WO2016185752A1 - 光電変換装置 - Google Patents
光電変換装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016185752A1 WO2016185752A1 PCT/JP2016/055366 JP2016055366W WO2016185752A1 WO 2016185752 A1 WO2016185752 A1 WO 2016185752A1 JP 2016055366 W JP2016055366 W JP 2016055366W WO 2016185752 A1 WO2016185752 A1 WO 2016185752A1
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- amorphous semiconductor
- semiconductor layer
- type amorphous
- photoelectric conversion
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Classifications
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- H01L31/022441—Electrode arrangements specially adapted for back-contact solar cells
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- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/06—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers
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- H01L31/0745—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers the potential barriers being only of the PN heterojunction type comprising a AIVBIV heterojunction, e.g. Si/Ge, SiGe/Si or Si/SiC solar cells
- H01L31/0747—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers the potential barriers being only of the PN heterojunction type comprising a AIVBIV heterojunction, e.g. Si/Ge, SiGe/Si or Si/SiC solar cells comprising a heterojunction of crystalline and amorphous materials, e.g. heterojunction with intrinsic thin layer
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- H01L31/06—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers
- H01L31/075—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers the potential barriers being only of the PIN type, e.g. amorphous silicon PIN solar cells
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- H01L31/18—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a photoelectric conversion device.
- Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2010-283406 discloses a back electrode type solar cell.
- an amorphous silicon layer is formed on the back surface of a single crystal silicon substrate, and n-type amorphous semiconductor layers and p-type amorphous semiconductor layers are alternately formed thereon. Electrodes are formed on the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer, respectively.
- the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer is composed of two island-like n-type amorphous semiconductor layers arranged apart from each other, and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer is a continuous semiconductor layer. Consists of.
- an amorphous silicon layer is formed between adjacent island-shaped n-type amorphous semiconductor layers or between the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer. It becomes the outermost surface. Therefore, moisture, organic matter, and the like are likely to enter the amorphous silicon layer from the outside, the passivation property is reduced, and the photoelectric conversion device is deteriorated.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a technique capable of suppressing deterioration of a photoelectric conversion device.
- a photoelectric conversion device is disposed on a semiconductor substrate, an intrinsic amorphous semiconductor layer formed so as to be in contact with one surface of the semiconductor substrate, and the intrinsic amorphous semiconductor layer.
- the first amorphous semiconductor layer having the first conductivity type and the intrinsic amorphous semiconductor layer are spaced apart from each other and are arranged on the first amorphous semiconductor layer in the in-plane direction of the semiconductor substrate.
- a second amorphous semiconductor layer formed adjacently and having a second conductivity type opposite to the first conductivity type, and between the adjacent first amorphous semiconductor layers and adjacent second amorphous semiconductor layers.
- a protective layer formed to be in contact with the intrinsic amorphous semiconductor layer between the crystalline semiconductor layers.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a plane of the photoelectric conversion device according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 2A is a schematic diagram illustrating an AA cross section of the photoelectric conversion device illustrated in FIG.
- FIG. 2B is a schematic view showing a BB cross section of the photoelectric conversion device shown in FIG.
- FIG. 3A is a schematic view illustrating the cross-sectional structure of a p-type amorphous semiconductor layer.
- FIG. 3B is a schematic view illustrating another cross-sectional structure of the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer.
- FIG. 3C is a schematic view illustrating another cross-sectional structure of the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a plane of the photoelectric conversion device according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 2A is a schematic diagram illustrating an AA cross section of the photoelectric conversion device illustrated in FIG.
- FIG. 2B is a schematic view showing a BB cross section of the photo
- FIG. 3D is a schematic diagram showing the result of measuring the film thickness from the interface between the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer and the surface of the silicon substrate to the surface of the amorphous semiconductor layer.
- FIG. 3D (b) is a schematic diagram showing the result of re-plotting the film thickness shown in FIG. 3D (a).
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating a plane of the wiring sheet in the first embodiment.
- FIG. 5A is a diagram for explaining a manufacturing process of the photoelectric conversion device shown in FIG. 1 and is a cross-sectional view in a state where a texture is formed on a silicon substrate.
- FIG. 5B is a cross-sectional view showing a state in which an antireflection film is formed on the light receiving surface of the silicon substrate shown in FIG. 5A.
- FIG. 5C is a cross-sectional view showing a state where an i-type amorphous semiconductor layer and a p-type amorphous semiconductor layer are formed on the back surface of the silicon substrate shown in FIG. 5B.
- FIG. 5D is a cross-sectional view showing a state where an n-type amorphous semiconductor layer is formed on the back surface of the silicon substrate shown in FIG. 5C.
- FIG. 5E is a cross-sectional view showing a state where electrodes are formed on the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer and the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer shown in FIG.
- FIG. 5D is a cross-sectional view showing a state where an insulating layer is formed on the back surface of the silicon substrate shown in FIG. 5E.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic view showing a plane of a metal mask used when forming a p-type amorphous semiconductor layer in the step of FIG. 5C.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram showing a plane of a metal mask used when an n-type amorphous semiconductor layer is formed in the step of FIG. 5C.
- FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram showing a plane of a metal mask used when forming an electrode in the step of FIG. 5D.
- FIG. 9A is a schematic diagram showing a plane of a metal mask used when forming an insulating layer in the step of FIG.
- FIG. 9B is a schematic diagram showing a plane of a metal mask used when forming an insulating layer in the step of FIG. 5E.
- FIG. 10 is a schematic view showing a state in which an insulating layer is formed on the back surface of the silicon substrate using the metal mask of FIGS. 9A and 9B.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating deterioration rates of the photoelectric conversion device of the first embodiment and the comparative example.
- FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram illustrating a plane of a photoelectric conversion device according to Modification 1 of the first embodiment.
- FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram illustrating a plane of a photoelectric conversion device according to Modification 2 of the first embodiment.
- FIG. 14A is a schematic diagram illustrating a cross section taken along the line AA of the photoelectric conversion device illustrated in FIG.
- FIG. 14B is a schematic diagram illustrating a BB cross section of the photoelectric conversion device illustrated in FIG. 13.
- FIG. 15A is a schematic diagram showing a plane of a metal mask used when forming an insulating layer in Modification 3 of the first embodiment.
- FIG. 15B is a schematic diagram showing a cross section of the metal mask shown in FIG.
- FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram illustrating a plane of a photoelectric conversion device according to the second embodiment.
- 17A is a schematic diagram illustrating a CC cross section of the photoelectric conversion device illustrated in FIG. FIG.
- FIG. 17B is a schematic diagram illustrating a DD cross section of the photoelectric conversion device illustrated in FIG. 16.
- FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram showing a plane of a metal mask used when forming an insulating layer in the second embodiment.
- FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram illustrating a plane of a photoelectric conversion device according to the third embodiment.
- 20A is a schematic diagram illustrating a cross section taken along line EE of the photoelectric conversion device illustrated in FIG. 20B is a schematic diagram illustrating a cross section taken along line FF of the photoelectric conversion device illustrated in FIG.
- FIG. 21 is a schematic diagram showing a plane of a metal mask used when forming the electrode shown in FIG.
- FIG. 22 is a schematic diagram illustrating a plane of a photoelectric conversion device according to the fourth embodiment.
- FIG. 23A is a schematic diagram illustrating a GG section of the photoelectric conversion device illustrated in FIG.
- FIG. 23B is a schematic diagram illustrating an HH cross section of the photoelectric conversion device illustrated in FIG. 24 is a schematic diagram showing a plane of a metal mask used when forming the electrode shown in FIG.
- FIG. 25 is a schematic diagram illustrating a plane of a photoelectric conversion device according to the fifth embodiment.
- 26A is a schematic diagram illustrating a II cross section of the photoelectric conversion device illustrated in FIG.
- FIG. 26B is a schematic diagram illustrating a JJ cross section of the photoelectric conversion device illustrated in FIG. 25.
- FIG. 27A shows a state where an n-type amorphous semiconductor layer is formed on an i-type amorphous semiconductor layer and an n-type electrode is formed on the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer in the fifth embodiment. It is sectional drawing.
- FIG. 27B is a cross-sectional view showing a state where an insulating layer covering the n-type electrode and the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer shown in FIG. 27A is formed.
- FIG. 27C is a cross section showing a state in which a p-type amorphous semiconductor layer is formed on the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer shown in FIG. 27B and a p-type electrode is formed on the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer.
- FIG. 27D is a cross-sectional view showing a state where an insulating layer is formed on the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer shown in FIG. 27C.
- FIG. 28A is a schematic diagram showing a plane of a metal mask used when forming an n-electrode in the step of FIG. 27A.
- FIG. 28B is a schematic diagram illustrating a plane of a metal mask used when forming an insulating layer in the step of FIG. 27A.
- FIG. 28C is a schematic diagram showing a plane of a metal mask used when forming a p-type amorphous semiconductor layer in the step of FIG. 27C.
- FIG. 28A is a schematic diagram showing a plane of a metal mask used when forming an n-electrode in the step of FIG. 27A.
- FIG. 28B is a schematic diagram illustrating a plane of a metal mask used when forming an insulating layer in the step of FIG. 27A.
- FIG. 28C
- FIG. 28D is a schematic diagram showing a plane of a metal mask used when forming a p-electrode in the step of FIG. 27C.
- FIG. 29 is a schematic diagram illustrating a configuration of a photoelectric conversion module according to the sixth embodiment.
- FIG. 30A is a schematic diagram illustrating a configuration of a photovoltaic power generation system including the photoelectric conversion device according to the sixth embodiment.
- FIG. 30B is a schematic diagram illustrating another configuration example of the photovoltaic power generation system illustrated in FIG. 30A.
- FIG. 31 is a schematic diagram showing the configuration of the photoelectric conversion module array shown in FIG. 30A.
- FIG. 32A is a schematic diagram illustrating a configuration of a photovoltaic power generation system including the photoelectric conversion device according to the seventh embodiment.
- FIG. 32B is a schematic diagram illustrating another configuration example of the photovoltaic power generation system illustrated in FIG. 32A.
