WO2016147976A1 - リチウムイオン電池、リチウムイオン電池用負極、バッテリーモジュール、自動車および電力貯蔵装置 - Google Patents
リチウムイオン電池、リチウムイオン電池用負極、バッテリーモジュール、自動車および電力貯蔵装置 Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/133—Electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/10—Batteries in stationary systems, e.g. emergency power source in plant
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a lithium ion battery.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2008-041465 selects a lithium / nickel / cobalt / manganese composite oxide as an active material used for a positive electrode for the purpose of realizing a high input / output density and excellent cycle characteristics. This suggests a combination of selecting graphitizable carbon as an active material used for the negative electrode.
- Patent Document 2 Japanese Patent No. 5168593 suggests a combination of an active material used for a positive electrode and an active material used for a negative electrode similar to Patent Document 1 for the purpose of ensuring cycle characteristics and storage characteristics.
- Patent Document 3 Japanese Patent No. 5578341 suggests a combination of an active material used for a positive electrode and an active material used for a negative electrode, similar to Patent Document 1, for the purpose of improving input / output characteristics at low temperatures. Yes.
- JP 2008-041465 A Japanese Patent No. 5168593 Japanese Patent No. 5578341
- the present invention particularly relates to a lithium ion battery in which lithium / nickel / cobalt / manganese composite oxide is selected as an active material used for a positive electrode and graphitizable carbon is selected as an active material used for a negative electrode.
- graphitized carbon the purpose is to achieve higher input / output, higher capacity and longer life, and to ensure safety.
- a lithium ion battery according to the present invention has the following configuration.
- the cathode active material contains a layered crystal structure lithium / nickel / manganese / cobalt composite oxide, the anode active material contains graphitizable carbon, and the anode active material is heated at 550 ° C. in a dry air stream in thermogravimetric analysis.
- a lithium ion battery having a weight of 75% or more with respect to the same 25 ° C. weight and a heating weight of 650 ° C. of 20% or less with respect to the same 25 ° C. weight.
- the heating weight is a weight with reference to alumina when the sample is heated at a rate of temperature increase from 25 ° C. to 1 ° C./min under a circulation of 300 ml / min of dry air. .
- the graphitizable carbon has a volume-based median particle diameter (d50) measured by a laser diffraction particle size distribution meter of 5 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m, and a specific surface area determined by a nitrogen adsorption measurement method is 1.0 m.
- ⁇ 5> Easily graphitized carbon is included as the negative electrode active material, and the negative electrode active material has a 550 ° C. heating weight in a dry air stream in thermogravimetric analysis of 75% or more with respect to the same 25 ° C. weight, and 650 ° C.
- ⁇ 6> A lithium ion battery including the negative electrode for a lithium ion battery according to ⁇ 5>.
- ⁇ 7> A battery module configured by assembling a plurality of lithium secondary batteries according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 4> and ⁇ 5>.
- ⁇ 8> An automobile equipped with the battery module according to ⁇ 7>.
- a power storage device including the battery module according to ⁇ 8>.
- lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt composite oxide having a layered crystal structure, it is intentionally aimed at high input / output, high capacity and long life.
- the graphitizable carbon has a volume-based median particle diameter (d50) measured by a laser diffraction particle size distribution meter of 5 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m, and a specific surface area determined by a nitrogen adsorption measurement method is 1.0 m 2. in /g ⁇ 5.0m 2 / g, and the carbon dioxide adsorption amount until the relative pressure 0.03 (273K), characterized in that a 0.01cm 3 /g ⁇ 4.0cm 3 / g.
- d50 volume-based median particle diameter measured by a laser diffraction particle size distribution meter of 5 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m
- a specific surface area determined by a nitrogen adsorption measurement method is 1.0 m 2. in /g ⁇ 5.0m 2 / g, and the carbon dioxide adsorption amount until the relative pressure 0.03 (273K), characterized in that a 0.01cm 3 /g ⁇ 4.0cm 3 / g.
- the resistance can be lowered because the formation of the passive film on the active material surface and the decomposition of the electrolytic solution are suppressed while maintaining the input / output characteristics. Therefore, cycle characteristics can be improved.
- the positive electrode includes a lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt composite oxide having a layered crystal structure as a positive electrode active material
- the negative electrode includes graphitizable carbon as a negative electrode active material
- the positive electrode (positive electrode plate) of the present embodiment is made of a current collector and a positive electrode mixture formed thereon.
- the positive electrode mixture is a layer including at least a positive electrode active material provided on the current collector.
- the positive electrode active material includes a lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt composite oxide (hereinafter sometimes referred to as NMC) having a layered crystal structure.
- NMC lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt composite oxide
- the content of NMC is preferably 65% by mass or more, more preferably 70% by mass or more, and more preferably 80% by mass or more based on the total amount of the positive electrode mixture from the viewpoint of increasing the capacity of the battery. Is more preferable. From a practical viewpoint, it is preferably 98% or less.
- (1 + ⁇ ) is a composition ratio of Li (lithium)
- x is a composition ratio of Mn (manganese)
- y is a composition ratio of Ni (nickel)
- (1-xyz) Indicates the composition ratio of Co (cobalt).
- z represents the composition ratio of the element M.
- the composition ratio of O (oxygen) is 2. -0.15 ⁇ ⁇ 0.15, 0.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.5, 0.6 ⁇ x + y + z ⁇ 1.0, 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.1.
- the element M includes this, Ti (titanium), Zr (zirconium), Nb (niobium), Mo (molybdenum), W (tungsten), Al (aluminum), Si (silicon), Ga (gallium), Ge At least one element selected from the group consisting of (germanium) and Sn (tin) can be selected.
- Ti titanium
- Zr zirconium
- Nb niobium
- Mo molybdenum
- W tungsten
- Al aluminum
- Si silicon
- Ga gallium
- Ge At least one element selected from the group consisting of (germanium) and Sn (tin) can be selected.
- the positive electrode mixture contains a positive electrode active material, a binder, and the like, and is formed on the current collector.
- a positive electrode active material, a binder, and other materials such as a conductive material and a thickener used as necessary are mixed in a dry form to form a sheet, which is pressure-bonded to a current collector (dry method).
- a positive electrode active material, a binder, and other materials such as a conductive material and a thickener used as necessary are dissolved or dispersed in a dispersion solvent to form a slurry, which is applied to a current collector and dried. (Wet method).
- a lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt composite oxide (NMC) having a layered crystal structure is used as the positive electrode active material. These are used in powder form (granular) and mixed.
- the particle shape of the positive electrode active material of NMC those having a shape such as a lump shape, a polyhedron shape, a spherical shape, an elliptical spherical shape, a plate shape, a needle shape, and a column shape can be used.
- the diameter (d50) means the particle size at an integrated value of 50% in the particle size distribution obtained by the laser diffraction / scattering method, for example, a particle size distribution measuring device (for example, Shimadzu Corporation) using the laser light scattering method. It is a value measured as d50 (median diameter) using SALD-3000).
- the tap density does not decrease and a desired tap density is easily obtained, and when the upper limit is below the above upper limit, it does not take time to diffuse lithium ions in the particles, so excellent battery performance is achieved. can get. Moreover, when it is below the above upper limit, at the time of forming the electrode, the miscibility with other materials such as a binder and a conductive agent is good.
