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  • C12N9/93—Ligases (6)
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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
  • C07K2319/40—Fusion polypeptide containing a tag for immunodetection, or an epitope for immunisation
  • C07K2319/42—Fusion polypeptide containing a tag for immunodetection, or an epitope for immunisation containing a HA(hemagglutinin)-tag
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
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  • C12Y603/02—Acid—amino-acid ligases (peptide synthases)(6.3.2)
  • C12Y603/02019—Ubiquitin-protein ligase (6.3.2.19), i.e. ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
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  • G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
  • G01N2800/28—Neurological disorders

Definitions

• the present invention relates to methods of activating Parkin ligase by disrupting zinc finger domains for therapeutic benefit.
• Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway System is a critical pathway that regulates key regulator proteins and degrades misfolded or abnormal proteins. UPS is central to multiple cellular processes, and if defective or imbalanced, it leads to pathogenesis of a variety of diseases. Posttranslational modification of proteins by ubiquitin is a fundamental cellular mechanism that regulates protein stability and activity and underlies a multitude of functions, from almost every aspect of biology. The covalent attachment of ubiquitin to specific protein substrates is achieved through the action of E3 ubiquitin ligases. These ligases comprise over 500 different proteins and are categorized into multiple classes defined by the structural element of their E3 functional activity.
• both HECT and RING ligases transfer an activated ubiquitin from a thioester to the e-amino acid group of a lysine residue on a substrate; however, HECT ligases have an active site cysteine that forms an intermediate thioester bond with ubiquitin, while RING ligases function as a scaffold to allow direct ubiquitin transfer from the E2 to substrate.
• a subfamily of RING ligases the RING-between-RING (RBR) family, may contain a catalytic cysteine residue 1,2 in addition to a canonical RING domain. (Riley et al. 2013. Nat Commun.4:1982,“Riley et al.”), which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
• ZnF Zinc Finger
• Parkin is a RING-between-RING E3 ligase that functions in the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to specific substrates, and mutations in Parkin are linked to Parkinson’s disease, cancer and mycobacterial infection.
• R0 is a novel domain structure, but is more similar to Zn-finger domains than to E3 RING domains (Riley et al.2013. Nat Commun.4:1982)
• the present invention relates to modulating the structures and/or functions of ligases in the UPS by binding to zinc ions and/or cysteine residues in their ZnF domains, for therapeutic bene ⁇ t. This mechanism is distinct from binding to the active sites of ligases, which receive the tail of Ub.
• the present invention is directed to a method for activating Parkin ligase by coordination of small molecules to zinc ions in Parkin ZnF domains, or by chemical reactions of small molecules with cysteine residues in Parkin ZnF domains.
• the coordination of small molecules to zinc ions may or may not remove the zinc ions from the ZnF domains.
• the chemical reactions of small molecules with cysteine residues may be reversible or irreversible.
• Specific embodiments of the present invention include methods of activating a Parkin ligase.
• the Parkin ligase may be activated by administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound that disrupts at least one Parkin ligase zinc finger.
• the compound can coordinate with a Zn ion, and/or bind or react with a cysteine.
• the compound may react with the thiol group in the cysteine.
• the activated Parkin ligase suppresses one or more tumors. In another specific embodiment, the activated Parkin ligase provides dopamine neuron protection.
• Compounds that can coordinate to a Zn ion include, but are not limited to, a monodentate, bidentate, or tridentate ligand.
• Compounds that can react with the thiol group in the cysteine residue include, but are not limited to an alkylator, oxidant, Michael acceptor, another unsaturated structure, or a disulfide.
• the compound eliminates damaged mitochondria, increases cell viability during cellular stress, decreases tumor transformation and/or mitigates alpha-synuclein in cells.
• the subject has been diagnosed with cancer.
• cancer is glioblastoma, small cell lung carcinoma, breast cancer or prostate cancer.
• the patient has been diagnosed with a neuro-degenerative disease.
• the neurodegenerative disease is Parkinson’s disease, dementia, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or Huntington’s disease.
• the dementia is dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), multiple system atrophy (MSA) or Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP).
• the compound substantially disrupts the structure of at least one zinc finger in the Parkin ligase.
• at least one zinc finger is selected from one or more of the group consisting of the domains defined by R0 amino acids 141-216, IBR amino acids 328-377, and R2 amino acids 415-465.
• the amino acid residues of at least one zinc finger corresponds to or aligns within one or more domains selected from the group consisting R0 amino acids 141-216, IBR amino acids 328-377, and R2 amino acids 415-465 of human Parkin Ligase.
• the zinc finger comprises four cysteine residues.
• the compound may be a zinc chelator.
• the compound can bind or react with one or more cysteine residues. In another specific embodiment, the compound can bind or react with one or more cysteine residues selected from the group consisting of C59 and C377 of human Parkin Ligase.
• the compound may substantially disrupt a structure of at least one zinc finger in the Parkin ligase.
• the zinc finger in the Parkin ligase may be located within one or more domains selected from the group consisting of R0 amino acids 141- 216, IBR amino acids 328-377, and R2 amino acids 415-465 of human Parkin Ligase.
• the zinc finger that is substantially disrupted is located in IBR amino acids 328-377 of the Parkin ligase.
• the compound may act synergistically with Phospho Ubiquitin (pUB) in activating the Parkin ligase.
• pUB Phospho Ubiquitin
• Parkin ligase activation alters ubiquitination.
• activating the Parkin ligase treats or reduces the incidence of one or more diseases or ailments selected from the group consisting of Alzheimer’s Dementia, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Freidreich’s ataxia, Spinocerebellar Ataxia, Multiple Systems Atrophy, PSP, Tauopathy, Diffuse Lewy Body Disease, Lewy Body dementia, any disorder characterized by abnormal accumulation of ⁇ - synuclein, disorders of the aging process, stroke, bacterial infection, viral infection, Mitochondrial related disease, mental retardation, deafness, blindness, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, multiple sclerosis, Sjogrens syndrome, lupus, glaucoma, including pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy, and rheumatoid arthritis.
• Alzheimer’s Dementia Parkinson’s disease, Huntington Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Freidreich’s ataxia
• the bacterial infection is Mycobacterium infection.
• the viral infection is Hepatitis C infection.
• the Mitochondrial related disease is selected from one or more of the group consisting of Alpers Disease, Barth Syndrome / LIC (Lethal Infantile Cardiomyopathy), Beta-oxidation Defects, Carnitine-Acyl-Carnitine Deficiency, Carnitine Deficiency, Creatine Deficiency Syndromes, Co- Enzyme Q10 Deficiency, Complex I Deficiency, Complex II Deficiency, Complex III Deficiency, Complex IV Deficiency / COX Deficiency, Complex V Deficiency, CPEO, CPT I Deficiency, CPT II Deficiency, KSS, Lactic Acidosis, LBSL– Leukodystrophy, LCAD, LCHAD, Leigh Disease or Syndrome, Gut Disease, MAD / Glutaric Aciduria Type II, MCAD, MELAS,
• Another embodiment of the invention includes methods of treating and/or reducing the incidence of cancer.
• a specific embodiment includes administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound that disrupts at least one Parkin ligase zinc finger and induces Parkin ligase activity, wherein the compound can coordinate with a Zn ion and/or react with a thiol group in a cysteine.
• activating the Parkin ligase suppresses one or more tumors.
• the compound eliminates damaged mitochondria, increases cell viability during cellular stress, decreases tumor transformation and/or mitigates ⁇ -synuclein in cells.
• the cancer is glioblastoma, small cell lung carcinoma, breast cancer or prostate cancer.
