WO2016088319A1 - 抵抗スポット溶接方法 - Google Patents
抵抗スポット溶接方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016088319A1 WO2016088319A1 PCT/JP2015/005771 JP2015005771W WO2016088319A1 WO 2016088319 A1 WO2016088319 A1 WO 2016088319A1 JP 2015005771 W JP2015005771 W JP 2015005771W WO 2016088319 A1 WO2016088319 A1 WO 2016088319A1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K11/00—Resistance welding; Severing by resistance heating
- B23K11/10—Spot welding; Stitch welding
- B23K11/11—Spot welding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K11/00—Resistance welding; Severing by resistance heating
- B23K11/10—Spot welding; Stitch welding
- B23K11/11—Spot welding
- B23K11/115—Spot welding by means of two electrodes placed opposite one another on both sides of the welded parts
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K11/00—Resistance welding; Severing by resistance heating
- B23K11/16—Resistance welding; Severing by resistance heating taking account of the properties of the material to be welded
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K11/00—Resistance welding; Severing by resistance heating
- B23K11/16—Resistance welding; Severing by resistance heating taking account of the properties of the material to be welded
- B23K11/20—Resistance welding; Severing by resistance heating taking account of the properties of the material to be welded of different metals
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K11/00—Resistance welding; Severing by resistance heating
- B23K11/24—Electric supply or control circuits therefor
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K11/00—Resistance welding; Severing by resistance heating
- B23K11/24—Electric supply or control circuits therefor
- B23K11/25—Monitoring devices
- B23K11/252—Monitoring devices using digital means
- B23K11/255—Monitoring devices using digital means the measured parameter being a force
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K11/00—Resistance welding; Severing by resistance heating
- B23K11/24—Electric supply or control circuits therefor
- B23K11/25—Monitoring devices
- B23K11/252—Monitoring devices using digital means
- B23K11/257—Monitoring devices using digital means the measured parameter being an electrical current
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K11/00—Resistance welding; Severing by resistance heating
- B23K11/36—Auxiliary equipment
- B23K11/362—Contact means for supplying welding current to the electrodes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a resistance spot welding method.
- the present invention generates splattering regardless of disturbances such as diversion and plate gap, especially in a plate assembly of two or more thick plates and at least one of them and a three-layer stack or more with a large plate thickness ratio. It is intended to make it possible to stably secure the nugget diameter without any problems.
- a resistance spot welding method which is a kind of a lap resistance welding method, is used for joining the stacked steel plates.
- This welding method is a method in which two or more superposed steel plates are sandwiched and pressed with a pair of electrodes from above and below, and a high-current welding current is passed between the upper and lower electrodes for a short time to join them.
- a spot-like welded portion can be obtained by utilizing the resistance heat generated by passing the welding current.
- This spot-like welded portion is a portion called a nugget where both steel plates are melted and solidified at the contact points of the steel plates when current is passed through the stacked steel plates. The steel plates are joined to each other in a dot shape by this nugget.
- the joint strength of the resistance spot weld depends on the nugget diameter.
- a nugget diameter larger than a predetermined diameter.
- the nugget diameter gradually increases as the welding current increases.
- the welding current exceeds a certain value, a phenomenon of scattering of molten metal between the steel plates occurs. The occurrence of scatter is dangerous, and scatter forms around the weld and deteriorates the appearance, causing variations in the nugget diameter and joint tensile strength. As a result, the quality of the joint becomes unstable.
- the center pillar employs a structure in which reinforcement is sandwiched between an outer and an inner.
- this structure unlike the case of spot welding of a simple two-ply steel plate, it is required to superimpose three or more steel plates for spot welding.
- a plate assembly in which a thin outer plate (thin plate) is arranged on the outside and a thick inner plate and a reinforcement (thick plate) are combined on the inner side.
- a steel plate having a relatively small thickness is referred to as a thin plate
- a steel plate having a relatively large thickness is referred to as a thick plate. The following is the same description.
- the conventional pressure and welding current are constant values.
- spot welding is performed as it is, it is known that a nugget of a necessary size is difficult to be formed between the thin plate and the thick plate on the outermost side (the side in contact with the electrode tip). This tendency is particularly strong when the plate thickness ratio is more than 3 and further 5 or more.
- the steel plate used is often mild steel.
- the thick plate is a strength reinforcing member, and a high-tensile steel plate is often used.
- the position where heat is generated is biased toward the high-tensile steel plate having a high specific resistance.
- nuggets are further less likely to be formed between the thick plate and the thin plate (mild steel).
- the steel plate used is a plated steel plate, the plating layer melted at a low temperature expands the energization path between the steel plates, so that the current density is reduced and it becomes more difficult to form the nugget on the thin plate side.
