Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
  • C25D5/60—Electroplating characterised by the structure or texture of the layers
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
  • B32B15/04—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
  • B32B15/20—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising aluminium or copper
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form
  • B32B3/10—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a discontinuous layer, i.e. formed of separate pieces of material
  • B32B3/18—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a discontinuous layer, i.e. formed of separate pieces of material characterised by an internal layer formed of separate pieces of material which are juxtaposed side-by-side
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
  • B32B5/16—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by features of a layer formed of particles, e.g. chips, powder or granules
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
  • C09D5/16—Antifouling paints; Underwater paints
  • C09D5/1681—Antifouling coatings characterised by surface structure, e.g. for roughness effect giving superhydrophobic coatings or Lotus effect
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
  • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
  • C23C30/00—Coating with metallic material characterised only by the composition of the metallic material, i.e. not characterised by the coating process
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
  • C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
  • C25D3/22—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of zinc
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
  • C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
  • C25D3/38—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of copper
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
  • C25D5/18—Electroplating using modulated, pulsed or reversing current
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
  • C25D5/48—After-treatment of electroplated surfaces
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
  • C25D5/48—After-treatment of electroplated surfaces
  • C25D5/50—After-treatment of electroplated surfaces by heat-treatment
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
  • C25D5/60—Electroplating characterised by the structure or texture of the layers
  • C25D5/605—Surface topography of the layers, e.g. rough, dendritic or nodular layers
  • C25D5/611—Smooth layers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
  • C25D5/60—Electroplating characterised by the structure or texture of the layers
  • C25D5/615—Microstructure of the layers, e.g. mixed structure
  • C25D5/617—Crystalline layers

Definitions

• Certain configurations described herein are directed to coatings and surfaces which may comprise one or more coatings disposed thereon.
• the coating can be configured with one or more textured layers which may comprise one or more features positioned within at least two different surface planes to provide hydrophobicity.
• an article comprising a substrate comprising a surface and a hydrophobic coating disposed on some portion of the surface.
• the coating comprises a textured layer comprising at least one metal or metallic compound and comprising a plurality of individual surface features in a micro- or nano- structure size range.
• the plurality of surface features are or can be positioned in different planes in different heights with respect to a reference zero point in the textured layer. In some instances, there is substantially no space between the plurality of surface features of the textured layer.
• each of the plurality of surface features comprises smaller features to provide a hierarchical structure in the textured layer.
• the metal of the textured layer is selected from the group consisting of nickel, copper, zinc, cobalt, chromium, manganese, silver, gold, titanium, cadmium, platinum, other transition metals and combinations thereof.
• the metallic compound is selected from the group consisting of metal oxides, metal carbides, metal nitrides, metal hydroxides, metal carbonitrides, metal oxynitrides, metal borides, metal borocarbides, metal fluorides, other metal compounds, and combinations thereof, in some examples, the textured iayer comprises a composite of metals or metallic compounds and nanoparticles.
• the nanoparticles are selected from the group consisting of PTFE particles, silica particles, alumina particles, silicon carbide, diatomaceous earth, boron nitride, titanium oxide, platinum oxide, diamond, particles formed from differential etching of spi nodal ly decomposed glass, single wall carbon nanotubes, mix silicon/ titanium oxide particles (Ti02/Si02, titanium inner core/silicon outer surface), ceramic particles, thermo-chromic metal oxide, multi-wall carbon nanotubes, any chemically or physically modified versions of the foregoing particles, and any combination thereof.
• the article comprises one or multiple conformal coating layers disposed on the textured layer and/or the hydrophobic coating.
• the conformal coating layers comprises one or more of Chromium Nitride (CrN), Diamond Like Carbon (DLC), Titanium Nitride (TiN), Titanium Carbo-nitride (TiCN), Aluminum Titanium Nitride (ALTiN), Aluminum Titanium Chromium Nitride (AlTiCrN), Zirconium Nitride (ZrN), Nickel, gold, PlasmaPlus®, CerablackTM, Chromium, Nickel Fluoride (NiF2), any Nickel Composite, any organic or inorganic-organic material or combinations thereof.
• the conformal coating layer comprises the nickel composite and the nickel composite is a composite of nickel with particles selected from the group consisting of PTFE, silica ( Si 02).
• alumina A1203, silicon carbide (SiC), diamond, diatomaceous earth (DE), boron nitride (BN), titanium oxide (Ti02), single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), kaoline (A1203.2Si02.2H20), graphite, other nanoparticles, and any combinations thereof.
• the conformal coating layer comprises the orgamc or inorganic-organic material and the organic or inorganic-organic material is selected from a group consisting of parylene, organofunctional silanes, fluonnated organofunctional silane, fluonnated organofunctional siloxane, organo-functional oligomeric siloxane, organofunctional resins, hybrid inorganic organofunctional resins, low-surface-energy resins, organofunctional polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS), hybrid inorganic organofunctional POSS resins, fluonnated oligomeric poly siloxane, organofunctional oligomeric poly siloxane, hybrid inorganic organofunctional oligomeric poly siloxane, fluonnated organofunctional silicone copolymers, organofunctional silicone polymers, hybrid inorganic organofunctional silicone polymers, organofunctional silicone copolymers, hybrid inorganic organofunctional silicone copolymers, fluorinated polyhedral oligomeric sil
• the coating comprises a water contact angle of more than 90 degrees as tested by the ASTM D7490-13 standard, e.g., a water contact angle of at least 155 degrees or at least 160 degrees.
• the coating has the pencil hardness level of more than 3B as tested by ASTM D3363 ⁇ 05(201 l)e2 standard.
• the coating meets at least level three of durability in the pull-off test (tape test) as tested by the ASTM F2452-04-2012 standard.
• the article comprises an additional layer disposed on the textured layer, wherein the additional layer comprises a lubricant, a polymer blend, nanoparticles, or any combination thereof such as polymer-nanoparticle composite materials is infused inside the surface features of the hydrophobic layer.
• the additional layer comprises the nanoparticles and the nanoparticles are either treated with a low surface energy material in advance or a low surface energy material is added to the chemical blend of the additional layer.
• nanoparticles include but not limited to silica (Si02), alumina (A1203), silicon carbide (SiC), diamond, diatomaceous earth (DE), boron nitride (EN), titanium oxide (Ti02), single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), kaoline (A1203.2Si02.2H20), or any combination thereof.
• the additional layer comprises the nanoparticles and wherein the nanoparticles comprise hydrophobic ceramic-based particles selected from a group consisting of hydrophobic fumed silica particles, hydrophobic diatomaceous earth (DE) particles, hydrophobic pyrogenic silica particles or any combination thereof.
• the additional layer comprises a polymer blend and wherein the polymer blend compri ses one or more of organic polymers, thermoplastic polymers, thermosetting polymers, copolymers, terpolymers, a block copolymer, an alternating block copolymer, a random polymer, homopolymer, a random copolymer, a random block copolymer, a graft copolymer, a star block copolymer, a dendrimer, a poly electrolyte, a polyampholyte (a polyelectrolyte having both eatiome and anionic repeat groups), and an ionomer.
• the polymer blend compri ses one or more of organic polymers, thermoplastic polymers, thermosetting polymers, copolymers, terpolymers, a block copolymer, an alternating block copolymer, a random polymer, homopolymer, a random copolymer, a random block copolymer, a graft
• the substrate is configured as a pipe and the hydrophobic coating comprises zinc.
• the substrate is configured as a heating device and the hydrophobic coating comprises nickel .
• the substrate is configured as a polymer mold and the hydrophobic coating comprises zinc
• a method of producing a coating on a substrate comprises electrodepositing a metal or metallic compound on the substrate to provide a textured, hydrophobic coating comprising a textured layer comprising the metal or metallic compound and a plurality of individual surface features in a micro or nano-structure size range, wherein the plurality of individual surface features are positioned in different planes in different heights with respect to a reference zero point to provide a reference zero point in the textured layer, and wherein there is substantially no space between the plurality of surface features of the textured layer.
• the electrodepositing comprises providing an electrolyte mixture, placing the substrate as a part of a cathode in the electrolyte mixture, placing an anode in the electrolyte mixture, and electrodepositing the textured layer comprising the metal or metallic compound on the substrate, wherein the textured layer is rendered hydrophobic without any chemical treatment following the electrodepositing step.
• the electrodepositing step is performed in an aqueous electrolyte mixture comprising at least one positively-charged agent that is reduced by applying a current and is used to provide the hydrophobic coating layer.