• Another embodiment of the present invention includes methods for treating and/or reducing the incidence of Parkinson’s disease.
• a specific embodiment for treating and/or reducing the incidence of Parkinson’s disease includes administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound that disrupts at least one Parkin ligase zinc finger and induces Parkin ligase activity, wherein the compound can coordinate with a Zn ion and/or react with a thiol group in a cysteine.
• Parkin ligase activation alters ubiquitination, as defined by the ability of Parkin to modify a substrate protein by covalent attachment of ubiquitin, a substrate protein being Parkin itself, or another protein such as Mitofusion 1 or 2, FBW7, or other publicly reported substrates of Parkin ligase.
• Another embodiment of the present invention includes pharmaceutical formulations.
• the pharmaceutical formulations activate Parkin ligase.
• the pharmaceutical formulations may comprise an effective amount of a compound or its salt thereof that disrupts at least one Parkin ligase zinc finger, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the compound or its salt thereof can coordinate a Zn ion, and/or react with the thiol group in a cysteine.
• the compound can bind or react with one or more cysteine residues selected from the group consisting of C59 and C377 of human Parkin Ligase.
• the pharmaceutical composition is in a formulation selected from the group consisting of a solid, powder, liquid and a gel.
• Fig. 1 indicates that N,N'-(1-phenyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3,5-diyl)dibenzamide, a chelator compound (identified as AH001 or compound 76 in Table 2) increases the Parkin Ligase reaction with the Activity-based Ubiquitin vinyl sulfone probe.
• Fig. 2 indicates that 6-benzyl-2,5-dimethyl-3-phenylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-7-thiol, an electrophile and chelator compound (identified as AH007 or compound 77 in Table 2) increases the Parkin Ligase reaction with the Activity-based Ubituitin vinyl sulfone probe.
• Fig: 3 indicates that compound N,N'-(1-phenyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3,5-diyl)dibenzamide, a chelator compound (AH001) increases Parkin activity in an auto-ubiquitination assay.
• Figs. 4A and 4B indicate that N,N'-(1-phenyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3,5-diyl)dibenzamide (AH001) with pUB synergistically increases parkin activation in an auto-ubiquitination assay and allows for a lower concentration of pUB to activate parkin.
• AH001 N,N'-(1-phenyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3,5-diyl)dibenzamide
• Fig: 5 indicates that 6-benzyl-2,5-dimethyl-3-phenylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-7-thiol, an electrophile compound (AH007) increases Parkin activity in an auto-ubiquitination assay.
• salts include those obtained by reacting the active compound functioning as a base, with an inorganic or organic acid to form a salt, for example, salts of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, methanesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, formic acid, hydrobromic acid, benzoic acid, tartaric acid, fumaric acid, salicylic acid, mandelic acid, carbonic acid, etc.
• acid addition salts may be prepared by reaction of the compounds with the appropriate inorganic or organic acid via any of a number of known methods.
• treating means one or more of relieving, alleviating, delaying, reducing, reversing, improving, or managing at least one symptom of a condition in a subject.
• the term “treating” may also mean one or more of arresting, delaying the onset (i.e., the period prior to clinical manifestation of the condition) or reducing the risk of developing or worsening a condition.
• an “effective amount” means the amount of a formulation according to the invention that, when administered to a patient for treating a state, disorder or condition is sufficient to effect such treatment.
• the “effective amount” will vary depending on the active ingredient, the state, disorder, or condition to be treated and its severity, and the age, weight, physical condition and responsiveness of the mammal to be treated.
• terapéuticaally effective applied to dose or amount refers to that quantity of a compound or pharmaceutical formulation that is sufficient to result in a desired clinical benefit after administration to a patient in need thereof.
• substantially refers to the complete or nearly complete extent or degree of an action, characteristic, property, state, structure, item, or result.
• an object that is “substantially” enclosed would mean that the object is either completely enclosed or nearly completely enclosed.
• the exact allowable degree of deviation from absolute completeness may in some cases depend on the specific context. However, generally speaking, the nearness of completion will be so as to have the same overall result as if absolute and total completion were obtained.
• the use of “substantially” is equally applicable when used in a negative connotation to refer to the complete or near complete lack of action, characteristic, property, state, structure, item, or result.
• compositions that is "substantially free of” other active agents would either completely lack other active agents, or so nearly completely lack other active agents that the effect would be the same as if it completely lacked other active agents.
• a composition that is "substantially free of” an ingredient or element or another active agent may still contain such an item as long as there is no measurable effect thereof
• the“alignment” of two or more protein/amino acid sequences may be performed using the alignment program ClustalW2, available at
• Protein Weight Matrix Gonnet
• Gap Open 10
• Gap Extension 0.1.
• Ubiquitin Proteasome Pathway System relates to the ubiquitin proteasome pathway, conserved from yeast to mammals, and is required for the targeted degradation of most short-lived proteins in the eukaryotic cell. Targets include cell cycle regulatory proteins, whose timely destruction is vital for controlled cell division, as well as proteins unable to fold properly within the endoplasmic reticulum. Ubiquitin modification is an ATP-dependent process carried out by three classes of enzymes. A“ubiquitin activating enzyme” (E1) forms a thio-ester bond with ubiquitin, a highly conserved 76-amino acid protein.
• E1 ubiquitin activating enzyme
• E3 ligases can be single- or multi-subunit enzymes. In some cases, the ubiquitin-binding and substrate binding domains reside on separate polypeptides brought together by adaptor proteins or culling. Numerous E3 ligases provide specificity in that each can modify only a subset of substrate proteins. Further specificity is achieved by post-translational modification of substrate proteins, including, but not limited to, phosphorylation.
• Effects of monoubiquitination include changes in subcellular localization. However, multiple ubiquitination cycles resulting in a polyubiquitin chain are required for targeting a protein to the proteasome for degradation.
• the multisubunit 26S proteasome recognizes, unfolds, and degrades polyubiquitinated substrates into small peptides. The reaction occurs within the cylindrical core of the proteasome complex, and peptide bond hydrolysis employs a core threonine residue as the catalytic nucleophile. It has been shown that an additional layer of complexity, in the form of multiubiquitin chain receptors, may lie between the polyubiquitination and degradation steps.
• Protein degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system is the major pathway of non-lysosomal proteolysis of intracellular proteins. It plays important roles in a variety of fundamental cellular processes such as regulation of cell cycle progression, division, development and differentiation, apoptosis, cell trafficking, and modulation of the immune and inflammatory responses.
• the central element of this system is the covalent linkage of ubiquitin to targeted proteins, which are then recognized by the 26S proteasome, an adenosine triphosphate-dependent, multi-catalytic protease. Damaged, oxidized, or misfolded proteins as well as regulatory proteins that control many critical cellular functions are among the targets of this degradation process.
• Parkin Ligase or“Parkin” as used herein relates to a protein which in humans is encoded by the PARK2 gene.
• “Mutations in the parkin gene cause autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism”. Nature 392 (6676): 605–608. doi:10.1038/33416. PMID 9560156.
• “Ligase” as used herein, is an enzyme that can catalyze the joining of two or more compounds or biomolecules by bonding them together with a new chemical bond.
• The“ligation” of the two usually with accompanying hydrolysis of a small chemical group dependent to one of the larger compounds or biomolecules, or the enzyme catalyzing the linking together of two compounds, e.g., enzymes that catalyze joining of groups C-O, C-S, C-N, etc.
• Ubiquitin-protein (E3) ligases are a large family of highly diverse enzymes selecting proteins for ubiquitination.