- the contact gap between the steel plates is reduced by increasing the gap between the steel plates, so that the nugget of the necessary diameter is also obtained. It may not be obtained or scattering may occur easily.
- the range of welding conditions for obtaining an appropriate nugget diameter is very narrow in a plate assembly having three or more large plate thickness ratios, the influence of these disturbances may be significant. .
- Patent Document 1 proposes the following technique as a resistance spot welding method for a plate assembly of three or more stacked sheets having a large thickness ratio. That is, in a plate assembly with a large plate thickness ratio in which a thin plate is further overlapped with two stacked thick plates, a seat surface partially higher than the general part is formed at a position where the thin plate is to be welded, and the thin plate The opposing electrode is formed with a spherical tip. Then, at the initial stage of welding, the thin plate and the adjacent thick plate are welded so as to crush the seating surface of the thin plate with a low pressure, and then the two thick plates are welded with a high pressure. This is a technique for forming a necessary nugget between a thin plate and a thick plate.
- Patent Document 2 the following technique is proposed. That is, in the method of spot welding a workpiece in which a thin plate with low rigidity is superposed on two thick plates with high rigidity, sandwiched between a pair of electrode tips, the electrode tip works against the thin plate with the smallest rigidity. A nugget is formed between the thin plate and the thick plate by making the applied pressure smaller than the applied pressure to the electrode chip work contacting the thick plate. This is a technique for increasing the welding strength of the workpiece.
- Patent Document 3 proposes the following technique. That is, in the method of spot welding a workpiece to be welded having a large thickness ratio, after applying a first pressing force to the workpiece and passing a welding current, the energization is temporarily stopped and the workpiece is sandwiched. Then, a second pressurizing force larger than the first pressurizing force is applied and a welding current is supplied again. Desirably, the current value of the welding current in the step of applying the first pressurizing force is changed to three stages of the first stage to the third stage, and the current value of the second stage is changed to the first stage and the third stage. Make it smaller than the current value of the stage. Thereby, it is the technique of improving the joint strength of the to-be-welded body with a large plate
- the present invention has been developed in view of the above circumstances. That is, according to the present invention, in a plate assembly having a large plate thickness ratio in which a thin plate is overlapped with one of two or more thick plates that are overlapped, regardless of the degree of disturbance such as a gap or a shunt, there is no occurrence of scattering.
- An object of the present invention is to propose a resistance spot welding method capable of obtaining a nugget having an appropriate diameter.
- the energization pattern is divided into two or more multi-steps, the first step pressure is F1, and the second step pressure is applied.
- the pressure is F2, F1> F2 It is important to satisfy this relationship.
- the contact area between the thin plate and the thick plate and between the thin plate and the electrode is made smaller than in the first step. It is possible to increase the density and to promote heat generation sufficient to obtain a desired nugget diameter between the thin plate and the thick plate.
- condition range for obtaining an appropriate nugget diameter between the thin plate and the thick plate varies greatly due to disturbance, it is effective to perform the following adaptive control welding.
- test welding is performed, and the accumulated heat generation amount per unit volume that can be welded satisfactorily for each step from the plate thickness and energization time of the workpiece in the test welding.
- it is effective to perform adaptive control welding to follow the fluctuation of the condition range by adjusting the welding current or voltage to generate the calorific value per unit volume / unit time calculated. It is.
- the present invention has been completed based on the above findings and further studies.
- the gist configuration of the present invention is as follows. 1. A thickness ratio of a thin plate superimposed on at least one of two or more stacked thick plates: a plate assembly of more than 3 is sandwiched between a pair of electrodes, and a main welding process is provided for joining by energization while applying pressure, In the main welding process, the energization / pressurization pattern is divided into two or more multi-steps and welding is performed. At that time, the first step pressure: F1 and the second step pressure: F2. But, F1> F2 Resistance spot welding method that satisfies the above relationship.
- the temporal change in instantaneous calorific value per unit volume and per unit volume calculated from the electrical characteristics between the electrodes when forming an appropriate nugget by energizing with constant current control prior to the main welding process Storing the accumulated heat generation amount as a target value, performing test welding, and a test welding process, In the main welding process, welding is started on the basis of the time variation curve of the instantaneous heat generation amount per unit volume stored as the target value, and in any step, the instantaneous heat generation amount per unit volume of the main welding is determined.
- the accumulated heat generation amount per unit volume in the main welding process is set as the target value in order to compensate for the difference within the remaining energization time of the step. 2.
- the current value I1 of the first step in the main welding process and the current value I2 of the second step are: I1 ⁇ I2 2.
- the present invention it is possible to obtain a good nugget without occurrence of scattering in a plate assembly of three or more stacked plates having a large plate thickness ratio, regardless of the presence or absence of disturbance such as diversion or plate gap.