• the method may comprise configuring the electrolyte mixture with at least one negatively -charged ion selected from the group consisting of bromide (Br-), carbonate (C03-), hydrogen carbonate (HC03-), chlorate (C103-), chromate (Cr04 ⁇ ), cyanide (CN-), dichromate (Cr2072-), dihydrogenphosphate (H2P04-), fluoride (F-), hydride (H-), hydrogen phosphate (HP042-), hydrogen sulfate or bi sulfate (HS04-), hydroxide (OH-), iodide (I-), nitride (N3-), nitrate (N03-), nitrite (N02-), oxide (02-), permanganate (Mn04-), peroxide (022-), phosphate (P043-), sulfide (S2-), thiocyanate (SCN-), sulfite (S032-), sulfate (S042-
• the method may comprise configuring the electrolyte mixture with at least one additive selected from the group consisting of thiourea, acetone, ethanol, cadmium ion, chloride ion, stearic acid, ethylenediamine dihydrochloride, saccharin, cetyitrimethyiammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulfate, ethyl vanillin, ammonia, ethylene diamine, polyethylene glycol (PEG), bis(3-sulfopropyl)disulfide (SPS), Janus green B (JGB), azobenzene-based surfactant (AZTAB), the polyoxy ethylene family of surface active agents, sodium citrate, perfluorinated alkylsuifate, additive K, calcium chloride, ammonium chloride, potassium chloride, boric acid, myristic acid, choline chloride, citric acid, any redox active surfactant, any conductive ionic
• the method may comprise treating the substrate with the eiectrodeposited coating by annealing, thermal processing, vacuum conditioning, aging, plasma etching, grit blasting, wet etching, ion milling, exposure to electromagnetic radiation including visible light, UV, and X- rays, and combinations thereof.
• the method may comprise coating an additional coating onto the substrate, by one or more of electrodeposition, eiectroless deposition, surface functionalization, electro-polymerization, spray coating, brush coating, dip coating, electrophoretic deposition, reaction with fluorine gas, plasma deposition, brush plating, chemical vapor deposition, sputtering, physical vapor deposition, passivation through the reaction of fluorine gas, or any combinations thereof.
• the method may comprise electrodepositing the coating by varying a voltage that switches between an open circuit potential and a potential above gas formation of the electrolyte mixture during the electrodepositing step.
• the method may comprise depositing a seed layer on the substrate prior to the electrodepositing step.
• the method may comprise electrodepositing a second coating different from the eiectrodeposited coating subsequent to the electrodepositing step of the coating.
• a hydrophobic coating comprises a textured layer comprising at least one metal or metallic compound and comprises a plurality of individual surface features in a micro- or nano-structure size range, wherein the plurality of surface features are positioned in different planes in different heights with respect to a reference zero point in the textured layer, and wherein there is substantially no space between the plurality of surface features of the textured layer.
• each of the plurality of surface features comprises smaller features to provide a hierarchical structure in the textured layer.
• the coating comprises a water contact angle of more than 90 degrees as tested by the ASTM D7490-13 standard, e.g., a water contact angle of at least 155 degrees or at least 160 degrees.
• the coating has a pencil hardness level of more than 3B as tested by ASTM D3363 - 05(201 l)e2.
• the coating meets at least level three of durability in the pull-off test (tape test) as tested by the ASTM F2452-04-2012 standard.
• the metal of the textured layer is selected from a group consisting of nickel, copper, zinc, cobalt, chromium, manganese, silver, gold, titanium, cadmium, platinum, other transition metals and combinations thereof.
• the metallic compound is selected from a group consisting of metal oxides, metal carbides, metal nitrides, metal hydroxides, metal carbonitrides, metal oxynitrides, metal borides, metal borocarbides, metal fluorides, other metal compounds, and combination thereof.
• the textured layer comprises a composite of metals or metallic compounds and nanoparticles.
• the metal comprises zinc and the water contact angle is at least 150 degrees as tested by the ASTM D7490-13 standard, e.g., at least 155 degrees or at least 160 degrees.
• the metal comprises copper and the water contact angle is at least 150 degrees as tested by the ASTM D7490-13 standard, e.g., at least 155 degrees or at least 160 degrees.
• a kit comprises an electrolyte mixture, an electrochemical cell comprising a cathode and an anode and configured to receive the electrolyte mixture, wherein the cathode is configured to receive or be part of a substrate, and instructions for using the electrolyte mixture and the electrochemical cell to eiectrodeposit a textured, hydrophobic coating on the substrate to provide a textured layer comprising the metal or metallic compound and a plurality of individual surface features in a micro or nano- structure size range, wherein the plurality of individual surface features are positioned in different planes in different heights with respect to a reference zero point to provide a texture of the texture of the textured, hydrophobic coating, and wherein there is substantially no space is present between the plurality of surface features of the textured layer to provide hydrophobicity to the electrodeposited, hydrophobic coating.
• the electrolyte mixtures comprises a salt of nickel, copper, zinc, cobalt, chromium, manganese, silver, gold, titanium, cadmium, platinum, other transition metals and combinations thereof.
• the metallic compound is selected from a group consisting of metal oxides, metal carbides, metal nitrides, metal hydroxides, metal carbonitrides, metal oxynitrides, metal borides, metal borocarbides, metal fluorides, other metal compounds, and combination thereof.
• the electrolyte mixture comprises metals or metallic compounds to provide a composite of the metals or the metallic compounds in the coating.
• the electrolyte mixture comprises at least one negatively-charged ion when the electrolyte mixture is placed in water, the at least one negatively-charged ion selected from the group consisting of bromide (Br-), carbonate (C03-), hydrogen carbonate (HC03-), chlorate (C103-), chromate (Cr04-), cyanide (CN-), dichromate (Cr2072 ⁇ ), dihydrogenphosphate (H2P04-), fluoride (F-), hydride (H-), hydrogen phosphate (HP042-), hydrogen sulfate or bi sulfate (HS04-), hydroxide (OH-), iodide (I-), nitride (N3- ), nitrate ( ⁇ 3-), nitrite (N02 ⁇ ), oxide (02-), permanganate (Mn04 ⁇ ), peroxide (022-), phosphate (P043-), sulfide (S2-), thiocyanate (SCN-),
• the electrolyte mixture comprises at least one additive selected from the group consisting of thiourea, acetone, ethanol, cadmium ion, chloride ion, stearic acid, ethylenediamine dihydrochloride, saccharin, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulfate, ethyl vanillin, ammonia, ethylene diamine, polyethylene glycol (PEG), bis(3-sulfopropyl)disulfide (SPS), Janus green B (JGB), azobenzene-based surfactant (AZTAB), the polyoxyethylene family of surface active agents, sodium citrate, peril uorinated alkylsulfate, additive K, calcium chloride, ammonium chloride, potassium chloride, boric acid, myristic acid, choline chloride, citric acid, any redox active surfactant, any conductive ionic liquids, wetting agents, level
• a kit comprises an electrolyte mixture, and instructions for using the electrolyte mixture to eiectrodeposit a textured, hydrophobic coating on the substrate to provide a textured layer comprising the metal or metallic compound and a plurality of individual surface features in a micro or nano- structure size range, wherein the plurality of individual surface features are positioned in different planes in different heights with respect to a reference zero point to provide a texture of the texture of the textured, hydrophobic coating, and wherein there is substantially no space is present between the plurality of surface features of the textured layer to provide hydrophobicity to the electrodeposited, hydrophobic coating.
• the electrolyte mixtures comprises a salt of nickel, copper, zinc, cobalt, chromium, manganese, silver, gold, titanium, cadmium, platinum, other transition metals and combinations thereof.
• the metallic compound is selected from a group consisting of metal oxides, metal carbides, metal nitrides, metal hydroxides, metal carbonitrides, metal oxynitrides, metal borides, metal borocarbides, metal fluorides, other metal compounds, and combination thereof.
• the electrolyte mixture comprises metals or metallic compounds to provide a composite of the metals or the metallic compounds in the coating.