- the mixture when this mixture is slurried and applied, the mixture can be applied uniformly, so that problems such as streaking do not occur.
- the range of the average particle diameter of the primary particles when the primary particles are aggregated to form secondary particles is as follows.
- the lower limit of the range is preferably 0.01 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 0.05 ⁇ m or more, and still more preferably 0.08 ⁇ m or more. Particularly preferably, it is 0.1 ⁇ m or more.
- the upper limit is preferably 3 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 2 ⁇ m or less, and still more preferably 1 ⁇ m or less. Particularly preferably, it is 0.6 ⁇ m or less.
- Range of BET specific surface area of particles of the positive electrode active material of the NMC is preferably 0.2m 2 /g ⁇ 4.0m 2 / g, more preferably 0.3m 2 /g ⁇ 2.5m 2 / g, 0 . 4m 2 /g ⁇ 1.5m 2 / g is more preferable.
- the BET specific surface area is a specific surface area (area per unit g) determined by the BET method.
- the conductive material for the positive electrode include metal materials, carbonaceous materials such as graphite and amorphous carbon. Of these, one type may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in combination.
- the range of the content of the conductive material with respect to the mass of the positive electrode mixture is as follows.
- the range of the content of the conductive agent with respect to the mass of the positive electrode mixture is preferably 0.01 to 50% by mass, more preferably 0.1 to 30% by mass, and still more preferably 1 to 15% by mass. Sufficient electroconductivity can be acquired as it is 0.1 mass% or more, and the fall of battery capacity can be suppressed if it is 50 mass% or less.
- the binder of the positive electrode active material is not particularly limited, and when the positive electrode mixture is formed by a coating method, a material having good solubility or dispersibility in the dispersion solvent is selected.
- resin-based polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyimide; rubbery polymers such as SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), polytetrafluoroethylene, fluorinated polyfluoride Fluorine polymers such as vinylidene; polymer compositions having alkali metal ion (especially lithium ion) ion conductivity, and the like. Of these, one type may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in combination.
- a fluorine-based polymer such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) or a polytetrafluoroethylene / vinylidene fluoride copolymer.
- the range of the binder content relative to the mass of the positive electrode mixture is as follows.
- the range of the content of the binder with respect to the mass of the positive electrode mixture is preferably 0.1 to 60% by mass, more preferably 1 to 40% by mass, and still more preferably 3 to 10% by mass.
- the content of the binder is 0.1% by mass or more, the positive electrode active material can be sufficiently bound, sufficient mechanical strength of the positive electrode active material is obtained, and battery performance such as excellent cycle characteristics is obtained. It is done. Sufficient battery capacity and electroconductivity are acquired as it is 60 mass% or less.
- the layer formed on the current collector using the above wet method or dry method is preferably consolidated by a hand press or a roller press in order to improve the packing density of the positive electrode active material.
- the density of the positive electrode mixture consolidated as described above is preferably in the range of 2.5 to 2.8 g / cm 3 from the viewpoint of further improving input / output characteristics and safety, and is preferably 2.55 to 2.75 g. / Cm 3 is more preferable, and 2.6 to 2.7 g / cm 3 is still more preferable.
- the amount of the single-sided coating of the positive electrode mixture to the positive electrode current collector is preferably 110 to 170 g / m 2 and more preferably 120 to 160 g / m 2 from the viewpoint of energy density and input / output characteristics. Preferably, it is 130 to 150 g / m 2 .
- the thickness of the single-side coating film on the positive electrode current collector of the positive electrode mixture ([positive electrode thickness ⁇ positive electrode collector] The thickness of the electric conductor] / 2) is preferably 39 to 68 ⁇ m, more preferably 43 to 64 ⁇ m, and still more preferably 46 to 60 ⁇ m.
- the material of the current collector for the positive electrode is not particularly limited, but a metal material, particularly aluminum, is particularly preferable.
- the shape of the current collector is not particularly limited, and materials processed into various shapes can be used.
- the metal material include a metal foil, a metal plate, a metal thin film, and an expanded metal. Among these, it is preferable to use a metal thin film. In addition, you may form a thin film suitably in mesh shape.
- the thickness of the thin film is arbitrary, it is preferably 1 ⁇ m to 1 mm, more preferably 3 to 100 ⁇ m, and still more preferably 5 to 100 ⁇ m from the viewpoint of obtaining the strength required for the current collector and good flexibility.
- the negative electrode (negative electrode plate) of the present embodiment is composed of a current collector and a negative electrode mixture formed on both surfaces thereof.
- a negative electrode compound material is not restrict
- the negative electrode mixture contains a negative electrode active material capable of electrochemically occluding and releasing lithium ions.
- graphitizable carbon As the negative electrode active material, graphitizable carbon is used.
- Graphitizable carbon has graphitization properties that graphitize by heat treatment at 800 ° C. or higher.
- non-graphitizable carbon has non-graphitization property that hardly graphitizes even by heat treatment at 2800 ° C. or higher. This is because graphitizable carbon has an atomic arrangement structure that easily forms a layered structure, and has a property of easily changing to a graphite structure by heat treatment at a relatively low temperature as compared with non-graphitizable carbon.
- the graphitizable carbon has a weight of 550 ° C. of 75% or more with respect to the weight of 25 ° C. in the air stream determined by thermogravimetry (TG), and the weight of 650 ° C. is 20% of the weight of 25 ° C. % Or less.
- the weight of 550 ° C. in the air stream is 85% or more with respect to the weight of 25 ° C.
- the weight of 650 ° C. is more preferably 10% or less with respect to the weight of 25 ° C.
- the weight at 550 ° C. in the air stream is 95% or more with respect to the weight at 25 ° C.
- the weight at 650 ° C. is less than 5% with respect to the weight at 25 ° C.
- thermogravimetric measurement device can be measured with a TG analyzer (for example, TG / DTA6200, manufactured by SII Nano Technology Co., Ltd.).
- the measurement condition is that a sample of 10 mg is taken and measurement can be performed at a heating rate of 1 ° C./min using alumina as a reference under a flow of dry air of 300 ml / min.
- a material showing graphitizability is fired in an inert atmosphere at 800 ° C. or higher, and then pulverized by a known method such as a jet mill, a vibration mill, a pin mill, or a hammer mill.
- the graphitizable carbon can be obtained by adjusting the median particle diameter to 5 to 30 ⁇ m.
- the material exhibiting graphitizability is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include thermoplastic resins, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrolen, coal tar, tar pitch, etc., preferably coal-based coal tar or petroleum It is a system tar.
- the non-graphitizable carbon is defined as having a surface spacing d002 value in the C-axis direction obtained by an X-ray wide angle diffraction method of 0.36 nm or more and 0.40 nm or less.
- the graphitizable carbon preferably has a surface spacing d002 value in the C-axis direction obtained by an X-ray wide-angle diffraction method of 0.34 nm or more and less than 0.36 nm, and is 0.341 nm or more and 0.355 nm or less. More preferably, it is 0.342 nm or more and 0.35 nm or less.
- the graphitizable carbon can be used as it is as a negative electrode active material for a lithium ion battery, a specific surface area is expected to be large depending on pulverization conditions, and desired characteristics may not be exhibited. Therefore, it is preferable to adjust the physical properties shown in the following (1) to (5) by forming a carbon layer or the like on the surface of the graphitizable carbon.
