WO2015133073A1 - スイッチング素子及びスイッチング素子の製造方法 - Google Patents
スイッチング素子及びスイッチング素子の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015133073A1 WO2015133073A1 PCT/JP2015/000758 JP2015000758W WO2015133073A1 WO 2015133073 A1 WO2015133073 A1 WO 2015133073A1 JP 2015000758 W JP2015000758 W JP 2015000758W WO 2015133073 A1 WO2015133073 A1 WO 2015133073A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
- H10N70/801—Constructional details of multistable switching devices
- H10N70/841—Electrodes
- H10N70/8416—Electrodes adapted for supplying ionic species
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- G11C13/0002—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00 using resistive RAM [RRAM] elements
- G11C13/0007—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00 using resistive RAM [RRAM] elements comprising metal oxide memory material, e.g. perovskites
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- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
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- G11C13/00—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00
- G11C13/0002—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00 using resistive RAM [RRAM] elements
- G11C13/0009—RRAM elements whose operation depends upon chemical change
- G11C13/0011—RRAM elements whose operation depends upon chemical change comprising conductive bridging RAM [CBRAM] or programming metallization cells [PMCs]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L23/00—Details of semiconductor or other solid state devices
- H01L23/52—Arrangements for conducting electric current within the device in operation from one component to another, i.e. interconnections, e.g. wires, lead frames
- H01L23/522—Arrangements for conducting electric current within the device in operation from one component to another, i.e. interconnections, e.g. wires, lead frames including external interconnections consisting of a multilayer structure of conductive and insulating layers inseparably formed on the semiconductor body
- H01L23/5226—Via connections in a multilevel interconnection structure
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L23/00—Details of semiconductor or other solid state devices
- H01L23/52—Arrangements for conducting electric current within the device in operation from one component to another, i.e. interconnections, e.g. wires, lead frames
- H01L23/522—Arrangements for conducting electric current within the device in operation from one component to another, i.e. interconnections, e.g. wires, lead frames including external interconnections consisting of a multilayer structure of conductive and insulating layers inseparably formed on the semiconductor body
- H01L23/532—Arrangements for conducting electric current within the device in operation from one component to another, i.e. interconnections, e.g. wires, lead frames including external interconnections consisting of a multilayer structure of conductive and insulating layers inseparably formed on the semiconductor body characterised by the materials
- H01L23/53204—Conductive materials
- H01L23/53209—Conductive materials based on metals, e.g. alloys, metal silicides
- H01L23/53228—Conductive materials based on metals, e.g. alloys, metal silicides the principal metal being copper
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
- H10N70/011—Manufacture or treatment of multistable switching devices
- H10N70/021—Formation of switching materials, e.g. deposition of layers
- H10N70/023—Formation of switching materials, e.g. deposition of layers by chemical vapor deposition, e.g. MOCVD, ALD
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
- H10N70/011—Manufacture or treatment of multistable switching devices
- H10N70/021—Formation of switching materials, e.g. deposition of layers
- H10N70/026—Formation of switching materials, e.g. deposition of layers by physical vapor deposition, e.g. sputtering
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
- H10N70/011—Manufacture or treatment of multistable switching devices
- H10N70/021—Formation of switching materials, e.g. deposition of layers
- H10N70/028—Formation of switching materials, e.g. deposition of layers by conversion of electrode material, e.g. oxidation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
- H10N70/011—Manufacture or treatment of multistable switching devices
- H10N70/061—Shaping switching materials
- H10N70/063—Shaping switching materials by etching of pre-deposited switching material layers, e.g. lithography
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
- H10N70/20—Multistable switching devices, e.g. memristors
- H10N70/24—Multistable switching devices, e.g. memristors based on migration or redistribution of ionic species, e.g. anions, vacancies
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
- H10N70/20—Multistable switching devices, e.g. memristors
- H10N70/24—Multistable switching devices, e.g. memristors based on migration or redistribution of ionic species, e.g. anions, vacancies
- H10N70/245—Multistable switching devices, e.g. memristors based on migration or redistribution of ionic species, e.g. anions, vacancies the species being metal cations, e.g. programmable metallization cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
- H10N70/801—Constructional details of multistable switching devices
- H10N70/821—Device geometry
- H10N70/826—Device geometry adapted for essentially vertical current flow, e.g. sandwich or pillar type devices
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
- H10N70/801—Constructional details of multistable switching devices
- H10N70/881—Switching materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
- H10N70/801—Constructional details of multistable switching devices
- H10N70/881—Switching materials
- H10N70/883—Oxides or nitrides
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
- H10N70/801—Constructional details of multistable switching devices
- H10N70/881—Switching materials
- H10N70/883—Oxides or nitrides
- H10N70/8833—Binary metal oxides, e.g. TaOx
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- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C2213/00—Indexing scheme relating to G11C13/00 for features not covered by this group
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- G11C2213/15—Current-voltage curve
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- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C2213/00—Indexing scheme relating to G11C13/00 for features not covered by this group
- G11C2213/50—Resistive cell structure aspects
- G11C2213/52—Structure characterized by the electrode material, shape, etc.
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a switching element and a method for manufacturing the switching element, and in particular, by using an electrochemical reaction, a metal bridge is formed in an ion conductive layer that conducts metal ions, and a resistance change occurs from an off state to an on state.
- the present invention relates to a possible switching element and a manufacturing method thereof.
- the formation of metal bridges using this electrochemical reaction means the formation of metal ions by oxidation of metals, introduction of the generated metal ions, and precipitation of metals by reduction of metal ions. ) In which metal crosslinks are formed.
- a nonvolatile switching element In order to diversify the functions of programmable logic and promote implementation in electronic devices, it is necessary to reduce the size of switches that connect logic cells to each other and to reduce their on-resistance.
- a nonvolatile switching element has been developed in which a metal bridge is formed in a resistance change layer by using an electrochemical reaction, thereby switching from an off state to an on state. That is, by using an electrochemical reaction, metal is deposited in a resistance change layer (ion conduction layer) that conducts metal ions to form a metal bridge in the resistance change layer, thereby turning on from an off state. It switches to the state.
- a nonvolatile switching element is known to be smaller in size and smaller in on-resistance than a conventional semiconductor switch.
- Non-volatile switching elements that use electrochemical reactions include “two-terminal switches” disclosed in Patent Document 1 (International Publication No. 00/48196) and Patent Document 2 (International Publication No. 2012/043502).
- "Three-terminal switch”. 1A is a cross-sectional view illustrating a configuration of a switching element configured as a two-terminal switch disclosed in Patent Document 1.
- FIG. 1 an ion conductive layer 203 is sandwiched between a lower electrode 201 that supplies metal ions and an upper electrode 202 that does not supply metal ions when the switching element switches the switching element from an off state to an on state. It discloses that it has a structure.
- the upper electrode 202 is grounded and a positive voltage is applied to the lower electrode 201.
- the metal is ionized, and the generated metal ions are introduced into the ion conductive layer 203.
- metal ions are reduced and metal is deposited.
- the switching element is switched from the off state to the on state.
- the upper electrode 202 is grounded and a negative voltage is applied to the lower electrode 201.
- the deposited metal is re-ionized, and reprecipitation of the metal proceeds in the lower electrode 201 due to reduction of the metal ion.