• E3 ligases are involved in disease pathogenesis for oncology, inflammation & infectious disease.
• RBR RING-between-RING
• Parkin is recognized as a neuroprotective protein with a role in mitochondrial integrity.
• Human genetic data implicate loss of Parkin activity as a mechanism for pathogenesis of Parkinson’s Disease (PD).
• Zinc Finger (ZnF) Domain as used herein relates to a protein structure characterized by coordinating zinc ions to stabilize the functional activity. ZnF stabilize the binding of Ub, Deubiquitinating Enzymes (DUBs), and Ligases (E3) in the UPS.
• Ligands as used herein bind to metal via one or more atoms in the ligand, and are often termed as chelating ligands.
• a ligand that binds through two sites is classified as bidentate, and three sites as tridentate.
• the "bite angle” refers to the angle between the two bonds of a bidentate chelate.
• Chelating ligands are commonly formed by linking donor groups via organic linkers.
• a classic bidentate ligand is ethylenediamine, which is derived by the linking of two ammonia groups with an ethylene (-CH2CH2-) linker.
• a classic example of a polydentate ligand is the hexadentate chelating agent EDTA, which is able to bond through six sites, completely surrounding some metals.
• the binding affinity of a chelating system depends on the chelating angle or bite angle.
• Many ligands are capable of binding metal ions through multiple sites, usually because the ligands have lone pairs on more than one atom. Some ligands can bond to a metal center through the same atom but with a different number of lone pairs.
• the bond order of the metal ligand bond can be in part distinguished through the metal ligand bond angle (M-X-R). This bond angle is often referred to as being linear or bent with further discussion concerning the degree to which the angle is bent.
• an imido ligand in the ionic form has three lone pairs.
• One lone pair is used as a sigma X donor, the other two lone pairs are available as L type pi donors. If both lone pairs are used in pi bonds then the M-N-R geometry is linear. However, if one or both these lone pairs is non-bonding then the M-N-R bond is bent and the extent of the bend speaks to how much pi bonding there may be. It was found that few heteroatoms, such as nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur atoms, interacted with zinc, ideal distances between the zinc and these heteroatoms were identified.
• chelate complexes Complexes of polydentate ligands are called chelate complexes. They tend to be more stable than complexes derived from monodentate ligands. This enhanced stability, the chelate effect, is usually attributed to effects of entropy, which favors the displacement of many ligands by one polydentate ligand.
• the chelating ligand forms a large ring that at least partially surrounds the central atom and bonds to it, leaving the central atom at the center of a large ring. The more rigid and the higher its denticity, the more inert will be the macrocyclic complex.
• “Chelator” as used herein relates to a binding agent that suppresses chemical activity by forming a chelate (a coordination compound in which a metal atom or ion is bound to a ligand at two or more points on the ligand, so as to form, for example, a heterocyclic ring containing a metal atom).
• a chelate a coordination compound in which a metal atom or ion is bound to a ligand at two or more points on the ligand, so as to form, for example, a heterocyclic ring containing a metal atom.
• “Chelation” as used herein relates to a particular way that ions and molecules bind metal ions.
• IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
• chelation involves the formation or presence of two or more separate coordinate bonds between a polydentate (multiple bonded) ligand and a single central atom.
• these ligands are organic compounds, and are called chelants, chelators, chelating agents, or sequestering agents.
• Electrophile as used herein relates to species that is attracted to an electron rich center.
• an electrophile is a reagent attracted to electrons. It participates in a chemical reaction by accepting an electron pair in order to bond to a nucleophile. Because electrophiles accept electrons, they are Lewis acids. Most electrophiles are positively charged, have an atom that carries a partial positive charge, or have an atom that does not have an octet of electrons.
• Ubiquitin-protein (E3) ligases are a large family of enzymes that select various proteins for ubiquitination. These ubiquitin ligases, called“Ub ligases” are known to have a role in various diseases and conditions, including but not limited to, cancer, inflammation and infectious diseases.
• Parkin ligase is a component of a multiprotein “E3” ubiquitin ligase complex, which in turn is part of the ubiquitin-proteasome system that mediates the targeting of proteins for degradation.
• E3 multiprotein “E3” ubiquitin ligase complex
• Parkin ligase is a component of a multiprotein “E3” ubiquitin ligase complex, which in turn is part of the ubiquitin-proteasome system that mediates the targeting of proteins for degradation.
• Parkin ligase is not known, mutations in Parkin ligase are linked to various diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease, cancer and mycobacterial infection. Parkin ligase is thus an attractive target for therapeutic intervention.
• ligases particularly ligases involved in the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway System (UPS), are known to have Zinc Finger (ZnF) domains that stabilize critical protein binding regions in that ligase.
• UPS Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway System
• ZnF domains coordinate zinc ions and this coordination stabilizes functional activity of the protein.
• the functional activity provided by proteins with ZnF domains can include the regulation of important cellular signaling pathways, such as recognizing ubiquitins, regulation of DNA, such as transcription and repair, and acting as cellular redox sensors.
• the binding of zinc to ZnF domains, or simply just regulating how zinc interacts with the ZnF domains, are essential to ligases involved in the UPS.
• Parkin ligase is known to have one or more ZnF domains.
• the present invention focuses on two different strategies for modulating ZnF domains in Parkin ligase.
• One strategy of the present invention includes using chelating compounds that bind to the ZnF domains and thus disallow the binding of zinc, or cause the dissociation of zinc, such as Zn, or Zn 2+ , from the ZnF domain.
• Another strategy of the present invention includes using compounds that bind or react with a cysteine amino acid residue in the ZnF domain.
• One or more cysteine residues are essential in ZnF domains for binding to and/or coordinating to the zinc ion.
• the zinc ion usually Zn 2+ ) can coordinate with multiple cysteine or histidine residues.
• the more cysteine residues there are in the domain the more flexible is the ZnF domain.
• Ligases, such as Parkin ligase are thought to have multiple cysteine residues coordinated with zinc in their ZnF domains. This flexibility in the ZnF domains of Parkin ligase is thought allow the domain to be reversible, and is thus is one possible mechanism for regulating Parkin ligase.
• the present invention thus relates to the use of one or more agents or one or more compounds with electrophilic, chelation or both electrophilic and chelation properties that can interact with the zinc ion and/or the cysteine residue(s) in a Parkin ligase and thus modulate Parkin ligase’s activity. Specifically, it is believed that not allowing a zinc ion to coordinate in at least one of Parkin ligase’s ZnF domains induces its activity.
• the present invention is thus directed to a method for activating Parkin ligase by the chelation of Zn followed by its removal from the ZnF domain, or through electrophilic attack at the cysteine amino acid(s) that holds the Zn in place.
• the methods of activating a Parkin ligase include administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds that disrupt at least one Parkin ligase zinc finger.
• the methods of activating a Parkin ligase include administering to a subject two or more compounds that disrupt at least one Parkin ligase zinc finger.
• the compounds of the present invention may be an electrophile or a chelator.
• the compounds of the present invention may be able to function as both an electrophile and as a chelator.
• the compounds of the present invention can include multiple functional groups wherein a functional group has chelating properties and a functional group that has electrophilic properties.
• the compound is selected from one or more of the group consisting of the compounds in Table 1 and Table 2 or a salt or ester thereof.
• the compounds in Table 1 or Table 2 may be chelators, electrophiles or both.
• compounds 76 and 97 from Table 2 act as a chelator, but compound 113 of Table 2 acts as a thiol-reactive electrophile.
• compounds from Table 1 or Table 2 can act as both an electrophile and as a nucleophile.