- the range of the median particle diameter (d50) is as follows. It is preferably 5 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m, more preferably 10 ⁇ m to 25 ⁇ m, and still more preferably 12 ⁇ m to 23 ⁇ m.
- the specific surface area is not less than the above lower limit, the specific surface area is set to an appropriate range, and the initial charge / discharge efficiency of the lithium ion battery is excellent, and the contact between particles is good and the input / output characteristics tend to be excellent.
- the particle size distribution can be measured by dispersing the sample in purified water containing a surfactant and measuring with a laser diffraction particle size distribution measuring device (SALD-3000J manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation), and the average particle size is 50% D Calculate as
- the range is as follows. It is preferably 1.0m 2 /g ⁇ 5.0m 2 / g, more preferably 1.3m 2 /g ⁇ 4.0m 2 / g, further 1.5m 2 /g ⁇ 3.0m More preferably, it is 2 / g. If it is at least the above lower limit, the input / output characteristics are excellent, and if it is not more than the above upper limit, the initial battery capacity loss is small and the life characteristics are excellent.
- the specific surface area by nitrogen adsorption can be calculated
- the ranges are as follows. I am preferably 0.01cm 3 /g ⁇ 4.0cm 3 / g, more preferably 0.05cm 3 /g ⁇ 1.5cm 3 / g, further 0.1cm 3 /g ⁇ 1.2cm More preferably, it is 3 / g.
- the specific surface area by carbon dioxide adsorption can be calculated
- TG thermogravimetry
- the carbon layer can be formed, for example, by attaching an organic compound (carbon precursor) that leaves carbonaceous matter by heat treatment to the surface of the graphitizable carbon and then firing.
- the method for attaching the organic compound to the surface of the graphitizable carbon is not particularly limited.
- the graphitizable carbon serving as a nucleus is dispersed and mixed in a mixed solution in which the organic compound is dissolved or dispersed in a solvent.
- Examples include a wet method for removing a solvent, a dry method in which graphitizable carbon and an organic compound are mixed together as solids, and mechanical energy is applied to the mixture to adhere, and a vapor phase method such as a CVD method.
- the wet method is preferable from the viewpoint of being uniform and easy to control the reaction system and maintaining the shape of graphitizable carbon.
- the organic compound may be a polymer compound such as a thermoplastic resin or a thermosetting resin, and is not particularly limited, but the thermoplastic polymer compound is carbonized via a liquid phase and has a small specific surface area. In order to produce carbon, it is preferable to coat the graphitizable carbon surface because the specific surface area of the negative electrode active material itself is reduced, and as a result, the initial irreversible capacity of the lithium ion battery can be reduced.
- the thermoplastic polymer compound is not particularly limited. For example, ethylene heavy end pitch, crude oil pitch, coal tar pitch, asphalt cracking pitch, pitch generated by thermally decomposing polyvinyl chloride, naphthalene, etc. A synthetic pitch produced by polymerization in the presence of superacidity can be used.
- thermoplastic synthetic resins such as polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, and polyvinyl butyral, or natural products such as starch and cellulose can also be used. These organic compounds may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the solvent for dissolving / dispersing the organic compound is not particularly limited.
- the organic compound is pitches, tetrahydrofuran, toluene, xylene, benzene, quinoline, and the like can be used.
- a suitable solvent may be used depending on the type of the organic compound.
- the removal of the solvent can be performed by heating in a normal pressure or reduced pressure atmosphere.
- the temperature at the time of solvent removal is preferably 200 ° C. or lower when the atmosphere is air.
- oxygen in the atmosphere reacts with the organic compound and the solvent (especially when creosote oil is used), the amount of carbon produced by the calcination fluctuates, and the porosity increases, so There are cases where the physical properties of the present invention as a substance deviate and the desired properties cannot be expressed.
- Firing conditions for carbon coating may be appropriately determined in consideration of the carbonization rate of the organic compound, and are not particularly limited, but are preferably 700 to 1400 ° C. and 800 to 1300 ° C. in a non-oxidizing atmosphere. A range is more preferable.
- the firing temperature is less than 700 ° C., when used as a negative electrode active material, the initial irreversible capacity of the lithium ion battery tends to increase. It only causes an increase.
- the non-oxidizing atmosphere include an inert gas atmosphere such as nitrogen, argon, and helium, and a vacuum atmosphere.
- the firing time is appropriately selected depending on the type of organic compound used and the amount of the organic compound used, and is not particularly limited.
- the baking apparatus to be used is not particularly limited as long as it is a reaction apparatus having a heating mechanism, and examples thereof include a baking apparatus capable of processing by a continuous method, a batch method, or the like.
- the graphitizable carbon obtained by the calcination treatment is preferably crushed because individual particles may be agglomerated, and further when adjustment to a desired median particle size is necessary.
- a pulverization process may be performed.
- thermogravimetric measurement result (TG) of graphitizable carbon (coated) having a carbon layer formed by the above method becomes a nucleus due to the influence of the formed carbon layer (crystallinity, coating amount, etc.). May differ from thermogravimetric measurement results of graphitizable carbon (before coating).
- the weight at 550 ° C. in the air stream was 75% of the weight at 25 ° C. It is preferable that the weight at 650 ° C. is 20% or less with respect to the weight at 25 ° C.
- the crystallinity of the surface carbon layer is preferably lower than the graphitizable carbon that is the nucleus.
- the crystallinity of the surface carbon layer lower than the graphitizable carbon as the core, the familiarity between the negative electrode active material for lithium ion batteries and the electrolytic solution is improved, and as a result, the life characteristics tend to be improved.
- graphitizable carbon is used as a negative electrode active material, it is excellent in safety, input / output characteristics, and life characteristics.
- the graphitizable carbon in the present invention may include a graphitizable carbon serving as a nucleus and a carbon layer formed on the surface of the graphitizable carbon.
- the method for forming the carbon layer here is not particularly limited, but desired physical properties can be controlled by appropriately selecting various firing conditions (type of organic compound, coating amount, firing temperature, etc.). As a result, desired characteristics can be expressed.
- a carbonaceous material having high conductivity such as graphite or activated carbon may be mixed and used as the negative electrode active material.
- graphite under such conditions as the negative electrode active material, battery performance such as higher energy density and higher output can be improved.
- graphitizable carbon and non-graphitizable carbon may be used in combination.
- a carbonaceous material having properties different from those of graphitizable carbon may be added as a conductive material.
- the above properties include one or more characteristics of X-ray diffraction parameters, median particle diameter, aspect ratio, BET specific surface area, orientation ratio, Raman R value, tap density, true density, pore distribution, circularity, and ash content. Show.
- the conductive material natural graphite, graphite such as artificial graphite (graphite), carbon black such as acetylene black, amorphous carbon such as needle coke, and the like can be used. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Thus, by adding a conductive material, there are effects such as reducing the resistance of the electrode.
- the range of the content of the conductive agent relative to the weight of the negative electrode mixture is preferably in the range of 1 to 45% by weight, preferably 2 to 42% by weight, from the viewpoint of improving the conductivity and reducing the initial irreversible capacity. More preferred is 3 to 40% by weight.
- the material and shape of the current collector for the negative electrode are not particularly limited, but copper foil is preferable from the viewpoint of ease of processing and cost.