- the metal bridge disappears and the switching element is switched from the on state to the off state. Since the two-terminal switch has a simple structure, the manufacturing process is simple, and a two-terminal switch having an element size on the order of nanometers can be processed.
- FIG. 1B is a conceptual diagram showing a configuration of a switching element configured as a three-terminal switch disclosed in Patent Document 2.
- Patent Document 2 discloses that the switching element includes a first switch 301 and a second switch 302 (see FIG. 3 of Patent Document 2).
- the first switch 301 includes a first electrode 301a configured as an active electrode, a second electrode 301b configured as an inactive electrode, and a resistance change layer sandwiched therebetween.
- the second switch 302 includes a first electrode 302a configured as an active electrode, a second electrode 302b configured as an inactive electrode, and a resistance change layer sandwiched therebetween.
- the first electrode 301 a of the first switch 301 is connected to the first node 303
- the first electrode 302 a of the second switch 302 is connected to the second node 304.
- the second electrodes 301 b and 302 b of the first switch 301 and the second switch 302 are connected to the common node 305.
- Patent Document 3 International Publication No. 2011/058947 discloses a preferable material for a resistance change layer (ion conductive layer) of a nonvolatile switching element utilizing an electrochemical reaction. Patent Document 3 discloses that a porous polymer containing silicon, oxygen, and carbon as main components is used as the resistance change layer. Since the porous polymer ion conductive layer can maintain a high dielectric breakdown voltage even when a metal bridge is formed, it has excellent operational reliability.
- nonvolatile switching element As a programmable logic wiring change-over switch, it is necessary to reduce the element size and simplify the manufacturing process in response to higher wiring density.
- copper is mainly used as a wiring material used for forming a multilayer wiring. Development of a method for efficiently forming a nonvolatile switching element in a multilayered copper wiring is desired.
- Non-Patent Document 1 discloses a technique for integrating a switching element using an electrochemical reaction in a semiconductor device.
- Non-Patent Document 1 describes a configuration in which when the lower electrode of the switching element is made of copper, the copper wiring on the semiconductor substrate is also used as the lower electrode of the switching element. If this structure is adopted, a step for newly forming a lower electrode in addition to the copper wiring can be omitted, and a mask for a patterning step for producing the lower electrode is not necessary. For example, in order to produce a variable resistance element having a two-terminal switch configuration, only two photomasks (PR: Photoresist mask) used in the ion conductive layer forming step and the upper electrode forming step are added. Become.
- PR Photoresist mask
- Non-Patent Document 1 discloses that an upper electrode is manufactured using ruthenium suitable for processing.
- Patent Document 3 discloses a technique for forming a porous polymer ion conductive layer after providing a metal thin film functioning as an oxidation sacrificial layer on the copper wiring surface for the purpose of preventing oxidation of the copper wiring surface.
- the metal thin film is oxidized by oxygen during the film forming process of the porous polymer ion conductive layer, and is converted into a metal oxide thin film exhibiting ion conductivity.
- FIG. 1C is a cross-sectional view specifically showing the configuration of the switching element disclosed in Patent Document 3.
- Patent Document 3 includes a first electrode 401, a second electrode 402, an ion conductive layer 403, and a titanium oxide film 404 (see FIG. 4 of Patent Document 3).
- the ion conductive layer 403 and the titanium oxide film 404 are provided between the first electrode 401 and the second electrode 402.
- the first electrode 401 is formed of a metal whose main component is copper, and the titanium oxide film 404 is provided between the ion conductive layer 403 and the first electrode 401.
- the ion conductive layer 403 is formed of a porous polymer containing silicon, oxygen, and carbon as main components.
- the titanium oxide film 404 is formed by oxidizing a titanium film (a metal thin film functioning as an oxidation sacrificial layer) during the film formation process of the ion conductive layer 403.
- the titanium oxide film 404 forms a resistance change layer exhibiting ion conductivity together with the ion conductive layer 403 formed on the upper surface thereof.
- Patent Document 4 relates to a semiconductor device, and a semiconductor device having a three-terminal variable resistance element inside a multilayer copper wiring layer on a semiconductor substrate has been proposed.
- Patent Document 5 relates to a resistance change element including a resistance change layer sandwiched between a lower electrode and an upper electrode, and lists the material names of the lower electrode and the upper electrode of the resistance change element disclosed in Patent Document 5.
- the upper electrode of Patent Document 5 is made of Au, Pt, Ru, Ir, Ti, Al, Cu, Ta, etc., or alloys, oxides, nitrides, fluorides, carbides, borides, etc. of these. It is described that it should be.
- the upper electrode of Patent Document 5 is preferably made of a material that is not easily oxidized or a material that can maintain conductivity even after oxidation, and Ti—N (titanium nitride), FeN (iron nitride), Ti It is described that it is preferably made of a nitride such as —Al—N.
- Patent Document 6 relates to a resistance change element, and it has been proposed to use an alloy of ruthenium and a metal whose negative standard Gibbs energy of oxidation is larger than that of ruthenium for the electrode of the resistance change element.
- Non-volatile switching element using electrochemical reaction can be applied to wiring changeover switch of programmable logic.
- a nonvolatile switching element is used for a wiring changeover switch of a programmable logic, there are two problems.
- the first problem is to improve the yield of switching elements that can be reliably rewritten to an on state or an off state.
- a reset operation for performing a transition to an off state is performed using a large-scale element array, there may be a small number of elements that cannot be reset.
- Such an element once exhibits a reset behavior, and although the resistance value of the element increases, it transitions to a low resistance state again with a voltage having an absolute value smaller than a desired reset voltage.
- the resistance change layer breaks down after the metal bridge in the resistance change layer (ion conductive layer) is recovered by the reset operation. In order to eliminate such problems, it is necessary to optimize the configuration of the nonvolatile switching element.
- the second problem is the holding power that maintains the on-state or off-state for about 10 years in the state where there is no application of voltage / current used for rewriting after rewriting to the on-state or off-state during the initial programming. It is an improvement.
- the amount of current used for rewriting is proportional to the total amount of metal constituting the metal bridge formed in the resistance change layer (ion conductive layer). In order to form a thick metal bridge, the total amount of metals constituting the metal bridge is large, and the amount of current used for rewriting is large. Conversely, when the amount of current used for rewriting is small, the total amount of metal constituting the metal bridge is reduced, and the formed metal bridge is thin.
- the non-volatile switching element has a trade-off between the reduction in the amount of current used for rewriting (low power consumption) and the holding force (high reliability) for holding the low ON state resistance value for a long period of time. Exists. In order to reduce the amount of current used for rewriting (low power consumption) while achieving long-term reliability exceeding 10 years, it is necessary to optimize the configuration of the nonvolatile switching element.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a non-volatile switching element having a high holding force even when programmed with a low current, while suppressing a dielectric breakdown of a variable resistance layer during a reset operation.
- the switching element includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and a resistance change layer having ion conductivity provided between the first electrode and the second electrode.
- the first electrode includes a metal that generates metal ions capable of conducting in the resistance change layer.
- the second electrode includes a first electrode layer formed in contact with the resistance change layer and a second electrode layer formed in contact with the first electrode layer.