- the present invention provides a resistance spot welding method comprising a main welding step in which a plate assembly in which a thin plate is superimposed on at least one of two or more stacked thick plates is sandwiched between a pair of electrodes and energized and joined while being pressed. It is.
- it is particularly difficult to obtain a nugget of a necessary size between the thin plate and the thick plate without occurrence of scattering (total thickness of the plate assembly / the thinnest steel plate constituting the plate assembly (metal plate). )
- the upper limit of the plate thickness ratio is not particularly limited, but is usually up to 12.
- the thin plate as used in the field of this invention means the steel plate with relatively small board thickness among the steel plates used for board assembly, and a thick board means the steel plate with relatively large board thickness. In general, the thickness of the thin plate is 3/4 or less of the steel plate (thick plate) having the largest thickness.
- the energization / pressurization pattern is divided into two or more multi-steps for welding.
- a plate assembly in which two steel plates (thick plates) 12 and 13 are overlapped and a thin plate 11 is overlapped on one of these thick plates 12 and 13 as shown in FIG.
- the resistance spot welding method of the present invention will be described by taking as an example the case of performing resistance spot welding by dividing the pressure pattern into two steps.
- reference numeral 14 denotes an electrode.
- the plate assembly is sandwiched between a pair of upper and lower electrodes at a desired welding position, and pressurization and energization are started.
- the pressure and the welding current are set so that no scattering occurs, and the space between the thick plate 12 and the thick plate 13 is melted to form the nugget N1.
- the nugget first between the thick plate 12 and the thick plate 13, it is easy to ensure a current-carrying diameter between the respective plates, particularly between the thin plate 11 and the thick plate 12. For this reason, in the energization after the second step, the occurrence of scattering between the thin plate 11 and the thick plate 12 is suppressed.
- the second step welding for forming the nugget N2 between the thin plate 11 and the thick plate 12 as shown in FIG. 2 is performed.
- the pressure F1 (kN) in the first step and the pressure F2 (kN) in the second step are: F1> F2 It is important to satisfy this relationship.
- the melted portion is formed at the interface between the thick plate 12 and the thick plate 13 first, and it is easy to secure a current-carrying diameter between the thin plate 11 and the thick plate 12.
- the contact area between the thin plate 11 and the thick plate 12 and between the thin plate 11 and the electrode 14 is made smaller than in the first step, As a result, the current density can be increased and, in the second step, sufficient heat generation can be promoted to obtain a nugget having an appropriate diameter between the thin plate 11 and the thick plate 12 as shown in FIG.
- the pressing force F2 is set to t m (mm) (the thickness of the thin plate 11 in FIGS. 1 and 2) among the plurality of steel plates constituting the plate assembly, 0.5t m ⁇ F2 ⁇ 8t m It is preferable to satisfy this relationship. Because, in the pressure F2 (kN) is 8t m greater, heating decreases the contact area is too enlarged, it becomes difficult to form a nugget proper size between the thin plate 11 thick 12. On the other hand, if the pressure F2 to (kN) is less than 0.5 t m, the contact resistance between the electrode 14 and the thin plate 11 is increased, along with the spark is likely to occur, the thin plate 11 thick 12 This is because scattering tends to occur between them. More preferably in the range of 0.6t m ⁇ F2 ⁇ 7t m.
- the appropriate condition range is likely to change due to disturbances such as diversion and plate gap
- the main welding step it is preferable to perform adaptive control welding in which the heat generation amount per unit volume / unit time calculated as described above is adjusted to a welding current or voltage.
- a welding test with the same steel type and thickness as the work piece is performed under various conditions with constant current control in a state where there is no diversion to the existing welding point or plate gap, and the optimum conditions for test welding. Find out. Then, for each step, during welding when welding is performed under the above conditions, the temporal change in instantaneous calorific value per unit volume calculated from the electrical characteristics between the electrodes and the cumulative calorific value per unit volume during welding are set as target values.
- the electrical characteristic between the electrodes means an interelectrode resistance or an interelectrode voltage.
- adaptive control welding is performed in this welding process.
- welding is started on the basis of the time variation curve of instantaneous calorific value per unit volume for each step obtained in the above test welding, and the temporal variation amount of instantaneous calorific value per unit volume is used as a reference. If it is along a certain time change curve, the welding is performed as it is, and the welding is finished. However, if the temporal change in instantaneous calorific value per unit volume deviates from the standard time change curve, the difference is applied per unit volume in the main welding process by performing adaptive control welding to control the energization amount.
- the method for calculating the calorific value per unit volume is not particularly limited, but an example thereof is disclosed in Patent Document 4, and this method can also be adopted in the present invention.
- the procedure for calculating the cumulative calorific value Q per unit volume by this method is as follows.