- the copper foil includes a rolled copper foil formed by a rolling method and an electrolytic copper foil formed by an electrolytic method, both of which are suitable for use as a current collector.
- Single-side coating of the current collector of negative electrode mixture from the viewpoint of energy density and output characteristics, and more is possible preferably from 50 ⁇ 120g / m 2, a 60g / m 2 ⁇ 100g / m 2 preferable.
- the configuration of the negative electrode mixture formed using the negative electrode active material is not particularly limited, but the range of the negative electrode mixture density is preferably 0.7 to 2 g / cm 3 , and 0.8 to 1.9 g / cm 3. More preferably, it is 0.9 to 1.8 g / cm 3 .
- the conductivity between the negative electrode active materials is improved, an increase in battery resistance can be suppressed, and the capacity per unit volume can be improved.
- it is 2 g / cm 3 or less there is less possibility of incurring deterioration in discharge characteristics due to an increase in initial additional reverse capacity and a decrease in permeability to the electrolyte near the interface between the current collector and the negative electrode active material.
- the binder for the negative electrode active material is not particularly limited as long as it is a material that is stable to the non-aqueous electrolyte and the dispersion solvent used when forming the electrode, and is the same as that used as the binder for the positive electrode active material. Any binder can be used.
- a binder may be used individually by 1 type, or may be used in combination of 2 or more type.
- any solvent can be used as long as it can dissolve or disperse the negative electrode active material, the binder, and the conductive material and the thickener used as necessary.
- an aqueous solvent or an organic solvent may be used.
- the aqueous solvent include water, a mixed solvent of alcohol and water
- the organic solvent include N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), cyclohexanone, methyl acetate, and the like.
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
- cyclohexanone cyclohexanone
- methyl acetate and the like.
- a thickener it is preferable to use a thickener.
- a dispersing agent or the like is added to the thickener, and a slurry such as SBR is made into a slurry.
- the said dispersion solvent may be used individually by 1 type, or may be used in combination of 2 or more type.
- the range of the content of the binder with respect to the mass of the negative electrode mixture is preferably 0.1 to 20% by mass, more preferably 0.5 to 15% by mass, and still more preferably 0.6 to 10% by mass.
- the content of the binder is 0.1% by mass or more, the negative electrode active material can be sufficiently bound, and sufficient mechanical strength of the negative electrode active material can be obtained. Sufficient battery capacity and electroconductivity are obtained as it is 20 mass% or less.
- the range of the binder content with respect to the weight of the negative electrode mixture when a rubbery polymer typified by SBR is used as the main component as the binder is as follows.
- the content is preferably 0.1 to 5% by mass, more preferably 0.5 to 3% by mass, and still more preferably 0.6 to 2% by mass.
- the range of the binder content relative to the weight of the negative electrode mixture is 1 to 15% by mass. It is preferably 2 to 10% by mass, more preferably 3 to 8% by mass.
- Thickener is used to adjust the viscosity of the slurry.
- the thickener is not particularly limited, and specific examples include carboxymethyl cellulose and methyl cellulose. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the range of the content of the thickener relative to the weight of the negative electrode mixture is preferably 0.1 to 5% by mass, and more preferably 0.5 to 3% by mass or less. More preferably, the content is 0.6% by mass to 2% by mass.
- the electrolytic solution of the present embodiment includes a lithium salt (electrolyte) and a non-aqueous solvent that dissolves the lithium salt. You may add an additive as needed.
- the lithium salt is not particularly limited as long as it is a lithium salt that can be used as an electrolyte of an electrolyte solution for a lithium ion battery, and examples thereof include the following inorganic lithium salts, fluorine-containing organic lithium salts, and oxalatoborate salts. .
- Examples of the inorganic lithium salt LiPF 6, LiBF 4, LiAsF 6, LiSbF inorganic fluoride salts and the like 6, LiClO 4, Libro 4, LiIO and perhalogenate such as 4, an inorganic chloride salts such as LiAlCl 4, etc. Is mentioned.
- a fluorine-containing organic lithium salt, a fluoroalkyl fluorophosphate, or the like may be used.
- Examples of the oxalatoborate salt include lithium bis (oxalato) borate and lithium difluorooxalatoborate.
- lithium salts may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- lithium hexafluorophosphate LiPF 6
- LiPF 6 lithium hexafluorophosphate
- the concentration of the electrolyte in the electrolytic solution is not particularly limited, but the electrolyte concentration range is preferably 0.5 mol / L to 2 mol / L, more preferably 0.6 mol / L to 1.8 mol / L. Preferably, it is 0.7 mol / L to 1.8 mol / L.
- the non-aqueous solvent is not particularly limited as long as it is a non-aqueous solvent that can be used as an electrolyte solvent for a lithium ion battery, but the following cyclic carbonate, chain carbonate, chain ester, cyclic ether, chain ether, etc. Is mentioned.
- ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dialkyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, di-n-propyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, methyl n-propyl carbonate, ethyl n-propyl carbonate, methyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran examples include dimethoxyethane and dimethoxymethane.
- a mixed solvent in which two or more compounds are used in combination a high dielectric constant solvent of cyclic carbonates, chain carbonates, It is preferable to use in combination with a low-viscosity solvent such as a chain ester.
- One of the preferable combinations is a combination mainly composed of cyclic carbonates and chain carbonates.
- the total of cyclic carbonates and chain carbonates in the non-aqueous solvent is preferably 80% by volume or more, more preferably 85% by volume or more, and further preferably 90% by volume or more. preferable.
- capacitance of the cyclic carbonate with respect to the sum total of cyclic carbonate and chain carbonate is the following range is preferable.
- the cyclic carbonates are preferably 5 to 50% by volume, more preferably 10 to 35% by volume, and still more preferably 15 to 30% by volume.
- the additive is not particularly limited as long as it is an additive for an electrolyte solution of a lithium ion battery.
- additives such as an overcharge preventing material, a negative electrode film forming material, a positive electrode protective material, and a high input / output material may be used depending on the required function.
- the other additives described above can suppress a rapid electrode reaction at the time of abnormality due to overcharge, improve capacity maintenance characteristics after high temperature storage, improve cycle characteristics, improve input / output characteristics, and the like.
- the separator is not particularly limited as long as it has ion permeability while electronically insulating between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and has resistance to oxidation on the positive electrode side and reducibility on the negative electrode side.
- a material (material) of the separator satisfying such characteristics a resin, an inorganic material, glass fiber, or the like is used.
- olefin polymer fluorine polymer, cellulose polymer, polyimide, nylon or the like is used. It is preferable to select from materials that are stable with respect to the electrolytic solution and have excellent liquid retention properties, and it is preferable to use a porous sheet or nonwoven fabric made of a polyolefin such as polyethylene or polypropylene.
- oxides such as alumina and silicon dioxide, nitrides such as aluminum nitride and silicon nitride, sulfates such as barium sulfate, and the like are used.
- thin film-shaped base materials such as a nonwoven fabric, a woven fabric, and a microporous film, can be used as a separator.
- the thin film-shaped substrate those having a pore diameter of 0.01 to 1 ⁇ m and a thickness of 5 to 50 ⁇ m are preferably used.
- a cleavage valve may be provided as another component of the lithium ion battery. By opening the cleavage valve, it is possible to suppress an increase in pressure inside the battery and to improve safety.
