mm, thickness 100 ⁇ m
- Toray A silver nanowire layer was formed on the entire surface of the substrate in the same manner except that the product was changed to a product manufactured by Komatsu Ltd., and then a silver nanowire pattern having a width of 10 mm and a length of 50 mm was formed by laser etching.
- This substrate was treated with dilute sulfuric acid prepared to 0.1 N for 10 seconds, and a predetermined amount of Pd catalyst solution (KG-529, manufactured by JX Metals Corporation) and dilute hydrochloric acid prepared to 0.1 N were mixed with 1 Heat treatment in a hot air circulation oven at 100 ° C. for 5 minutes, treatment with electroless Ni—P plating solution (KG-531 and KG-531H, manufactured by JX Metals Corporation) at 80 ° C. for 10 seconds, By treating at 80 ° C.
- Pd catalyst solution KG-529, manufactured by JX Metals Corporation
- dilute hydrochloric acid prepared to 0.1 N were mixed with 1 Heat treatment in a hot air circulation oven at 100 ° C. for 5 minutes, treatment with electroless Ni—P plating solution (KG-531 and KG-531H, manufactured by JX Metals Corporation) at 80 ° C. for 10 seconds, By treating at 80 ° C.
- Electroless plating was performed to form a nickel layer (15 nm) and a gold layer (15 nm).
- both ends (width side) of the above sample are attached to the upper and lower chucks of a desktop tensile tester (EZ-TEST, manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation, 15 mm between chucks), and the bent part has a semicircular shape with a radius of approximately 2.5 mm. It was moved up and down until the silver nanowire layer was outside the bent portion, and this was repeated at a cycle time of 13.2 seconds. Every predetermined number of times, the resistance value was measured via terminals attached to both ends.
- EZ-TEST desktop tensile tester
- Comparative Example 1 A PET substrate coated with silver nanowires was produced by the same treatment as in Example 2 except that the plating treatment was not performed, and a bending test evaluation was performed.
- Table 1 shows the bending test evaluation results according to Example 2 and Comparative Example 1.
- Comparative Example 1 the resistance value increases as the number of bendings increases, whereas in Example 2, the low resistance value is maintained even during the bending test, and it can be seen that the mechanical strength is improved.
- Example 3 FIG. Dix (registered trademark) -SR (manufactured by KISCO) was formed on a 30 mm ⁇ 30 mm ⁇ 1 mm thick glass substrate by chemical vapor deposition under vacuum to obtain a 3 ⁇ m thick parylene (registered trademark) coating film.
- Parylene (registered trademark) formed on the glass substrate as a base material, treatment was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1 except that only electroless gold plating (about 5 nm) was performed without electroless nickel plating, and silver A base material obtained by electroless plating on a silver nanowire layer in which a part of the nanowire was embedded in a Parylene (registered trademark) coating film was obtained.
- the nanowire layer on which the electroless plating was applied on the base material was laser-etched to form a wiring (width 0.5 mm, length 4 mm).
- a wiring width 0.5 mm, length 4 mm.
- energizing for 20 minutes at a current value of 1 mA The current was increased in steps of 10 mA for 20 minutes, 20 mA for 20 minutes, 30 mA for 20 minutes, and 40 mA for 20 minutes, and the change in wiring resistance value was measured continuously.
- the equipment used for the wiring resistance measurement was B2900A (manufactured by Keysight), and LorestaGP T610 manufactured by Mitsubishi Analytech Corporation was used for resistance value measurement before the test.
- the initial resistance value of the wiring was 150 ⁇ .
- Table 2 shows the results of the migration resistance test.
- Example 4 A Parylene (registered trademark) base material formed on a glass substrate treated in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the coating amount of silver nanowires was changed was prepared. The initial resistance value of the wiring was 35 ⁇ . Table 2 shows the results of the migration resistance test. Gold is plated with a thickness of 5 nm or less on the outside of a silver nanowire having a pentagonal cross section.
- Comparative Example 2 A parylene (registered trademark) base material formed on a glass substrate treated in the same manner as in Example 3 except that electroless gold plating was not performed was prepared, and a migration resistance test was performed. The initial resistance value of the wiring was 140 ⁇ . Table 2 shows the results of the migration resistance test.