- the total thickness of the material to be welded is t
- the electrical resistivity of the material to be welded is r
- the voltage between the electrodes is V
- the welding current is I
- the area where the electrode and the material to be welded are in contact is S.
- the welding current has a cross-sectional area S and passes through a columnar portion having a thickness t to generate resistance heat.
- the calorific value q per unit volume and unit time in the columnar part is obtained by the following equation (1).
- the calorific value q per unit volume / unit time can be calculated from the voltage V between electrodes, the total thickness t of the workpiece, and the electrical resistivity r of the workpiece, And the area S where the workpiece is in contact is not affected.
- the calorific value is calculated from the interelectrode voltage V in the expression (3)
- the calorific value q can also be calculated from the interelectrode current I.
- the area S where the electrode and the work piece are in contact with each other can also be calculated. Need not be used. And if the calorific value q per unit volume and unit time is accumulated over the energization period, the cumulative calorific value Q per unit volume applied to welding is obtained.
- the cumulative calorific value Q per unit volume can also be calculated without using the area S where the electrode and the workpiece are in contact.
- the cumulative heat generation amount Q is calculated by the method described in Patent Document 4 has been described, but it goes without saying that other calculation formulas may be used.
- the current value of the first step in the main welding process is set to I1, No.
- I2 ⁇ I2 It is preferable to satisfy this relationship. This makes it possible to more actively promote heat generation and melting between the thin plate 11 and the thick plate 12 in the second step.
- I1 ' ⁇ I2' It is preferable to satisfy this relationship.
- the cooling time ( Hereinafter, it is preferable to provide Tc). This is because the nugget growth between the thick plate 12 and the thick plate 13 in the second step can be prevented and the scattering can be suppressed by lowering the temperature after melting the thick plate 12 and the thick plate 13 in the first step. It is because it becomes.
- the cooling time is preferably 5 cycles or more (hereinafter, the unit of time is the number of clcles at 50 Hz) or more.
- the heat generation / melting between the thin plate 11 and the thick plate 12 is promoted by the increase in the current density between the thin plate 11 and the thick plate 12 in the second step. That is, by making the pressure F2 (kN) in the second step smaller than the pressure F1 (kN) in the first step, the current density between the thin plate 11 and the thick plate 12 in the second step is increased, and the thin plate 11 -Heat generation and melting between the thick plates 12 is promoted.
- the second step During the step, remelting between the thick plate 12 and the thick plate 13 may be promoted. As a result, not only a desired nugget diameter cannot be obtained between the thin plate 11 and the thick plate 12, but also scattering between the thick plate 12 and the thick plate 13 tends to occur.
- the cooling time is set to 5 cycles or more, it is possible to more surely prevent overgrowth of the nugget between the thick plate 12 and the thick plate 13 and promote heat generation and melting between the thin plate 11 and the thick plate 12. Become. More preferably, it is more than 5 cycles, and more preferably 7 cycles or more.
- the cooling time exceeds 100 cycles, not only the problem that the construction time increases excessively, but also the heat generation efficiency between the thin plate 11 and the thick plate 12 to be melted in the second step is lowered. For this reason, the upper limit of the cooling time is preferably 100 cycles.
- suitable energization times T1 and T2 of the first step and the second step in the main welding process are usually about 5 to 50 cycles and about 1 to 20 cycles, respectively.
- the resistance spot welding method of the present invention is not particularly limited for a steel plate to be welded, and is used for welding light metal plates such as steel plates and plated steel plates, aluminum alloys having various strengths from mild steel to ultra high strength steel plates.
- the present invention can also be applied, and can also be applied to a plate assembly composed of four or more metal plates in which thin plates are superimposed on both of two or more thick plates that are superimposed.
- energization after the third step is applied for heat treatment of the welded portion after energization of the first step and the second step for nugget formation.
- a portion between the thin plate 11 and the thick plate 12 may be melted as long as no scattering occurs.
- the space between the thin plate 11 and the thick plate 12 may be uniformly melted as shown in FIG. 2, or only the outer peripheral portion is ring-shaped while the central portion is not melted as shown in FIG. It may be melted.
- Patent Document 5 states that "a fixed spot is applied when resistance spot welding is performed with a pair of electrodes sandwiching a workpiece in which a thin plate is superimposed on one of two or more thick plates that are superimposed.
- the electrode on the side in contact with the thin plate is the fixed electrode of the welding gun
- the electrode on the side in contact with the thick plate is the movable electrode
- welding is a two-step process.
- a resistance spot welding method characterized in that welding is performed with an electric current and welding is performed with a pressure greater than the pressure in the first step in the second step.