- a component that releases an inert gas for example, carbon dioxide
- an inert gas for example, carbon dioxide
- the cleavage valve can be opened quickly due to the generation of inert gas, and safety can be improved.
- a material used for the said structural part lithium carbonate, polyethylene carbonate, and polypropylene carbonate are preferable.
- the discharge capacity of the lithium ion battery of the present invention is 30 Ah or more and less than 99 Ah, but it is preferably 30 Ah or more and less than 99 Ah from the viewpoint of high input / output and high energy density while ensuring safety. More preferably, it is 55 Ah or more and less than 95 Ah.
- the capacity ratio of the negative electrode to the positive electrode is preferably 1 or more and less than 1.3 from the viewpoint of safety and energy density, and more preferably 1.05 to 1.25. 1.1 to 1.2 are more preferable. If it is 1.3 or more, the positive electrode potential may be higher than 4.2 V during charging, which may reduce safety. (At this time, the positive electrode potential refers to the Li potential)
- the negative electrode capacity indicates [negative electrode discharge capacity]
- the positive electrode capacity indicates [positive charge capacity of positive electrode-negative electrode or positive electrode, whichever is greater, irreversible capacity].
- the “negative electrode discharge capacity” is defined to be calculated by the charge / discharge device when the lithium ions inserted into the negative electrode active material are desorbed. Further, the “initial charge capacity of the positive electrode” is defined as that calculated by the charge / discharge device when lithium ions are desorbed from the positive electrode active material.
- the capacity ratio between the negative electrode and the positive electrode can be calculated from, for example, “the discharge capacity of the lithium ion battery / the discharge capacity of the negative electrode”.
- the discharge capacity of the lithium ion battery is, for example, 4.2 V, 0.1 to 0.5 C, 0.1 to 0.00 after performing constant current and constant voltage (CCCV) charging with a termination time of 2 to 5 hours. It can be measured under conditions when a constant current (CC) discharge is performed up to 2.7 V at 5C.
- the discharge capacity of the negative electrode was determined by cutting a negative electrode whose discharge capacity of the lithium ion battery was measured into a predetermined area, using a lithium metal as a counter electrode, and producing a single electrode cell through a separator impregnated with an electrolyte solution.
- the positive electrode plate was produced as follows.
- As the positive electrode active material a layered crystal structure lithium / nickel / manganese / cobalt composite oxide (NMC) (BET specific surface area of 0.4 m 2 / g, median particle diameter (d50) of 6.5 ⁇ m) was used.
- NMC nickel / manganese / cobalt composite oxide
- flaky graphite average particle size: 20 ⁇ m
- acetylene black trade name: HS-100, average particle size 48 nm (electrochemical industry catalog value), Electrochemical Industry Co., Ltd.
- polyvinylidene fluoride as a binder were sequentially added and mixed to obtain a positive electrode mixture.
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- a positive electrode active material represented by the composition formula LiMn 1/3 Ni 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 was used.
- the negative electrode plate was produced as follows.
- the graphitizable carbon used was a material having the physical properties shown in Table 1 (Examples 1 to 12, Comparative Examples 1 to 3).
- Examples 1 to 3 a negative electrode active material in which polyvinyl alcohol was used as a carbon precursor and 2 to 6% of carbon was coated on the surface of graphitizable carbon was used.
- Examples 4 to 12 a negative electrode active material in which pitch was used as a carbon precursor and 1 to 8% of carbon was coated on the surface of graphitizable carbon was used.
- Comparative Examples 1 to 3 a negative electrode active material in which polyvinyl alcohol was used as the carbon precursor and 10 to 12% carbon was coated on the surface of graphitizable carbon was used.
- the non-graphitizable carbon used in Comparative Example 4 has a median particle diameter (d50) of 10 ⁇ m, a specific surface area of 5.1 m 2 / g, a carbon dioxide adsorption of 4.1 cm 3 / g, and an R value (IG / ID). ) Has a physical property of 0.96.
- the graphite used in Comparative Example 5 has a median particle diameter (d50)) of 22 ⁇ m, a specific surface area of 2.3 m 2 / g, a carbon dioxide adsorption of 0.36 cm 3 / g, and an R value (IG / ID) of 1. Artificial graphite having physical properties of .85 was used.
- Polyvinylidene fluoride was added as a binder to these negative electrode active materials.
- a dispersion solvent N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) was added thereto and kneaded to form a slurry.
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- a predetermined amount of this slurry was applied to both surfaces of a rolled copper foil having a thickness of 10 ⁇ m, which is a negative electrode current collector, substantially uniformly and uniformly.
- the negative electrode composite density was 1.15 g / cm 3 for Examples 1 to 12 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3.
- the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate are wound with a polyethylene separator having a thickness of 30 ⁇ m interposed therebetween so that they are not in direct contact with each other.
- the lead piece of the positive electrode plate and the lead piece of the negative electrode plate are respectively positioned on the opposite end surfaces of the winding group. Further, the lengths of the positive electrode plate, the negative electrode plate, and the separator were adjusted, and the wound group diameter was set to 65 ⁇ 0.1 mm.
- the lead pieces 9 led out from the positive electrode plate are deformed, and all of them are gathered near the bottom of the flange 7 on the positive electrode side and brought into contact with each other.
- the positive electrode side flange portion 7 is integrally formed so as to protrude from the periphery of the pole column (positive electrode external terminal 1) substantially on the extension line of the axis of the wound group 6, and has a bottom portion and a side portion.
- the lead piece 9 is connected and fixed to the bottom of the flange 7 by ultrasonic welding.
- the lead piece 9 led out from the negative electrode plate and the bottom of the flange 7 on the negative electrode side are similarly connected and fixed.
- the negative electrode side flange portion 7 is integrally formed so as to protrude from the periphery of the pole column (negative electrode external terminal 1 ′) substantially on the extension line of the axis of the wound group 6, and has a bottom portion and a side portion.
- an insulating coating 8 was formed by covering the side of the flange 7 on the positive electrode external terminal 1 side and the side of the flange 7 of the negative electrode external terminal 1 ′. Similarly, an insulating coating 8 was formed on the outer periphery of the wound group 6. For example, this adhesive tape is stretched from the side of the flange 7 on the positive electrode external terminal 1 side to the outer peripheral surface of the wound group 6, and further from the outer peripheral surface of the wound group 6 to the negative electrode external terminal 1 ′ side. Insulating coating 8 is formed by winding several times over the side of 7.
- the insulation coating (adhesive tape) 8 an adhesive tape in which the base material was polyimide and a methacrylate adhesive material was applied on one side thereof was used.
- the thickness of the insulating coating 8 (the number of windings of the adhesive tape) is adjusted so that the maximum diameter portion of the wound group 6 is slightly smaller than the inner diameter of the stainless steel battery container 5, and the wound group 6 is placed in the battery container 5 Inserted into.
- the battery container 5 had an outer diameter of 67 mm and an inner diameter of 66 mm.
- the ceramic washer 3 ′ is fitted into the pole column whose tip constitutes the positive electrode external terminal 1 and the pole column whose tip constitutes the negative electrode external terminal 1 ′.