- FIG. 33 is a schematic diagram illustrating a cross section of a
- a photoelectric conversion device includes a semiconductor substrate, an intrinsic amorphous semiconductor layer formed in contact with one surface of the semiconductor substrate, and a space above the intrinsic amorphous semiconductor layer.
- the first amorphous semiconductor layer having the first conductivity type and the first amorphous semiconductor layer, the first amorphous semiconductor layer being spaced apart from the intrinsic amorphous semiconductor layer, and in the in-plane direction of the semiconductor substrate
- a second amorphous semiconductor layer formed adjacent to the crystalline semiconductor layer and having a second conductivity type opposite to the first conductivity type; and between and adjacent to the adjacent first amorphous semiconductor layer.
- a protective layer formed in contact with the intrinsic amorphous semiconductor layer between the second amorphous semiconductor layers (first configuration).
- the first amorphous semiconductor layers arranged apart from each other are arranged apart from each other.
- a space between the second amorphous semiconductor layers is covered with a protective layer. Therefore, moisture, organic matter, etc. are externally applied to the intrinsic amorphous semiconductor layer between the first amorphous semiconductor layers arranged apart from each other and between the second amorphous semiconductor layers arranged apart from each other. It is difficult to enter and the deterioration of the photoelectric conversion device can be suppressed.
- the protective layer in the first configuration, may include an insulating film.
- the intrinsic amorphous semiconductor layers between the first amorphous semiconductor layers arranged apart from each other and between the second amorphous semiconductor layers arranged apart from each other are externally connected. It is possible to prevent moisture, organic substances, etc. from being mixed.
- the protective layer is an electrode further in contact with each of the first amorphous semiconductor layer and the second amorphous semiconductor layer. It is good also as including.
- the intrinsic amorphous semiconductor layer between the first amorphous semiconductor layers arranged apart from each other and the second amorphous semiconductor layer arranged apart from each other is externally It is possible to prevent moisture, organic substances, etc. from being mixed.
- the insulating film is further provided between the adjacent first amorphous semiconductor layer and the second amorphous semiconductor layer. It may be formed so as to be in contact with the intrinsic amorphous semiconductor layer.
- the intrinsic amorphous semiconductor layer between the adjacent first amorphous semiconductor layer and the second amorphous semiconductor layer is covered with the insulating film. Therefore, it is possible to prevent a short circuit between the first amorphous semiconductor layer and the second amorphous semiconductor layer and to suppress mixing of moisture, organic substances, and the like from the outside.
- the photoelectric conversion device according to the fifth configuration may be configured such that, in the fourth configuration, the insulating film is formed so as to overlap with the vicinity of the end of the electrode.
- the insulating film overlaps in the vicinity of the end portion of the electrode. Therefore, the adhesion between the electrode and the first amorphous semiconductor layer and the second amorphous semiconductor layer is improved by the insulating film. As a result, even if stress is generated in the semiconductor substrate, it is possible to make it difficult for the electrode to peel off from the semiconductor substrate.
- each of the first amorphous semiconductor layer and the second amorphous semiconductor layer has a substantially rectangular shape.
- the positions of the short sides of the first amorphous semiconductor layer and the second amorphous semiconductor layer adjacent to each other are in the long side direction of the first amorphous semiconductor layer and the second amorphous semiconductor layer. It is good also as having shifted
- the carrier collection efficiency can be improved as compared with the case where the positions of the short sides of the adjacent first amorphous semiconductor layer and second amorphous semiconductor layer are aligned. .
- the photoelectric conversion device is the first point that the film thickness is the maximum in one thin film formed on the semiconductor substrate in any one of the first to sixth configurations. And the point at which the reduction rate of the thickness of the thin film changes from the first reduction rate to a second reduction rate larger than the first reduction rate in the in-plane direction of the one thin film, or the one thin film
- the second point is the point at which the sign of the rate of change of the film thickness of the one thin film changes from negative to positive in the in-plane direction of the first thin film.
- the region up to this point is defined as a film thickness reduction region, at least one of the first amorphous semiconductor layer and the second amorphous semiconductor layer may have the film thickness reduction region.
- At least one of the first amorphous semiconductor layer and the second amorphous semiconductor layer has a thickness reduction region.
- the thickness of the reduced thickness region is smaller than the thickness at the first point of the semiconductor layer. Therefore, compared with the case where an amorphous semiconductor layer having a uniform film thickness is provided, the series resistance component in the semiconductor layer having the film thickness reduction region can be reduced.
- the insulating film in the seventh configuration, may include the film thickness reduction region.
- the stress of the insulating film increases with the increase of the film thickness of the insulating film, the stress of the insulating film can be reduced by having the film thickness decreasing region. As a result, warpage of the semiconductor substrate due to the stress of the insulating film can be reduced.
- the film thickness of the intrinsic amorphous semiconductor layer may be 10 nm or less.
- the ninth configuration it is possible to reduce the series resistance component while suppressing deterioration of the photoelectric conversion device.
- the photoelectric conversion device includes a photoelectric conversion element, a photoelectric conversion module using the photoelectric conversion element, and a solar cell power generation system including the photoelectric conversion module.
- the same or corresponding parts are denoted by the same reference numerals and description thereof will not be repeated.
- the configuration is shown in a simplified or schematic manner, or some components are omitted. Further, the dimensional ratio between the constituent members shown in each drawing does not necessarily indicate an actual dimensional ratio.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing a plane of the photoelectric conversion device according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2A is a schematic diagram showing an AA cross section of the photoelectric conversion device 1 shown in FIG. 2B is a schematic diagram showing a BB cross section of the photoelectric conversion device 1 shown in FIG.
- the photoelectric conversion device 1 includes a silicon substrate 101, an i-type amorphous silicon layer 102i, an n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n, a p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p, An electrode 103, an antireflection film 104, and an insulating layer 105 are provided.
- the silicon substrate 101 is, for example, an n-type single crystal silicon substrate.
- the thickness of the silicon substrate 101 is, for example, 100 to 150 ⁇ m.
- an antireflection film 104 is formed so as to cover one surface (Z-axis negative direction side) of the silicon substrate 101.
- the antireflection film 104 is formed by, for example, laminating a silicon oxide film having a thickness of about 20 nm and a silicon nitride film having a thickness of about 60 nm in this order.
- the antireflection film 104 decreases the surface reflectance of the silicon substrate 101 and increases the short circuit current.
- the surface on which the antireflection film 104 is formed is referred to as a light receiving surface, and the other surface (Z-axis positive direction side) is referred to as a back surface.
- an i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102 i is formed on the back surface of the silicon substrate 101.
- the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i is a film of an amorphous semiconductor that is substantially intrinsic and contains hydrogen.
- the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i includes, for example, i-type amorphous silicon, i-type amorphous silicon germanium, i-type amorphous germanium, i-type amorphous silicon carbide, i-type amorphous silicon nitride. , I-type amorphous silicon oxide, i-type amorphous silicon carbon oxide, and the like.
- the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i has a thickness of 10 nm or less, for example.
- the thickness of the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i is less than 10 nm, the passivation property is lowered.
- the thickness of the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i is increased, the series resistance component is increased. Therefore, in consideration of passivation properties and series resistance components, the film thickness of the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i is desirably 10 nm or less.
- a p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p and an n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n are formed on the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i.
- the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p and the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n have a substantially rectangular shape.
- the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p and the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n are alternately arranged on the silicon substrate 101 in the Y-axis direction.
- the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p and the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n are arranged separately from each other in the X-axis direction. That is, a plurality of p-type amorphous semiconductor layers 102p are arranged in the X-axis direction on the back surface of the silicon substrate 101, and a plurality of n-type amorphous semiconductor layers 102n are arranged.
- the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p and the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n disposed in the vicinity of the edge parallel to the Y axis of the silicon substrate 101 are not p-type non-crystalline.
- the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n is disposed so that the end portion of the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n is located inside the silicon substrate 101 rather than the crystalline semiconductor layer 102p. Further, as shown in FIG.
- the position between the adjacent n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n and the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n, the adjacent p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p and the p-type amorphous semiconductor The position between the semiconductor layers 102p is shifted.
- the distance between adjacent n-type amorphous semiconductor layers 102n and the distance between adjacent p-type amorphous semiconductor layers 102p is about 2 mm or less, and carriers (electrons and holes generated in the silicon substrate 101). ) Is shorter than the diffusion length (for example, about 2 mm). Therefore, by configuring in this way, carrier recombination can be suppressed and carrier collection efficiency can be improved.
- the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n is an n-type amorphous semiconductor layer containing hydrogen.
- the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n includes, for example, phosphorus (P) as an impurity, n-type amorphous silicon, n-type amorphous silicon germanium, n-type amorphous germanium, n-type amorphous silicon carbide.
- P phosphorus
- N-type amorphous silicon nitride, n-type amorphous silicon oxide, n-type amorphous silicon oxynitride, n-type amorphous silicon carbon oxide, and the like may be used.
- the thickness of the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n is, for example, 5 to 20 nm.
- the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p is a p-type amorphous semiconductor layer containing hydrogen.
- the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p includes, for example, p-type amorphous silicon, p-type amorphous silicon germanium, p-type amorphous germanium, and p-type amorphous silicon carbide containing boron (B) as an impurity.
- B boron
- the thickness of the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p is, for example, 5 to 20 nm.
- the amorphous semiconductor may contain a microcrystalline phase.
- the microcrystalline phase includes crystals having an average particle size of 1 to 50 nm.
- an electrode 103 is formed on each of the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p and the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n.
- the electrode 103 has a substantially rectangular shape and is connected along the longitudinal direction (X-axis direction) of the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p and the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n. Is formed. That is, the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i between the p-type amorphous semiconductor layers 102p arranged apart from each other and the n-type amorphous semiconductor layers 102n arranged apart from each other is in contact with the protection.
- An electrode 103 is formed as an example of the layer.
- the p-type electrode 103p and the n-type electrode are used. This is represented as an electrode 103n.
- the n-type electrode 103n and the p-type electrode 103p are formed with a distance L therebetween.