- the electrode on the side in contact with the thin plate is a fixed electrode
- the electrode on the side in contact with the thick plate is a movable electrode. Nuggets with appropriate diameters are formed between the thin plate and the thick plate and between the thick plate and the thick plate by welding with a low pressure and a high current and then with a high pressure.
- the electrode on the side in contact with the thin plate is connected to the movable electrode and the thick plate in accordance with a conventional method.
- the electrode is a fixed electrode. Therefore, it can be said that the welding method of this invention and the welding method of patent document 5 are different welding methods.
- Resistance spot welding was performed on the three-layer steel sheet as shown in Table 1 and FIGS. 1 to 4 under the conditions shown in Table 2 to produce a joint.
- the control mode of Table 2 is “constant current”
- the results are shown when welding is performed under constant current control under the welding conditions shown in the table.
- the control mode is “adaptive control”
- test welding is performed in a state where there is no disturbance such as a plate gap under the welding conditions shown in the table, and after storing the temporal change in instantaneous calorific value per unit volume, The result at the time of performing the adaptive control welding which tracks an electric current value on the basis of the time change curve of instantaneous calorific value per unit volume obtained by test welding is shown.
- a spacer 15 (distance between the spacers 60 mm) is inserted between the thick plate 12 and the thick plate 13 and clamped from above and below (not shown). ), And provided with various gap thicknesses.
- An inverter DC resistance spot welder was used as the welding machine, and a chromium copper electrode having a DR tip diameter of 6 mm was used as the electrode.
- the electrode on the side in contact with the thin plate is a movable electrode
- the electrode on the side in contact with the thick plate is a fixed electrode.
- the weld was cut and the cross section was etched, and then observed with an optical microscope to measure the nugget diameter d1 between the thick plates and the nugget diameter d2 (mm) between the thin plates and the thick plates, respectively.