• the electrolyte mixture comprises at least one negatively-charged ion when the electrolyte mixture is placed in water, the at least one negatively-charged ion selected from the group consisting of bromide (Br-), carbonate (C03-), hydrogen carbonate (HC03-), chlorate (C103-), chromate (Cr04- ), cyanide (CN-), dichromate (Cr:2Q72-), dihydrogenphosphate (H2P04-), fluoride (F-), hydride (H-), hydrogen phosphate (HP042-), hydrogen sulfate or bisulfate (HS04-), hydroxide (OH-), iodide (I-), nitride (N3-), nitrate (N03-), nitrite (N02-), oxide (02-), permanganate (Mn04 ⁇ ), peroxide (022-), phosphate (P043-), sulfide (S2-), thiocyanate (SCN-),
• the electrolyte mixture comprises at least one additive selected from the group consisting of thiourea, acetone, ethanol, cadmium ion, chloride ion, stearic acid, ethylenediamine di hydrochloride, saccharin, cetyltri methyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulfate, ethyl vanillin, ammonia, ethylene diamine, polyethylene glycol (PEG), bis(3- sulfopropyl)disulfide (SPS), Janus green B (JGB), azobenzene-based surfactant (AZTAB), the polvoxyethvlene family of surface active agents, sodium citrate, perfluorinated alkylsulfate, additive K, calcium chloride, ammonium chloride, potassium chloride, boric acid, myristic acid, choline chloride, citric acid, any redox active surfactant, any conductive ionic liquids,
• Figure la shows a low-magnification
• Figure lb shows a high magnification of a textured layer illustrating certain surface features.
• Figures 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e, 2f, 2g, 2h, 2i, 2j, 2k, 21, 2m, 2n and 2o show examples of the textured layers claimed in the first embodiment (scale bar corresponds to 10 microns except micrograph shown in Figure 2o).
• Figures 3a, 3b and 3c are EDS results of some of the textured layers that are subject of this disclosure.
• Figures 4a, 4b and 4c shows water droplet contact with Figure 4a showing a non-textured coating, Figure 4b showing a Teflon® coating, and Figure 4c a textured coating layer that is subject of this disclosure and where textured and non-textured coatings are made of the same material.
• Figures 5a and 5b are schematics of a water droplet brought into contact with Figure 5a showing a textured surface and Figure 5b showing a non-textured surface.
• Figure 6 shows steps of the electrodeposition technique.
• Figure 7 is an illustration of an electrodeposition apparatus.
• Figure 8a shows a recently-formed protrusion on the growing surface
• Figure 8b shows growth of consecutive layers of smaller protrusions.
• Figure 9 shows the effect of additives on restricting a specific growth direction and forming the surface texture.
• Figure 10a is a schematic of substrate
• Figure 10b is a schematic of a textured layer
• Figure 10c is a schematic of a conformal layer that that approximately follows the surface texture of its underneath layer.
• Figures 1 l a and l ib show an image of a superhydrophobic zinc coating before ( Figure 11a) and after ( Figure l ib) a 8H pencil hardness test
• Figures 1 1c- l id shows images of the NeverWet® coating before ( Figure 1c) and after ( Figure 1 Id) a 9B pencil hardness test
• Figure 1 l e is a graph comparing the hardness of the superhydrophobic zinc coating with NeverWet® and Teflon® coatings.
• Figures 12a-12d are images of our superhydrophobic coating before and after with Figures 12a (before) and 12b (after) showing images of 5H pencil hardness test and Figures 12c (before) and 12d (after) showing images of 9H pencil hardness test on two superhydrophobic coatings.
• Figures 13a and 13b are photographs showing the results of the pull-off (tape) test on a superhydrophobic coating ( Figure 13a) and a NoneWet® coating ( Figure 13b).
• Figures 14a- 14b shows one of the superhydrophobic coatings before ( Figure 14a) and after ( Figure 14b) 5 cycles of Tabor abrasion test with 500 g loading weight at 60 rpm speed
• Figures 14c and 14d show a NoneWet® coating before ( Figure 14c) and after ( Figure 14d) 5 cycles of Tabor abrasion test with 500 g loading weight at 60 rpm speed.
• Figures 15a- 15b show a drop of cooking oil on one of the tested superhydrophobic coatings ( Figure 15a) and a Teflon® coating ( Figure 15b).
• Figure 16 is an illustration showing Left: Macroscopic object is in contact with almost the whole uncoated surface. Right: Macroscopic object is in contact with just a part of the coated surface and the other part of the coated surface is in contact with the media. As a result, compared to the uncoated surfaces (Left), transfer between the macroscopic object and the coated surface is discouraged.
• Figure 17 is an illustration showing Left: Micro/nano scale object is completely in contact with the uncoated surface. Right: Some part of the micro/nano scale object is in contact with the media not the coated surface. As a result, compared to uncoated surfaces (Left), the adhesion between micro/nano scale object and the textured surface may be weaker.
• Figure 18 is an illustration showing microscale and nanoscale objects may get entrapped between the topographical features.
• Figure 19 is an illustration showing reducing transfer of microscale and nanoscale objects, chemicals or/and reactive agents dissolved in fluid, etc. from the fluid to the surface due to super- repellency of the surface.
• Figure 20 is an illustration showing less tendency of objects in attaching to a coated surface with curved surface features (right) compared to a coated surface with flat surface features (left).
• Figure 21 is an illustration showing a vapor layer is formed between the features of the surface texture at high temperature
• the articles described herein may comprise one or more coatings which may comprise various features.
• the coating may comprise at least one textured layer comprising a metal or metallic compound.
• the textured layer provides a hydrophobic surface comprising a plurality of surface features in the micro or nano size range. The size of the surface features is defined based on their largest characteristic length.
• Some textured layers comprise surface features in the range of 5 to 15 micrometer.
• Others comprise surface features in the range of 0.5 to 1 micrometer.
• the surface features are positioned within at least at two different surface planes with different heights in regard to an arbitrary zero reference point.
• the features can be packed closely together with negligible, substantially no space or no space between adjacent features compared to the overall size of the features.
• the coating may comprise at least one textured layer with one or more of the following characteristics with respect to the arrangement of the surface features, composition, and hydrophobic characteristic of the textured layer.
• the textured layer comprises a plurality of surface features in the range of 5 to 15 micrometer. Two of these surface features are marked in Figure la by reference numerals 1 and 2.
• the micro- or nano-size features are defined as features with at least one dimension in micro or nano size range, e.g., from several nanometers to several hundred micrometers. As discussed above, this size refers to the largest characteristic length of the surface features.
• the surface features shown in Figure la have approximate spherical shapes. The largest diameters of these spheres are defined as the size of the surface features.
• the surface features of the textured layer are desirably positioned at least at two different surface planes with different heights in regard to an arbitrary zero point.
• features 1 and 2 in Figure la are positioned within two different surface planes, and therefore, feature 1 is closer to the viewer compared to feature 2.
• each surface feature can be positioned adjacent to a plurality of other features at the same or different surface planes. While not wishing to be bound by this example, there is negligible space between adjacent features compared to the size of the features.
• Making elaborate surface textures such as that shown in Figures la-b using other micro- and nano-manufacturing techniques has not proven feasible or cost-effective. Using the materials and methods described herein, an affordable route for manufacturing intricate surface textures using existing manufacturing infrastructures in the industry can be implemented.
• textured layers are made from different materials and different processes have been used for their manufacturing.
• ail layers comprise a plurality of surface features in the micro or nano size range. Surface features of some of the textured layers shown in these figures resemble regular geometries. Mass of regular geometries is directly proportional to their characteristic dimension raised to an integer power (e.g. a third power for a sphere).
• surface features shown in Figures 2b, 2e, 2f, 2i, 21, 2h, 2g, 2j, 2n, and 2m all resemble spherical structures.
• the size of these spheres, the size distribution of the spherical features, and the small constituents comprising the spherical shapes are different for each surface texture shown in these figures.
• the bar graphs shown in these figures correspond to 10 microns.
• Some of these textured layers such as those shown in Figure 2b comprise small spherical features with 5 micron diameter.
• the size of the spherical features in some of the textured layers such as that shown in Figure 2h goes all the way up to 15 microns.
• some of the other textured layers, such as those shown in Figures 2a, 2c, 2d, 2k, and 2o comprise surface features with irregular geometries.
• the mass of these irregular geometries is proportional to their characteristic dimension raised to a fractional power.
• the irregular surface features of different textured layers have different shapes and sizes. As an instance, the surface features shown in Figure 2c have fractal structures while those shown in Figure 2o have star-shaped structures.
• the textured layers shown in Figures 2a-o the one presented in Figure 2o has the smallest surface features.
• the scale bar in Figure 2o corresponds to 2.5 microns unlike the scale bars in all other figures that represent 10 microns.
• only the one shown in Figure 2n comprises faceted surface features.
• the surface features of this textured layer comprise smooth planes each facing to a specific direction.
• the other textured layers all comprise non-faceted surface features and the constituents of their surface features do not represent specific direction.
• the textured layers described herein may comprise at least one metal or metallic compound.