- the n-type electrode 103n and the p-type electrode 103p are, for example, Ag (silver), Ni (nickel), Al (aluminum), Cu (copper), Sn (tin), Pt (platinum), Au (gold), Ti ( A metal such as titanium), an oxide conductor film such as ITO, an alloy of these metals, or a laminated film of these metals.
- the n-type electrode 103n and the p-type electrode 103p are preferably made of a metal having high conductivity.
- the thickness of the n-type electrode 103n and the p-type electrode 103p is, for example, about 50 nm to 1 ⁇ m.
- the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p may have the cross-sectional structure shown in FIG. 3A.
- this cross-sectional structure will be specifically described.
- the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p has a flat region FT and a film thickness reduction region TD in the in-plane direction (width direction) of the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p.
- the flat region FT is a portion of the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p that has the thickest film thickness and has a substantially constant film thickness.
- the film thickness The decrease region TD is a region from point A to point B in the in-plane direction of the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p.
- the film thickness reduction regions TD are arranged on both sides of the flat region FT in the in-plane direction of the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p.
- the reason why the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p has the film thickness reduction region TD is that the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p is formed by a plasma CVD method using a metal mask. Since the film thickness reduction region TD has a thinner film thickness than the flat region FT, the dopant concentration of the film thickness reduction region TD is higher than the dopant concentration of the flat region FT.
- the electrode 103p is disposed in contact with the entire flat region FT of the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p and a part of the film thickness reduction region TD.
- 3A illustrates the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p, but in the embodiment of the present invention, at least one of the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p and the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n is a film. What is necessary is just to have a thickness reduction
- the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n has a structure similar to that shown in FIG. 3A, the n-type electrode 103n is formed on the entire flat region FT of the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n and a part of the film thickness reduction region TD. Arranged in contact.
- the resistance when carriers (electrons) reach the p-type electrode 103p through the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p has a constant film thickness in the in-plane direction of the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i.
- the resistance is lower than when the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p is formed.
- the resistance when carriers (holes) reach the n-type electrode 103n through the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n has a constant film thickness in the in-plane direction of the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i.
- the resistance is lower than when the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n is formed. Therefore, the conversion efficiency of the photoelectric conversion device 1 can be improved.
- the p-type electrode 103p may be in contact with the entire thickness reduction region TD of the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p, and the n-type electrode 103n is a thickness reduction region of the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n. It may be in contact with the entire TD.
- the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p may have, for example, the cross-sectional structure shown in FIG. 3B instead of the cross-sectional structure shown in FIG. 3A.
- the photoelectric conversion device 1 includes a p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 1021p instead of the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p, and includes a p-type electrode 1031p instead of the p-type electrode 103p. May be.
- the point at which the film thickness is maximum is C point, and the film thickness decrease rate changes from the first rate of decrease to the second rate of decrease which is larger than the first rate of decrease.
- the point be point D.
- the film thickness reduction region TD is a region from the point C to the point D in the in-plane direction of the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 1021p.
- the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 1021p has two film thickness reduction regions TD in the in-plane direction of the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 1021p.
- the two film thickness reduction regions TD are arranged in contact with each other in the in-plane direction of the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 1021p.
- the p-type electrode 1031p is disposed in contact with a part of one film thickness reduction area TD and a part of the other film thickness reduction area TD among the two film thickness reduction areas TD.
- the photoelectric conversion device 1 may include an n-type amorphous semiconductor layer having the same structure as the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 1021p shown in FIG. 3B instead of the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n. .
- the resistance when carriers (electrons) reach the p-type electrode 1031p via the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 1021p is constant in the in-plane direction of the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i.
- the resistance is reduced.
- the resistance when carriers (holes) reach the n-type electrode through the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer having the same structure as that of the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 1021p is i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i.
- the resistance becomes lower than that in the case where an n-type amorphous semiconductor layer having a constant film thickness is formed in the in-plane direction. Therefore, the conversion efficiency of the photoelectric conversion device 1 can be improved.
- the p-type electrode 1031p includes two p-type amorphous semiconductor layers 1021p and n-type amorphous semiconductor layers having the same structure as the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 1021p. It may be arranged in contact with.
- the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p may have, for example, the cross-sectional structure shown in FIG. 3C instead of the cross-sectional structure shown in FIG. 3A.
- the photoelectric conversion device 1 includes a p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 1022p instead of the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p, and includes a p-type electrode 1032p instead of the p-type electrode 103p. May be.
- the point at which the film thickness is maximum is taken as an E point, and the film thickness decrease rate changes from the first decrease rate to a second decrease rate larger than the first decrease rate.
- the point be the F point, and let the point where the sign of the rate of change of the film thickness changes from negative to positive.
- the film thickness reduction region TD1 is a region from the point E to the point F in the in-plane direction of the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 1022p
- the film thickness reduction region TD2 is the region of the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 1022p. This is the region from point E to point G in the in-plane direction.
- the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 1022p has two film thickness reduction regions TD1 and two film thickness reduction regions TD2 in the in-plane direction of the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 1022p.
- the two film thickness reduction regions TD2 are arranged so that the film thickness distribution in the in-plane direction of the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 1022p is symmetric with respect to a line passing through the G point.
- the two film thickness reduction regions TD1 are disposed on both sides of the two film thickness reduction regions TD2 in the in-plane direction of the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 1022p.
- the p-type electrode 1032p is disposed in contact with the entire two film thickness reduction regions TD2, a part of one film thickness reduction region TD1, and a part of the other film thickness reduction region TD1.
- the photoelectric conversion device 1 may include an n-type amorphous semiconductor layer having the same structure as the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 1022p shown in FIG. 3C instead of the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n. .
- the resistance when carriers (electrons) reach the n-type electrode through the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer is constant in the in-plane direction of the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i.
- the resistance becomes lower than that in the case where an n-type amorphous semiconductor layer having a thickness is formed.
- the resistance when carriers (holes) reach the p-type electrode 1032p through the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 1022p has a constant film thickness in the in-plane direction of the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i.
- the resistance is lower than when an n-type amorphous semiconductor layer is formed. Therefore, the conversion efficiency of the photoelectric conversion device 1 can be improved.
- the p-type electrode 1032p includes two p-type amorphous semiconductor layers 1022p and n-type amorphous semiconductor layers having the same structure as the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 1022p.
- the two film thickness reduction regions TD2 may be disposed in contact with each other.
- the photoelectric conversion device 1 includes the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer and the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer having the film thickness reduction region TD (TD1, TD2).
- the film thickness reduction region is one of the film thickness reduction regions TD, TD1, and TD2.
- the first point is the point where the film thickness of the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer or the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer is the maximum, and the in-plane of the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer or the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer In the direction, a point at which the film thickness decrease rate changes from the first decrease rate to a second decrease rate larger than the first decrease rate, or a point at which the sign of the film thickness change rate changes from negative to positive.
- the film thickness reduction region is a region from the first point to the second point in the in-plane direction of the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer or the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer.
- the texture is not formed on the silicon substrate 101 due to the influence of etching or the like performed to remove the damaged layer.
- a method for measuring the film thickness of the amorphous semiconductor layer when the surface of the silicon substrate 101 is uneven will be described.
- a 102n or p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p is formed.
- a cross-sectional photograph of the silicon substrate 101 is taken using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or a transmission electron microscope (TEM). From the imaging result, the interface between the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i and the silicon substrate 101 can be easily confirmed.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- each film thickness h shown in FIG. 3D (a) can be expressed as shown in FIG. 3D (b). That is, the film thickness of the amorphous semiconductor layer (n-type amorphous semiconductor layer, p-type amorphous semiconductor layer) can be specified on the assumption that the surface of the silicon substrate 101 is substantially flat.
- the film thickness reduction region is determined by measuring and re-plotting the film thickness on the texture by the same method as described above. be able to.
- the surface of the silicon wafer where the texture structure is not formed has a height difference of about 2 ⁇ m at the maximum, but the height difference is very large compared to the surface where the texture structure is formed (a height difference of several tens of ⁇ m at the maximum). Small and almost flat.
- the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i, the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n, and The p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p and the like are preferably formed on the back surface (surface on which the texture structure is not formed) which is originally relatively flat.
- a texture is formed on the back surface of the silicon substrate 101.
- the silicon substrate 101 has a texture structure. The surface area increases (about 1.7 times), and the contact resistance can be lowered.
- the texture structure is provided only on one surface of the silicon substrate 101, a step for protecting the surface on which the texture is not formed is necessary when performing anisotropic etching.
- the texture structure is formed on both sides of the silicon substrate 101, it is not necessary to protect both sides of the silicon substrate 101, so that the number of process steps can be reduced.
- i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i in which none of electrode 103, p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p, and n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n is formed.
- an insulating layer 105 is formed as an example of a protective layer so as to overlap a part of the upper end of the electrode 103.
- the electrode 103, the p-type amorphous semiconductor is 8 nm of the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i.
- an amorphous silicon layer thin film region a region where the thickness of the semiconductor layer on the back surface of the semiconductor substrate 101 is 10 nm or less (hereinafter referred to as an amorphous silicon layer thin film region) is the outermost surface, moisture, oxygen, Organic substances and the like are easily mixed, leading to deterioration of the photoelectric conversion device 1. Therefore, in this embodiment, such an amorphous silicon layer thin film region is protected by the electrode 103 or the insulating layer 105. Accordingly, the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i between the p-type amorphous semiconductor layers 102p arranged apart from each other and the n-type amorphous semiconductor layers 102n arranged apart from each other is adjacent to the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i.
- the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i between the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p and the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n is covered with the insulating layer 105 and is not exposed. As a result, entry of moisture, oxygen, organic matter, and the like from the outside into the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i is prevented, and deterioration of the photoelectric conversion device 1 can be suppressed.
- FIG. 4 is an enlarged schematic view of a part of the wiring sheet in the present embodiment.
- the wiring sheet 300 has an n-type wiring material 302n and a p-type wiring material 302p formed on an insulating substrate 301.
- the insulating substrate 301 may be any insulating material.