- the first electrode layer is formed of a ruthenium alloy including ruthenium and a first metal having a larger standard Gibbs energy in the oxidation process than ruthenium in the negative direction, and the second electrode layer is nitrided including the first metal. Formed of things.
- the content rate of the 1st metal in a 1st electrode layer is smaller than the content rate of the 1st metal in a 2nd electrode layer.
- a semiconductor device in another aspect of the present invention, includes a semiconductor substrate and a multilayer wiring layer formed above the semiconductor substrate and including a wiring formed of copper and a plug formed of copper. Switching elements are formed in the multilayer wiring layer.
- the switching element is made of copper, a lower electrode copper wiring used as a lower electrode of the switching element, an upper electrode electrically connected to the plug, and an ion formed between the lower electrode copper wiring and the upper electrode. And a variable resistance layer having conductivity.
- the upper electrode includes a first upper electrode layer formed in contact with the resistance change layer and a second upper electrode layer formed in contact with the first upper electrode layer.
- the first upper electrode layer is made of a ruthenium alloy containing ruthenium and a first metal having a larger standard Gibbs energy in the oxidation process than ruthenium in the negative direction.
- the second upper electrode layer is formed of a nitride containing the first metal. The content ratio of the first metal in the first upper electrode layer is smaller than the content ratio of the first metal in the second upper electrode layer.
- the present invention it is possible to provide a nonvolatile switching element having a high holding force even when programmed with a low current, while suppressing the dielectric breakdown of the variable resistance layer during the reset operation.
- the switching element of 1st Embodiment it is sectional drawing which shows typically the mechanism by which metal bridge
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing steps 1 to 4 of the method for manufacturing the semiconductor device of the first embodiment.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing steps 5 to 8 of the method for manufacturing the semiconductor device of the first embodiment.
- It is sectional drawing which shows typically the processes 9 and 10 of the manufacturing method of the semiconductor device of 1st Embodiment.
- It is sectional drawing which shows typically the processes 11 and 12 of the manufacturing method of the semiconductor device of 1st Embodiment.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing steps 1 to 3 of a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device of a second embodiment.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing steps 4 to 6 of the method for manufacturing the semiconductor device of the second embodiment.
- FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing steps 7 to 9 of the method for manufacturing a semiconductor device of the second embodiment. It is sectional drawing which shows typically the processes 10 and 11 of the manufacturing method of the semiconductor device of 2nd Embodiment. It is sectional drawing which shows typically the process 12 of the manufacturing method of the semiconductor device of 2nd Embodiment.
- the switching element (resistance change element) is provided between the first electrode, the second electrode, and the first electrode and the second electrode, and the resistance change layer having ion conductivity. It comprises.
- the first electrode includes a metal that can conduct to the variable resistance layer.
- the second electrode includes a first electrode layer formed in contact with the resistance change layer and a second electrode layer formed in contact with the first electrode layer.
- the first electrode layer is formed of an alloy containing ruthenium and a first metal.
- the second electrode layer is made of a nitride containing the first metal.
- the content rate of the 1st metal in a 1st electrode layer is smaller than the content rate of the 1st metal in a 2nd electrode layer.
- the first metal constituting the second electrode layer is caused to pass through the first electrode layer due to damage in the heating process or plasma process during the formation process of the switching element. Diffusion to the resistance change layer can be prevented.
- the metal constituting the second electrode layer diffuses into the resistance change layer, a defect is formed inside the resistance change layer, and the dielectric breakdown voltage decreases.
- the second electrode layer as a nitride, it is possible to prevent the dielectric breakdown of the variable resistance layer accompanying the reset operation, and to improve the reset yield. As a result, it is possible to prevent problems at the time of resetting and to secure the number of times of switching.
- the addition of the first metal to the ruthenium constituting the first electrode layer improves the adhesion between the metal bridge and the first electrode layer. Therefore, even when programming at a low current, the stability of the element is improved. And the holding power is improved. Moreover, since the 1st electrode layer contains ruthenium, it can reset stably. Furthermore, the specific resistance increases due to the alloying of the first electrode layer, so that heat is easily generated by the rewriting current, and the Joule heat generated in the metal bridge due to the heat confinement effect is difficult to be dispersed. For this reason, there is an effect that the rewriting current required at the time of rewriting is reduced.
- the content rate of the first metal in the first electrode layer is adjusted to be smaller than the content rate of the first metal in the second electrode layer.
- the content ratio By adjusting the content ratio, the first metal contained in the first electrode layer is prevented from diffusing into the nitride constituting the second electrode layer, and the composition of the ruthenium alloy constituting the first electrode layer is prevented from changing. it can.
- the switching element of the present embodiment can achieve both low power and high holding power by the above mechanism. Since simply increasing the holding power requires higher programming power, the use of an alloy as the first electrode layer can improve the thermal efficiency and effectively perform the programming with a small current. become able to.
- the switching element of the present invention will be described in detail.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating a configuration example of the switching element according to the first embodiment.
- the switching element of the first embodiment is configured as a two-terminal switch, and includes a lower electrode 21 (first electrode), an upper electrode 22 (second electrode), and a resistance change layer 23 provided therebetween. And.
- the resistance change layer 23 has ion conductivity and is a medium that conducts metal ions.
- the lower electrode 21 functions as an active electrode that supplies metal ions to the resistance change layer 23, and is made of, for example, copper.
- the metal ions (copper ions) supplied from the lower electrode 21 to the resistance change layer 23 return to the metal, whereby a metal bridge is formed in the resistance change layer 23.
- a copper wiring formed by sputtering, chemical vapor deposition (CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition)), or electroplating may be used as the lower electrode 21.
- the upper electrode 22 functions as an inert electrode.
- the upper electrode 22 is configured as a stacked body of a first upper electrode layer 22a and a second upper electrode layer 22b.
- the first upper electrode layer 22a is formed in contact with the resistance change layer 23, and the second upper electrode layer 22b is formed in contact with the first upper electrode layer 22a.
- a ruthenium alloy (an alloy containing ruthenium as a main component) to which a first metal is added is used as the material of the first upper electrode layer 22a.
- the standard generation Gibbs energy of the oxidation process (process of generating metal ions from the metal) is higher than that of ruthenium. It is desirable to select a metal that is large in the negative direction.
- the fact that “the standard generation Gibbs energy of the oxidation process is larger in the negative direction than ruthenium” for a certain metal means the following state. That is, the standard generation Gibbs energy of the oxidation process of the metal is negative, and the absolute value of the standard generation Gibbs energy of the oxidation process of the metal is larger than the absolute value of the standard generation Gibbs energy of the ruthenium oxidation process. That is.
- ruthenium Metals with standard Gibbs energy in the oxidation process greater in the negative direction than ruthenium, such as titanium, tantalum, zirconium, hafnium, and aluminum, tend to spontaneously undergo chemical reactions (eg, oxidation reactions) compared to ruthenium. .
- a ruthenium alloy containing the first metal having such properties as a material for forming the first upper electrode layer 22a By using a ruthenium alloy containing the first metal having such properties as a material for forming the first upper electrode layer 22a, the adhesion with the metal bridge formed in the resistance change layer 23 is improved.
- the content of the first metal in the ruthenium alloy is preferably 10 atm% or more and 40 atm% or less.