- the wiring of Comparative Example 2 was disconnected when the current value was increased to 10 mA after flowing a constant current (1 mA) for 20 minutes.
- the wiring of Example 3 was not disconnected while a constant current of 10 mA was applied for 20 minutes, and was disconnected after the current value was increased to 20 mA.
- As migration proceeds part of the wiring is melted, and a phenomenon in which disconnection between terminals occurs is evaluated. This has the effect of suppressing silver migration by plating, which is considered to have improved the migration resistance of the silver nanowires.
- the wiring prepared in Example 4 having a low initial resistance value shows no disconnection even when the current value is increased to 40 mA, and the characteristics are further improved.
- Example 5 Except for the difference in plating method, the same treatment as in Example 1 was performed to prepare a polyurethane base material in which silver nanowires were partially embedded in the base material.
- a polyurethane base material on which silver nanowires are formed is treated with an Ag discoloration removing agent (EEETOREX 70 manufactured by Nippon Electroplating Engineers (EEJA)) for 10 seconds, treated with 0.1 normal dilute sulfuric acid for 10 seconds, and 70 ° C.
- a Pt plating layer was formed by performing treatment with a Pt plating solution (PRECIOUSFAB Pt3000 manufactured by EEJA). During Pt plating, a current of about 1.0 A / dm 2 is applied to the object to be plated with respect to the counter electrode for about 10 seconds. Thereby, an electrolytic plating layer of a Pt layer (about 1 to 100 nm) was formed on the surface of the silver nanowire.
- the sample was observed using a scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM SU8020, manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation) and an atomic resolution analytical electron microscope (JEM-ARM200F, manufactured by JEOL Ltd.).
- FE-SEM SU8020 manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation
- JEM-ARM200F atomic resolution analytical electron microscope
- FIG. 4 shows an SEM photograph of a polyurethane base material in which silver nanowires plated with Pt according to Example 5 are embedded in the base material.
- FIG. 4 is a photograph obtained using the scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM SU8020, manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation).
- FE-SEM SU8020 manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation.
- FIG. 4 it is possible to confirm that a part of the silver nanowire is not formed with a plating film and is embedded in the base material by external energy (the same heat treatment as in Example 1). It can also be confirmed from the same figure that the plating film is formed only on the silver nanowires exposed on the surface layer.
- FIG. 5 shows a cross-sectional TEM photograph of the Pt-plated silver nanowire according to Example 5.
- FIG. 5 is a photograph obtained using the atomic resolution analytical electron microscope (JEM-ARM200F, manufactured by JEOL Ltd.).
- JEM-ARM200F the atomic resolution analytical electron microscope
- FIG. 5 it can be seen that the outer layer of the pentagonal silver nanowire is plated with an average thickness of about 30 nm of Pt. (Each layer is distinguished by the shading of the TEM image.)
- wiring width 0.5 mm, length 4 mm
- Example 3 wiring (width 0.5 mm, length 4 mm) was formed by laser etching as in Example 3.
- a drop of physiological saline is dropped onto a platinum-plated silver nanowire wiring, and 0.5 mm length of wiring is covered with water droplets, and then a voltage is applied at a constant voltage of 1 V for 20 minutes.
- the change in resistance value was measured continuously.
- the equipment used for the wiring resistance measurement is B2900A (manufactured by Keysight), and the migration resistance test results are shown in Table 3.
- Comparative Example 3 The same evaluation as in Example 5 was performed, except that a silver nanowire polyurethane base material that was not subjected to electrolytic plating was used. Table 3 shows the results of the migration resistance test.
- Example 6 As in Example 1, a silver nanowire / polyurethane substrate plated with electroless gold was prepared. The substrate was irradiated with pulsed light using a pulsed light irradiation device PulseForge 3300 (manufactured by Novacentrix) at 655 V and 50 msec in an air atmosphere at room temperature.
- PulseForge 3300 manufactured by Novacentrix
- a sample (a silver nanowire layer is formed on the entire surface of a substrate having a width of 15 mm and a length of 30 mm) is subjected to a desktop tensile tester (EZ-test, manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation, test speed: 15-60 mm / min, chuck interval: 12 mm, load: 0% -20% strain), repeated stretching tests were performed, and the resistance value of the sample was measured with a terminal having 34410A multimeter and 11059A (manufactured by Agilent Technologies) attached to the jig. Table 4 shows the results of the stretch test.