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- PEN polyethylene naphthalate
- PPS polyphenylene sulfide
- PVF polyvinyl fluoride
- the thickness of the insulating substrate 301 is not particularly limited, but is preferably about 25 ⁇ m or more and 150 ⁇ m or less.
- the insulating substrate 301 may have a single layer structure or a multilayer structure of two or more layers.
- the n-type wiring member 302n and the p-type wiring member 302p have a comb shape and are alternately arranged with a predetermined interval.
- the n-type electrode 103n and the p-type electrode 103p formed on the back surface of the photoelectric conversion device 1 are joined to the n-type wiring material 302n and the p-type wiring material 302p, respectively.
- Connection wiring (not shown) is formed on the surface of the insulating substrate 301.
- the n-type wiring material 302n and the p-type wiring material 302p of the adjacent photoelectric conversion device 1 are electrically connected by the connection wiring, and the adjacent photoelectric conversion devices 1 on the wiring sheet 300 are electrically connected to each other. Has been. Thereby, the current generated by the light incident on the light receiving surface of the photoelectric conversion device 1 can be extracted to the outside through the p-type wiring member 302p and the n-type wiring member 302n.
- the n-type wiring material 302n and the p-type wiring material 302p may be made of a conductive material, and may be any metal such as Cu, Al, Ag, or any one of these.
- An alloy containing a metal as a main component may be used.
- the film thickness of the n-type wiring material 302n and the p-type wiring material 302p is not particularly limited, but is preferably 10 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less, for example. If the film thickness of the n-type wiring material 302n and the p-type wiring material 302p is thinner than 10 ⁇ m, the wiring resistance may increase. If the thickness is greater than 100 ⁇ m, it is necessary to apply heat when bonding the n-type wiring member 302n and the p-type wiring member 302p to the photoelectric conversion device 1.
- the warpage of the wiring sheet 300 increases due to the difference in thermal expansion coefficient between the n-type wiring material 302n and the p-type wiring material 302p and the silicon substrate 101 of the photoelectric conversion device 1.
- the film thickness of the n-type wiring material 302n and the p-type wiring material 302p is more preferably 100 ⁇ m or less.
- a conductive material such as nickel, gold, platinum, palladium, silver, tin, indium, or ITO may be formed on part of the surface of the n-type wiring member 302n and the p-type wiring member 302p.
- the n-type wiring member 302n and the p-type wiring member 302p are electrically connected to the n-type electrode 103n and the p-type electrode 103p of the photoelectric conversion device 1, and the n-type wiring member is provided.
- the weather resistance of 302n and the p-type wiring material 302p is improved.
- the n-type wiring material 302n and the p-type wiring material 302p may have a single-layer structure or a multilayer structure of two or more layers.
- a wafer having a thickness of 100 to 300 ⁇ m is cut out from bulk silicon, and etching for removing a damaged layer on the wafer surface and etching for adjusting the thickness are performed.
- a protective film is formed on one side of these etched wafers.
- silicon oxide, silicon nitride, or the like is used as the protective film.
- the wafer on which the protective film is formed is subjected to wet etching using an alkaline solution such as NaOH or KOH (for example, an aqueous solution of KOH: 1 to 5 wt%, isopropyl alcohol: 1 to 10 wt%).
- an alkaline solution such as NaOH or KOH
- a texture structure is formed on the surface 101a where the protective film is not formed by anisotropic etching.
- an antireflection film 104 is formed on the light receiving surface 101 a of the silicon substrate 101.
- the antireflection film 104 has a stacked structure in which a silicon oxide film and a silicon nitride film are stacked will be described.
- the surface of the silicon substrate 101 is thermally oxidized to form an oxide film on the light receiving surface 101a.
- an antireflection film 104 is formed by forming a silicon nitride film on the oxide film of the light receiving surface 101a.
- wet treatment for example, the silicon substrate 101 is immersed in hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, ozone water, or the like, and then heated to 800 to 1000 ° C. in a dry atmosphere.
- thermal oxidation treatment for example, the silicon substrate 101 is heated to 900 to 1000 ° C. in an atmosphere of oxygen or water vapor.
- the silicon nitride film can be formed by sputtering, EB (Electron-Beam) deposition, TEOS (TetraEthOxySilane), or the like. Note that the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i and the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n may be sequentially formed and sandwiched between the silicon substrate 101 and the silicon nitride film.
- an i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i is formed on the back surface of the silicon substrate 101 opposite to the light receiving surface 101a.
- the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i is formed by using, for example, a plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method.
- the reaction gas introduced into the reaction chamber provided in the plasma CVD apparatus is silane gas or hydrogen gas.
- the temperature of the silicon substrate 101 is 130 to 210 ° C.
- the hydrogen gas flow rate is 0 to 100 sccm
- the silane gas (SiH 4 ) flow rate is about 40 sccm
- the pressure in the reaction chamber is 40 to 120 Pa
- the high frequency (13.56 MHz) power density The film may be formed using a condition of 5 to 15 mW / cm 2 .
- the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102 i is formed on the entire back surface of the silicon substrate 101.
- a metal mask 500 shown in FIG. 6 is disposed on the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i to form a p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p.
- the metal mask 500 has a plurality of openings 501 for forming the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p.
- the plurality of openings 501 are arranged apart from each other in the X-axis direction and arranged at a constant interval in the Y-axis direction.
- a gap GA between the opening 501 and the opening 501 adjacent in the Y-axis direction is about 2 mm or less.
- the diffusion length of carriers (electrons and holes) generated in the silicon substrate 101 is about 2 mm. If the gap GA between the p-type amorphous semiconductor layers 102p is larger than the diffusion length (about 2 mm) of carriers (electrons and holes), the gap between the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p is between. Carriers disappear and photoelectric conversion efficiency decreases. In this embodiment, since the gap GA is 2 mm or less, carriers can be eliminated and the photoelectric conversion efficiency can be improved.
- the metal mask 500 may be made of a metal such as stainless steel, copper, nickel, an alloy containing nickel (for example, SUS430, 42 alloy, or Invar material), molybdenum, or the like.
- a metal such as stainless steel, copper, nickel, an alloy containing nickel (for example, SUS430, 42 alloy, or Invar material), molybdenum, or the like.
- a mask made of glass, ceramic (alumina, zirconia, etc.), an organic film, or the like may be used.
- a mask obtained by etching a silicon substrate may be used.
- the thickness of the metal mask 500 is preferably about 50 ⁇ m to 300 ⁇ m, for example. In this case, the metal mask 500 is not easily bent or floated by a magnetic force.
- the metal mask 500 is more preferably 42 alloy. Regarding the thickness of the metal mask 500, considering the manufacturing cost, it becomes a problem to dispose the metal mask 500 once. Since the running cost of production can be suppressed by using the metal mask 500 many times, it is preferable to recycle the metal mask 500 and use it many times. In this case, the film deposited on the metal mask 500 is removed using hydrofluoric acid or NaOH.
- the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p is formed by using, for example, a plasma CVD method.
- the reaction gas introduced into the reaction chamber provided in the plasma CVD apparatus is silane gas, hydrogen gas, and diborane gas diluted with hydrogen (diborane concentration is about 2%, for example).
- the hydrogen gas flow rate is 0 to 100 sccm
- the silane gas flow rate is 40 sccm
- the diborane gas flow rate is 40 sccm
- the temperature of the silicon substrate 101 is 150 to 210 ° C.
- the pressure in the reaction chamber is 40 to 120 Pa
- the high-frequency power density is 5 to 15 mW / it may be formed using the conditions to cm 2.
- the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p doped with boron (B) is formed on the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i.
- an n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n is formed on the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i.
- the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n is formed using, for example, a plasma CVD method with the metal mask 600 shown in FIG. 7 disposed on the back side of the semiconductor substrate 101.
- the metal mask 600 has a plurality of openings 601 for forming the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n. As shown in FIG. 7, the plurality of openings 601 are arranged apart from each other in the X-axis direction and arranged at a constant interval in the Y-axis direction. The interval GB between the openings 601 adjacent in the Y-axis direction is about 500 to 1500 ⁇ m.
- the metal mask 600 may have the same material and thickness as the metal mask 500 described above.
- the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n is formed using plasma CVD, for example.
- the reaction gas introduced into the reaction chamber provided in the plasma CVD apparatus is silane gas, hydrogen gas, and phosphine gas diluted with hydrogen (phosphine concentration is 1%, for example).
- the temperature of the silicon substrate 101 is about 170 ° C.
- the hydrogen gas flow rate is 0 to 100 sccm
- the silane gas flow rate is about 40 sccm
- the phosphine gas flow rate is about 40 sccm
- the pressure in the reaction chamber is about 40 Pa
- the high-frequency power density is about 8. You may form into a film using the conditions set as 33 mW / cm ⁇ 2 >.
- an n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n doped with phosphorus is formed.
- the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p do not need to overlap with each other, and the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p partially overlap with each other. Also good.
- the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p do not overlap, as shown in FIG. 5D, the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p and the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n are spaced apart from each other. K is formed apart.
- n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p partially overlap, these semiconductors are interposed between the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p and the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n.
- An overlap region is formed where the layers partially overlap.
- the conductivity of the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p and the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n is low, current flows between the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p and the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n. In other words, a short circuit of the pn junction does not occur.
- the p-type electrode 103p and the n-type electrode are formed on the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p and the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n.
- Each of the electrodes 103n is formed.
- the n-type electrode 103n and the p-type electrode 103p are formed by, for example, a vapor deposition method or a sputtering method by disposing a metal mask 700 shown in FIG. 8 on the silicon substrate 101.
- the metal mask 700 has a plurality of openings 701n for forming the n-type electrode 103n and a plurality of openings 701p for forming the p-type electrode 103p.
- the openings 701p and 701n have long sides LCp and LCn (LCp> LCn) of about 80 to 100 mm, and short sides WC of about 500 ⁇ m to 1500 ⁇ m.
- a gap GC1 between the electrodes 103 adjacent to each other in the direction of the short side WC, that is, a gap width L between the p-type electrode 103p and the n-type electrode 103n is about 100 to 300 ⁇ m.