• the metals which can be used include, but are not limited, to Nickel (Ni), Zinc (Zn), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Zinc/Nickel alloy (Zn/Ni), Zinc/Copper alloy (Zn/Cu), and other transition metals and combinations thereof.
• metallic compounds include, but are not limited to, metal oxides, metal carbides, metal nitrides, metal hydroxides, metal carbonitrides, metal oxynitrides, metal borides, metal borocarbides, metal fluorides, other metal compounds, or any combination thereof.
• EDS Energy-dispersive
• Figures 3a-c show the EDS spectroscopy results of three of the disclosed textured layers.
• EDS measures the number and energy of the X-rays emitted from a specimen. This energy is the characteristic of different species in that specimen. Therefore, EDS allows the elemental composition of the specimen to be measured.
• the vertical axis in Figures 3a-c is the counts of X-ray emission from different species.
• the EDS results of Figures 3a-c confirm that each textured layer comprises at least one metal or metallic compound.
• the textured layer corresponding to Figure 3a comprises two metallic species of zinc and chromium, the one corresponding to Figure 3b comprises nickel, and the last one in Figure 3c comprises zinc.
• the textured layers described herein may provide hydrophobic characteristics without any additional chemical treatment. It is worth mentioning that certain physical treatments may be performed to make the textured layer hydrophobic. For example, a water contact angle of greater than 90° is desirably provided using the coatings described herein.
• a superhydrophobic coating is defined as a coating which provides a water contact angle of more than 150°. Water contact angle can be measured using contact angle measurement equipment based on the ASTM D7490-13 standard. This angle is conventionally measured through the droplet, where the water-air interface meets the solid surface. A Kruss-582 system can be used to obtain the contact angle data.
• the water droplet shown in Figure 4c is the representation of the water droplet contact with the textured layer shown in Figure la.
• the water contact angle (WCA) of around 164° ⁇ 2.64° was measured for this textured layer.
• the coating shown in Figure 4c is considered to be superhydrophobic since its WCA is more than 150°.
• the WCA of this coating can be compared with the WCAs of 75° and 109,2° for a non-textured coating made of the same material and Teflon® in Figures 4a and 4b, respectively.
• a process for making a coating on a substrate may comprise one or more electrodeposition techniques comprising the steps shown in Figure 6.
• the electrodeposition technique desirably provides the formation of a textured coating which comprises some or all of the characteristics or features described herein, e.g., is hydrophobic and/or comprises a large water contact angle.
• the electrodeposition technique may include following steps: providing an electrolyte mixture at a step 620. Possible composition of this mixture is discussed later in this disclosure; cleaning or activating the substrate and placing that in the electrolyte mixture can be performed at a step 630. An anode can be provided at a step 610 and used to deposit the coating.
• This disclosure is not bound by the type of the substrate or the method of the cleaning or activation process. Further information about the substrate is provided later in this disclosure. Different cleaning processes including but not limited to pickling, acid wash, saponification, vapor degreasing, and alkaline wash may be used for cleaning the substrate.
• the activation process may include but not limited to removal of the inactivate oxides by acid wash or pickling and catalytic deposition of a seed layer, providing an anode. This disclosure is again not limited on the shape and material of the anode.
• depositing optional intermediate layers can be performed at a step 640; depositing the disclosed textured layer by applying process conditions in the bath can be performed at a step 650, The range of these conditions will be discussed below.
• the substrate can be removed from the bath 660, and optional additional processes at step 670 can be performed ⁇ these processes may include different physical or chemical treatments and will be discussed in more detail herein.
• Figure 7 shows an illustration of an eiectrodeposition device/system which can be used.
• the system 700 comprises three main components: an electrolyte 710, a negative electrode or cathode 720, and a positive electrode or anode 730.
• a substrate can be a part of the cathode 720, Both the cathode 720 and anode 730 can be placed in the electrolyte mixture 710.
• the substrate becomes negatively-charged and attracts positively-charged agents in the solution 710,
• a constant, multistep or varying voltage or current can be applied in the electroplating process to control or enhance the resulting coating properties.
• a constant voltage in the range of -1 V to -10 V can be applied.
• a constant current in the range of -0.01 to -0.1 mA/cm 2 can be applied.
• the other non-limiting example is applying a varying voltage that alternates or swipes between the open circuit potential and a high voltage beyond the initiation of gas formation during the eiectrodeposition process.
• the electrolyte 710 is an aqueous mixture of different components. At least one of these components can be a positively-charged agent that is reduced by applying a voltage or current and gets deposited on the negative electrode.
• This deposit forms, at least in part, the textured coating layer.
• Other components of the electrolyte 710 may also get entrapped in the structure of the textured layer during the eiectrodeposition process.
• the eiectrodeposition process may be performed at a temperature ranging from 25 to 95 °C.
• the eiectrodeposition may be performed under non-agitation or agitation condition with the agitation rate of 0 to 800 rpm.
• electrolyte 710 can consist of other compounds including, but not limited to, ionic compounds such as negatively-charged agents to enhance electrolyte conductivity, buffer compounds to stabilize electrolyte pH, and different additives.
• natively-charged agents include but are not limited to, bromide (Br “ ), carbonate (C0 3 “ ), hydrogen carbonate (HC0 3 “ ), chlorate (C10 3 “ ), chroraate (Cr0 4 “ ), cyanide (CN “ ), dichroraate (Cr 2 0 7 2” ), dihydrogenphosphate ( 1 PO f), fluoride (F), hydride (H “ ), hydrogen phosphate (HP0 4 2” ), hydrogen sulfate or bisulfate (HS0 4 “ ), hydroxide (OH “ ), iodide ( ⁇ ), nitride (N 3” ), nitrate (N0 3 “ ), nitrite ( ⁇ 0 2 ' ), oxide (0 2 " ), permanganate (Mn0 4 " ), peroxide (0 2 2' ), phosphate (P0 4 ' “ ), sulfide (S 2” ), thiocyanate (SCN “ ), s
• the electrolyte 710 can also comprise one or several additives.
• additives include are but not limited to, thiourea, acetone, ethanol, cadmium ion, chloride ion, stearic acid, ethyienediamine dihydrochlori.de, saccharin, cetyltri methyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulfate, ethyl vanillin, ammonia, ethylene diamine, polyethylene glycol (PEG), bis(3-sulfopropyl)disulfide (SPS), Janus green B (JGB), azobenzene-based surfactant (AZTAB), the polyoxyethylene family of surface active agents, sodium citrate, perfluorinated alkylsuifate, additive K, calcium chloride, ammonium chloride, potassium chloride, boric acid, myristic acid, choline chlor
• wetting agents include, but are not limited, to polygiycol ethers, polygiycol alcohols, sulfonated oleic acid derivatives, sulfate form of primary alcohols, aikvlsulfonates, aikvlsulfates aralkvl sulfonates, sulfates.
• leveling agents include but not limited to N- containing and optionally substituted and/or quaternized polymers, such as polyethylene inline and its derivatives, polyglycine, poly(allylamine), poiyaniline (sulfonated), polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylpyridine, polyvinylimidazole, polyurea, poiyacrylamide, poly(melamine-co-formaldehyde), polyaikanol amines, polyaminoamide and derivatives thereof, polyalkanol amine and derivatives thereof, polyethylene imine and derivatives thereof, quaternized polyethylene imine, poly(aliylamine), poiyaniline, polyurea, poiyacrylamide, poly(melamine-co-formaldehyde), reaction products of amines with epichiorohydrin, reaction products of an amine, epichlorohydrin, and polyaikyiene oxide, reaction products of an amine with a polyepoxide, polyvinyl
• defoaming agents include but not limited to fats, oils, long chained alcohols or glycols, alkylphosphates, metal soaps, special silicone defoamers, commercial perfluoroalkyl-modified hydrocarbon defoamers and perfluoroalkyl-substituted silicones, fully fluorinated alkylphosphonates, perfluoroalkyl-substituted phosphoric acid esters, or any combination thereof.
• emulsifying agents include but not limited to cationic-based agents such as the alkyl tertiary heterocyclic amines and alkyl imadazolinium salts, amphoteric-based agents such as the alkyl imidazoline carboxylates, and nonionic-based agents such as the aliphatic alcohol ethylene oxide condensates, sorbitan alkyl ester ethylene oxide condensates, and alkyl phenol ethylene oxide condensates.
• cationic-based agents such as the alkyl tertiary heterocyclic amines and alkyl imadazolinium salts
• amphoteric-based agents such as the alkyl imidazoline carboxylates
• nonionic-based agents such as the aliphatic alcohol ethylene oxide condensates, sorbitan alkyl ester ethylene oxide condensates, and alkyl phenol ethylene oxide condensates.