- the first metal added to the ruthenium alloy is preferably a metal selected from the group consisting of titanium, tantalum, zirconium, hafnium, and aluminum. Note that the first metal may be two or more metals selected from the group consisting of titanium, tantalum, zirconium, hafnium, and aluminum.
- the first upper electrode layer 22a is composed of only the first metal, it does not transition to the off state. That is, the transition from the on state to the off state proceeds by an oxidation reaction (dissolution reaction) of copper that forms a metal bridge.
- the standard generation Gibbs energy of the oxidation process of the first metal constituting the first upper electrode layer 22a is larger in the negative direction than copper constituting the metal bridge, it is more than the oxidation reaction of copper constituting the metal bridge.
- the oxidation reaction of the first metal constituting the first upper electrode layer 22a proceeds with priority.
- the oxidation process of the first metal is a process of generating metal ions from the metal of the first metal constituting the first upper electrode layer 22a. Since the oxidation reaction of the first metal proceeds with priority, the dissolution of the metal bridge does not proceed and the transition from the on state to the off state cannot be performed.
- the first upper electrode layer 22a may be formed of an alloy of ruthenium and a first metal whose standard generation Gibbs energy in the process of generating metal ions from metal (oxidation process) is smaller in the negative direction than copper. desirable. Specifically, when the content of the first metal in the alloy is 40 atm% or more, when a negative voltage is applied to the lower electrode 21 in the transition process from the on state to the off state, the insulation of the ion conductive layer is performed. The result is that destruction occurs and the transition to the off state is disabled.
- the content of the first metal is within a predetermined range in the composition of the ruthenium alloy. It is preferable to select as such.
- the predetermined range of the content of the first metal is a range in which the content of the first metal is 10 atm% or more and 40 atm% or less.
- the ruthenium content in the ruthenium alloy is 60 atm% or more and 90 atm%.
- the material of the first upper electrode layer 22a is a metal ion in the resistance change layer 23 when the upper electrode 22 is grounded and a positive voltage is applied to the lower electrode 21 in the process of switching from the off state to the on state. It is desirable to choose not to supply.
- a sputtering method for forming the first upper electrode layer 22a.
- a sputtering method there are a method using an alloy target of ruthenium and a first metal, and a co-sputtering method of simultaneously sputtering a ruthenium target and a first metal target in the same chamber.
- a ruthenium alloy film is formed using a sputtering method, a first metal thin film is formed in advance, and then a ruthenium film is formed using a sputtering method and alloyed with the energy of collision atoms. There is an intermixing method.
- the use of cosputtering and intermixing methods can change the composition of the alloy.
- the first metal added to the ruthenium alloy is copper
- a material having a barrier property against copper ions is preferred.
- tantalum or titanium when titanium is used as the first metal, the transition to the off state and the stability of the on state are excellent.
- the first upper electrode layer 22a is formed of a ruthenium alloy containing titanium, and the content of titanium is 20 atm. It is preferable to adjust in the range of not less than 30% and not more than 30 atm%.
- the second upper electrode layer 22b has a role of protecting the first upper electrode layer 22a from etching damage. Specifically, the second upper electrode layer 22b prevents the first upper electrode layer 22a related to the switching operation from being directly exposed when the first upper electrode layer 22a is processed into a prescribed element size. More specifically, the second upper electrode layer 22b has a first switching operation when a contact hole for forming a via contact for electrical connection with the first upper electrode layer 22a is formed from the outside. The upper electrode layer 22a is not directly exposed. The second upper electrode layer 22b also has a function as an etching stop film when the contact hole is etched when the contact hole is formed. Therefore, the second upper electrode layer 22b may be formed of a material having a low etching rate with respect to a fluorocarbon gas plasma used for etching an insulating film such as silicon oxide in which a contact hole is formed. preferable.
- the second upper electrode layer 22b is made of a nitride of the first metal contained in the ruthenium alloy constituting the first upper electrode layer 22a.
- the first metal is preferably selected from the group consisting of titanium, tantalum, zirconium, hafnium, and aluminum.
- the first metal nitride constituting the second upper electrode layer 22b functions as an etching stop film and has conductivity.
- the second upper electrode layer 22b When a metal that is not nitride is used for the second upper electrode layer 22b, there is the following possibility. That is, a part of the metal diffuses into the first upper electrode layer 22a due to heating or plasma damage during the process, so that defects occur in the first upper electrode layer 22a, and the dielectric breakdown of the ion conductive layer starts from these defects. There is a possibility of lowering the voltage.
- the second upper electrode layer 22b is a compound having electrical conductivity.
- diffusion of metal to the first upper electrode layer 22a can be prevented.
- the fact that the nitride metal composing the second upper electrode layer 22b and the first metal contained in the ruthenium alloy composing the first upper electrode layer 22a are the same is the first contained in the ruthenium alloy. This is preferable in that the occurrence of defects due to the diffusion of the metal can be prevented more efficiently.
- the second upper electrode layer 22b is preferably formed of titanium nitride.
- the second upper electrode layer 22b is preferably formed of tantalum nitride.
- the content of the first metal of the ruthenium alloy constituting the first upper electrode layer 22a is made smaller than the content of the first metal of the nitride constituting the second upper electrode layer 22b. Thereby, it is possible to prevent the first metal contained in the first upper electrode layer 22a from diffusing into the second upper electrode layer 22b and changing the composition of the ruthenium alloy constituting the first upper electrode layer 22a.
- the titanium content in the second upper electrode layer 22b is preferably 40 atm% or more and 80 atm% or less. If a composition outside this range is used, intermixing between the first upper electrode layer 22a and the second upper electrode layer 22b is likely to occur due to a thermal load during the process in a later step, and the switching characteristics are deteriorated.
- a sputtering method for forming the second upper electrode layer 22b.
- a reactive sputtering method in which a metal target is evaporated using plasma of a mixed gas of nitrogen and argon. The metal evaporated from the metal target reacts with nitrogen to form a metal nitride and is deposited on the substrate.
- the resistance change layer 23 has ion conductivity, and functions as a medium for conducting metal ions supplied from the lower electrode 21.
- the resistance change layer 23 includes a first ion conductive layer 23a and a second ion conductive layer 23b.
- the first ion conductive layer 23a is a film mainly containing at least silicon, oxygen, and carbon, more specifically, a SiOCH polymer (for example, cyclic siloxane) containing silicon, oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen.
- a SiOCH polymer for example, cyclic siloxane
- a polymer of such an organic silica compound may be formed by a plasma CVD method.
- the plasma CVD method refers to, for example, a gas source or a liquid source that is continuously supplied to a reaction chamber under a reduced pressure by vaporizing a molecule to an excited state by plasma energy, a gas phase reaction, or a substrate.
- the SiOCH polymer film used as the first ion conductive layer 23a is formed as follows.
- the raw material of the cyclic organosiloxane and helium, which is a carrier gas, are supplied to the reaction chamber.
- RF Radio-Frequency
- the supply amount of the raw material is 10 to 200 sccm.
- 500 sccm of helium is supplied via the raw material vaporizer, and 500 sccm of helium is directly supplied to the reaction chamber in another line.
- the relative permittivity of the first ion conductive layer 23a is preferably 2.1 or more and 3.1 or less.