- the film thickness of the n-type electrode 103n and the p-type electrode 103p is preferably 50 nm to 1 ⁇ m, and more preferably 50 nm to 500 nm. This is because as the electrode 103 becomes thicker, the stress applied to the silicon substrate 101 becomes stronger, causing warpage of the silicon substrate 101.
- an insulating layer 105 is formed so as to overlap with a part of the upper end of the electrode 103 as shown in FIG. 5F.
- the insulating layer 105 is formed as follows using, for example, a plasma CVD method. SiN is deposited on the back side of the silicon substrate 101, a resist is applied to a region excluding a predetermined region on the electrode 103, and etching is performed with hydrofluoric acid. The resist may be applied by ink jet or screen printing. Thereby, the insulating layer 105 is formed in a region on the electrode 103 excluding a predetermined region.
- the insulating layer 105 may be formed using the metal masks 910 and 920 shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B.
- the metal mask 910 has a plurality of openings 910 a for forming the insulating layer 105.
- the plurality of openings 910a have a rectangular shape with long sides parallel to the X axis, and are arranged along the Y axis direction.
- the lengths of the plurality of openings 910a in the X-axis direction are substantially the same, but the lengths of the plurality of openings 910a in the Y-axis direction are arranged on the inner side of the openings 9101 disposed at both ends. It is longer than the opening 9102.
- the metal mask 920 has two openings 920a.
- the opening 920a has a rectangular shape whose long side is parallel to the Y axis.
- the two openings 920a are arranged in the vicinity of two sides parallel to the Y axis in the metal mask 920.
- the size and outer shape of the metal mask 910 and the metal mask 920 are substantially the same.
- the left and right ends of the opening 910 a in the metal mask 910 overlap with the opening 920 a in the metal mask 920.
- the formation of the insulating layer 105 using the metal masks 910 and 920 is performed as follows. After the formation of the electrode 103, first, a metal mask 910 is disposed on the back side of the silicon substrate 101, and SiN is deposited using a plasma CVD method. Thereby, SiN is deposited on the opening 910a. Thereafter, instead of the metal mask 910, a metal mask 920 is disposed on the back surface side of the silicon substrate 101, and a SiN film is formed using a plasma CVD method. As a result, SiN is deposited on the opening 920a and the insulating layer 105 is formed.
- an insulating layer 105 is formed on the back side of the silicon substrate 101 except for a part of the electrode 103 as shown in FIG. Is done. That is, as illustrated in FIG. 5F, the insulating layer 105 is formed so as to overlap with part of the upper end of the electrode 103. Accordingly, the region of the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i that is not covered by any of the electrode 103, the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n, and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p is covered with the insulating layer 105.
- the insulating layer 105 is formed at least in the amorphous silicon layer thin film region. Just do it.
- the thickness of the SiN film is larger in this region than in other regions. That is, the film thickness of SiN formed on the back side of the silicon substrate 101 has an in-plane distribution. A region where the film thickness of SiN is thicker than the other regions is preferable because the passivation property is improved and the influence of moisture and oxygen from the outside is less likely.
- the insulating layer 105 When the insulating layer 105 is formed using a metal mask, the insulating layer 105 has the above-described thickness reduction region. This is because when the insulating layer 105 is formed by the plasma CVD method, the reaction gas stays at the end of the opening in the metal mask, and the deposition rate of SiN becomes slower than other regions. Further, when the insulating layer 105 is formed by the sputtering method, the deposition of sputtered particles is hindered by the end of the opening in the metal mask, and the deposition rate of SiN becomes slower than that of other regions.
- the material of the insulating layer 105 is not limited to this.
- SiO, SiON, AlO, TiO or the like may be used.
- FIG. 11 compares the standardized deterioration rates of the conventional photoelectric conversion device (comparative example) in which the insulating layer 105 is not provided and the photoelectric conversion device 1 (A to E) in which the material of the insulating layer 105 is different. Results are shown.
- the electrode of the comparative example is one in which an Ag paste is formed. Further, the electrodes 103 of A to E are formed by depositing Ag using a sputtering method.
- the normalized deterioration rate shown in FIG. 11 is obtained by conducting an experiment in which the photoelectric conversion devices of Comparative Example and A to E are left for 1000 hours in an environment where the temperature is 85 ° C. and the relative humidity is 85%. It was determined based on the results of measuring the performance characteristics of
- deterioration rate ⁇ (photoelectric conversion efficiency before experiment) ⁇ (photoelectric conversion efficiency after experiment) ⁇ ⁇ (before experiment) The photoelectric conversion efficiency) is calculated. Then, assuming that the deterioration rate of the comparative example was 100%, the respective deterioration rates of the photoelectric conversion devices A to E were standardized. That is, the standardized deterioration rate is obtained by calculating the respective deterioration rates of the photoelectric conversion devices A to E / the deterioration rate of the comparative example.
- the normalized deterioration rates of the photoelectric conversion devices A to E are lower than the normalized deterioration rate of the comparative example, and the photoelectric conversion device is deteriorated by providing the insulating layer 105. It turns out that it is suppressed.
- the normalized deterioration rate of “B” using SiN as the material of the insulating layer 105 is the lowest, and subsequently, the normalized deterioration rate of “C” using SiON is low. From this result, it can be seen that the use of a material containing Si for the insulating layer 105 further suppresses deterioration of the photoelectric conversion device.
- the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n and the p-type amorphous semiconductor are formed on the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i formed on the entire back surface of the silicon substrate 101.
- the layers 102p are formed separately from each other.
- a continuous electrode 103 is formed on the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p. That is, in the photoelectric conversion device 1, the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer between the p-type amorphous semiconductor layers 102p that are spaced apart and the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n that is spaced apart is disposed.
- the photoelectric conversion device 1 includes the insulating layer 105 over the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i in which none of the electrode 103, the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n, and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p is formed. Is formed. That is, in the photoelectric conversion device 1, since the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i between the adjacent p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p and the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n is protected by the insulating layer 105, i The type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i is not exposed.
- the amorphous silicon layer thin film region where the thickness of the semiconductor layer is 10 nm or less is covered with the electrode 103 or the insulating layer 105.
- the electrode 103 or the insulating layer 105 As a result, even when the thickness of the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i is 10 nm or less, moisture, organic matter, or the like from the outside does not enter the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i. Deterioration can be suppressed.
- the insulating layer 105 is formed so as to overlap with part of the upper end of the electrode 103, the electrode 103 and the semiconductor layer (the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i, the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n, and the p-type are formed). Adhesion with the amorphous semiconductor layer 102p) is improved. Accordingly, it is possible to reduce the occurrence of defects such as peeling of the electrode 103 from the silicon substrate 101 due to the stress of the film formed on the silicon substrate 101 or the stress applied to the silicon substrate 101 during modularization.
- the end portions of the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p are not aligned. Further, a position between the adjacent n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n and the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n, and a position between the adjacent p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p. Are not aligned. Therefore, when forming the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p, the metal masks 500 and 600 are unlikely to be bent or float due to stress.
- the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p can be formed at appropriate positions, and the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p can be formed. Can be formed more finely.
- the carrier collection efficiency can be improved.
- FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram showing a plane of the photoelectric conversion device 1A in the present modification.
- This modification differs from the photoelectric conversion apparatus 1 (see FIG. 1) of the first embodiment in the following points.
- the positions of the end portions of the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p are aligned. Further, a position between the adjacent n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n and the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n, and a position between the adjacent p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p. And all.
- the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p are more easily affected by the stress of the metal mask.
- the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n and the p-type are less affected by the stress of the metal mask.
- the amorphous semiconductor layer 102p can be formed at an appropriate position.
- the region of the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i in which none of the electrode 103, the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n, and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p is formed that is, An insulating layer 105 is formed on the amorphous silicon layer thin film region. Therefore, it is difficult for moisture, organic substances, and the like from the outside to enter the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i, and deterioration of the photoelectric conversion device 1A can be suppressed.
- FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram illustrating a plane of a photoelectric conversion device according to this modification.
- FIG. 14A is a schematic diagram showing an AA cross section of the photoelectric conversion device 1B shown in FIG. 14B is a schematic diagram showing a BB cross section of the photoelectric conversion device 1B shown in FIG.
- the photoelectric conversion device 1B is different from the photoelectric conversion device 1 of the first embodiment (see FIG. 1) in that the insulating layer 105 does not overlap with a part of the upper end of the electrode 103. Different.
- the adhesion between the electrode 103 and the semiconductor layer (the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i, the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n, and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p) is larger than that of the photoelectric conversion device 1A. Sex declines. However, also in the photoelectric conversion device 1B, the i-type amorphous semiconductor between the n-type amorphous semiconductor layers 102n that are spaced apart and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p that is spaced apart is also present. The region of the layer 102 i is covered with the electrode 103.
- a region of the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102 i where neither the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102 n nor the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102 p is formed is covered with the insulating layer 105. Therefore, it is difficult for moisture, organic substances, and the like from the outside to enter such an i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i region, that is, an amorphous silicon layer thin film region, and deterioration of the photoelectric conversion device 1B can be suppressed.
- FIG. 15A is a schematic diagram showing the plane of the metal mask of this modification used when forming the insulating layer 105.
- FIG. 15B is a schematic diagram showing a II cross section of the metal mask shown in FIG.
- the metal mask 930 has a plurality of openings 930a.
- the opening 930a is formed by a plurality of bridges 930b arranged at regular intervals along the Y-axis direction, and an outer peripheral portion 930c. Both ends of the plurality of bridges 930b are connected to ends in the X-axis direction of the outer peripheral portion 930c.
- the reaction gas used in the plasma CVD method easily flows around, so that the reaction gas also enters the region 9301 in the metal mask 930.
- the region 9301 in the metal mask 930.
- the insulating layer 105 is also formed in a region where a step is generated. Note that also in the case where the insulating layer 105 is formed using the metal mask 930, the insulating layer 105 has the above-described thickness reduction region.