• the electrolyte mixture may also comprise a pH adjusting agent selected from a group including but not limited to inorganic acids, ammonium bases, phosphonium bases, or any combination thereof.
• the pH of the electrolyte mixture can be adjusted to a value within the range of 3 to 10 using these pH adjusting agents.
• the electrolyte can also include nanoparticles that can get entrapped in the textured layer.
• nanoparticles include but not limited to PTFE particles, silica (Si0 2 ) particles, alumina particles ( ⁇ 1 >() :), silicon carbide (SiC), diatomaceous earth (DE), boron nitride (BN), titanium oxide (Ti0 2 ), diamond, particles formed from differential etching of spinodally decomposed glass, single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), platinum oxide (P?()>), other nanoparticles, any chemically or physically modified versions of the foregoing particles, or any combination thereof.
• PTFE particles silica (Si0 2 ) particles, alumina particles ( ⁇ 1 >() :), silicon carbide (SiC), diatomaceous earth (DE), boron nitride (BN), titanium oxide (Ti0 2 ), diamond, particles formed from differential etching of spinodally decomposed glass, single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), multi-wall carbon nanotube
• a textured copper layer can be electrodeposited from an aqueous solution comprising Cu 2+ , S(V " , ⁇ , other charged agents, or additives.
• a textured zinc layer can be electrodeposited from an aqueous solution comprising Zn 2+ , CI " , B0 3 J' , ⁇ , K ⁇ , other charged agents, or additives.
• the substrate or the base article of the coating can be a part of cathode 720.
• the substrate is schematically depicted as a flat plate; however, it can have different shapes.
• the substrate can be a part of a tube or an object with any regular or irregular geometry.
• the substrate can be made of any material that can get electroplated including metals, alloys, plastics, composites, and ceramics.
• An intermediate layer can be applied between the substrate and the electrodeposited coating.
• the substrate can be conductive or non -conductive. However, for non-conductive substrates an intermediate activation layer or seed layer may be applied before the electrodeposition process.
• the anode 730 in a two-electrode electrodeposition process, such as that depicted in Figure 7, is the reference of the voltage. It is also possible to provide a third electrode as a voltage reference.
• the anode 730 is schematically depicted as a flat plate; however, it can have different shapes. As an instance, it can be in the shape of pallets, mesh, bar, cylinder or it can be a part of an object with any regular or irregular geometry.
• the anode 730 can gradually dissolve during the electrodeposition process and contribute in replenishing the positively charged -ions in the electrolyte.
• zinc and nickel plates can be used in the zinc and nickel electrodeposition process, respectively.
• the formation of the surface textures by electrodeposition can be understood from the following non- limiting explanation
• the electroplating process is based on a nucleation and growth mechanism.
• Non- homogeneous conditions during the nucleation and growth process can result in the formation of textures on the surface of the growing material layer.
• different locations of the surface encounter different growth rates. Some locations grow faster and form peaks while others grow slower and become valleys. This presence of these different resulting features provide for a surface texture on the substrate.
• the electroplating conditions can be altered during surface coating formation to promote the formation of the textures surfaces.
• the effects of the process parameters on the deposit surface texture can be better understood by the following non-limiting explanation on the effects of voltage and bath composition.
• the applied voltage can be controlled or tuned during coating to promote formation of textured surfaces. The effect of the applied voltage can be explained by unstable growth theories such as Mullins-Sekerka instability model (see, for example, Mullins and Sekerka, Journal of Applied Physics, Volume 35, Issue 2 (2004).
• FIG. 8a This figure illustrates a recently-formed protrusion on a growing surface. This protrusion has a smaller height than the diffusion layer thickness and falls completely inside the diffusion layer (h ⁇ ⁇ ). Tip of this protrusion fails into the spherical diffusion regime while other parts of the surface are still under the linear diffusion regime. Since the rate of the spherical diffusion is greater than the rate of linear diffusion, the protrusion grows faster than the other parts of the surface.
• the concentration of different species on the electrolyte can also affect the level of diffusionai mass transfer in the bath and, therefore, can have an effect on the deposited surface textures.
• bath composition can have other interesting effects on the deposit surface texture, which is called the additive effect.
• the additive effect refers to the effect of a chemical reagent on making non- homogeneous growth conditions and subsequently forming a surface texture. Different chemical reagents undergo different mechanisms to promote the non-homogeneous growth condition. One of these mechanisms is shown in Figure 9. In this mechanism, additive reagent restricts crystal growth in specific directions and results in a non-homogeneous growth process and texture formation.
• the additive shown in Figure 9 restricts the growth process in the horizontal direction and results in the formation of conical structures.
• This type of additive reagents is called a crystal modifier. Crystal modifiers kinetically control the growth rates of different crystalline faces of metal particles by interacting with these faces through adsorption and desorption. Coordinating reagents are another group of additives that can promote non-homogeneous growth conditions and form surface textures. These additives form complexes with some of the metal ions. The other ions remain free in the solution. The presence of two different types of metal ions (free ions and ions involved in eomplexation) results in a non-homogeneous growth condition and can promote texture formation.
• the exact attributes and properties of the coatings described herein can vary depending on the particular materials which are present, the coating conditions used, etc.
• the surface features of the textured layer of the coatings may exhibit a hierarchical structure.
• Hierarchical structure refers to the condition where each surface feature comprises smaller features.
• the textured layers shown in Figures la-b are examples of hierarchical structures.
• the small constituent features of this hierarchical structure are shown in the high- magnification micrograph of one of the surface features in Figure lb.
• the size of surface features in hierarchical structures can desirably be at least two times larger than their constituent features.
• the first feature size might be 10 microns while the second feature size is 1 micron.
• ail textured layers shown in Figures 2a-m and Figure 2o can be referred to as hierarchical structures.
• the surface features in Figure 2n do not comprise smaller features, and therefore, the textured layer shown in this figure is not considered a hierarchical structure.
• the textured layer can comprise a composite of metals or metallic compound and nanoparticles.
• Nanoparticles can be selected from the group consisting of PTFE particles, silica (Si0 2 ) particles, alumina particles (A1 2 0 3 ), silicon carbide (SiC), diatomaceous earth (DE), boron nitride (BN), titanium oxide (Ti0 2 ), platinum oxide (Pt0 2 ), diamond, particles formed from differential etching of spinodally decomposed glass, single wail carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), mix silicon/ titanium oxide particles (Ti0 2 /Si0 2 , titanium inner core/silicon outer surface), ceramic particles, therm o-chromic metal oxide, multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), any chemically or physically modified versions of the foregoing particles, and any combination thereof.
• PTFE particles silica (Si0 2 ) particles, alumina particles (A1 2 0 3 ), silicon carbide (SiC
• the coating in addition to the textured layer, can comprise other layers as well.
• Each coating layer can be distinguished from its top and underneath layers by its different composition. Two adjacent layers might have distinct or indistinct interfaces. Two examples of multiple-layer coatings are discussed below. In a first example, the condition wherein one or multiple conformai coating layers are present on top of the textured layer is described. Conformai layers are defined as the coating layers that approximately follow the surface texture of their underneath layer (see Figures 10a, 10b and 10c).
• the conformai coating layer can comprise one or more of Chromium Nitride (CrN), Diamond Like Carbon (DLC), Titanium Nitride (TiN), Titanium Carbo-nitride (TiCN), Aluminum Titanium Nitride (ALTiN), Aluminum Titanium Chromium Nitride (AlTiCrN), Zirconium Nitride (ZrN), Nickel, gold, PlasmaPlus®, Cerablack 1M , Chromium, Nickel Fluoride (NiF 2 ), any Nickel Composite, any organic or inorganic-organic material and combinations thereof.
• nickel composites suitable for use as the conformai coating include, but are not limited to, composites of nickel with different particles selected from a group consisting of PTFE, silica (SiO?), alumina (A1 2 0 3 ), silicon carbide (SiC), diamond, diatomaceous earth (DE), boron nitride (BN), titanium oxide (Ti02), single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), kaoiine (Al 2 O 3 .2SiO 2 .2H 2 O), graphite, other nanoparticles, or any combination thereof.
• PTFE silica
• SiO? silicon carbide
• SiC silicon carbide
• DE diatomaceous earth
• BN boron nitride
• Ti02 titanium oxide
• SWCNTs single wall carbon nanotubes
• MWCNTs multi-wall carbon nanotubes
• graphite other nanoparticles, or any combination thereof.