• compounds 91 and 107 of Table 2 are both chelators, but can possibly also act as thiol-reactive electrophiles.
• the compounds of the present invention are an electrophile, chelator or both an electrophile and a chelator selected from one or more of the group consisting of the compounds in Table 1 and Table 2 or a salt or ester thereof.
• the compounds in Table 1 and Table 2 or a salt or ester thereof bind and active Parkin ligase.
• the compound can be 2-(4-benzylpiperazin-1-yl)-N-[(2-hydroxy- 3-prop-2-enyl-phenyl)methylideneamino]acetamide (also referred to as Pac-1) or a salt or ester thereof.
• Pac-1 2-(4-benzylpiperazin-1-yl)-N-[(2-hydroxy- 3-prop-2-enyl-phenyl)methylideneamino]acetamide (also referred to as Pac-1) or a salt or ester thereof.
• Pac-1 provided as compound 114 in Table 2 below, is believed to be a chelator and may also have the ability to increase the Parkin Ligase reaction.
• Pac-1, or a salt or thereof may also be an electrophile and/or be both a chelator and an electrophile.
• the compound may be a derivative or analogue of Pac-1.
• the compound may be a compound as described in PCT Application Publication Nos. WO2010/091382, WO2013/131089, WO2013/124407, WO2014/022858, U.S. Application Publication Nos. US2015/0210659, US2015/0231132, US2014/0073609, US20150017264, US2015/0099759, U.S. Patent No. 8,916,705, U.S. Patent No. 9,102,661, U.S. Patent No.8,592,584, and U.S. Patent No. 8,778,945, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
• Activity-based probe assays and mass spectrometry analysis indicate that some candidate compounds in Table 1 and/or Table 2 can bind or react with multiple cysteine residues in human Parkin ligase.
• mass spectrometry analysis shows that AH007 binds to at least cysteine residue 59 (C59) and cysteine residue 377 (C377) of Parkin ligase.
• methods of activating a Parkin ligase include administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds that disrupt at least one Parkin ligase zinc finger.
• the one or more compounds are selected from Table 1 and/or Table 2, or a salt or ester thereof.
• the compound may be a chelator, an electrophile or both a chelator and an electrophile.
• the one or more compounds can coordinate with a Zn ion, and/or bind or react with one or more cysteine residues.
• the Zn ion may be either a Zn + or a Zn 2+ ion.
• the compound can coordinate to a Zn ion is a monodentate, bidentate, or tridentate ligand.
• the compound can bind and/or react with a thiol group in more than one cysteine residues. In another embodiment, the compound can bind and/or react with a thiol group in two cysteine residues. In another embodiment, the compound can bind and/or react with a thiol group in three cysteine residues. In another embodiment, the compound can bind and/or react with a thiol group in four cysteine residues. In another specific embodiment, the compound can bind or react with one or more cysteine residues in one or more domains selected from the group consisting amino acids 141-225, amino acids 238-293, amino acids 313-377, and amino acids 418-449 of human Parkin Ligase. See http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O60260.
• the compound can bind or react with one or more cysteine residues selected from the group consisting of C182, C258 and C377 of human Parkin Ligase. In another specific embodiment, the compound can bind or react with one or more cysteine residues selected from the group consisting of C59 and C377 of human Parkin Ligase. In a specific embodiment, the compound can react with C377 of human Parkin Ligase. In another specific embodiment, the compound is AH007.
• the compound can bind or react with one or more cysteine residues selected from one or more residues of a parkin ligase, parkin ligase derivative, or parkin ligase homologue that correspond to or align with C182, C258 and/or C377 of human Parkin Ligase.
• the compound can bind or react with one or more cysteine residues selected from one or more residues of a parkin ligase, parkin ligase derivative, or parkin ligase homologue that correspond to or align with C59 and/or C377 of human Parkin Ligase.
• the compound is AH007.
• the IBR domain may play a key role in regulating Parkin activity. It is believed that the RO domain includes at least one ZnF domain that as discussed above, could be involved in one possible mechanism for regulating Parkin ligase. Accordingly, in a specific embodiment, the structure of at least one ZnF domain located in the IBR domain (amino acids 328- 377) may be substantially disrupted by the administration of a compound to a subject in need thereof. In another embodiment, one or more compounds selected from Table 1 and/or Table 2, or a salt or ester thereof, may substantially disrupt the structure of at least one ZnF domain located in the IBR domain (amino acids 328-377).
• the compound can bind and/or react with a cysteine residue, including any histidine residue(s) in or near the ZnF domain.
• the compounds may substantially disrupt the structure of at least one zinc finger (or ZnF domain) in the Parkin ligase.
• the compounds of the present invention may disrupt one or more ZnF domains in Parkin ligase.
• Riley et al. describes a human Parkin ligase of 465 amino acids that includes multiple functional areas with Zn coordination residues (amino acid sequence provided in Table 3 (SEQ ID NO:1) and identified in http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_004562.2). Riley et al. discusses 4 domains designated as R0, R1, IBR and R2. R0, R1 and R2 which were previously designated as RING domains.
• R0 is a novel domain structure, but is more similar to Zn-finger domains than to E3 RING domains”
• Riley et al. also states that neither IBR or the R2 domains resemble the canonical RING domain motif, as they do not have a cross-brace structure as normally associated with RING domains.
• analysis of the R0, IBR and R2 domains indicates possible vulnerabilities in their zinc centers.
• the R0, IBR and R2 domains look like ideal domain candidates for regulating the activity of Parkin Ligase.
• the R0, IBR and R2 domains refer to amino acids 141-216, amino acids 328-377, and amino acids 415-465 of human Parkin Ligase, respectively.
• the at least one zinc finger that may be substantially disrupted correspond to or align with one or more domains selected from the group consisting amino acids 141-216, amino acids 328-377, and amino acids 415-465 of human Parkin Ligase.
• the amino acids from the at least one zinc finger may overlap in an alignment with one or more of the R0, IBR and R2 domains from human Parkin Ligase.
• the at least one zinc finger that may be substantially disrupted correspond to or align with one or more domains selected from the group consisting amino acids 141-225, amino acids 238-293, amino acids 313-377, and amino acids 418-449 of human Parkin Ligase. See http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O60260.
• At least one of the zinc fingers in the Parkin ligase comprises, one, two, three or four cysteine residues.
• the disruption of at least one zinc finger induces the activity of the Parkin ligase.
• at least one of the zinc fingers in the Parkin ligase comprises, one, two, three or four cysteine residues from amino acids 141-225, amino acids 238-293, amino acids 313-377, and amino acids 418-449 of human Parkin Ligase.
• a compound can react and thus disrupt one or more zinc fingers by binding or reacting to one or more cysteine residues selected from the group consisting of C182, C258 and C377 of human Parkin Ligase.
• the methods of the present invention also include activating auto-ubiquitinization of a Parkin ligase by administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds.
• the one or more compounds disrupt at least one Parkin ligase zinc finger.
• the compounds in Table 1 and/or Table 2 may be used to activate auto-ubiquitinization of Parkin ligase.
• the compounds in Table 1 and/or Table 2 may be used in addition with other compounds to activate auto- ubiquitinization of Parkin ligase.
• Phospho Ubiquitin an endogenous cellular regulator of Parkin
• Parkin ligase an endogenous cellular regulator of Parkin
• one or more compounds in Table 1 and/or Table 2 , or salts and esters therof may be administered to a subject in need thereof that acts synergistically with Phospho Ubiquitin (pUB) in activating the Parkin ligase. See, e.g., Example 5.