- the second ion conductive layer 23b is inserted between the lower electrode 21 and the first ion conductive layer 23a, and is formed of a metal oxide.
- the second ion conductive layer 23b is formed by oxidizing a thin film of a metal (hereinafter referred to as “second metal”) constituting the metal oxide. Specifically, first, a thin film of the second metal is formed on the lower electrode 21. Further, a SiOCH polymer film constituting the first ion conductive layer 23a is formed on the second metal thin film by a plasma CVD method. During the formation of the SiOCH polymer film, the second metal thin film is oxidized by oxygen present in the reaction chamber (deposition chamber), whereby the metal oxide used as the second ion conductive layer 23b is oxidized. A thin film is formed.
- the second metal constituting the metal oxide is desirably a metal having a large standard generation Gibbs energy in the negative direction, and can be selected from the group consisting of titanium, aluminum, zirconium, hafnium, and tantalum. These metals may be laminated and used as a second metal thin film.
- the optimum film thickness of the second metal thin film is 0.5 nm to 1 nm. If it is thinner than the optimum film thickness, the oxidation reaches the copper wiring surface beyond the thin film of the second metal while the SiOCH polymer film is formed by the plasma CVD method. As a result, oxidation of the copper wiring surface occurs slightly.
- the standard generation Gibbs energy of the second metal constituting the metal oxide of the second ion conductive layer 23b is large or thicker than the optimum film thickness
- the SiOCH polymer film is formed by the plasma CVD method
- the oxidation of the metal thin film may not be completed. If the oxidation of the metal thin film is not completed while the SiOCH polymer film is formed by the plasma CVD method, it remains as a metal on the surface of the copper wiring.
- the second metal constituting the second ion conductive layer 23b contains the same metal as the first metal contained in the first upper electrode layer 22a and the second upper electrode layer 22b. More preferably, the second metal constituting the second ion conductive layer 23b is the same as the first metal contained in the first upper electrode layer 22a and the second upper electrode layer 22b.
- the second metal constituting the second ion conductive layer 23b diffuses into the first upper electrode layer 22a or the second upper electrode layer 22b, the first upper electrode layer 22a or the second upper electrode layer 22b The occurrence of defects can be prevented.
- the dielectric breakdown voltage of the first ion conductive layer 23a may be lowered starting from the defect.
- the second metal thin film formed in the formation of the second ion conductive layer 23b may be formed using a sputtering method, a laser ablation method, or a plasma CVD method.
- the film thickness of the second ion conductive layer 23b is desirably 50% or less of the film thickness of the first ion conductive layer 23a.
- the switching element of the first embodiment is configured as a two-terminal switch.
- a positive voltage is applied to the lower electrode 21 while the upper electrode 22 (the first upper electrode layer 22a and the second upper electrode layer 22b) is grounded.
- the metal of the lower electrode 21 is dissolved in the lower electrode 21 to form metal ions 25, which are introduced into the first ion conductive layer 23a through the second ion conductive layer 23b. Then, the metal ions 25 conducted through the second ion conductive layer 23b and the first ion conductive layer 23a are deposited as metal bridges 24 on the surface of the first upper electrode layer 22a, and the lower electrode 21 is deposited by the deposited metal bridges 24. Are connected to the first upper electrode layer 22a. When the lower electrode 21 and the first upper electrode layer 22a are electrically connected by the metal bridge 24, the switching element is turned on.
- the metal bridge 24 becomes the metal ion 25 and the second ion conductive layer 23b and the second electrode 1 It melt
- the metal ions 25 are collected in the second ion conductive layer 23b and the metal bridge 24 dispersed in the first ion conductive layer 23a and the lower electrode 21. Thereby, the electrical connection between the lower electrode 21 and the first upper electrode layer 22a is cut off, and the switching element is turned off.
- the upper electrode 22 is grounded and a positive voltage is applied to the lower electrode 21 again. Further, a negative voltage may be applied to the upper electrode 22 while the lower electrode 21 is grounded to turn on the switching element, or a positive voltage may be applied to the upper electrode 22 while the lower electrode 21 is grounded. The switching element may be turned off.
- the resistance between the lower electrode 21 and the upper electrode 22 increases from the stage before the electrical connection is completely cut off, or the capacitance between the electrodes changes. There is a change in the electrical characteristics, and the electrical connection is eventually broken.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing the switching element of the first embodiment.
- a tantalum film 21a having a thickness of 20 nm is formed on the surface of the low resistance silicon substrate 26 by sputtering, and a copper film 21b having a thickness of 100 nm is formed on the tantalum film 21a by sputtering.
- a laminated body of the tantalum film 21 a and the copper film 21 b is used as the lower electrode 21.
- a titanium film having a thickness of 0.5 nm, an aluminum film having a thickness of 0.5 nm, or a laminate of a titanium film having a thickness of 0.5 nm and an aluminum film having a thickness of 0.5 nm is formed on the lower electrode 21.
- the metal layer 27 is formed.
- the metal layer 27 is formed by, for example, a sputtering method.
- a SiOCH polymer film having a thickness of 6.0 nm is formed by a plasma CVD method.
- the SiOCH polymer film is formed as follows, for example.
- the cyclic organosiloxane raw material and the carrier gas helium are supplied to the reaction chamber, the supply of both is stabilized, and the application of RF power is started when the pressure in the reaction chamber becomes constant.
- the supply amount of the raw material is 10 to 200 sccm.
- 500 sccm of helium is supplied via the raw material vaporizer, and 500 sccm of helium is directly supplied to the reaction chamber in another line.
- the metal layer 27 is oxidized by oxygen present in the reaction chamber, and a second ion conductive layer 23b made of a metal oxide film is formed.
- the first ion conductive layer 23 a and the second ion conductive layer 23 b thus formed constitute a resistance change layer 23.
- a thin film of ruthenium alloy containing titanium and having a thickness of 30 nm is formed on first ion conductive layer 23a as first upper electrode layer 22a by co-sputtering.
- the content of titanium in the ruthenium alloy constituting the first upper electrode layer 22a is adjusted to, for example, 25 atm%.
- a titanium nitride film having a thickness of 50 nm is formed as the second upper electrode layer 22b on the first upper electrode layer 22a.
- the titanium content in the titanium nitride film is higher than the titanium content in the ruthenium alloy, and is adjusted to, for example, 50 atm%.
- first upper electrode layer 22a and the second upper electrode layer 22b In forming the first upper electrode layer 22a and the second upper electrode layer 22b, a shadow mask made of stainless steel or silicon is used, and the first upper electrode layer 22a having a shape corresponding to the opening provided in the shadow mask. Then, the second upper electrode layer 22b is formed.
- the first upper electrode layer 22a and the second upper electrode layer 22b are formed, for example, in a square shape with sides of 30 ⁇ m to 150 ⁇ m.
- the first upper electrode layer 22 a and the second upper electrode layer 22 b constitute the upper electrode 22.
- the switching element of the first embodiment described above may be integrated in the multilayer wiring layer of the semiconductor device.
- the configuration of the semiconductor device in which the switching element of the first embodiment is integrated in the multilayer wiring layer will be described.
- FIG. 5 is a partial cross-sectional view schematically showing the configuration of the semiconductor device in which the switching elements of the first embodiment are integrated.