• organic or inorganic -organic materials suitable for use as the conformai coating include, but are not limited to, paryiene, organofunctional silanes, fluorinated alkylsiiane, fluorinated alkylsiloxane, organofunctional resins, hybrid inorganic organofunctional resins, organofunctional polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS), hybrid inorganic organofunctional POSS resins, silicone polymers, fluorinated oligomeric polysiloxane, organofunctional oligomeric poly siloxane, fluorinated organofunctional silicone copolymers, organofunctional silicone polymers, hybrid inorganic organofunctional silicone polymers, organofunctional silicone copolymers, hybrid inorganic organofunctional silicone copolymers, fluorinated polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (FPOSS), Dynasylan® SIVO, other similar groups, or any combination thereof.
• POSS organofunctional POSS resins
• organofunctional silanes are a group of compounds that combine the functionality of a reactive organic group with inorganic functionality in a single molecule. This special property allows them to be used as molecular bridges between organic polymers and inorganic materials.
• the organic moiety of the silane system can be tailored with different functionalities consisting amino, benzylamino, benzyl, chloro, fluorinated alkyl/aryl, disulfide, epoxy, epoxy/melamine, mercapto, methacrylate, tetrasulfido, ureido, vinyl, vinyl-benzyl-amino, and any combination thereof.
• aminosilane system examples include n-(3-acryloxy-2-hydroxypropyl)-3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, n-(n- acetylleucyl)-3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, 3-(n-allylamino)propyltrimethoxysilane, 4- aminobutyltriethoxysilane, 4-amino-3,3-dimethylbutylmethyldimethoxysilane, 4-amino-3,3- dimethylbutyltrimethoxysilane, aminoneohexyltrimethoxysilane, 1 -amino-2-
• the examples of the benzylaminosilane system are n-(2-n-benzylaminoethyl)-3- aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, n-(2-n-benzylaminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane hydrochloride, n-benzylaminomethyltrimethylsilane, or any combination thereof
• benzyl si lane system are benzyldimethylchlorosilane, benzyl dim ethyl si lane, -benzyl -n- methoxymethyl-n-(trimethylsilylmethyl) amine, benzyl oxytrimethylsilane, benzyltrichlorosiiane, benzyltriethoxysilane, benzyltrimethylsilane, bis(trimethylsilylmethyl)benzylamine, (4-bromobenzyl) trimethylsilane, dibenzyloxvdiacetoxysilane, or any combination thereof.
• chloro and chlorosilane system are (-)-camphanyldimethylchlorosilane, 10-
• mercaptosilane system are (mercaptomethyl)methyldiethoxysilan, 3-mercaptopropylmethyldimethoxysilane, 3- mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane, 3 -mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3 - m ercaptopropyltri m ethoxy si 1 ane, 3 -m ercaptopropyltri m ethyl sil ane, 3 - mercaptopropyltriphenoxysilane, 11-mercaptoundecyloxytrimethylsilane, 1 1 - mercaptoundecyltrimethoxysilane, or any combination thereof.
• ureidosilane are ureidopropyltriethoxysilane, ureidopropyltrimethoxysilane, or any combination thereof.
• vinyl, vinylbenzyisiiane system are vinyl(bromomethyl)dimethylsilane, (m,p- vinylbenzyloxy)trimethylsilane, vinyl -t-butyldimethylsilane, vinyl(chloromethyl)dimethoxysilane, vinyl(chloromethyl)dimethylsilane, l-vinyl-3-(chloromethyl)-l, l,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane, vinyl .diethylmethylsilane, vinyldimethylchlorosilane, vinyl dimethyl ethoxysilane, vinyldimethylfluorosilane, vinyl dimethylsilane, vinyldi-n-octylmethylsilane, vinyldiphenylc-hlorosilane, vinyldipheny
• fluorinated alkyl/aryl siiane examples include, but are not limited to, 4- fluorobenzyltrimethylsilane, (9-fluorenyl) methyldichlorosilane, (9-fluorenyl) trichlorosiiane, 4- fluorophenyltrimethylsilane, l ,3-bis(tridecafluoro-l ,l,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl) tetramethyldisiloxane, lH, lH,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltrimethoxysilane, lH, lH,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane, lH,l H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyltrichlorosilane, l H,l H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyltrichlorosilane, l H
• the organofunctional resin can be selected from the group consisting of epoxy, epoxy putty, ethylene-vinyl acetate, phenol formaldehyde resin, poiyamide, polyester resins, polyethylene resin, polypropylene, polysulfides, polyurethane, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinyl chloride emulsion (PVCE), polyvinylpyrrolidone, rubber cement, silicones, and any combination thereof.
• Organofunctional polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane can be selected from the group consisting acrylates, alcohols, amines, carboxyiic acids, epoxides, fluoroalkyls, halides, imides, methacrylates, molecular silicas, norbornenyls, olefins, polyethyl en glycols (PEGs), silanes, silanols, thiols, and any combination thereof.
• acrylates POSS's include acryloisobutyl POSS, or any combination thereof.
• Illustrative examples of alcohols POSS are diol isobutyl POSS, Cyclohexanediol isobutyl POSS, Propanediol isobutyl POSS, Octa (3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyldimethylsiloxy) POSS, or any combination thereof.
• Illustrative examples of amines POSS are Aminopropylisobutyl POSS, Aminopropylisooctyl POSS, Aminoethylaminopropyl isobutyl POSS, OctaAmmonium POSS, Aminophenvlisobutvl POSS. Phenvlaminopropvl POSS Cage Mixture, or anv combination thereof.
• Illustrative examples of a Carboxyiic Acids POSS are Mai earn ic Acid-Isobutyl POSS, OctaMaleamic Acid POSS, or any combination thereof.
• Illustrative examples of an epoxide are Epoxycyclohexylisobutyl POSS, Epoxy cyclohexyl POSS Cage Mixture, Glycidyl POSS Cage Mixture, Glycidyl isobutyl POSS, Triglycidylisobutyl POSS, Epoxycyclohexyl dimethylsilyl POSS, OctaGlycidyldimethylsilyl POSS, or any combination thereof.
• fluoroalkyl POSS examples are Trifluoropropyl POSS Cage Mixture, Trifluoropropylisobutyl POSS, or any combination thereof.
• halid POSS is Chloropropylisobutyl POSS, or any combination thereof.
• Imides POSS examples are POSS Maleimide Isobutyl, or any combination thereof.
• Methacrylates examples are Methaeryloisobutyi POSS, Methacryiate Ethyl POSS, Methacryiate Isooctyl POSS, Methacryl POSS Cage Mixture, or any combination thereof.
• molecular silica POSS examples are DodecaPhenyi POSS, Isooctyl POSS Cage Mixture, Phenyl isobutyl POSS, Phenylisooctyi POSS, Octaisobutyl POSS, OctaMethyl POSS, OctaPhenyi POSS, OctaTMA POSS, OctaTrimethylsiloxy POSS, or any combination thereof.
• Norbornenyls examples are DodecaPhenyi POSS, Isooctyl POSS Cage Mixture, Phenyl isobutyl POSS, Phenylisooctyi POSS, Octaisobutyl POSS, OctaMethyl POSS, OctaPhenyi POSS, OctaTMA POSS, OctaTrimethylsiloxy POSS, or any combination thereof.
• Trisnorbomenylisobutyl POSS Trisnorbomenylisobutyl POSS, or any combination thereof.
• Olefins example are Allyisobutyl POSS, Vinylisobutyl POSS, Vinyl POSS Cage Mixture, or any combination thereof.
• PEGs examples include PEG POSS Cage Mixture, MethoxyPEGisobutyl POSS, or any combination thereof.
• silane examples are OetaSilane POSS, or any combination thereof.
• silanols examples are DiSiianolisobutyl POSS, TriSilanolEthyi POSS, TriSilanolisobutyl POSS, TriSilanolisooctyl POSS, TriSilanolPhenyl POSS Lithium Salt, Trisilanol Phenyl POSS, TetraSilanolPhenyl POSS, or any combination thereof.
• thiols is Mercaptopropylisobutyl POSS, or any combination thereof.
• another example of a coating comprises at least one additional layer comprising a lubricant, a polymer blend, nanoparticles, or any combination thereof, such as polymer- nanoparticle composite materials, that is infused inside the surface features of the textured layer.
• the surface features can provide mechanical grips for the additional layer.