• one or more compounds may be administered with pUB to synergistically increase the activation of Parkin ligase and/or its auto-ubiquitinization.
• the compound may be a chelator and/or an electrophile.
• the one or more compounds are selected from Table 1 and/or Table 2, or a salt or ester thereof.
• the activation of the Parkin ligase treats or reduces the incidence of one or more diseases or ailments selected from the group consisting of Alzheimer’s Dementia, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Freidreich’s ataxia, Spinocerebellar Ataxia, Multiple Systems Atrophy, PSP, Tauopathy, Diffuse Lewy Body Disease, Lewy Body dementia, any disorder characterized by abnormal accumulation of ⁇ -synuclein, disorders of the aging process, stroke, bacterial infection, viral infection, Mitochondrial related disease, mental retardation, deafness, blindness, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, multiple sclerosis, Sjogrens syndrome, lupus, glaucoma, including pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy, and rheumatoid arthritis.
• Alzheimer’s Dementia Parkinson’s disease, Huntington Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Freidreich’
• the bacterial infection is Mycobacterium infection.
• the viral infection is HIV, Hepatitis B infection or Hepatitis C infection.
• Another embodiment of the present invention includes methods of treating and/or reducing the incidence of cancer, specifically comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds that disrupt at least one Parkin ligase zinc finger and induces Parkin ligase activity.
• the activated Parkin ligase suppresses the growth of one or more tumors and/or prevents metastasis of one or more tumors.
• the cancer may be selected from one or more of the group consisting of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Adrenocortical Carcinoma, AIDS-Related Cancers, Kaposi Sarcoma, Lymphoma, Anal Cancer, Appendix Cancer, Astrocytomas, Childhood Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor, Basal Cell Carcinoma, Skin Cancer (Nonmelanoma), Childhood Bile Duct Cancer, Extrahepatic Bladder Cancer, Bone Cancer, Ewing Sarcoma Family of Tumors, Osteosarcoma and Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma, Brain Stem Glioma, Brain Tumors, Embryonal Tumors, Germ Cell Tumors, Craniopharyngioma, Ependymoma, Bronchial Tumors, Burkitt Lymphoma (Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma), Carcinoid Tumor, Ga
• the cancer is glioblastoma, small cell lung carcinoma, breast cancer and/or prostate cancer.
• the administration of the Parkin ligase suppresses one or more tumors in the subject.
• the compound eliminates damaged mitochondria, increases cell viability during cellular stress, decreases tumor transformation and/or mitigates alpha-synuclein in cells.
• the methods of the present invention include treating and/or reducing the incidence of Parkinson’s disease, specifically by administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds that disrupt at least one Parkin ligase zinc finger and induces Parkin ligase activity, wherein the compound can coordinate with a Zn ion and/or react with a thiol group in a cysteine(s).
• the one or more compounds eliminate damaged mitochondria, increases cell viability during cellular stress and/or mitigates alpha-synuclein in cells.“Somatic Mutations of the Parkinson’s disease ⁇ associated gene PARK2 in glioblastoma and other human malignancies” (Nature Genetics Jan 201042(1)77-82).
• the Parkin ligase activation alters ubiquitination.
• the alteration of ubiquitination is caused by the ability of Parkin to modify a substrate protein by covalent attachment of Ubiquitin, a substrate protein being Parkin itself, or another protein such as Mitofusion 1 or 2, FBW7, or other publicly reported substrates of Parkin ligase.
• the methods of the present invention include treating and/or reducing the incidence of cancer, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound that disrupts at least one Parkin ligase zinc finger and induces Parkin ligase activity, wherein the compound can coordinate with a zinc ion and/or bind or react with a cysteine.
• the compound is from Table 1 or Table 2 or a salt or ester thereof.
• the Parkin ligase suppresses the growth of one or more tumors and/or prevents metastasis of one or more tumors.
• the compound eliminates damaged mitochondria, increases cell viability during cellular stress, decreases tumor transformation and/or mitigates alpha-synuclein in cells.
• the cancer is glioblastoma, small cell lung carcinoma, breast cancer or prostate cancer.
• the compound for treating and/or reducing the incidence of cancer can coordinate to a Zn ion as a monodentate, bidentate, or tridentate ligand.
• the compound for treating and/or reducing the incidence of cancer can coordinate to a Zn ion substantially which disrupts the structure of at least one zinc finger in the Parkin ligase.
• the amino acid residues of at least one zinc finger corresponds to or aligns with one or more amino acid domains selected from the group consisting R0 amino acids 141-216, IBR amino acids 328-377, and R2 amino acids 415-465 of human Parkin Ligase.
• the compound substantially disrupts the structure of at least one zinc finger located in the IBR domain (amino acids 328-377).
• the zinc finger comprises four cysteine residues.
• the Parkin ligase activation alters ubiquitination.
• the compound binds or reacts with the thiol group in a cysteine.
• the cysteine is selected from one or more of the group consisting of C59 and C377 of human Parkin ligase.
• the cysteine is C377 of human Parkin ligase.
• the compound the compound is AH001 and/or AH007.
• the compound for treating and/or reducing the incidence of cancer is an alkylator, oxidant, Michael acceptor, another unsaturated structure, and/or has a disulfide.
• this compound also substantially disrupts the structure of at least one zinc finger in the Parkin ligase.
• the amino acid residues of the at least one zinc finger corresponds to or aligns with one or more amino acid domains selected from the group consisting R0 amino acids 141-216, IBR amino acids 328-377, and R2 amino acids 415- 465 of human Parkin Ligase.
• the zinc finger comprises four cysteine residues.
• the methods of the present invention include treating and/or reducing the incidence of Parkinson’s disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound that disrupts at least one Parkin ligase zinc finger and induces Parkin ligase activity, wherein the compound can coordinate with a zinc ion and/or bind or react with a cysteine.
• the compound is from Table 1 or Table 2 or a salt or ester thereof.
• the compound eliminates damaged mitochondria, increases cell viability during cellular stress and/or mitigates alpha-synuclein in cells.
• the compound that can coordinate to a zinc ion is a monodentate, bidentate, or tridentate ligand.
• the amino acid residues of at least one zinc finger corresponds to or aligns with one or more amino acid domains selected from the group consisting R0 amino acids 141-216, IBR amino acids 328-377, and R2 amino acids 415-465 of human Parkin Ligase.
• the compound substantially disrupts the structure of at least one zinc finger located in the IBR domain (amino acids 328-377).
• the zinc finger comprises four cysteine residues.
• the Parkin ligase activation alters ubiquitination.
• the compound binds or reacts with the thiol group in a cysteine.
• the cysteine is selected from one or more of the group consisting of C59 and C377 of human Parkin ligase.
• the cysteine is C377 of human Parkin ligase.
• the compound the compound is AH001 and/or AH007.
• the Parkin ligase activation alters ubiquitination wherein the alteration of ubiquitination is caused by the ability of Parkin to modify a substrate protein by covalent attachment of Ubiquitin, a substrate protein being Parkin itself, or another protein such as Mitofusion 1 or 2, FBW7, or other publicly reported substrates of Parkin ligase.
• a compound induces Parkin ligase activation.
• the compound is from Table 1 or Table 2 or a salt or ester thereof.
• the compound is an alkylator, oxidant, Michael acceptor, another unsaturated structure, or has a disulfide.
• the compound substantially disrupts the structure of at least one zinc finger in the Parkin ligase.
• the amino acid residues of at least one zinc finger corresponds to or aligns with one or more amino acid domains selected from the group consisting R0 amino acids 141-216, IBR amino acids 328-377, and R2 amino acids 415-465 of human Parkin Ligase.