- a two-terminal switch 72 that is a switching element of the first embodiment is integrated in a multilayer wiring layer formed above the semiconductor substrate 51.
- the multilayer wiring layer has an insulating laminate.
- This insulating laminate is formed by sequentially laminating an interlayer insulating film 52, a barrier insulating film 53, an interlayer insulating film 54, a barrier insulating film 57, a protective insulating film 64, an interlayer insulating film 65, and an etching stopper, which are sequentially stacked above the semiconductor substrate 51.
- a film 66, an interlayer insulating film 67, and a barrier insulating film 71 are provided.
- wiring grooves are formed in the interlayer insulating film 54 and the barrier insulating film 53.
- a barrier metal film 56 Side and bottom surfaces of the wiring trench are covered with a barrier metal film 56, and a first wiring 55 is formed on the barrier metal film 56 so as to fill the wiring trench.
- contact holes are formed in the interlayer insulating film 65, the protective insulating film 64, and the hard mask film 62, and wiring grooves are formed in the interlayer insulating film 67 and the etching stopper film 66.
- the contact hole and the side and bottom surfaces of the wiring trench are covered with a barrier metal film 70.
- a plug 69 is formed so as to fill the contact hole, and a second wiring 68 is formed so as to fill the wiring groove.
- the second wiring 68 and the plug 69 are integrated.
- an opening communicating with the first wiring 55 is formed.
- the second ion conduction layer 58b, the first ion conduction so as to cover the portion of the first wiring 55 located inside the opening, the side surface of the opening of the barrier insulating film 57, and a part of the upper surface of the barrier insulating film 57.
- the layer 58a, the first upper electrode layer 61a, and the second upper electrode layer 61b are sequentially stacked.
- the two-terminal switch 72 includes a first wiring 55 used as a lower electrode, an upper electrode 61 including a first upper electrode layer 61a and a second upper electrode layer 61b, a first ion conductive layer 58a, and a second ion conductive layer 58b. It has the structure which has the resistance change layer 58 provided with. Specifically, the second ion conductive layer 58b and the first wiring 55 are in direct contact with each other in the opening formed in the barrier insulating film 57, and the first ion conductive layer 58a and the first upper electrode layer 61a are directly in contact with each other. Touching.
- the second upper electrode layer 61 b is electrically connected to the plug 69 through the barrier metal film 70.
- a hard mask film 62 is formed on the second upper electrode layer 22b.
- the top surface and the side surface of the laminate composed of the second ion conductive layer 58b, the first ion conductive layer 58a, the first upper electrode layer 61a, the second upper electrode layer 61b, and the hard mask film 62 are the protective insulating film 64. Covered with.
- the two-terminal switch 72 configured in this way is switched to an on state or an off state by application of a voltage or current.
- the two-terminal switch 72 is switched by using electric field diffusion of metal ions supplied from the metal forming the first wiring 55 to the second ion conductive layer 58b and the first ion conductive layer 58a.
- the electrode resistance can be lowered while simplifying the number of steps. More specifically, as an additional step to the normal copper damascene wiring process, the two-terminal switch 72 can be mounted simply by creating at least two photoresist mask sets, thereby reducing the resistance and cost of the switching element. Can be achieved at the same time.
- the semiconductor substrate 51 is a substrate on which a semiconductor element is formed.
- a silicon substrate for example, a silicon substrate, a single crystal substrate, an SOI (Silicon-on-Insulator) substrate, a TFT (Thin-Film-Transistor) substrate, a liquid crystal manufacturing substrate, or the like can be used.
- SOI Silicon-on-Insulator
- TFT Thin-Film-Transistor
- the interlayer insulating film 52 is an insulating film formed on the semiconductor substrate 51.
- a silicon oxide film for example, a low dielectric constant film (for example, a SiOCH film) having a relative dielectric constant lower than that of the silicon oxide film, or the like can be used.
- the interlayer insulating film 52 may be a laminate of a plurality of insulating films.
- the barrier insulating film 53 is an insulating film having a barrier property provided between the interlayer insulating films 52 and 54.
- the barrier insulating film 53 functions as an etching stop layer when forming a wiring trench in which the first wiring 55 is embedded.
- As the barrier insulating film 53 for example, a silicon nitride film, a SiC film, a silicon carbonitride film, or the like can be used.
- the barrier insulating film 53 can be removed depending on the selection of the etching conditions for the wiring trench.
- the interlayer insulating film 54 is an insulating film formed on the barrier insulating film 53.
- the interlayer insulating film 54 for example, a silicon oxide film, a low dielectric constant film (for example, a SiOCH film) having a relative dielectric constant lower than that of the silicon oxide film, or the like can be used.
- the interlayer insulating film 54 may be a laminate of a plurality of insulating films.
- a wiring groove for embedding the first wiring 55 is formed in the barrier insulating film 53 and the interlayer insulating film 54. Side and bottom surfaces of the wiring groove are covered with a barrier metal film 56, and a first wiring 55 is formed on the barrier metal film 56 so as to bury the wiring groove.
- the barrier insulating film 53 can be removed depending on the selection of the etching conditions for the wiring trench.
- the first wiring 55 is a wiring embedded in a wiring groove formed in the interlayer insulating film 54 and the barrier insulating film 53.
- the first wiring 55 is a component corresponding to the lower electrode 21 of the switching element of FIG. That is, the first wiring 55 also serves as the lower electrode of the two-terminal switch 72 and is in direct contact with the second ion conductive layer 58b of the resistance change layer 58.
- the upper surface of the second ion conductive layer 58b is in direct contact with the lower surface of the first ion conductive layer 58a, and the upper surface of the first ion conductive layer 58a is in direct contact with the first upper electrode layer 61a.
- the metal constituting the first wiring 55 a metal that generates metal ions capable of diffusing or ionic conduction in the resistance change layer 58 is used.
- a metal that generates metal ions capable of diffusing or ionic conduction in the resistance change layer 58 is used.
- copper or the like can be used.
- the first wiring 55 may be formed of an alloy including a metal (for example, copper) that generates metal ions capable of diffusion or ion conduction in the resistance change layer 58 and aluminum.
- the barrier metal film 56 is a conductive film having a barrier property that covers the side and bottom surfaces of the first wiring 55 in order to prevent the metal forming the first wiring 55 from diffusing into the interlayer insulating film 54 and the lower layer. is there.
- the barrier metal film 56 may be, for example, a refractory metal or a refractory metal such as tantalum, tantalum nitride, titanium nitride, or tungsten carbonitride. A nitride thin film or a laminated film thereof can be used.
- the barrier insulating film 57 is formed so as to cover the interlayer insulating film 54 and the first wiring 55.
- the barrier insulating film 57 prevents the metal (for example, copper) forming the first wiring 55 from being oxidized, prevents the metal forming the first wiring 55 from diffusing into the interlayer insulating film 65, and the upper electrode. It serves as an etching stop layer when processing 61 and the resistance change layer 58.
- a SiC film, a silicon carbonitride film, a silicon nitride film, a laminated structure thereof, or the like can be used.
- the barrier insulating film 57 is preferably made of the same material as the protective insulating film 64 and the hard mask film 62.