• Nanoparticles can either be treated with a low surface energy material in advance or a low surface energy material can be added to the chemical blend of the additional layer. High surface energy materials are more easily wet than low surface energy materials. Low surface energy materials usually exhibit a surface energy- value less than 70 mJ/nr when measured according to the ASTM D7490-13 standard.
• low surface energy materials include but not limited to organofunctional silane, low-surface-energy resins, fluormated alkylsiloxane, fluorinated alkylsilane, silicone polymers, organofunctional silicone polymers, organofunctional silicone copolymers, fluorinated polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (FPOSS), Dynasylan® SIVO, organofunctional polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS), or any combination thereof.
• organofunctional silane low-surface-energy resins
• fluormated alkylsiloxane fluorinated alkylsilane
• silicone polymers organofunctional silicone polymers
• organofunctional silicone copolymers fluorinated polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (FPOSS), Dynasylan® SIVO, organofunctional polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS), or any combination thereof.
• nanoparticles used in the structure of the additional layer include but not limited to silica (SiO?), alumina (A1 2 0 3 ), silicon carbide (SiC), diamond, diatomaceous earth (DE), boron nitride (BN), titanium oxide (Ti0 2 ), single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), kaolin (Al 2 O 3 .2SiO 2 .2H 2 O), or any combination thereof.
• nanoparticles can be hydrophobic ceramic-based particles selected from the group consisting of AERQSIL® brand from Evonik industries, the product of Dry Surface Technologies (DST) under BarrianTM brand, CAB-O-SIL® brand from Cabot Corporation, HDK ® brand from W ACKER, and any combination thereof.
• AERQSIL® brand from Evonik industries
• DST Dry Surface Technologies
• CAB-O-SIL® brand from Cabot Corporation
• HDK ® brand from W ACKER
• the polymer used in the structure of the additional layer can be selected from the group including but not limited to organic polymers, thermoplastic polymers, thermosetting polymers, copolymers, terpolymers, a block copolymer, an alternating block copolymer, a random polymer, homopolymer, a random copolymer, a random block copolymer, a graft copolymer, a star block copolymer, a dendrimer, a poly electrolyte (polymers that have some repeat groups that contains electrolytes), a poly ampholyte (Poly ampholytes are polyeiectrolytes with both cationic and anionic repeat groups.
• anionic and cationic groups can be neutralized.
• anionic group can be neutralized, while cationic group is a group insensitive to pH changes such as a quaternary aikyi ammonium group
• cationic group can be neutralized and anionic group is selected from those species such as sulfonate groups that are showing no response to pH changes
• anionic and cationic groups are insensitive to the useful range of pH changes in the solution.
• ionomers an ionomer is a polymer comprising repeat units of electrically neutral and ionized units.
• Ionized units are covalently bonded to the polymer backbone as pendant group moieties and usually consist mole fraction of no more than 15 mole percent), oligomers, cross-linkers, or any combination thereof.
• organic polymers include, but are not limited, to polyacetals, polyolefins, polyacrylics, polycarbonates, polystyrenes, polyesters, polyamids, polyamidimides, polyacrylates, polyarylsulfones, polythersulfones, polyphenylene sulfides, polyvinylchlorides, polysulfones, polyimides, polyetherimides, polytetrafluoroethylenes, poly ether ketone ketones, polybenzoxazoles, polyphthalides, polyacetals, polyanhydrides, polyvinyl ethers, polyvinyl thioethers, polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl ketones, poly vinyl halides, polyvinyl nitriles, polyvinyl
• polyeiectrolytes include, but are not limited to, polystyrene sulfonic acid, polyacryiic acid, pectin, carrageenan, alginates, carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, or any combination thereof.
• thermosetting polymers include, but are not limited to, epoxy polymers, unsaturated polyester polymers, polyimide polymers, bismaleimide polymers, bismaleimide triazine polymers, cyanate ester polymers, vinyl polymers, benzoxazine polymers, benzocyciobutene polymers, acrylics, alkyds, phenol-formaldehyde polymers, urea-formaldehyde polymers, novolacs, resoles, melamine-formaldehyde polymers, urea- formaldehyde polymers, hydroxymethylfuranes, isocyanates, diallyl phthalate, triallyl cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, unsaturated polysterimides, or any combination thereof.
• thermoplastic polymers include, but are not limited to, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene/nylon, polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, aerylonitrile butadiene styrene/poiyvinyi chloride, poiyphenyiene ether/polystyrene, polyphenylene ether/nylon, poly sulfone/acrylonitrile-butadiene- styrene, polycarbonate/thermoplastic urethane, polycarbonate/polybutylene terephthalate, thermoplastic elastomer alloys, nylon/elastomers, polyester/elastomers, polyethylene terephthalate/ polybutvlene terephthalate, acetal/elastomer, styrene maleic anhydride/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, poiyether etherketone/polyethersulfone,
• processes other than electropdeposition processes can also be used in production of the coatings.
• the hydrophobic textured layer can be made, for example, through a process comprising a combination of the eiectrodeposition techniques and any other technique selected from the group consisting of annealing and thermal processing, vacuum conditioning, aging, plasma etching, grit blasting, wet etching, ion milling, exposure to electromagnetic radiation such as visible light, UV, and x-ray, other processes, and combinations thereof.
• the manufacturing process of the hydrophobic textured layer can be followed by at least one additional coating process selected from the group consisting of eiectrodeposition, electroless deposition, surface functionalization, electro-polymerization, spray coating, brush coating, dip coating, electrophoretic deposition, reaction with fluorine gas, plasma deposition, brush plating, chemical vapor deposition, sputtering, physical vapor deposition, passivation through the reaction of fluorine gas, any other coating technique, and any combination thereof.
• at least one additional coating process selected from the group consisting of eiectrodeposition, electroless deposition, surface functionalization, electro-polymerization, spray coating, brush coating, dip coating, electrophoretic deposition, reaction with fluorine gas, plasma deposition, brush plating, chemical vapor deposition, sputtering, physical vapor deposition, passivation through the reaction of fluorine gas, any other coating technique, and any combination thereof.
• the coating can exhibit heat-resistant characteristics. This characteristic is observed if a water contact angle of the coating changes less than 20 percent after the coating is subjected to a thermal process at 100 °C or higher for 12 hours or longer.
• a heat-resistance test for the superhydrophobic coating shown in Figures la-b is now described. This test was performed at 572 C 'F (300 °C). This temperature is far beyond the temperature reported in the literature for Teflon® breakdown. It has been found that toxic fumes generated from Teflon® breakdown at 396 °F are enough to kill birds (see Boucher et al., Avian Diseases. Vol. 44, No. 2 (Apr.
• a NoneWet® coating is a sol-gel based superhydrophobic coating that is commercially available. This coating is applied by a two-step spray system. The first step provides adhesion to the substrate through a base coat that is not hydrophobic. The superhydrophobic top layer is then sprayed on the first coating layer, in the second step. The superhydrophobic top layer of the NeverWet® coating was completely decomposed after 15 minutes at 572 °F. The coating completely lost its superhydrophobic property and its color turned to black.
• the coatings described herein can be considered mechanically durable.
• Mechanical durability can be defined based on two criteria of hardness and pull-off (tape) tests.
• the hardness criterion is defined based on the pencil hardness level of more than 3B corresponding to the ASTM D3363 - 05(201 l)e2 standard measurement. This test method determines the hardness of a coating by drawing pencil lead marks from known pencil hardness on the coating surface.
• the film hardness is determined based on the hardest pencil that will not rupture or scratch the film.
• a set of calibrated drawing leads or calibrated wood pencils meeting the following scales of hardness were used: 9H-8H-7H-6H-5H-4H-3H-2H-H-F-HB-B-2B-3B-4B-5B-6B-7B-8B-9B.
• 9B grade corresponds to the lowest level of hardness and represents very soft coatings. The hardness level increases gradually after that until it gets to the highest level of 9H. The difference between two adjacent scales can be considered as one unit of hardness.
• a pencil hardness of 7H was obtained for the zinc-based superhydrophobic coating shown in Figures la-b. This level of hardness can be compared with that of the NeverWet® coating that corresponds to less than 9B.
• the hardness level of the superhydrophobic zinc-based coating is also much higher than the grade of HB that is reported for Teflon® coating by its manufacturer. As shown in Figures 1 1a (before testing) and I lb (after testing), a pencil hardness of 7H was obtained for the zinc-based coating. The hardness of this coating can be compared with that of the NeverWet® coating that corresponds to less than 9B ( Figure 1 Id). The hardness level of the zinc-based coating is also much higher than the grade of HB that is reported for Teflon® coating by its manufacturer. Figure l ie provides a comparison for the hardness level of the produced zinc based coating with that of Teflon® and NeverWet® coatings.