• the compound substantially disrupts the structure of at least one zinc finger located in the IBR domain (amino acids 328-377).
• the zinc finger comprises four cysteine residues.
• the Parkin ligase activation alters ubiquitination.
• the compound binds or reacts with the thiol group in a cysteine.
• the cysteine is selected from one or more of the group consisting of C59 and C377 of human Parkin ligase. In another embodiment, the cysteine is C377 of human Parkin ligase. In another embodiment, the compound the compound is AH001 and/or AH007. [88] While proteins are built-up to cater for the structural and biochemical requirements of the cell, they are also broken-down in a highly-regulated process serving more purposes than just destruction and space management. Proteins have different half-lives, determined by the nature of the amino acids present at their N-termini. Some will be long-lived, while other will rapidly be degraded.
• Proteolysis not only enables the cell to dispose of misfolded or damaged proteins, but also to fine-tune the concentration of essential proteins within the cell, such as the proteins involved in the cell cycle. This rapid, highly specific degradation can be achieved through the addition of one to several ubiquitin molecules to a target protein. The process is called ubiquitination.
• Ubiquitination is crucial for a plethora of physiological processes, including cell survival and differentiation and innate and adaptive immunity.
• considerable progress has been made in the understanding of the molecular action of ubiquitin in signaling pathways and how alterations in the ubiquitin system lead to the development of distinct human diseases. It has been shown that ubiquitination plays a role in the onset and progression of cancer, metabolic syndromes, neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmunity, inflammatory disorders, infection and muscle dystrophies (Popovic et al. Nature Medicine 20, 1242–1253 (2014)).
• Some embodiments of the present invention relate to methods of treating, preventing, or ameliorating one or more symptoms of diseases or disorders associated with but not limited to solid tumors, such as glioma (oligodenrogliomas, mixed gliomas and glioblastomas), lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, and Warburg effect in tumors (restoration of Parkin activity to prevent Warburg effect).
• Solid tumors such as glioma (oligodenrogliomas, mixed gliomas and glioblastomas), lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, and Warburg effect in tumors (restoration of Parkin activity to prevent Warburg effect).
• Human genetic and pathology data support Parkin protein as a high value target. If there is not enough activated Parkin, then cell death and loss of dopamine neurons occurs. (“Familial Parkinson Disease Gene Product, Parkin, Is a Ubiquitin ⁇ Protein Ligase” Nature Genetics 25, 302-305, 1 July 2000
• Further embodiments of the present invention relate to methods of treating, preventing, or ameliorating one or more symptoms associated with neurological diseases or disorders including but not limited to Alzheimer’s Dementia, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Freidreich’s ataxia, Spinocerebellar Ataxia, Multiple Systems Atrophy, PSP, Tauopathy, Diffuse Lewy Body Disease, Lewy Body dementia, any disorder characterized by abnormal accumulation of ⁇ -synuclein, disorders of the aging process, and stroke.
• neurological diseases or disorders including but not limited to Alzheimer’s Dementia, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Freidreich’s ataxia, Spinocerebellar Ataxia, Multiple Systems Atrophy, PSP, Tauopathy, Diffuse Lewy Body Disease, Lewy Body dementia, any disorder characterized by abnormal accumulation of ⁇ -synuclein, disorders of the aging process, and stroke.
• Other embodiments of the present invention relate to methods of treating, preventing, or ameliorating one or more symptoms associated with but not limited to mental retardation, deafness, blindness, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Sjogrens syndrome, lupus, glaucoma, including pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy, and rheumatoid arthritis.
• autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Sjogrens syndrome, lupus, glaucoma, including pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy, and rheumatoid arthritis.
• the present invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions for activating a Parkin ligase in a subject.
• the pharmaceutical compositions comprise one or more compounds or the salts thereof that disrupt at least one Parkin ligase zinc finger.
• the one or more compounds or the salts thereof can coordinate with a Zn ion, and/or react with at least one thiol group in a cysteine.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may comprise one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of the compounds in Table 1 and Table 2.
• the compounds, methods and pharmaceutical compositions in the present invention may be from one or more of following drug classes: 8-hydroxyquinolines; alpha-hydroxyketone; aminomethyl benzimidazoles; aminomethyl indoles; barbiturates; benzisothiazolones, carboxylate, dithiobisbenzamides, dithiocarbamates, formamides, hydrazides, hydroxamates, hydroxypyridinones/hydroxypyranones, hydroxysulfonamides, imidazoles, ketone hydrates, N-acyl ortho-phenylenediamines, N-hydroxyureas, O-substituted phosphamates, phosphamates, phosphones, sulfamates, sulfamides, sulfodiimines, sulfonamides, thiadiazines, thiadiazolothiones, and thiols.
• Table 1 is representative, but not
• the present invention also relates to the pharmaceutical formulations for activating Parkin ligase in a subject comprising an effective does of an agent that disrupts at least one Parkin ligase zinc finger, wherein the agent or the compound that can coordinate a zinc ion, or the agent or the compound that can react with the thiol group in a cysteine.
• the methods of the present invention include any clinically-acceptable route of administration of the composition to the subject.
• the route of administration is systemic, e.g., oral or by injection.
• the agents or compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or derivatives thereof are administered orally, nasally, transdermally, pulmonary, inhalationally, buccally, sublingually, intraperintoneally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intravenously, rectally, intrapleurally, intrathecally, intraportally, and parenterally.
• the route of administration is local, e.g., topical, intra-tumor and peri-tumor.
• the compound is administered orally.
• the agents disclosed herein are administered by the intravenous route.
• the parenteral administration may be provided in a bolus or by infusion.
• the manner in which the composition is administered is dependent, in part, upon the cause and/or location. One skilled in the art will recognize the advantages of certain routes of administration.
• the method includes administering an effective amount of the agent or compound (or composition comprising the agent or compound) to achieve a desired biological response, e.g., an amount effective to alleviate, ameliorate, or prevent, in whole or in part, a symptom of a condition to be treated, e.g., oncology and neurology disorders.
• a desired biological response e.g., an amount effective to alleviate, ameliorate, or prevent, in whole or in part, a symptom of a condition to be treated, e.g., oncology and neurology disorders.
• the amount of the compound of any one of structural formulas shown in Table 1 and or Table 2, or salt or ester thereof administered is about 0.001 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg body weight (e.g., about 0.01 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg or about 0.1 mg/kg to about 5 mg/kg).
• the concentration of a disclosed compound in a pharmaceutically acceptable mixture will vary depending on several factors, including the dosage of the compound to be administered, the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the compound(s) employed, and the route of administration.
• the agent may be administered in a single dose or in repeat doses.
• the dosage regimen utilizing the compounds of the present invention is selected in accordance with a variety of factors including type, species, age, weight, sex and medical condition of the patient; the severity of the condition to be treated; the route of administration; the renal and hepatic function of the patient; and the particular compound or salt thereof employed. Treatments may be administered daily or more frequently depending upon a number of factors, including the overall health of a patient, and the formulation and route of administration of the selected compound(s). An ordinarily skilled physician or veterinarian can readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the drug required to prevent, counter or arrest the progress of the condition.
• the compound or composition of the invention may be manufactured and/or administered in single or multiple unit dose forms.
• compositions comprising the compound of any one of structural formulas shown in Table 1, and or Table 2 and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier, e.g., a pharmaceutically-acceptable excipient, carrier, binder, and/or diluent.
• a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier e.g., a pharmaceutically-acceptable excipient, carrier, binder, and/or diluent.