- Both d1 and d2 were 4 ⁇ t ′ or more (t ′: the thickness of the thinner steel plate of two adjacent steel plates (mm)), and the case where no scattering occurred was evaluated as “good”. . Further, the case where the nugget diameters d1 and d2 were less than 4 ⁇ t ′ or scattering occurred was evaluated as x.
Abstract
Description
この溶接法は、重ね合わせた2枚以上の鋼板を挟んでその上下から一対の電極で加圧しつつ、上下電極間に高電流の溶接電流を短時間通電して接合する方法であり、高電流の溶接電流を流すことで発生する抵抗発熱を利用して、点状の溶接部が得られる。この点状の溶接部は、ナゲットと呼ばれる、重ね合わせた鋼板に電流を流した際に鋼板の接触箇所で両鋼板が溶融し、凝固した部分である。このナゲットにより鋼板同士が点状に接合される。
一般に、加圧力、通電時間を一定とした場合には、ナゲット径は、溶接電流の増加にしたがって徐々に増加する。しかし、溶接電流がある値以上になると鋼板間に溶融金属が飛散する散りという現象が生じる。散りの発生は、危険である上に、溶接部周辺に散りが付着して外観を悪化させ、ナゲット径や継手引張強度にばらつきを生じさせる。その結果、継手部の品質が不安定になる。
すなわち、通常、ナゲットは、電極間の中央付近から鋼板の固有抵抗による体積抵抗発熱にて形成される。しかし、ナゲットが薄板側に成長する前に、電極間中央部に近い部分に位置する厚板-厚板間で大きくナゲットが成長するので、電極による加圧では抑えきれずに散りが発生する。このため、このような板組みの場合には、散りの発生なく必要なサイズのナゲットを薄板-厚板間に得ることが困難となる。
このように、上記のような板厚比の大きい3枚重ね以上の板組みでは、薄板と厚板の間に必要なサイズのナゲットが形成されにくい。よって、適正なナゲット径を得るための溶接条件の範囲が非常に狭くなる。
また、表面凹凸や部材の形状などにより溶接する点の周囲が強く拘束されている場合には、鋼板間の板隙が大きくなることで鋼板同士の接触径が狭まり、やはり必要な径のナゲットが得られなかったり、散りが発生しやすくなることもある。
上述したように、板厚比の大きい3枚重ね以上の板組みでは適正なナゲット径を得るための溶接条件の範囲が非常に狭くなることから、これらの外乱の影響が顕著となる場合がある。
上述したように、重ね合わせた2枚以上の厚板の一方に薄板を重ね合わせた板厚比の大きい板組みに対する抵抗スポット溶接において、散りが発生したり、適正なナゲット径の確保が困難となる原因は、とくに薄板-厚板間に適正なナゲット径が得られる条件範囲が非常に狭く、また、板隙や分流などの外乱によってその条件範囲が変動しやすいことにある。そのような観点から検討を行った結果、発明者らは以下の知見を得た。
F1>F2
の関係を満足させることが重要である。
上記の関係を満足させることで、第1ステップにおいて厚板同士の界面に先に溶融部が形成され、これにより、薄板-厚板間の通電径を確保しやすくなる。その結果、第2ステップにおいて薄板―厚板間に溶融部を形成させる際の散りの発生が抑制される。
また、第2ステップの加圧力を第1ステップの加圧力よりも低減することで、第1ステップのときよりも薄板-厚板間および薄板-電極間の接触面積を小さくし、これにより、電流密度を高め、ひいては薄板-厚板間で所望とするナゲット径を得るのに十分な発熱を促すことが可能となる。
すなわち、本溶接に先立ち、テスト溶接を行い、テスト溶接における被溶接物の板厚と通電時間とから、ステップ毎に、その被溶接物を良好に溶接することができる単位体積当たりの累積発熱量を計算する。そして、本溶接において、この計算された単位体積・単位時間当たりの発熱量を発生させる溶接電流または電圧に調整する処理を行うことにより、条件範囲の変動に追従させる適応制御溶接を行うことが有効である。
本発明は、上記の知見に基づき、さらに検討を加えて完成されたものである。
1.重ね合わせた2枚以上の厚板の少なくとも一方に薄板を重ね合わせた板厚比:3超の板組みを、一対の電極によって挟み、加圧しながら通電して接合する、本溶接工程をそなえ、
上記本溶接工程では、通電・加圧パターンを2段以上の多段ステップに分割して、溶接を行うものとし、その際、第1ステップの加圧力:F1と第2ステップの加圧力:F2とが、
F1>F2
の関係を満足する、抵抗スポット溶接方法。
前記本溶接工程では、上記目標値として記憶させた単位体積当たりの瞬時発熱量の時間変化曲線を基準として溶接を開始し、いずれかのステップにおいて、前記本溶接の単位体積当たりの瞬時発熱量の時間変化量が基準である上記時間変化曲線から外れた場合に、その差を当該ステップの残りの通電時間内で補償すべく、前記本溶接工程の単位体積当たりの累積発熱量が上記目標値として記憶させた単位体積当たりの累積発熱量と一致するように、通電量を制御する適応制御溶接を行う、前記1に記載の抵抗スポット溶接方法。
I1<I2
の関係を満足する、前記1に記載の抵抗スポット溶接方法。
I1´<I2´
の関係を満足する、前記2に記載の抵抗スポット溶接方法。
本発明は、重ね合わせた2枚以上の厚板の少なくとも一方に薄板を重ね合わせた板組みを、一対の電極によって挟み、加圧しながら通電して接合する本溶接工程をそなえる、抵抗スポット溶接方法である。本発明は、とくに、散りの発生なく必要なサイズのナゲットを薄板-厚板間に得ることが困難であった板厚比(板組みの全体厚み/板組みを構成する最も薄い鋼板(金属板)の板厚)が3超、さらには5以上とした板組みを対象とするものである。なお、板厚比の上限は特に限定されるものではないが、通常12までである。