• FIG. 12a-b show the images of the copper-based superhydrophobic coating before ( Figure 12a) and after 5H pencil hardness test ( Figure 12b), respectively.
• Another non-limiting example is the composite superhydrophobic coating comprising copper and nickel with the pencil hardness of 9H. Images of this composite coating before and after the 9H pencil hardness test are shown in Figures 12c and d, respectively. No scratch is seen on the coating surface in Figure 12d. Therefore, the hardness of the composite coating can be even higher than the maximum level of the pencil hardness test that is 9H.
• durability of the coating can be characterized using the standard ASTM procedure for the tape test (ASTM F2452-04-2012). This attribute of durability is defined based on exhibiting at least level three of durability among five levels defined by the standard test. In this test, a tape is adhered to the surface and pulled away sharply. The level of the coating durability obtained based on the amount of the coating removed from the surface and attached to the tape. The lowest to highest durability is rated from 1 to 5, respectively. A lower rating means that some part of the coating was removed by the tape, and therefore, a part of the coating functionality was lost. Rate 5 corresponds to the condition that zero amount of coating is removed. Therefore, the functionally of the coating at this rate remains the same after and before the tape test.
• Figures 13a-d show photographs of the tape after performing the pull-off test on the superhydrophobic zinc coating and the NoneWet® coating, respectively.
• Figures 13a-d show photographs of the tape after performing the pull-off test on the superhydrophobic zinc coating and the NoneWet® coating, respectively.
• Figure 13a no part of the superhydrophobic zinc coating ( Figure 13a) was transferred to the tape, while some part of the superhy drophobic top layer of the NoneWet ⁇ coating ( Figure 13b) is removed by the tape. Therefore, based on this test, the NoneWet® coating is less durable compared to the produced coating using this test methodology.
• a Tabor abrasion test is another test that can be performed on the coatings described herein.
• the coated samples were subjected to several cycles of abrasive wheels with 500 g loading weight at 60 rpm speed. The mass loss percentage (%) of the coatings was then calculated for each individual sample based on the ratio of mass loss to the initial mass of the coating.
• Figures 14a-b show the images of the zinc-based superhydrophobic coating before ( Figure 14a) and after Figure 14b) 5 cycles of Tabor abrasion test, respectively.
• Abrasion resistance of textured superhydrophobic coatings is generally less than hydrophobic coatings that do not have any surface texture.
• the coating described herein may be considered easy-clean coatings.
• Easy-clean characteristic is defined, wherein in a cleanability test, at least 80 percent of the surface can be cleaned. In this test, the coating is painted with cooking oil and placed in an oven at 100 °C for 12 hours. It will then be wiped out with a wet tissue.
• Easy-clean characteristic is also related to the coating oleophobicitv.
• the oleophobic characteristic can be measured by the contact angle of oil on a surface.
• Figure 5a exhibits the contact angle of cooking oil on the surface of one zinc-based coatings as described herein. This contact angle can be compared with the oil contact angle of a Teflon® coating in Figure 15b, As shown in Figures 15a-b, the zinc coating exhibited higher levels of oleophobicitv than the Teflon® coating.
• Certain configurations of the coatings described herein can also provide one or more of the following attributes: reduce transfer from/to the surface, provide protection, prevent or discourage adhesion of water and microscale/nanoscale objects, or a combination of said functionalities.
• Certain coatings can be used in many different applications including but not limited to, wetting, dirt accumulation, corrosion, microbial adhesion and disease transformation, ice formation, friction and drag and biofouling prevention and/or mitigation.
• the coating can protect, to at least some degree, an article, e.g. vehicle or other components, against detrimental effects of the environment, e.g. corrosion and fouling, which reduce the overall useful lifetime of the article or cause fading or deterioration.
• the coating can be used in equipment with high-temperature working conditions such as ovens, heat-exchangers, and condensers. It can be used to mitigate sticky problems at high temperature environments. As another instance, certain configurations of coatings can discourage transfer of liquids, dirt, microorganisms, viruses, or particles from/to an article to/from human and animals upon contact, which can reduce cross contamination.
• certain configurations of the coatings disclosed herein can work by trapping media such as gases or liquids between the structures of the surface texture.
• Other macroscopic objects may remain on top of the surface texture. Some part of the macroscopic object can be in contact with the media and not the surface. As a result, compared to uncoated surfaces, transfer between the macroscopic object and the coated surface is discouraged.
• Macroscopic objects include, but are not limited to, liquid droplets, a part of a human or animal body, tools and solid objects.
• the surface of the textured coating may- have reduced loading by microscale and nanoscale objects, chemicals and molecules than a regular surface.
• microscale and nanoscale objects include, but are not limited to, particles, microorganisms, viruses, etc.
• Chemicals and molecules include but are not limited to molten substances and fluids at high temperatures.
• the coatings can enable protection against undesirable consequences of contact between the surface and the macroscopic, microscale and/or nanoscale objects such as equipment damage, corrosion, transfer of germs, dirt, and smudge, friction and drag.
• liquids may not stick to the coating surface.
• Liquids for example can be water, sea water, oil, acids, bases, or biological fluids such as blood and urine.
• liquid drops bead up on the coating surface roll off the surface with a slight applied force, and bounce if dropped on the surface from a height.
• surface texture can result in such properties of the surface as super-repellency (e.g. superhydrophobicity and superoleophobicity).
• micro/nano scale objects may also stay on top of the surface features ( Figure 17). Therefore, some part of the micro/nano scale object can be in contact with the media not the surface. In this scenario, less microscale and nanoscale objects get transferred to the surface. Even if they get transferred to the surface it will be easier to remove them, e.g., less sheer force or cleaning materials is required to remove microscale and nanoscale objects.
• the micro/nano scale objects can be microbes (such as bacteria, mold, mildew, fungi, etc.), viruses, particles and dirt.
• microscale and nanoscale objects may get entrapped between the structures of the surface texture but get transferred less to the macroscopic object touching the surface (see Figure 17).
• the entrapment of microorganisms between topographical features may delay colonization of the surface through affecting different activities of microorganisms including but not limited to growth, motility, and cell to cell communication.
• the surface may be in contact with fluids including liquids and gases that contain particles, microorganisms, dirt, chemicals, reactive agents, macromolecuies, etc.
• the liquid for example can be water, sea water, oil, acids, bases, or biological fluids such as blood and urine.
• surface texture can result in reducing the transfer of microscale and nanoscale objects, chemicals or/and reactive agents dissolved in fluid, etc. to the surface.
• the reason is surface texture can result in such properties of the surface as super-repellency (e.g. superhydrophobicity and superoleophobicity) or superwetting (e.g. superhydrophilicity or superoleophili city).
• the shape of surface features can reduce the transfer to the surface or make the transfer from the surface easier (see Figure 19), For instance, if the top of surface features is not flat, i.e., it is sharp or curved, objects may make less contact area on engineered surface.
• microscopic objects may need to go through more/unusual deformation upon contact with an engineered surface with sharp or curved surface features. The deformation may not be favorable, for example due to the energetic costs associated with it. Therefore, the micro- and nanoscale objects may not attach to the surface or may loosely attach and consequently easily detach from the surface.
• a layer of fluid for example a vapor can be formed between the structures of the surface texture at high temperatures and discourages adhesion of the macroscopic object to the coated surface ( Figure 20).
• the coatings disclosed herein can be deposited on the surface of a mold.
• the moid can be used for making textured surfaces by transferring the negative replica of the coating's texture into the surface of a polymer, ceramic, or glass in a molding process. Examples of the molding process include but not limiting to rotational molding, injection molding, blow molding, compression molding, film insert molding, gas assist molding, structural foam molding, and thermoforming.
• the coated surface disclosed in the embodiments described herein may be present on an article selected from the group consisting of faucets, door knobs, flush toilets, bathroom fittings, pens, bed-rails, trays, hand-dryers, any appliances, tables, desks, molds, pipes, medical devices and implants, automotive vehicles, airplanes, ambulances, high touch surfaces in hospitals, surfaces in cleanroom, biomedical and food packaging, surfaces in public transit areas, surfaces in swimming pools, surfaces in public bathrooms, electronics glass screens, ovens, grills, ranges, heat- exchangers, condensers, razors, ships, cellphone cases, razor cartridges and handles.
• the substrate that the coating is applied on can be a metal substrate, wood substrate, plastic substrate, composite substrate, or any combinations thereof.

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