- EZ-test manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation, test speed: 15-60 mm / min, chuck interval: 12 mm, load: 0% -20% strain
- Comparative Example 4 The same evaluation as in Example 6 was performed except that a silver nanowire polyurethane base material that was not subjected to electroless plating treatment and was not irradiated with pulsed light (metal nanowire connection treatment) was used. Table 4 shows the results of the stretch test.
- Example 4 disconnection occurred in 20 expansion / contraction tests, whereas in Example 6 where plating and pulse light irradiation (metal nanowire connection processing) were performed, the initial resistance value was larger than that in Comparative Example 4. However, it can be seen that the resistance value can be measured even after 100 times and the stretch resistance is improved.
- Example 7 A silver nanowire / polyurethane substrate was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the coating amount of the silver nanowire / ethanol dispersion was changed, and electroless gold plating (electroless Ni—P plating treatment described in Example 2 was performed). Without direct treatment, a cyan-based Au plating solution (KG-545Y manufactured by JX Metals Trading Co., Ltd.) and KAu (CN) 2 mixed solution was applied in the same manner. Wiring resistance before and after plating was measured using B2900A (manufactured by Keysight). The results are shown in Table 5.
- Comparative Example 5 The same as in Example 7 except that both the heat treatment (100 ° C., 2 minutes) after applying the silver nanowire / ethanol dispersion on the substrate and the oven heat treatment (100 ° C., 5 minutes) after the Pd catalyst treatment were omitted.
- a silver nanowire / polyurethane base material was prepared, electroless gold plating was performed, and resistance was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 7. The results are shown in Table 5.
- Example 8 FIG. As in Example 7, a silver nanowire / polyurethane substrate plated with electroless gold was prepared. Table 6 shows the initial resistance value before plating and the resistance value after being left in the atmosphere for 8000 hours.
- Comparative Example 6 A silver nanowire / polyurethane substrate not subjected to electroless gold plating was prepared in the same manner as in Example 7 except that electroless gold plating was omitted. Table 6 shows the initial resistance value and the resistance value after being left in the atmosphere for 8000 hours.
- Table 6 shows that the substrate after plating does not change in resistance value even when stored in the air, and thus has durability that is not affected by oxidation or sulfidation when left in the atmosphere.