また、本発明でいう薄板とは、板組みに用いられる鋼板のうち、板厚が相対的に小さい鋼板を意味し、厚板とは、板厚が相対的に大きい鋼板を意味する。なお、通常、薄板の板厚は、最も板厚の大きい鋼板(厚板)の3/4以下の板厚となる。
以下、図1に示すような、2枚の鋼板(厚板)12、13を重ね合わせ、さらにこれらの厚板12、13の一方に薄板11を重ね合わせた板組みに対して、通電・加圧パターンを2段ステップに分割して抵抗スポット溶接を行う場合を例として、本発明の抵抗スポット溶接方法を説明する。なお、図中、符号14は電極である。
ここで、第1ステップの溶接では、散りが発生しないように加圧力および溶接電流を設定し、厚板12-厚板13間を溶融させて、ナゲットN1を形成する。このように、厚板12-厚板13間に先にナゲットを形成することにより、各板間、とくに薄板11-厚板12間の通電径が確保されやすくなる。このため、第2ステップ以降の通電において、薄板11-厚板12間で散りの発生が抑制される。
F1>F2
の関係を満足させることが重要である。
上記の関係を満足させることで、第1ステップにおいて先に厚板12と厚板13の界面に溶融部が形成され、薄板11-厚板12間の通電径を確保しやすくなる。
また、第2ステップの加圧力を第1ステップの加圧力よりも低減させることで、第1ステップのときよりも薄板11-厚板12間および薄板11-電極14間の接触面積を小さくし、これにより、電流密度を高め、ひいては第2ステップにおいて、図2に示すような薄板11-厚板12間に適正な径のナゲットを得るのに十分な発熱を促すことが可能となる。
0.5tm≦F2≦8tm
の関係を満足させることが好ましい。
というのは、加圧力F2(kN)が8tm超では、接触面積が拡大しすぎて発熱が小さくなり、薄板11-厚板12間に適正な径のナゲットを形成することが困難となる。一方、加圧力F2(kN)が0.5tm未満となる場合には、電極14と薄板11との間での接触抵抗が大きくなり、スパークが発生しやすくなるとともに、薄板11-厚板12間で散りが発生しやすくなるからである。より好ましくは0.6tm≦F2≦7tmの範囲である。
以下、このテスト溶接工程および適応制御溶接について説明する。
そして、ステップ毎に、上記の条件で溶接を行ったときの溶接中における、電極間の電気特性から算出される単位体積当たりの瞬時発熱量の時間変化および単位体積当たりの累積発熱量を目標値として記憶させて、テスト溶接とする。
なお、本発明において電極間の電気特性とは、電極間抵抗あるいは電極間電圧を意味する。
この適応制御溶接では、上記のテスト溶接で得られたステップ毎の単位体積当たりの瞬時発熱量の時間変化曲線を基準として溶接を開始し、単位体積当たりの瞬時発熱量の時間変化量が基準である時間変化曲線に沿っている場合には、そのまま溶接を行って溶接を終了する。
ただし、単位体積当たりの瞬時発熱量の時間変化量が基準である時間変化曲線から外れた場合には、その差を、通電量を制御する適応制御溶接を行って、本溶接工程における単位体積当たりの累積発熱量が目標値として記憶させた単位体積当たりの累積発熱量と一致するように、当該ステップの残りの通電時間内で補償するのである。これにより、分流や板隙などの外乱の影響が大きい状態においても必要な累積発熱量を確保して、適正なナゲット径を得ることができる。
被溶接材の合計厚みをt、被溶接材の電気抵抗率をr、電極間電圧をV、溶接電流をIとし、電極と被溶接材が接触する面積をSとする。この場合、溶接電流は横断面積がSで、厚みtの柱状部分を通過して抵抗発熱を発生させる。この柱状部分における単位体積・単位時間当たりの発熱量qは次式(1)で求められる。
q=(V・I)/(S・t) --- (1)
また、この柱状部分の電気抵抗Rは、次式(2)で求められる。
R=(r・t)/S --- (2)
(2)式をSについて解いてこれを(1)式に代入すると、発熱量qは次式(3)
q=(V・I・R)/(r・t2)
=(V2)/(r・t2) --- (3)
となる。
以上、特許文献4に記載の方法によって、累積発熱量Qを算出する場合について説明したが、その他の算出式を用いても良いのは言うまでもない。
I1<I2
の関係を満足させることが好ましい。
これにより、第2ステップにおける薄板11-厚板12間における発熱・溶融をより積極的に促すことが可能となる。
なお、上記した適応制御溶接を行う場合には、前記テスト溶接における第1ステップの電流値をI1´、第2ステップの電流値をI2´としたとき、
I1´<I2´
の関係を満足させることが好ましい。
これは、第1ステップにおいて、厚板12-厚板13間を溶融させた後に温度を低下させることで、第2ステップの厚板12-厚板13間におけるナゲット成長を防ぎ、散り抑制が可能となるためである。
ここで、第2ステップにおいて薄板11-厚板12間における発熱・溶融が促されるのは、薄板11-厚板12間の電流密度の増加によるものであることは前述したとおりである。すなわち、第2ステップの加圧力F2(kN)を第1ステップの加圧力F1(kN)よりも小さくすることによって、第2ステップでの薄板11-厚板12間の電流密度が高まり、薄板11-厚板12間における発熱・溶融が促される。
しかし、冷却時間が5cycle未満の場合は、厚板12-厚板13間の温度が高い状態で第2ステップの通電が始まる。このため、第2ステップの加圧力F2(kN)を第1ステップの加圧力F1(kN)よりも小さくして如何に薄板11-厚板12間の電流密度を増加させたとしても、第2ステップ中に厚板12-厚板13間の再溶融が促される場合がある。その結果、薄板11-厚板12間に所望のナゲット径が得られないだけでなく、厚板12-厚板13間での散りも発生しやすくなる。この点、冷却時間を5cycle以上とすれば、より確実に、厚板12-厚板13間のナゲットの過大成長を防ぎつつ、薄板11-厚板12間における発熱・溶融を促すことが可能となる。より好ましくは5cycle超、さらに好ましくは7cycle以上である。