- the ceramic washer 3 ′ is made of alumina, and the thickness of the portion in contact with the back surface of the battery lid 4 is 2 mm, the inner diameter is 16 mm, and the outer diameter is 25 mm.
- the positive external terminal 1 is passed through the ceramic washer 3, and with the other ceramic washer 3 placed on the other battery lid 4, the negative external terminal Pass 1 'through another ceramic washer 3.
- the ceramic washer 3 is made of alumina and has a flat plate shape with a thickness of 2 mm, an inner diameter of 16 mm, and an outer diameter of 28 mm.
- the peripheral end surface of the battery lid 4 is fitted into the opening of the battery container 5 and the entire area of both contact portions is laser welded.
- the positive electrode external terminal 1 and the negative electrode external terminal 1 ′ pass through a hole (hole) in the center of the battery lid 4 and project outside the battery lid 4.
- the battery lid 4 is provided with a cleavage valve 10 that cleaves in response to an increase in the internal pressure of the battery.
- the cleavage pressure of the cleavage valve 10 was 13 to 18 kgf / cm 2 (1.27 to 1.77 MPa).
- the metal washer 11 is fitted into the positive external terminal 1 and the negative external terminal 1 '. Thereby, the metal washer 11 is disposed on the ceramic washer 3.
- the metal washer 11 is made of a material smoother than the bottom surface of the nut 2.
- the metal nut 2 is screwed to the positive electrode external terminal 1 and the negative electrode external terminal 1 ′, and the battery lid 4 is connected to the flange portion 7 and the nut 2 via the ceramic washer 3, the metal washer 11, and the ceramic washer 3 ′. Secure by tightening between.
- the tightening torque value at this time was 70 kgf ⁇ cm (6.86 N ⁇ m).
- the metal washer 11 did not rotate until the tightening operation was completed.
- the power generation element inside the battery container 5 is shielded from the outside air by the compression of the rubber (EPDM) O-ring 12 interposed between the back surface of the battery lid 4 and the flange 7.
- EPDM rubber
- CCCV charging is a method of charging at a constant current value (constant current), switching to constant voltage charging when the voltage reaches a specified voltage value, and continuing charging for a predetermined time.
- charging was started at a current value of 0.5 CA, and when 4.2V was reached, charging was continued for 3 hours so as to maintain 4.2V, and then terminated. After charging, a 30-minute pause was applied, 0.5C constant current discharge was performed, and the process was terminated when the voltage reached 2.7V.
- the charge capacity at the third cycle was defined as “charge capacity at a current value of 0.5 CA”, and the discharge capacity at the third cycle was defined as “discharge capacity at a current value of 0.5 CA”.
- the CCCV charging method was used for the output characteristics. After measuring the discharge capacity in the third cycle, charging was started at a current value of 0.5 CA. When the voltage reached 4.2 V, charging was continued for 3 hours so as to maintain the voltage, and the charging was terminated. Next, the battery was discharged at a current value of 3CA, and the discharge was terminated when the voltage reached 2.7V. The discharge capacity at this time was defined as “discharge capacity at a current value of 3 C”, and the output characteristics were calculated by the following equation. Thereafter, constant current discharge with a final voltage of 2.7 V was performed at a current value of 0.5 CA.
- Output characteristics (%) (discharge capacity at current value 3 CA / discharge capacity at current value 0.5 CA) ⁇ 100 (Input characteristics)
- the input characteristics are charged with a current value of 3CA using the CCCV charging method, and after reaching 4.2V, charging is continued for 3 hours so as to maintain 4.2V. finished.
- the charge capacity at this time was defined as “charge capacity at a current value of 3 C”, and the input characteristics were calculated by the following formula. Thereafter, constant current discharge with a final voltage of 2.7 V was performed at a current value of 0.5 CA.
- Input characteristic (%) (charge capacity at current value 3 CA / charge capacity at current value 0.5 CA) ⁇ 100 (Cycle life characteristics)
- the charging conditions are CCCV charging method, charging at a current value of 1 CA, and after reaching voltage of 4.2 V, charging is continued for 3 hours so as to maintain 4.2 V, and then terminated. did.
- discharge conditions discharge was performed with a CC discharge method, a current value of 1 CA, and a voltage of 2.7 V.
- Such a charge-discharge cycle is defined as one cycle, and the discharge capacity retention rate from the first cycle when 300 cycles are repeated was calculated. A 15 minute rest period was provided between charging and discharging. (safety) Safety was confirmed by a nail penetration test. First, a charge / discharge cycle with a current value of 0.5 C was repeated twice in a voltage range of 4.2 to 2.7 V under an environment of 25 ° C. Further, after charging the battery to 4.2 V, a nail having a diameter of 5 mm was inserted into the center of the battery (cell) at a speed of 1.6 mm / second, and the positive electrode and the negative electrode were short-circuited inside the battery container. At this time, changes in the appearance of the battery were confirmed. Specifically, the presence or absence of damage to the battery container was confirmed. Damage to the battery container includes cracks, expansion and ignition.
- the positive electrode active material includes a lithium / nickel / manganese / cobalt composite oxide having a layered crystal structure
- the negative electrode active material includes graphitizable carbon
- the input characteristics are It can be seen that the output characteristics exceed 90% and output characteristics exceed 80%. Furthermore, excellent results in cycle life characteristics and safety can be obtained.
- a lithium ion battery excellent in input characteristics, output characteristics, life characteristics and safety can be obtained.
- a battery module configured by assembling a plurality of lithium ion batteries, an automobile equipped with this battery module, and a battery module are mounted. Widely applicable to power storage devices and the like.