• the compounds described herein, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, and prodrugs thereof are used in pharmaceutical preparations in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include inert solid fillers or diluents and sterile aqueous or organic solutions.
• the composition comprises one or more additional therapeutic agents. The compounds will be present in such pharmaceutical compositions in amounts sufficient to provide the desired dosage amount in the range described herein.
• compositions of the present invention may additionally contain other adjunct components conventionally found in pharmaceutical compositions, at their art-established usage levels.
• the compositions may contain additional, compatible, pharmaceutically-active materials such as, for example, antipruritics, astringents, local anesthetics or anti-inflammatory agents, or may contain additional materials useful in physically formulating various dosage forms of the compositions of the present invention, such as dyes, flavoring agents, preservatives, antioxidants, opacifiers, thickening agents and stabilizers.
• additional materials useful in physically formulating various dosage forms of the compositions of the present invention such as dyes, flavoring agents, preservatives, antioxidants, opacifiers, thickening agents and stabilizers.
• such materials when added, should not unduly interfere with the biological activities of the components of the compositions of the present invention.
• the formulations can be sterilized and, if desired, mixed with auxiliary agents, e.g., lubricants, preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts for influencing osmotic pressure, buffers, colorings, flavorings and/or aromatic substances and the like which do not deleteriously interact with the oligonucleotide(s) of the formulation.
• auxiliary agents e.g., lubricants, preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts for influencing osmotic pressure, buffers, colorings, flavorings and/or aromatic substances and the like which do not deleteriously interact with the oligonucleotide(s) of the formulation.
• compositions of the present invention comprise one or more excipients.
• excipients are selected from water, salt solutions, alcohol, polyethylene glycols, gelatin, lactose, amylase, magnesium stearate, talc, silicic acid, viscous paraffin, hydroxymethylcellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone.
• a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is prepared using known techniques, including, but not limited to mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or tableting processes.
• Additional embodiments relate to the pharmaceutical formulations wherein the formulation is selected from the group consisting of a solid, powder, liquid and a gel.
• a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is a liquid (e.g., a suspension, elixir and/or solution).
• a liquid pharmaceutical composition is prepared using ingredients known in the art, including, but not limited to, water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, and coloring agents.
• a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is a solid (e.g., a powder, tablet, and/or capsule).
• a solid pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more ingredients known in the art, including, but not limited to, starches, sugars, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, and disintegrating agents.
• a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is formulated as a depot preparation. Certain such depot preparations are typically longer acting than non-depot preparations. In certain embodiments, such preparations are administered by implantation (for example subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection. In certain embodiments, depot preparations are prepared using suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for example an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt.
• suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials for example an emulsion in an acceptable oil
• ion exchange resins for example an emulsion in an acceptable oil
• sparingly soluble derivatives for example, as a sparingly soluble salt.
• a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises a delivery system.
• delivery systems include, but are not limited to, liposomes and emulsions. Certain delivery systems are useful for preparing certain pharmaceutical compositions including those comprising hydrophobic compounds. In certain embodiments, certain organic solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide are used.
• a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises a co-solvent system.
• co-solvent systems comprise, for example, benzyl alcohol, a nonpolar surfactant, a water-miscible organic polymer, and an aqueous phase.
• co-solvent systems are used for hydrophobic compounds.
• VPD co-solvent system is a solution of absolute ethanol comprising 3% w/v benzyl alcohol, 8% w/v of the nonpolar surfactant Polysorbate 80 and 65% w/v polyethylene glycol 300.
• co-solvent systems may be varied considerably without significantly altering their solubility and toxicity characteristics.
• identity of co-solvent components may be varied: for example, other surfactants may be used instead of Polysorbate 80; the fraction size of polyethylene glycol may be varied; other biocompatible polymers may replace polyethylene glycol, e.g., polyvinyl pyrrolidone; and other sugars or polysaccharides may substitute for dextrose.
• a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises a sustained-release system.
• a sustained-release system is a semi- permeable matrix of solid hydrophobic polymers.
• sustained-release systems may, depending on their chemical nature, release pharmaceutical agents over a period of hours, days, weeks or months.
• a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is prepared for oral administration.
• a pharmaceutical composition is formulated by combining one or more agents and pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Certain of such carriers enable pharmaceutical compositions to be formulated as tablets, pills, dragees, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions and the like, for oral ingestion by a subject.
• Suitable excipients include, but are not limited to, fillers, such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol; cellulose preparations such as, for example, maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl- cellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP).
• PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone
• such a mixture is optionally ground and auxiliaries are optionally added.
• pharmaceutical compositions are formed to obtain tablets or dragee cores.
• disintegrating agents e.g., cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, or alginic acid or a salt thereof, such as sodium alginate are added.
• dragee cores are provided with coatings.
• concentrated sugar solutions may be used, which may optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures.
• Dyestuffs or pigments may be added to tablets or dragee coatings.
• compositions for oral administration are push-fit capsules made of gelatin.
• Certain of such push-fit capsules comprise one or more pharmaceutical agents of the present invention in admixture with one or more filler such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers.
• pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration are soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol.
• one or more pharmaceutical agents of the present invention are be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols.
• stabilizers may be added.
• compositions are prepared for buccal administration. Certain of such pharmaceutical compositions are tablets or lozenges formulated in conventional manner.
• a pharmaceutical composition is prepared for administration by injection (e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, etc.).
• a pharmaceutical composition comprises a carrier and is formulated in aqueous solution, such as water or physiologically compatible buffers such as Hanks's solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological saline buffer.
• other ingredients are included (e.g., ingredients that aid in solubility or serve as preservatives).
• injectable suspensions are prepared using appropriate liquid carriers, suspending agents and the like.
• compositions for injection are suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents.
• Certain solvents suitable for use in pharmaceutical compositions for injection include, but are not limited to, lipophilic solvents and fatty oils, such as sesame oil, synthetic fatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycerides, and liposomes.
• Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances that increase the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, or dextran.
• such suspensions may also contain suitable stabilizers or agents that increase the solubility of the pharmaceutical agents to allow for the preparation of highly concentrated solutions.
• a pharmaceutical composition is prepared for transmucosal administration.
• penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art.
• a pharmaceutical composition is prepared for administration by inhalation.
• Certain of such pharmaceutical compositions for inhalation are prepared in the form of an aerosol spray in a pressurized pack or a nebulizer.
• Certain of such pharmaceutical compositions comprise a propellant, e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas.
• the dosage unit may be determined with a valve that delivers a metered amount.
• capsules and cartridges for use in an inhaler or insufflator may be formulated.
• Certain of such formulations comprise a powder mixture of a pharmaceutical agent of the invention and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.
• a pharmaceutical composition is prepared for rectal administration, such as a suppository or retention enema.
• Certain of such pharmaceutical compositions comprise known ingredients, such as cocoa butter and/or other glycerides.
• a pharmaceutical composition is prepared for topical administration.
• Certain of such pharmaceutical compositions comprise bland moisturizing bases, such as ointments or creams.
• ointments or creams include, but are not limited to, petrolatum, petrolatum plus volatile silicones, and lanolin and water in oil emulsions.
• suitable cream bases include, but are not limited to, cold cream and hydrophilic ointment.
• the therapeutically effective amount is sufficient to prevent, alleviate or ameliorate symptoms of a disease or to prolong the survival of the subject being treated. Determination of a therapeutically effective amount is well within the capability of those skilled in the art.
• one or more compounds of the present invention are formulated as a prodrug.
• a prodrug upon in vivo administration, a prodrug is chemically converted to the biologically, pharmaceutically or therapeutically more active form.