- the first ion conductive layer 58a and the second ion conductive layer 58b have resistance changes in which the resistance is changed by the action of metal ions generated from the metal forming the first wiring 55 (lower electrode) (diffusion, ion conduction, etc.).
- Layer 58 is configured.
- the first ion conductive layer 58a and the second ion conductive layer 58b are components corresponding to the first ion conductive layer 23a and the second ion conductive layer 23b of the switching element of FIG. 2, respectively.
- the first ion conductive layer 58a is formed of a film containing silicon, oxygen, and carbon as a main component, for example, a SiOCH polymer containing silicon, oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen (for example, a polymer of an organic silica compound such as cyclic siloxane).
- the SiOCH polymer film used as the first ion conductive layer 58a may be formed by plasma CVD (Plasma-enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition) method.
- the SiOCH polymer film used as the first ion conductive layer 58a is formed as follows.
- the cyclic organosiloxane raw material and the carrier gas helium are supplied to the reaction chamber, the supply of both is stabilized, and the application of RF power is started when the pressure in the reaction chamber becomes constant.
- the supply amount of the raw material is 10 to 200 sccm.
- 500 sccm of helium is supplied via the raw material vaporizer, and 500 sccm of helium is directly supplied to the reaction chamber in another line.
- the second ion conductive layer 58b prevents the metal forming the first wiring 55 from diffusing into the first ion conductive layer 58a by heating or plasma while the first ion conductive layer 58a is being deposited. There is. Furthermore, the second ion conductive layer 58b has a role of preventing the first wiring 55 used as the lower electrode from being oxidized and facilitating diffusion.
- the metal thin film forming the second ion conductive layer 58b is oxidized during the formation of the first ion conductive layer 58a to become a metal oxide thin film, and becomes a part of the resistance change layer 58.
- a thin film of titanium, aluminum, zirconium, hafnium, or tantalum can be considered. These metal thin films are oxidized during the formation of the first ion conductive layer 58 a to form a thin film of titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, hafnium oxide, and tantalum oxide, and become a part of the resistance change layer 58.
- the optimum film thickness of the metal film forming the second ion conductive layer 58b is 0.5 to 1 nm. If it is thinner than this, the surface of the first wiring 55 is slightly oxidized. During the formation of the layer 58a, the metal cannot be oxidized and remains as a metal.
- the resistance change layer 58 is formed so as to cover a part of the upper surface of the first wiring 55, a tapered surface of the opening of the barrier insulating film 57, and a part of the upper surface of the barrier insulating film 57.
- the outer peripheral portion of the connection portion between the first wiring 55 and the resistance change layer 58 is disposed along at least the tapered surface of the opening of the barrier insulating film 57.
- the metal film used for forming the second ion conductive layer 58b may be formed as a laminated film or a single layer film. It is preferable that the second metal constituting the second ion conductive layer 58b contains the same metal as the first metal constituting the first upper electrode layer 61a and the second upper electrode layer 61b described later. Thus, when the second metal constituting the second ion conductive layer 58b diffuses into the first upper electrode layer 61a and the second upper electrode layer 61b, the first upper electrode layer 61a and the second upper electrode layer 61b The occurrence of defects can be prevented. When a defect is formed in the first upper electrode layer 61a and the second upper electrode layer 61b, the dielectric breakdown voltage of the resistance change layer 58 may be lowered using this defect as a starting point.
- the first upper electrode layer 61a and the second upper electrode layer 61b constitute the upper electrode 61 of the two-terminal switch 72.
- the first upper electrode layer 61a and the second upper electrode layer 61b are components corresponding to the first upper electrode layer 22a and the second upper electrode layer 22b of the switching element of FIG. 2, respectively.
- the first upper electrode layer 61a is a lower electrode layer of the upper electrode 61 and is in direct contact with the first ion conductive layer 58a.
- the first upper electrode layer 61a is preferably an alloy of ruthenium and a first metal, that is, a ruthenium alloy to which the first metal is added.
- the ruthenium content in the ruthenium alloy is preferably 60 atm% or more and 90 atm% or less.
- the first metal added to the ruthenium alloy forming the first upper electrode layer 61a a metal whose standard generation Gibbs energy in the oxidation process (a process of generating metal ions from the metal) is larger in the negative direction than ruthenium is selected. It is desirable. Titanium, tantalum, zirconium, hafnium, and aluminum, which have a larger Gibbs energy in the oxidation process in the negative direction than ruthenium, are more reactive than ruthenium because they tend to spontaneously undergo chemical reactions. For this reason, the ruthenium alloy forming the first upper electrode layer 61a contains the first metal as described above, thereby improving the adhesion to the metal bridge formed of the metal forming the first wiring 55.
- the first metal contained in the ruthenium alloy constituting the first upper electrode layer 61a is preferably at least one metal selected from the group consisting of titanium, tantalum, zirconium, hafnium, and aluminum.
- the first upper electrode layer 61a is composed of only the first metal that does not contain ruthenium, the reactivity becomes high and the transition to the off state is prevented.
- the transition from the on state to the off state proceeds by an oxidation reaction (dissolution reaction) of the metal bridge.
- an oxidation reaction dissolution reaction
- the standard generation Gibbs energy of the oxidation process of the metal constituting the first upper electrode layer 61a is larger in the negative direction than that of the metal forming the first wiring 55, the following phenomenon occurs. That is, the oxidation reaction of the first upper electrode layer 61a proceeds more than the oxidation reaction of the metal bridge formed of the metal forming the first wiring 55, and thus the phenomenon cannot be changed to the off state.
- the metal material forming the first upper electrode layer 61a is preferably an alloy of ruthenium and the first metal whose standard generation Gibbs energy in the oxidation process is smaller in the negative direction than copper. Furthermore, when copper, which is a component of metal crosslinking, is mixed into the first upper electrode layer 61a, the effect of adding a metal having a large standard Gibbs energy in the negative direction is diminished. Therefore, the first metal added to the ruthenium alloy is copper and copper. A material having a barrier property against ions is preferable. Examples of such metals include tantalum, titanium, and aluminum.
- the transition to the off state and the stability of the on state are excellent.
- a sputtering method for forming the first upper electrode layer 61a.
- a method using an alloy target of ruthenium and a first metal there are a method using an alloy target of ruthenium and a first metal and a co-sputtering method of simultaneously sputtering a ruthenium target and a first metal target in the same chamber.
- a first metal thin film is formed in advance, and then ruthenium is formed using a sputtering method, and alloying is performed using the energy of collision atoms.
- the composition of the alloy can be adjusted appropriately.
- the second upper electrode layer 61b is an upper electrode layer of the upper electrode 61 and is formed on the first upper electrode layer 61a.
- the second upper electrode layer 61b has a role of protecting the first upper electrode layer 61a. That is, the second upper electrode layer 61b protects the first upper electrode layer 61a, thereby suppressing damage to the first upper electrode layer 61a during the manufacturing process and maintaining the switching characteristics of the two-terminal switch 72. it can.
- the second upper electrode layer 61b is made of a nitride of the first metal contained in the ruthenium alloy constituting the first upper electrode layer 61a.
- the fact that the first metal is selected from the group consisting of titanium, tantalum, zirconium, hafnium, and aluminum is that the nitride of the first metal constituting the second upper electrode layer 61b is conductive. It is also suitable in that it will have.