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Abstract
Description
<1>正極と負極がセパレータを介して配置された電極群と、電解液と、を電池容器内に備えたリチウムイオン電池において、
正極活物質として層状結晶構造のリチウム・ニッケル・マンガン・コバルト複合酸化物を含み、負極活物質として易黒鉛化炭素を含み、前記負極活物質は、熱重量分析における乾燥空気気流中の550℃加熱重量が同25℃重量に対して75%以上であり、同650℃加熱重量が同25℃重量に対して20%以下である、リチウムイオン電池。
<2>前記易黒鉛化炭素は、レーザー回折粒度分布計により測定される体積基準のメジアン粒子径(d50)が、5μm~30μmであり、窒素吸着測定法より求められる比表面積が、1.0m2/g~5.0m2/gで、かつ、相対圧0.03までの二酸化炭素吸着量(273K)が、0.01cm3/g~4.0cm3/gである、<1>に記載のリチウムイオン電池。
<3>前記窒素吸着測定法により求められる比表面積が1.3m2/g~4.0m2/gである<2>に記載のリチウムイオン電池。
<4>前記相対圧0.03までの二酸化炭素吸着量(273K)が、0.05cm3/g~1.5cm3/gである<2>又は<3>に記載のリチウムイオン電池。
<5>負極活物質として易黒鉛化炭素を含み、前記負極活物質は、熱重量分析における乾燥空気気流中の550℃加熱重量が同25℃重量に対して75%以上であり、同650℃加熱重量が同25℃重量に対して20%以下であるリチウムイオン電池用負極。
<6><5>に記載のリチウムイオン電池用負極を含むリチウムイオン電池。
<7><1>~<4>、<5>いずれかに記載のリチウム二次電池を複数個集合して構成されたバッテリーモジュール。
<8><7>記載のバッテリーモジュールを搭載した自動車。
<9><8>記載のバッテリーモジュールを搭載した電力貯蔵装置。
1.<正極>
本実施の形態においては、高容量で高入出力のリチウムイオン電池に適用可能な以下に示す正極を有する。本実施の形態の正極(正極板)は、集電体及びその上部に形成された正極合材よりなる。正極合材は、集電体の上部に設けられた少なくとも正極活物質を含む層である。
上記組成式(化1)において、(1+δ)は、Li(リチウム)の組成比、xはMn(マンガン)の組成比、yはNi(ニッケル)の組成比、(1-x-y-z)はCo(コバルト)の組成比を示す。zは、元素Mの組成比を示す。O(酸素)の組成比は2である。-0.15<δ<0.15、0.1<x≦0.5、0.6<x+y+z≦1.0、0≦z≦0.1である。元素Mは、これを含む場合、Ti(チタン)、Zr(ジルコニウム)、Nb(ニオブ)、Mo(モリブデン)、W(タングステン)、Al(アルミニウム)、Si(シリコン)、Ga(ガリウム)、Ge(ゲルマニウム)及びSn(錫)よりなる群から選択される少なくとも1種の元素を選択することができる。以下の実施例においては、z=0であるLiMn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3O2を用いる。
正極用の導電材としては、金属材料、黒鉛(グラファイト)、無定形炭素等の炭素質材料などが挙げられる。なお、これらのうち、1種を単独で用いてもよく、2種以上のものを組み合わせて用いてもよい。
結着剤の含有量が0.1質量%以上であると、正極活物質を充分に結着でき、充分な正極活物質の機械的強度が得られ、優れたサイクル特性等の電池性能が得られる。60質量%以下であると、充分な電池容量及び導電性が得られる。
また、正極合剤の正極集電体への片面塗布量は、エネルギー密度及び入出力特性の観点から、110~170g/m2であることが好ましく、120~160g/m2であることがより好ましく、130~150g/m2であることが更に好ましい。
本実施の形態においては、高安全で高入出力・長寿命のリチウムイオン電池に適用可能な以下に示す負極を有する。本実施の形態の負極(負極板)は、集電体及びその両面に形成された負極合材よりなる。負極合材の形成方法は特に制限されないが、正極合材と同様に、乾式法や湿式法を用いて形成される。また、上記負極合材は、電気化学的にリチウムイオンを吸蔵・放出可能な負極活物質を含有する。
また、上記下限以上であれば、比表面積を適正な範囲とすることがdけい、リチウムイオン電池の初回充放電効率が優れるとともに、粒子同士の接触が良く入出力特性に優れる傾向がある。
(3)相対圧0.03までの二酸化炭素吸着量(測定温度:273K)について、その範囲は以下の通りである。0.01cm3/g~4.0cm3/gであることが好ましく、0.05cm3/g~1.5cm3/gであることがより好ましく、更に0.1cm3/g~1.2cm3/gであることが更に好ましい。
上記下限以上であれば入力特性に優れ、上記上限以下であると、初回付加逆容量の損失が少なく、寿命特性に優れる。
したがって、本発明における易黒鉛化炭素は、熱重量測定(TG)より求められる空気気流中550℃の重量が25℃の重量に対して75%以上を有し、650℃の重量が25℃の重量に対して20%以下である核となる易黒鉛化炭素の表面上に炭素層を形成したものであってもよい。
負極用の集電体の材質・形状としては特に制限はないが、加工のし易さとコストの観点から銅箔が好ましい。銅箔には、圧延法により形成された圧延銅箔と、電解法により形成された電解銅箔とがあり、どちらも集電体として用いて好適である。
0.7g/cm3以上であると、負極活物質間の導電性が向上し電池抵抗の増加を抑制することができ、単位容積あたりの容量を向上できる。2g/cm3以下であると、初期の付加逆容量の増加、集電体と負極活物質との界面付近への電解液への浸透性の低下による放電特性の劣化を招く恐れが少なくなる。
結着剤の含有量が0.1質量%以上であると、負極活物質を充分に結着でき、充分な負極活物質の機械的強度が得られる。20質量%以下であると、充分な電池容量及び導電性が得られる。
特に、結着材として、SBRに代表されるゴム状高分子を主要成分として用いる場合の負極合材の重量に対する結着材の含有量の範囲は次のとおりである。0.1~5質量%だることが好ましく、0.5~3質量%以下であることがより好ましく、0.6質量%~2質量%であることが更に好ましい。
本実施の形態の電解液は、リチウム塩(電解質)と、これを溶解する非水系溶媒から構成される。必要に応じて、添加材を加えてもよい。
非水系溶媒としては、リチウムイオン電池用の電解質の溶媒として使用可能な非水系溶媒であれば特に制限はないが、次の環状カーボネート、鎖状カーボネート、鎖状エステル、環状エーテル及び鎖状エーテル等が挙げられる。
セパレータは、正極及び負極間を電子的には絶縁しつつもイオン透過性を有し、かつ、正極側における酸化性及び負極側における還元性に対する耐性を備えるものであれば特に制限はない。このような特性を満たすセパレータの材料(材質)としては、樹脂、無機物、ガラス繊維等が用いられる。
リチウムイオン電池のその他の構成部材として、開裂弁を設けてもよい。開裂弁が開放することで、電池内部の圧力上昇を抑制でき、安全性を向上させることができる。
本発明のリチウムイオン電池の放電容量は、30Ah以上、99Ah未満であるが、安全性を担保しつつ、高入出力で、高エネルギー密度という観点から、30Ah、以上99Ah未満であることが好ましく、55Ah以上、95Ah未満であることがより好ましい。
本発明において、負極と正極の容量比(負極容量/正極容量)は、安全性とエネルギー密度の観点から1以上、1.3未満であることが好ましく、1.05~1.25がより好ましく、1.1~1.2が更に好ましい。1.3以上だと充電時に正極電位が4.2Vよりも高くなることがあるため、安全性が低下する可能性がある。(このときの正極電位は対Li電位をいう)
ここで、負極容量とは、[負極の放電容量]を示し、正極容量とは、[正極の初回充電容量-負極又は正極のどちらか大きい方の不可逆容量]を示す。ここで、[負極の放電容量]とは、負極活物質に挿入されているリチウムイオンが脱離されるときに充放電装置で算出されるものと定義する。また、[正極の初回充電容量]とは、正極活物質からリチウムイオンが脱離されるときに充放電装置で算出されるものと定義する。
[正極板の作製]
正極板の作製を以下のように行った。正極活物質として、層状結晶構造のリチウム・ニッケル・マンガン・コバルト複合酸化物(NMC)(BET比表面積が0.4m2/g、メジアン粒子径(d50)が6.5μm)を用いた。上記正極活物質に、導電材として鱗片状の黒鉛(平均粒径:20μm)及びアセチレンブラック(商品名:HS-100、平均粒径48nm(電気化学工業株式会社カタログ値)、電気化学工業株式会社)と、結着材としてポリフッ化ビニリデンとを順次添加し、混合することにより正極合材を得た。質量比は、活物質:導電材:結着材=90:5:5とした。更に上記混合物に対し、分散溶媒であるN-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)を添加し、混練することによりスラリーを形成した。このスラリーを正極用の集電体である厚さ20μmのアルミニウム箔の両面に実質的に均等かつ均質に塗布した。その後、乾燥処理を施し、所定密度までプレスにより圧密化した。正極合材密度は2.8g/cm3とし、正極合材の片面塗布量140g/m2とした。
負極板の作製を以下のように行った。負極活物質としては、易黒鉛化炭素は、表1に示す物性を有する材料を用いた(実施例1~12、比較例1~3)。
[電池の作製]
上記正極板と上記負極板とを、これらが直接接触しないように厚さ30μmのポリエチレン製のセパレータを挟んで捲回する。このとき、正極板のリード片と負極板のリード片とが、それぞれ捲回群の互いに反対側の両端面に位置するようにする。また、正極板、負極板、セパレータの長さを調整し、捲回群径は65±0.1mmとした。