ただし、冷却時間が100cycleを超えると、施工時間が増大しすぎるという問題が生じるだけでなく、第2ステップで溶融させたい薄板11-厚板12間の発熱効率も低下してしまう。このため、冷却時間の上限は100cycleとすることが好ましい。
さらに、第1ステップにおいて、散りの発生しない範囲であれば、薄板11-厚板12間の一部が溶融しても良い。加えて、第2ステップでは、図2のように薄板11-厚板12間を均一に溶融させても良いし、図3のように中心部は未溶融のまま、外周部のみをリング状に溶融させても良い。
ここで、特許文献5の溶接方法は、上述したように、薄板と接する側の電極を固定電極、厚板と接する側の電極を可動電極とし、これにより生じる現象を利用して、溶接初期に低加圧力高電流で、その後高加圧力にて溶接することによって、薄板-厚板間および厚板-厚板間それぞれに適正な径のナゲットを形成するものである。一方、本発明の溶接方法では、重ね合わせた厚板の一方のみに薄板を重ね合わせた板組みを溶接する場合、常法にしたがい薄板と接する側の電極を可動電極、厚板と接する側の電極を固定電極とするものである。よって、本発明の溶接方法と特許文献5の溶接方法は異なる溶接方法と言える。
ここで、表2の制御モードが「定電流」の場合は、表に示した溶接条件で定電流制御によって溶接した際の結果を示している。一方、制御モードが「適応制御」の場合は、表に示した溶接条件で板隙などの外乱が無い状態でテスト溶接を行い、単位体積当たりの瞬間発熱量の時間変化を記憶させた後、テスト溶接で得られた単位体積当たりの瞬時発熱量の時間変化曲線を基準として電流値を追従させる適応制御溶接を行った際の結果を示している。
また、一部の継手を作成するに当たっては、図4に示すように、厚板12-厚板13間にスペーサ15(スペーサ間距離60mm)を挿入し、上下からクランプすることで(図示せず)、種々の板隙厚さとなる板隙を設けた。
なお、溶接機にはインバータ直流抵抗スポット溶接機を用い、電極にはDR形先端径6mmのクロム銅電極を用いた。また、ここでは、薄板と接する側の電極を可動電極とし、厚板と接する側の電極を固定電極とした。
一方、本発明の範囲を外れる比較例ではいずれも、散りが発生するか、あるいは十分なナゲットが形成されなかった。
12,13:鋼板(厚板)
14:電極
15:スペーサ
Claims (5)
- 重ね合わせた2枚以上の厚板の少なくとも一方に薄板を重ね合わせた板厚比:3超の板組みを、一対の電極によって挟み、加圧しながら通電して接合する、本溶接工程をそなえ、
上記本溶接工程では、通電・加圧パターンを2段以上の多段ステップに分割して、溶接を行うものとし、その際、第1ステップの加圧力:F1と第2ステップの加圧力:F2とが、
F1>F2
の関係を満足する、抵抗スポット溶接方法。 - 前記本溶接工程に先立ち、ステップ毎に、定電流制御により通電して適正なナゲットを形成する場合の電極間の電気特性から算出される、単位体積当たりの瞬時発熱量の時間変化および単位体積当たりの累積発熱量を目標値として記憶させる、テスト溶接を行う、テスト溶接工程を、さらにそなえ、
前記本溶接工程では、上記目標値として記憶させた単位体積当たりの瞬時発熱量の時間変化曲線を基準として溶接を開始し、いずれかのステップにおいて、前記本溶接の単位体積当たりの瞬時発熱量の時間変化量が基準である上記時間変化曲線から外れた場合に、その差を当該ステップの残りの通電時間内で補償すべく、前記本溶接工程の単位体積当たりの累積発熱量が上記目標値として記憶させた単位体積当たりの累積発熱量と一致するように、通電量を制御する適応制御溶接を行う、請求項1に記載の抵抗スポット溶接方法。 - 前記本溶接工程における第1ステップの電流値:I1と、前記第2ステップの電流値:I2とが、
I1<I2
の関係を満足する、請求項1に記載の抵抗スポット溶接方法。 - 前記テスト溶接工程における第1ステップの電流値:I1´、第2ステップの電流値:I2´とが、
I1´<I2´
の関係を満足する、請求項2に記載の抵抗スポット溶接方法。 - 前記本溶接工程における第1ステップと第2ステップの通電の間に、5cycle以上の冷却時間を設ける、請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の抵抗スポット溶接方法。
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KR101906084B1 (ko) | 2018-10-08 |
CN107000109A (zh) | 2017-08-01 |
CN107000109B (zh) | 2021-09-10 |
EP3228414A4 (en) | 2017-12-13 |
JPWO2016088319A1 (ja) | 2017-04-27 |
JP6108030B2 (ja) | 2017-04-05 |
US20170312846A1 (en) | 2017-11-02 |
US10625365B2 (en) | 2020-04-21 |
KR20170072948A (ko) | 2017-06-27 |
EP3228414A1 (en) | 2017-10-11 |
MX2017007020A (es) | 2017-08-14 |
EP3228414B1 (en) | 2020-08-05 |
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