- the metal mask 930 it is not necessary to pattern the region where the insulating layer 105 is to be formed after the SiN is deposited, and the insulating layer 105 is insulated by a single SiN film formation as shown in FIGS. Since the layer 105 can be formed, the manufacturing cost of the photoelectric conversion device 1 can be reduced.
- FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram showing a plane of the photoelectric conversion device in the present embodiment.
- FIG. 17A is a schematic diagram showing a CC cross section of the photoelectric conversion device 1C shown in FIG.
- FIG. 17B is a schematic diagram illustrating a DD cross section of the photoelectric conversion device 1C illustrated in FIG. 16, FIG. 17A and 17B, the same code
- a configuration different from the first embodiment will be described.
- the region of the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i is an amorphous silicon layer thin film region, and an insulating layer 1051 is provided in this region as an example of a protective layer.
- the p-type electrode 103p or the n-type electrode 103n is provided on the insulating layer 1051.
- a region not covered with the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n or the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p is an amorphous silicon layer thin film region, and an insulating layer 105 is provided in this region.
- the insulating layer 1051 is made of the same material as the insulating layer 105 in the first embodiment described above.
- the manufacturing method of the photoelectric conversion device 1C in the present embodiment is performed as follows. For example, after performing the above-described steps shown in FIGS. 5A to 5D, the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n disposed between and spaced apart from the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p.
- An insulating layer 1051 is formed so as to be in contact with the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i therebetween.
- the insulating layer 1051 may be formed by depositing SiN by plasma CVD using a metal mask 940 having an opening 940 a for forming the insulating layer 1051. Good.
- the openings 940a are arranged substantially in parallel along the Y axis. Thereby, a plurality of insulating layers 1051 connected in a line along the Y-axis direction are formed.
- the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p are formed by plasma CVD after the step illustrated in FIG. 5D.
- the insulating layer 1051 may be formed by depositing SiN so as to cover, applying a resist to a region where the insulating layer 1051 is to be formed, and etching with hydrofluoric acid.
- the photoelectric conversion device 1C in the second embodiment described above is the photoelectric conversion device in the first embodiment in that the p-type electrode 103p and the n-type electrode 103n are not in contact with the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i. Different from 1.
- the region of the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i between the p-type amorphous semiconductor layers 102p that are spaced apart is protected by the insulating layer 1051, and the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer
- the region of the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i that is not covered by either the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p or the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p is protected by the insulating layer 105.
- the region of the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i that is, the amorphous silicon layer thin film region is not exposed, and moisture, organic matter, or the like hardly enters the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i from the outside. 1C deterioration can be suppressed.
- a current flows to the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n side through the insulating layer 1051 that covers the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p that is spaced apart. Leakage can be suppressed. As a result, the shunt resistance in the photoelectric conversion device 1C can be reduced, and the fill factor FF of the photoelectric conversion device 1C can be improved.
- the insulating layer 105 is disposed between the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p and the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n so as to overlap a part of the upper end of the electrode 103. Is covered. Thereby, the adhesion between the electrode 103 and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p and the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n is improved. As a result, the electrode 103 is not easily peeled off from the silicon substrate 101 due to the stress of the film formed on the silicon substrate 101 or the stress generated in the silicon substrate 101 when the photoelectric conversion device 1C is modularized.
- FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram illustrating a plane of the photoelectric conversion device in the present embodiment.
- FIG. 20A is a schematic diagram showing an EE cross section of the photoelectric conversion device 1D shown in FIG.
- FIG. 20B is a schematic diagram showing a FF cross section of the photoelectric conversion device 1D shown in FIG. 19, FIG. 20A and 20B, the same code
- a configuration different from the first embodiment will be described.
- the photoelectric conversion device 1D includes a plurality of p-type electrodes that are spaced apart from each other in the X-axis direction on the spaced apart p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p. 103p is provided.
- a plurality of n-type electrodes 103n that are spaced apart from each other in the X-axis direction are provided on n-type amorphous semiconductor layers 102n that are spaced apart.
- the region of the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i between the adjacent p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p is an amorphous silicon layer thin film region, and this region is covered by the p-type electrode 103p. Is called. Further, the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i between the adjacent n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n and the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n is an amorphous silicon layer thin film region, and this region is covered with the n-type electrode 103n. Is called.
- the electrode 103 overlaps with a part of the upper end of each electrode 103 and is covered with any of the electrode 103, the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n, and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p.
- An insulating layer 105 is provided in a region of the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102 i that is not present, that is, in an amorphous silicon layer thin film region.
- the photoelectric conversion device 1D according to the present embodiment is different from the first embodiment in that the p-type electrode 103p and the n-type electrode 103n are provided apart from each other in the X-axis direction.
- the manufacturing method of the photoelectric conversion device 1D in the present embodiment is performed as follows. For example, after performing the above-described steps shown in FIGS. 5A to 5D, the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p that are spaced apart from each other on the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p are disposed. A p-type electrode 103p is formed in contact with the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i between the amorphous semiconductor layers 102p.
- the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n is disposed between the adjacent n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n and the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n, which are spaced apart from each other on the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n.
- An n-type electrode 103n is formed in contact with 102i.
- the p-type electrode 103p and the n-type electrode 103n may be formed using the metal mask 710 shown in FIG.
- the metal mask 710 has an opening 710p for forming the p-type electrode 103p and an opening 710n for forming the n-type electrode 103n.
- the metal mask 710 is provided with openings 710p and 710n apart from each other in the X-axis direction, and the positions of the ends of the openings 710p and 710n adjacent in the Y-axis direction are not aligned. Therefore, the p-type electrode 103p and the n-type electrode 103n can be formed at appropriate positions with less bending than the metal mask 700.
- the photoelectric conversion device 1D in the third embodiment is an i-type amorphous layer between the adjacent p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p.
- the region of the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i between the semiconductor layer 102i and the adjacent n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n and the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n is an amorphous silicon layer thin film region, and is a p-type electrode. 103p and n-type electrode 103n are respectively protected.
- the amorphous silicon layer thin film region is not exposed, and the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i can be prevented from being mixed with moisture or organic substances from the outside.
- the electrodes 103 are arranged apart from each other, so that the stress of the electrode 103 is relieved as compared with the photoelectric conversion device 1 in the first embodiment, and the silicon substrate 101 is not easily stressed. As a result, the stress applied to the silicon substrate 101 when the photoelectric conversion device 1D is modularized is reduced, and a defect that the electrode 103 is peeled off from the silicon substrate 101 can be suppressed.
- FIG. 22 is a schematic diagram showing a plane of the photoelectric conversion device in the present embodiment.
- FIG. 23A is a schematic diagram showing a GG section of the photoelectric conversion device 1E shown in FIG.
- FIG. 23B is a schematic diagram showing an HH cross section of the photoelectric conversion device 1E shown in FIG. 22, FIG. 23A and 23B, the same code
- a configuration different from the first embodiment will be described.
- a p-type electrode 103p is provided on each of a plurality of p-type amorphous semiconductor layers 102p that are spaced apart.
- the n-type electrode 103n is provided on each of the plurality of n-type amorphous semiconductor layers 102n that are spaced apart.
- the photoelectric conversion device 1E overlaps with a part of the upper end of each electrode 103 and covers both the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p.
- a region of the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i that is not exposed is an amorphous silicon layer thin film region, and an insulating layer 105 is provided in this region.
- the p-type electrode 103p and the n-type electrode 103n are provided apart from each other in the X-axis direction, and the adjacent p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p and the p-type amorphous semiconductor are provided.
- the layer 102p and the adjacent n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n and the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n are not covered with the p-type electrode 103p and the n-type electrode 103n.
- the manufacturing method of the photoelectric conversion device 1E is performed as follows. For example, after performing the steps shown in FIGS. 5A to 5D, the p-type electrode 103p is formed on the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p, and the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n is n-type. An electrode 103n is formed. In this case, for example, the p-type electrode 103p and the n-type electrode 103n may be formed using the metal mask 720 shown in FIG.
- the metal mask 720 has an opening 720p for forming the p-type electrode 103p shown in FIG. 22 and an opening 720n for forming the n-type electrode 103n shown in FIG.
- the metal mask 720 is provided with openings 720p and 720n apart from each other in the X-axis direction, and a position between the adjacent openings 720p and 720p and a position between the adjacent openings 720n and 720n. Are not aligned. Therefore, the p-type electrode 103p and the n-type electrode 103n can be formed at appropriate positions with less bending than the metal mask 700.
- the photoelectric conversion device 1E includes an i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i between the adjacent p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p, and an adjacent n-type amorphous semiconductor.
- the region of the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i between the semiconductor layer 102n and the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n is an amorphous silicon layer thin film region, and these regions are protected by the insulating layer 105, respectively. Therefore, in the photoelectric conversion device 1E, the amorphous silicon layer thin film region is not exposed, and it is possible to prevent moisture, organic substances, and the like from entering the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i.
- FIG. 25 is a schematic diagram showing a plane of the photoelectric conversion device in the present embodiment.
- FIG. 26A is a schematic diagram showing a II cross section of the photoelectric conversion device 1F shown in FIG. 26B is a schematic diagram illustrating a JJ cross section of the photoelectric conversion device 1F illustrated in FIG. 25, 26A and 26B, the same reference numerals as those in the first embodiment are given to the same configurations as those in the first embodiment.
- a configuration different from the first embodiment will be described.
- a p-type electrode 103p is provided on each of a plurality of p-type amorphous semiconductor layers 102p that are spaced apart.
- an n-type electrode 103n is provided on each of the plurality of n-type amorphous semiconductor layers 102n that are spaced apart.
- an insulating layer 1053 is provided between the adjacent p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p and n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n.
- the insulating layer 1053 is formed so as to overlap with a part of the upper end of the n-type electrode 103n, and the p-type amorphous is formed so as to cover a part of the insulating layer 1053.
- a semiconductor layer 102p is formed.
- the photoelectric conversion device 1F overlaps with a part of the upper end of each electrode 103 and covers both the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p.
- the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i that is not exposed is an amorphous silicon layer thin film region, and an insulating layer 105 is provided in this region.
- an insulating layer 105 is formed in contact with the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i between 102n.