[電池特性(放電容量、入出力特性及びサイクル寿命特性)の評価]
(放電容量)
25℃の環境下において、定電流定電圧(CCCV)充電方式を用いて測定を行った(以下、CCCV充電という)。CCCV充電とは、一定の電流値(定電流)で充電を行い、規定の電圧値に達した時点で定電圧充電に切替えて所定時間充電を継続する方法である。
(出力特性)
出力特性も同様にCCCV充電方式を用いた。上記3サイクル目の放電容量を測定後、0.5CAの電流値で充電を開始し、4.2Vに達した時点で、その電圧を維持するように3時間充電を継続した後に終了した。次いで、3CAの電流値で放電し、2.7Vに達した時点で放電を終了した。この時の放電容量を「電流値3Cにおける放電容量」とし、以下の式により出力特性を算出した。この後、0.5CAの電流値で終止電圧2.7Vの定電流放電を行った。
(入力特性)
入力特性は、上記出力特性を測定後、CCCV充電方式を用いて、3CAの電流値で充電を行い、4.2Vに達したのち、4.2Vを維持するように3時間充電を継続した後に終了した。この時の充電容量を「電流値3Cにおける充電容量」とし、以下の式により入力特性を算出した。この後、0.5CAの電流値で終止電圧2.7Vの定電流放電を行った。
(サイクル寿命特性)
電池サイクル試験として、上記3サイクル目の放電容量を測定後、以下に示す試験を行った。25℃の恒温槽中において、充電条件としては、CCCV充電方式、電流値1CAで充電を行い、電圧4.2Vに達したのち、4.2Vを維持するように3時間充電を継続した後に終了した。放電条件としては、CC放電方式、電流値1CA、電圧2.7Vで放電を行った。
(安全性)
安全性は釘刺し試験により確認した。まず、25℃の環境下において4.2~2.7Vの電圧範囲で、0.5Cの電流値による充放電サイクルを2回繰り返した。更に、4.2Vまで電池を充電後、直径5mmの釘を、速度1.6mm/秒で電池(セル)の中央部に刺し込み、電池容器の内部において正極と負極とを短絡させた。この際の電池の外観の変化を確認した。具体的には、電池容器の破損の有無を確認した。電池容器の破損には、亀裂、膨張や発火を含むものとする。
Claims (9)
- 正極と負極がセパレータを介して配置された電極群と、電解液と、を電池容器内に備えたリチウムイオン電池において、
正極活物質として層状結晶構造のリチウム・ニッケル・マンガン・コバルト複合酸化物を含み、
負極活物質として易黒鉛化炭素を含み、前記負極活物質は、熱重量分析における乾燥空気気流中の550℃加熱重量が同25℃重量に対して75%以上であり、同650℃加熱重量が同25℃重量に対して20%以下である、リチウムイオン電池。 - 前記易黒鉛化炭素は、レーザー回折粒度分布計により測定される体積基準のメジアン粒子径(d50)が、5μm~30μmであり、窒素吸着測定法より求められる比表面積が、1.0m2/g~5.0m2/gで、かつ、相対圧0.03までの二酸化炭素吸着量(273K)が、0.01cm3/g~4.0cm3/gである、請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン電池。
- 前記窒素吸着測定法により求められる比表面積が1.3m2/g~4.0m2/gである請求項2に記載のリチウムイオン電池。
- 前記相対圧0.03までの二酸化炭素吸着量(273K)が、0.05cm3/g~1.5cm3/gである請求項2又は請求項3に記載のリチウムイオン電池。
- 負極活物質として易黒鉛化炭素を含み、前記負極活物質は、熱重量分析における乾燥空気気流中の550℃加熱重量が同25℃重量に対して75%以上であり、同650℃加熱重量が同25℃重量に対して20%以下であるリチウムイオン電池用負極。
- 請求項4に記載のリチウムイオン電池用負極を含むリチウムイオン電池。
- 請求項1~請求項4、請求項6いずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン電池を複数個集合して構成されたバッテリーモジュール。
- 請求項7記載のバッテリーモジュールを搭載した自動車。
- 請求項8記載のバッテリーモジュールを搭載した電力貯蔵装置。
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WO2019150511A1 (ja) * | 2018-01-31 | 2019-08-08 | 日立化成株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池用負極活物質、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極及びリチウムイオン二次電池 |
US11094931B2 (en) | 2018-01-31 | 2021-08-17 | Showa Denko Materials Co., Ltd. | Negative electrode active material for lithium ion secondary battery, negative electrode for lithium ion secondary battery, and lithium ion secondary battery |
US11063255B2 (en) | 2018-01-31 | 2021-07-13 | Showa Denko Materials Co., Ltd. | Negative electrode active material for lithium ion secondary battery, negative electrode for lithium ion secondary battery, and lithium ion secondary battery |
US10998546B2 (en) | 2018-01-31 | 2021-05-04 | Showa Denko Materials Co., Ltd. | Negative electrode active material for lithium ion secondary battery, negative electrode for lithium ion secondary battery, and lithium ion secondary battery |
JP2019133918A (ja) * | 2018-12-13 | 2019-08-08 | 日立化成株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池用負極活物質、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極及びリチウムイオン二次電池 |
JP2019133920A (ja) * | 2018-12-13 | 2019-08-08 | 日立化成株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池用負極活物質、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極及びリチウムイオン二次電池 |
JP2019133919A (ja) * | 2018-12-13 | 2019-08-08 | 日立化成株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池用負極活物質、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極及びリチウムイオン二次電池 |
JP7159840B2 (ja) | 2018-12-13 | 2022-10-25 | 昭和電工マテリアルズ株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池用負極活物質、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極及びリチウムイオン二次電池 |
JP7159838B2 (ja) | 2018-12-13 | 2022-10-25 | 昭和電工マテリアルズ株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池用負極活物質、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極及びリチウムイオン二次電池 |
JP7159839B2 (ja) | 2018-12-13 | 2022-10-25 | 昭和電工マテリアルズ株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池用負極活物質、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極及びリチウムイオン二次電池 |
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EP3273518B1 (en) | 2021-04-28 |
CN107408726A (zh) | 2017-11-28 |
EP3273518A4 (en) | 2018-08-15 |
US10270084B2 (en) | 2019-04-23 |
EP3273518A1 (en) | 2018-01-24 |
CN107408726B (zh) | 2019-10-25 |
US20180062157A1 (en) | 2018-03-01 |
JP6376280B2 (ja) | 2018-08-22 |
JPWO2016147976A1 (ja) | 2017-12-14 |
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