• prodrugs are useful because they are easier to administer than the corresponding active form.
• a prodrug may be more bioavailable (e.g., through oral administration) than is the corresponding active form.
• a prodrug may have improved solubility compared to the corresponding active form.
• prodrugs are less water soluble than the corresponding active form. In certain instances, such prodrugs possess superior transmittal across cell membranes, where water solubility is detrimental to mobility.
• a prodrug is an ester.
• the ester is metabolically hydrolyzed to carboxylic acid upon administration.
• the carboxylic acid containing compound is the corresponding active form.
• a prodrug comprises a short peptide (polyaminoacid) bound to an acid group.
• the peptide is cleaved upon administration to form the corresponding active form.
• a prodrug is produced by modifying a pharmaceutically active compound such that the active compound will be regenerated upon in vivo administration.
• the prodrug can be designed to alter the metabolic stability or the transport characteristics of a drug, to mask side effects or toxicity, to improve the flavor of a drug or to alter other characteristics or properties of a drug.
• ABP Activity-Based Probe
• ABP consists of a ubiquitin moiety with an epitope tag (e.g. HA tag) at the N-terminus, and a reactive group at the C-terminus.
• the activity of Parkin-RBR (w/o the R0 inhibitory domain) is significantly higher than the activity of Parkin-R0RBR or the activity of full-length Parkin.
• TR-FRET Time Resolved Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
• N-terminal His6-tag enabling TR-FRET-assay ⁇ use of the purified protein that still have the N-terminal His 6 -SUMO-tags on.
• Optimize assay e.g. in terms of concentrations of assay components, buffer, additives, order of addition of reagents, and incubation temperature
• Test DMSO tolerance Demonstrate specificity of the assay signal obtained using the Parkin RBR domain (w/o the R0 inhibitory domain) by titration of Ub (competing with ABP)
• Example 2 Activity-Based Probe Assay using an Ubiquitin vinyl sulfone probe
• a Ubiquitin vinyl sulfone probe can be used that irreversibly binds to the active site cysteine of Parkin ligase. Covalent attachment of the probe to the Parkin can be monitored by TR- FRET.
• Candidate activator compounds can be identified by increasing the activity of Parkin ligase due to an increase in TR-FRET signal. Screening for activating compounds can be distinguished from the controls as follows:
• 100% activation signal Heat activated Parkin + 100nM control activator in DMSO.
• 0% activation signal Heat activated Parkin + DMSO only. Parkin activators can be identified by an increase of the 0% activation signal TR-FRET signal.
• Assay Plate White 384well plate (Corning 3572)
• DMSO DMSO (Sigma cat # D4540 -100ML)
• Reaction Buffer 50mM HEPES (pH 8.5), 150mM NaCl, 0.01% Tween 20, 0.1% BSA Detection Buffer: 50mM HEPES (pH 8.5), 150mM NaCl, 0.01% Tween 20, 0.1% BSA,
• Detection Reagent A 2.6nM Anti-6HIS-Eu cryptate and 40nM Anti-HA-XL665 in detection buffer Eu cryptate: Anti-6HIS-Eu cryptate (CisBio 61HISKLA)
• XL665 Anti-HA-XL665 (CisBio 610HAXLA) Enzyme Reaction (15min pre incubation Parkin with activator only)
• the Activity-Based Probe Assay was performed as in Example 2 above with various compounds in Table 1 and/or Table 2. At least two compounds indicated increasing Parkin activity with the activity-based probe Ubiquitin-vinyl sulfone. As demonstrated in Fig: 1, compound N,N'-(1-phenyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3,5-diyl)dibenzamide, a chelator compound (AH001) increases the Parkin Ligase reaction with the Activity-based Ubituitin vinyl sulfone probe.
• an electrophile and chelator compound increases the Parkin Ligase reaction with the Activity-based Ubituitin vinyl sulfone probe.
• This example indicates that both chelators and electrophiles can both regulate and/or increase Parkin ligase activity.
• Example 4 Parkin pUB Auto-ubiquitinylation Assay
• a Parkin pUB Auto-ubiquitinylation Assay is used to evaluate a candidate compound’s potency to activate Parkin’s ability to Auto-ubiquitinylate itself.
• the principle of this assay is that the E3 Ligase Parkin catalyzes the transfer of Ubiquitin to target proteins, but also has the ability to auto-ubiquitinylate itself.
• the phospho-Ubiquition (pUb) added to the assay alters the Parkin to a state where small molecule activators can enable the Parkin to auto-ubiquitinylate though the E1– E2 cascade reaction.
• the use of a Eu cryptate Ubiquition and anti 6His-d2 that binds to the His tagged Parkin will give a signal when the Eu cryptate Ubiquition is auto-ubiquitinylate onto the Parkin which can be monitored by TR-FRET.
• 0% activation signal pUb activated Parkin + DMSO only. Parkin activators can be identified by an increase of the 0% activation signal TR- FRET signal.
• Assay Plate White 384well plate (Corning 3572)
• Enzyme 1 5 ⁇ M E1 (Ubiquitin-activating enzyme/UBE1 Boston Biochem E-305) Enzyme 2: 25 ⁇ M E2 (UBcH7/Ube2L3 Boston Biochem E2-640)
• Enzyme 3 Parkin-His tagged 203 ⁇ M (10.5 mg/ml) Supplied by An2H
• DMSO DMSO (Sigma cat # D4540 -100ML)
• PF-127 Pluronic F-127 (Fisher Scientific 50-310-494)
• Reaction Buffer 50mM HEPES, 50mM NaCl, 1mM MgCl2, 0.005% Tween20, 0.1% PF- 127, pH 8.5
• Detection Buffer 50mM HEPES, 50mM NaCl, 800mM KF, 5mM EDTA, 0.005%
• % Activation of compound titration can then be used to find activation EC50 or highest % activation if less than 75% activation is seen for the candidate compound.
• Example 5 Parkin pUB Auto-ubiquitinylation Assay with Candidate Electrophile and
• an electrophile compound (AH007) increases Parkin activity in an auto- ubiquitination assay.
• AH007 6-benzyl-2,5-dimethyl-3-phenylpyrazolo[1,5- a]pyrimidine-7-thiol
• both chelators and electrophiles can both regulate and/or increase Parkin ligase activity in an auto-ubiquitination assay.
• Residues C59 and C377 are Critical For Modulator Binding to Parkin
• Parkin ligase was incubated with AH007 compound, and the mixture was then subject to tandem mass spectometry analysis after proteolytic digestion to produce fragments of Parkin ligase. The goal was to identify specific fragments of Parkin that contain compound bound AH007, revealing the specific binding residues of Parkin for the compound. Compound An2H07 is also fragmented when analyzed by mass spectrometry. Therefore, characteristic pieces of the compound AH007 that are attached to specific residues of Parkin can also be identified.
• the mass spectrometry data of Parkin ligase incubated with AH007 compound thus indicates that the compound binds and/or attaches to two specific sites in Parkin ligase: C59 and C377.
• Residues C59 and C377 were the only two consistent sites observed, even when the concentration of AH007 compound was dramatically increased in the mixture with Parkin ligase, suggesting specificity for these sites over numerous other sites of potential attachment.
• at least C377 is included in ZnF domains of human Parkin Ligase, and thus accords with the theory that cysteine residues in the flexible Parkin ligase ZnF domains are vulnerable for attachment and/or interruption by small molecule candidates.
• Peptide fragments of Parkin comprising C59 and/or C377 will be useful to design further binding assays and selection of additional modulating agents.

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