- An insulating layer 1053 is formed in contact with the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i between the adjacent p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p and the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n. That is, in this example, the insulating layer 1053 and the insulating layer 105 are provided as an example of a protective layer covering the amorphous silicon layer thin film region.
- the manufacturing method of the photoelectric conversion device 1F is performed as follows. For example, after performing the above-described steps shown in FIGS. 5A to 5B, the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n is formed on the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i. Then, an n-type electrode 103n is formed on the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n (see FIG. 27A). Note that the formation method of the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n in this embodiment is the same as that in the first embodiment. Further, the n-type electrode 103n may be formed using a metal mask 730 shown in FIG. 28A.
- the metal mask 730 has an opening 730n for forming the n-type electrode 103n shown in FIG.
- the openings 730n are arranged apart from each other in the X-axis direction and are arranged substantially in parallel with a certain interval in the Y-axis direction.
- an insulating layer 1053 is formed so as to cover a part of the upper end of the n-type electrode 103 and the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n (see FIG. 27B).
- SiN is formed by plasma CVD using a metal mask 950 shown in FIG. 28B.
- the metal mask 950 has an opening 950 a for forming the insulating layer 1053.
- the openings 950a have a rectangular shape and are arranged substantially in parallel along the Y-axis direction.
- a continuous insulating layer 1053 that covers a part of the upper end of the n-type electrode 103 and a part of the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n and is substantially parallel to the X axis is formed.
- a p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p is formed so as to cover part of the insulating layer 1053 and part of the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n, and then the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p is formed.
- a p-type electrode 103p is formed thereon (see FIG. 27C).
- the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p in this embodiment is formed using the metal mask 510 shown in FIG. 28C.
- the metal mask 510 has an opening 510p having a width (WA ⁇ WA1) in the Y-axis direction larger than the opening 501 (see FIG. 5) of the metal mask used in the first embodiment.
- the p-type electrode 103p may be formed using a metal mask 740 shown in FIG. 28D.
- the metal mask 740 has an opening 740p for forming the p-type electrode 103p shown in FIG.
- the openings 740p are spaced apart from each other in the X-axis direction, and are arranged substantially in parallel with a certain interval in the Y-axis direction.
- the p-type electrode 103p is formed on each of the p-type amorphous semiconductor layers 102p that are spaced apart in the X-axis direction.
- a method similar to that of the first embodiment is applied to the region of the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i that is not covered by the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p. Is used to form the insulating layer 105 (see FIG. 27D).
- the region of the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i between the adjacent p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p and the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n is protected by the insulating layer 1053.
- the region of the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102 i between the adjacent p-type amorphous semiconductor layers 102 p and the adjacent n-type amorphous semiconductor layers is protected by the insulating layer 105. Therefore, in the photoelectric conversion device 1F, such a region of the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i, that is, the amorphous silicon layer thin film region is not exposed, and entry of moisture, organic matter, and the like from the outside can be suppressed.
- the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p is formed after the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i is formed, and then the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n is formed. The Then, after the electrode 103 is formed on the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p and the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n, the insulating layer 105 is formed.
- the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p May overlap.
- a leak current is generated between the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p.
- the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p are n-type amorphous even if the position of the metal mask of the amorphous semiconductor layer to be formed later is shifted. Since the insulating layer 1053 is provided between the crystalline semiconductor layer 102n and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p, the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p are not in direct contact with each other. Therefore, leakage current between the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p can be suppressed.
- FIG. 29 is a schematic diagram illustrating a configuration of a photoelectric conversion module according to the present embodiment.
- the photoelectric conversion module 1000 includes a plurality of photoelectric conversion devices 1001, a cover 1002, and output terminals 1003 and 1004.
- any of the photoelectric conversion devices 100 for example, one in which a wiring sheet is bonded to any one of the photoelectric conversion devices 1, 1A to 1F may be applied. Also, any of the photoelectric conversion devices may be arranged in an array on the wiring sheet and connected in series. Instead of connecting in series, parallel connection or a combination of series and parallel is connected. It may be done.
- the cover 1002 is made of a weather resistant cover and covers the plurality of photoelectric conversion devices 1001.
- the cover 1002 includes, for example, a transparent base material (for example, glass) provided on the light receiving surface side of the photoelectric conversion device 1001 and a back base material (for example, glass, resin sheet) provided on the back surface of the photoelectric conversion device 1001. And a sealing material (for example, EVA) that fills a gap between the transparent substrate and the resin substrate.
- a transparent base material for example, glass
- a back base material for example, glass, resin sheet
- the output terminal 1003 is connected to a photoelectric conversion device 1001 disposed at one end of a plurality of photoelectric conversion devices 1001 connected in series.
- the output terminal 1004 is connected to the photoelectric conversion device 1001 arranged at the other end of the plurality of photoelectric conversion devices 1001 connected in series.
- the photoelectric conversion module 1000 is not limited to the above configuration as long as at least one of the plurality of photoelectric conversion devices 1001 includes any one of the photoelectric conversion devices of the first to sixth embodiments, and may take any configuration.
- FIG. 30A is a schematic diagram illustrating a configuration of a photovoltaic power generation system according to the present embodiment.
- the photovoltaic power generation system 1100 includes a photoelectric conversion module array 1101, a connection box 1102, a power conditioner 1103, a distribution board 1104, and a power meter 1105.
- Functions such as “Home Energy Management System (HEMS)” and “Building Energy Management System (BEMS)” are added to the photovoltaic power generation system 1100.
- HEMS Home Energy Management System
- BEMS Building Energy Management System
- connection box 1102 is connected to the photoelectric conversion module array 1101.
- the power conditioner 1103 is connected to the connection box 1102.
- Distribution board 1104 is connected to power conditioner 1103 and electrical equipment 1110.
- the power meter 1105 is connected to the distribution board 1104 and the commercial power system.
- the photoelectric conversion module array 1101 converts sunlight into electricity to generate DC power, and supplies the generated DC power to the connection box 1102.
- connection box 1102 receives the DC power generated by the photoelectric conversion module array 1101 and supplies the received DC power to the power conditioner 1103.
- the power conditioner 1103 converts the DC power received from the connection box 1102 into AC power, and supplies the converted AC power to the distribution board 1104.
- Distribution board 1104 supplies AC power received from power conditioner 1103 and / or commercial power received via power meter 1105 to electrical equipment 1110. Further, when the AC power received from the power conditioner 1103 is larger than the power consumption of the electric device 1110, the distribution board 1104 supplies the surplus AC power to the commercial power system via the power meter 1105.
- the power meter 1105 measures the power in the direction from the commercial power system to the distribution board 1104 and measures the power in the direction from the distribution board 1104 to the commercial power system.
- FIG. 31 is a schematic diagram showing the configuration of the photoelectric conversion module array 1101 shown in FIG. 30A.
- photoelectric conversion module array 1101 includes a plurality of photoelectric conversion modules 1120 and output terminals 1121 and 1122.
- the plurality of photoelectric conversion modules 1120 are arranged in an array and connected in series. Each of the plurality of photoelectric conversion modules 1120 includes a photoelectric conversion module 1000 shown in FIG.
- the output terminal 1121 is connected to a photoelectric conversion module 1120 located at one end of a plurality of photoelectric conversion modules 1120 connected in series.
- the output terminal 1122 is connected to the photoelectric conversion module 1120 located at the other end of the plurality of photoelectric conversion modules 1120 connected in series.
- the photoelectric conversion module array 1101 generates sunlight by converting sunlight into electricity, and supplies the generated DC power to the power conditioner 1103 via the connection box 1102.
- the power conditioner 1103 converts the DC power received from the photoelectric conversion module array 1101 into AC power, and supplies the converted AC power to the distribution board 1104.
- the distribution board 1104 supplies the AC power received from the power conditioner 1103 to the electrical device 1110 when the AC power received from the power conditioner 1103 is greater than or equal to the power consumption of the electrical device 1110. Distribution board 1104 supplies surplus AC power to the commercial power system via power meter 1105.
- the distribution board 1104 receives the AC power received from the commercial power system and the AC power received from the power conditioner 1103 to the electric device 1110. Supply.
- the photovoltaic power generation system according to the present embodiment is not limited to the configuration shown in FIGS. 29 and 30A, but is a modification of the first embodiment and the first embodiment, and photoelectric conversion devices according to the second to fifth embodiments. As long as any one of the above is used, any configuration may be used.
- a storage battery 1106 may be connected to the power conditioner 1103. In this case, output fluctuation due to fluctuations in the amount of sunlight can be suppressed, and power stored in the storage battery 1106 can be supplied even in a time zone without sunlight.
- the storage battery 1106 may be built in the power conditioner 1103.
- FIG. 32A is a schematic diagram illustrating a configuration of a photovoltaic power generation system according to the present embodiment.
- the photovoltaic power generation system 1200 includes subsystems 1201 to 120n (n is an integer of 2 or more), power conditioners 1211 to 121n, and a transformer 1221.
- the photovoltaic power generation system 1200 is a photovoltaic power generation system having a larger scale than the photovoltaic power generation system 1100 illustrated in FIGS. 30A and 30B.
- the power conditioners 1211 to 121n are connected to the subsystems 1201 to 120n, respectively.
- the transformer 1221 is connected to the power conditioners 1211 to 121n and the commercial power system.
- Each of the subsystems 1201 to 120n includes module systems 1231 to 123j (j is an integer of 2 or more).
- Each of the module systems 1231 to 123j includes photoelectric conversion module arrays 1301 to 130i (i is an integer of 2 or more), connection boxes 1311 to 131i, and a current collection box 1321.
- Each of the photoelectric conversion module arrays 1301 to 130i has the same configuration as the photoelectric conversion module array 1101 shown in FIG. 30A.
- connection boxes 1311 to 131i are connected to the photoelectric conversion module arrays 1301 to 130i, respectively.
- the current collection box 1321 is connected to the connection boxes 1311 to 131i. Also, j current collection boxes 1321 of the subsystem 1201 are connected to the power conditioner 1211. The j current collection boxes 1321 of the subsystem 1202 are connected to the power conditioner 1212. Hereinafter, similarly, j current collection boxes 1321 of the subsystem 120n are connected to the power conditioner 121n.