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Abstract
Description
銀ナノワイヤはポリビニルピロリドン(PVP)及び塩化物イオンが溶解しているエチレングリコール(EG)溶媒中で、硝酸銀を還元する化学合成により得た。
混合液の保持温度を150℃に変更した以外は実施例1同様に銀ナノワイヤを作製し、基材をPET基材(ルミラー(登録商標)S、幅30mm、長さ50mm、厚さ100μm、東レ社製)に変更した以外は同様に基板全面に銀ナノワイヤ層を形成し、その後レーザーエッチング加工により幅10mm、長さ50mmの銀ナノワイヤのパターンを形成した。
めっき処理しない以外は実施例2と同様の処理により銀ナノワイヤを塗布したPET基材を作製して、曲げ試験評価を実施した。
30mm×30mm×1mm厚のガラス基板にdix(登録商標)-SR(KISCO社製)を真空下の化学蒸着により成膜し、厚さ3μmのパリレン(登録商標)のコーティング膜を得た。そのガラス基板上に形成されたパリレン(登録商標)を基材として用いて、無電解ニッケルめっきをせずに無電解金めっき(約5nm)のみした点以外は実施例1同様に処理し、銀ナノワイヤの一部がパリレン(登録商標)のコーティング膜に埋め込まれた銀ナノワイヤ層に無電解めっきが施された基材を得た。
銀ナノワイヤの塗布量を変えた以外は実施例3同様に処理したガラス基板に成膜したパリレン(登録商標)基材を準備した。配線の初期抵抗値は35Ωであった。耐マイグレーション試験結果を表2に示す。断面が五角形の銀ナノワイヤの外側に金が5nm以下の厚みでめっきされている。
無電解金めっきをしない以外は実施例3同様に処理したガラス基板に成膜したパリレン(登録商標)基材を準備し、耐マイグレーション試験を実施した。配線の初期抵抗値は140Ωであった。耐マイグレーション試験結果を表2に示す。
めっき方法が異なる以外、実施例1と同じ処理を行い、基材に一部銀ナノワイヤが埋め込まれたポリウレタン基材を作製した。
電解めっき処理しない銀ナノワイヤのポリウレタン基材を用いた以外は実施例5同様の評価を行った。耐マイグレーション試験結果を表3に示す。
実施例1と同様に、無電解金めっきされた銀ナノワイヤ/ポリウレタン基材を準備した。この基材にパルス光照射装置PulseForge3300(Novacentrix社製)を用いて、大気室温雰囲気下655V、50msecの条件でパルス光を単発照射した。
無電解めっき処理せず、かつパルス光照射(金属ナノワイヤの連結処理)しない銀ナノワイヤのポリウレタン基材を用いた以外は実施例6同様の評価を行った。伸縮試験の結果を表4に示す。
銀ナノワイヤ/エタノール分散液の塗布量を変えた以外は、実施例1と同様に銀ナノワイヤ/ポリウレタン基材を準備し、実施例2に記載の無電解金めっき(無電解Ni-Pめっき処理はせず直接シアン系Auめっき液(JX金属商事社製 KG-545Y)とKAu(CN)2との混合液で無電解金めっき処理)を同様に施した。めっき前後の配線抵抗は、B2900A(Keysight社製)を用いて測定した。その結果を表5に示す。
基材上への銀ナノワイヤ/エタノール分散液塗布後の熱処理(100℃、2分間)及びPd触媒処理後のオーブン熱処理(100℃、5分間)のいずれも省略した以外は実施例7と同様に銀ナノワイヤ/ポリウレタン基材を準備し、無電解金めっきを施し、実施例7と同様に抵抗評価した。その結果を表5に示す。
実施例7と同様に無電解金めっきされた銀ナノワイヤ/ポリウレタン基材を準備した。めっき前の初期抵抗値と、8000時間大気中に放置した後の抵抗値を表6に示す。
Claims (9)
- 金属ナノワイヤ層が形成された基材であって、金属ナノワイヤの一部が基材に埋め込まれた状態であり、露出している金属ナノワイヤの一部または全部がめっきされていることを特徴とする金属ナノワイヤ層が形成された基材。
- 前記金属ナノワイヤの少なくとも一部が連結されている請求項1に記載の金属ナノワイヤ層が形成された基材。
- 前記基材がポリウレタン、シリコーン樹脂、飽和ポリエステル、ポリカーボネート、ポリパラキシリレン(パリレン(登録商標))、熱可塑性ポリイミド、ポリエーテルスルホン、アクリル樹脂、ポリオレフィン、ポリ塩化ビニルからなる群のいずれかである請求項1又は2に記載の金属ナノワイヤ層が形成された基材。
- 前記金属ナノワイヤを構成する金属が銀または銅である請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の金属ナノワイヤ層が形成された基材。
- 金属ナノワイヤ層を基材上に形成する工程と、前記金属ナノワイヤ層が形成された基板に外部エネルギーを付与して金属ナノワイヤの一部を基材に埋め込む工程と、露出している前記金属ナノワイヤの一部または全部をめっきする工程と、を備えることを特徴とする金属ナノワイヤ層が形成された基材の製造方法。
- めっきをする工程の前又は後にさらに前記金属ナノワイヤの少なくとも一部を連結する工程を含む請求項5に記載の金属ナノワイヤ層が形成された基材の製造方法。
- 前記基材がポリウレタン、シリコーン樹脂、飽和ポリエステル、ポリカーボネート、ポリパラキシリレン(パリレン(登録商標))、熱可塑性ポリイミド、ポリエーテルスルホン、アクリル樹脂、ポリオレフィン、ポリ塩化ビニルからなる群のいずれかである請求項5又は6に記載の金属ナノワイヤ層が形成された基材の製造方法。
- 前記金属ナノワイヤを構成する金属が銀または銅である請求項5~7のいずれかに記載の金属ナノワイヤ層が形成された基材の製造方法。
- 請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の金属ナノワイヤ層が形成された基材を備えたセンサ又は機能素子。
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