- the i photoelectric conversion module arrays 1301 to 130i of the module system 1231 generate sunlight by converting sunlight into electricity, and the generated DC power is collected through the connection boxes 1311 to 131i, respectively.
- the i photoelectric conversion module arrays 1301 to 130i of the module system 1232 generate sunlight by converting sunlight into electricity, and the generated DC power is collected through the connection boxes 1311 to 131i, respectively.
- the i photoelectric conversion module arrays 1301 to 130i of the module system 123j convert sunlight into electricity to generate DC power, and the generated DC power is connected to the connection boxes 1311 to 131i, respectively. To the current collection box 1321.
- the j current collection boxes 1321 of the subsystem 1201 supply DC power to the power conditioner 1211.
- the j current collection boxes 1321 of the subsystem 1202 supply DC power to the power conditioner 1212 in the same manner.
- the j current collecting boxes 1321 of the subsystem 120n supply DC power to the power conditioner 121n.
- the power conditioners 1211 to 121n convert the DC power received from the subsystems 1201 to 120n into AC power, and supply the converted AC power to the transformer 1221.
- the transformer 1221 receives AC power from the power conditioners 1211 to 121n, converts the voltage level of the received AC power, and supplies it to the commercial power system.
- the photovoltaic power generation system according to the present embodiment is not limited to the configuration illustrated in FIG. 32A, and includes a modification of the first embodiment and the first embodiment, and photoelectric conversion devices according to the second to fifth embodiments. Any configuration may be used as long as either one is used.
- a storage battery 1213 may be connected to the power conditioners 1211 to 121n, or the storage battery 1213 may be built in the power conditioners 1211 to 121n.
- the power conditioners 1211 to 121n can appropriately convert part or all of the direct-current power received from the current collection box 1321, and store it in the storage battery 1213.
- the electric power stored in the storage battery 1213 is appropriately supplied to the power conditioners 1211 to 121n according to the power generation amount of the subsystems 1201 to 120n, and is appropriately converted into electric power and supplied to the transformer 1221.
- the antireflection film 104 is formed on the light receiving surface of the silicon substrate 101 has been described.
- the antireflection film 104 may not be formed.
- an n + layer in which a high concentration n-type dopant is diffused may be formed.
- an n + layer in which a high-concentration n-type dopant is diffused may be formed between the light receiving surface of the silicon substrate 101 and the antireflection film 104.
- the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102 i and the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102 n may be sequentially formed and sandwiched between the silicon substrate 101 and the antireflection film 104.
- the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i is formed on the entire back surface of the silicon substrate 101, and then the p-type film is formed on the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i.
- the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n is formed on the i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i, and then the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p is changed to i. It may be formed on the type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i.
- FIG. 33 is a schematic diagram illustrating a cross section of a photoelectric conversion device according to this modification.
- the photoelectric conversion device 1G has a texture formed not only on the light receiving surface of the silicon substrate 101 but also on the back surface.
- An i-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102i, an n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n, and a p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p are formed along the textured irregularities formed on the back surface of the silicon substrate 101.
- the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102n and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p and the electrode 103 are formed using a photomask. Therefore, it is difficult to obtain a desired shape.
- an n-type amorphous semiconductor layer having a desired shape is used. 102n and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 102p and the electrode 103 can be formed.
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Abstract
Description
本発明によれば、光電変換装置の劣化を抑制することができる。
図1は、本発明の第1実施形態に係る光電変換装置の平面を示す模式図である。また、図2Aは、図1に示す光電変換装置1のA-A断面を示す模式図である。また、図2Bは、図1に示す光電変換装置1のB-B断面を示す模式図である。
図12は、本変形例における光電変換装置1Aの平面を示す模式図である。本変形例では以下の点で第1実施形態の光電変換装置1(図1参照)と異なる。図12に示すように、本変形例では、n型非晶質半導体層102nとp型非晶質半導体層102pの端部の位置が揃っている。また、隣接するn型非晶質半導体層102nとn型非晶質半導体層102nの間の位置と、隣接するp型非晶質半導体層102pとp型非晶質半導体層102pの間の位置とが揃っている。
図13は、本変形例に係る光電変換装置の平面を示す模式図である。また、図14Aは、図13に示す光電変換装置1BのA-A断面を示す模式図である。また、図14Bは、図13に示す光電変換装置1BのB-B断面を示す模式図である。
図15の(a)は、絶縁層105を形成する際に用いる本変形例のメタルマスクの平面を示す模式図である。また、図15の(b)は、図15の(a)に示すメタルマスクのI-I断面を示す模式図である。
図16は、本実施形態における光電変換装置の平面を示す模式図である。また、図17Aは、図16に示す光電変換装置1CのC-C断面を示す模式図である。図17Bは、図16に示す光電変換装置1CのD-D断面を示す模式図である。図16、図17A及び17Bにおいて、第1実施形態と同様の構成には、第1実施形態と同じ符号を付している。以下、第1実施形態と異なる構成について説明する。
図19は、本実施形態における光電変換装置の平面を示す模式図である。また、図20Aは、図19に示す光電変換装置1DのE-E断面を示す模式図である。図20Bは、図19に示す光電変換装置1DのF-F断面を示す模式図である。図19、図20A及び20Bにおいて、第1実施形態と同様の構成には、第1実施形態と同じ符号を付している。以下、第1実施形態と異なる構成について説明する。
図22は、本実施形態における光電変換装置の平面を示す模式図である。また、図23Aは、図22に示す光電変換装置1EのG-G断面を示す模式図である。図23Bは、図22に示す光電変換装置1EのH-H断面を示す模式図である。図22、図23A及び23Bにおいて、第1実施形態と同様の構成には、第1実施形態と同じ符号を付している。以下、第1実施形態と異なる構成について説明する。
図25は、本実施形態における光電変換装置の平面を示す模式図である。また、図26Aは、図25に示す光電変換装置1FのI-I断面を示す模式図である。図26Bは、図25に示す光電変換装置1FのJ-J断面を示す模式図である。図25、図26A及び26Bにおいて、第1実施形態と同様の構成には、第1実施形態と同じ符号を付している。以下、第1実施形態と異なる構成について説明する。
本実施形態では、上述した第1実施形態及び第1実施形態の変形例と、第2実施形態から第5実施形態の少なくとも1つの光電変換装置を備えた光電変換モジュールについて説明する。図29は、本実施形態に係る光電変換モジュールの構成を示す概略図である。光電変換モジュール1000は、複数の光電変換装置1001と、カバー1002と、出力端子1003,1004とを備える。
図30Aは、本実施形態に係る太陽光発電システムの構成を示す概略図である。太陽光発電システム1100は、光電変換モジュールアレイ1101と、接続箱1102と、パワーコンディショナー1103と、分電盤1104と、電力メーター1105とを備える。太陽光発電システム1100には、「ホーム・エネルギー・マネジメント・システム(HEMS:Home Energy Management System)」、「ビルディング・エネルギー・マネジメント・システム(BEMS:Building Energy Management System)」等の機能を付加することができる。これにより、太陽光発電システム1100の発電量の監視、太陽光発電システム1100に接続される各電気機器類の消費電力量の監視・制御等を行うことができ、エネルギー消費量を削減することができる。
図32Aは、本実施形態に係る太陽光発電システムの構成を示す概略図である。太陽光発電システム1200は、サブシステム1201~120n(nは2以上の整数)と、パワーコンディショナー1211~121nと、変圧器1221とを備える。太陽光発電システム1200は、図30A、Bに示す太陽光発電システム1100よりも規模が大きい太陽光発電システムである。
以上、本発明の第1~第7実施形態にかかる光電変換装置について説明した。本発明の光電変換装置は上述の各実施形態のみに限定されず、発明の範囲内で種々の変更が可能である。また、各実施形態は、適宜組み合わせて実施することが可能である。
Claims (5)
- 半導体基板と、
前記半導体基板の一方の面に接するように形成された真性非晶質半導体層と、
前記真性非晶質半導体層の上に離間して配置された第1導電型を有する第1非晶質半導体層と、
前記真性非晶質半導体層の上に離間して配置され、かつ前記半導体基板の面内方向において前記第1非晶質半導体層に隣接して形成され、前記第1導電型と反対の第2導電型を有する第2非晶質半導体層と、
隣接する前記第1非晶質半導体層の間、及び隣接する前記第2非晶質半導体層の間において前記真性非晶質半導体層に接するように形成された保護層と、
を備える光電変換装置。 - 請求項1に記載の光電変換装置において、
前記保護層は、絶縁膜を含む、光電変換装置。 - 請求項1又は2に記載の光電変換装置において、
前記保護層は、前記第1非晶質半導体層と前記第2非晶質半導体層のそれぞれに更に接する電極を含む、光電変換装置。 - 請求項2に記載の光電変換装置において、
前記絶縁膜は、さらに、隣接する前記第1非晶質半導体層と前記第2非晶質半導体層との間において前記真性非晶質半導体層と接するように形成されている、光電変換装置。 - 請求項4に記載の光電変換装置において、
前記絶縁膜は、前記電極の端部近傍と重なるように形成されている、光電変換装置。
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- 2016-02-24 JP JP2017519037A patent/JPWO2016185752A1/ja active Pending
- 2016-02-24 CN CN201680028567.7A patent/CN107667435B/zh active Active
- 2016-02-24 WO PCT/JP2016/055366 patent/WO2016185752A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2016-02-24 US US15/574,994 patent/US10355145B2/en active Active
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JP2008519438A (ja) * | 2004-10-29 | 2008-06-05 | ビーピー・コーポレーション・ノース・アメリカ・インコーポレーテッド | バックコンタクト太陽電池 |
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JPWO2016185752A1 (ja) | 2018-03-08 |
US20180138323A1 (en) | 2018-05-17 |
CN107667435B (zh) | 2020-02-28 |
CN107667435A (zh) | 2018-02-06 |
US10355145B2 (en) | 2019-07-16 |
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