- the first metal nitride constituting the second upper electrode layer 61 b has a lower etching rate than the fluorocarbon gas plasma used for etching the interlayer insulating film 65. The reduction in the etching rate is also suitable for causing the second upper electrode layer 61b to function as an etching stop film.
- the second upper electrode layer 61b When a non-nitride metal is used for the second upper electrode layer 61b, a part of the metal diffuses into the first upper electrode layer 61a due to heating or plasma damage during the process. Due to the diffusion of the metal into the first upper electrode layer 61a, defects are generated in the first upper electrode layer 61a, and there is a possibility that the breakdown voltage of the ion conductive layer is lowered from these defects.
- the second upper electrode layer 61b is a compound having electrical conductivity. By using a stable metal nitride, diffusion of metal to the first upper electrode layer 61a can be prevented.
- the fact that the nitride metal constituting the second upper electrode layer 61b and the first metal contained in the ruthenium alloy constituting the first upper electrode layer 61a are the same is the first contained in the ruthenium alloy. This is preferable in that the occurrence of defects due to the diffusion of the metal can be prevented more efficiently.
- the second upper electrode layer 61b is preferably formed of titanium nitride.
- the second upper electrode layer 61b is preferably formed of tantalum nitride.
- the content ratio of the first metal contained in the nitride constituting the second upper electrode layer 61b is more than the content percentage of the first metal contained in the ruthenium alloy constituting the first upper electrode layer 61a. Enlarge. Thereby, it is possible to prevent the metal constituting the first upper electrode layer 61a from diffusing into the nitride constituting the second upper electrode layer 61b and changing the composition of the ruthenium alloy constituting the first upper electrode layer 61a. .
- the titanium content of the second upper electrode layer 61b may be 40 atm% or more and 80 atm% or less, and particularly 40 atm% or more and 50 atm%.
- the composition is preferably. If it is 40 atm% or less, titanium in the first upper electrode layer 61a may diffuse into the second upper electrode layer 61b.
- it is 50 atm% or more, in X-ray diffraction measurement, not only TiN, which is a stable composition of titanium nitride used for the metal electrode, but also a crystal phase derived from Ti 2 N is detected.
- the second upper electrode 61b may be oxidized when the hard mask film 62 is formed because it is easily oxidized. If the second upper electrode 61b is oxidized, the specific resistance of the second upper electrode 61b increases, and the parasitic resistance of the two-terminal switch 72 increases.
- a sputtering method for forming the second upper electrode layer 61b.
- a reactive sputtering method in which a metal target is evaporated using plasma of a mixed gas of nitrogen and argon. The metal evaporated from the metal target reacts with nitrogen to form a metal nitride and is deposited on the substrate.
- the second upper electrode layer 61b it is preferable to use co-sputtering using two of a ruthenium target electrode and a target electrode made of the first metal.
- a ruthenium target electrode and a target electrode made of the first metal when an alloy target composed of ruthenium and the first metal is used, since the sputtering yield of each material is different, there is a deviation in the composition that is continuously used. Can no longer be controlled.
- the composition of the film to be deposited can be precisely controlled by individually setting the power applied to each target electrode in advance. Such a technique is particularly effective when titanium or tantalum is used as the first metal.
- the hard mask film 62 is used as a mask for etching the second upper electrode layer 61b, the first upper electrode layer 61a, the first ion conductive layer 58a, and the second ion conductive layer 58b, and is further used as a passivation film.
- the hard mask film 62 for example, a silicon nitride film and a silicon carbonitride film can be used.
- the hard mask film 62 is preferably made of the same material as the protective insulating film 64 and the barrier insulating film 57.
- the entire periphery of the two-terminal switch 72 is surrounded by members of the same material so that the material interface is integrated, preventing entry of moisture and the like from the outside, and preventing detachment of the material from the two-terminal switch 72 itself. Will be able to.
- the protective insulating film 64 is an insulating film having a function of preventing application of damage to the two-terminal switch 72 and further preventing desorption of oxygen from the first ion conductive layer 58a.
- As the protective insulating film 64 for example, a silicon nitride film or a silicon carbonitride film can be used.
- the protective insulating film 64 is preferably made of the same material as the hard mask film 62 and the barrier insulating film 57. When the same material is used, the protective insulating film 64, the barrier insulating film 57, and the hard mask film 62 are integrated to improve the adhesion at the interface, and the two-terminal switch 72 can be further protected. .
- the interlayer insulating film 65 is an insulating film formed on the protective insulating film 64.
- a silicon oxide film, a SiOC film, a low dielectric constant film (for example, a SiOCH film) having a relative dielectric constant lower than that of the silicon oxide film can be used.
- the interlayer insulating film 65 may be a laminate of a plurality of insulating films.
- the interlayer insulating film 65 may be made of the same material as the interlayer insulating film 67.
- Contact holes for embedding the plugs 69 are formed in the interlayer insulating film 65. The contact hole is covered with a barrier metal film 70, and a plug 69 is formed on the barrier metal film 70 so as to bury the contact hole.
- the etching stopper film 66 is an insulating film provided between the interlayer insulating films 65 and 67.
- the etching stopper film 66 functions as an etching stop layer when processing the wiring groove in which the second wiring 68 is embedded.
- a silicon nitride film, a SiC film, or a silicon carbonitride film can be used.
- the interlayer insulating film 67 is an insulating film formed on the etching stopper film 66.
- the interlayer insulating film 67 for example, a silicon oxide film, a SiOC film, a low dielectric constant film (for example, a SiOCH film) having a relative dielectric constant lower than that of the silicon oxide film can be used.
- the interlayer insulating film 67 may be a laminate of a plurality of insulating films.
- the interlayer insulating film 67 may be made of the same material as the interlayer insulating film 65.
- a wiring groove for embedding the second wiring 68 is formed in the etching stopper film 66 and the interlayer insulating film 67.
- the side and bottom surfaces of the wiring trench are covered with the barrier metal film 70, and the second wiring 68 is formed on the barrier metal film 70 so as to bury the wiring trench.
- the etching stopper film 66 can be deleted depending on the selection of the etching conditions for the wiring trench.
- the second wiring 68 is a wiring embedded in a wiring groove formed in the interlayer insulating film 67 and the etching stopper film 66.
- the second wiring 68 is integrated with the plug 69.
- the plug 69 is embedded in a contact hole formed in the interlayer insulating film 65, the protective insulating film 64, and the hard mask film 62.
- the plug 69 is electrically connected to the second upper electrode layer 61 b through the barrier metal film 70.
- copper can be used for the second wiring 68 and the plug 69.
- the barrier metal film 70 covers the side and bottom surfaces of the second wiring 68 and the plug 69 in order to prevent the metal forming the second wiring 68 and the plug 69 from diffusing into the interlayer insulating films 65 and 67 and the lower layer.
- a conductive film having a barrier property When the second wiring 68 and the plug 69 are made of a metal element whose main component is copper, a refractory metal or a nitride of a refractory metal or a laminated film thereof can be used for the barrier metal film 70. .
- a refractory metal such as tantalum, tantalum nitride, titanium nitride, tungsten carbonitride, or a refractory metal nitride, or Those laminated films are conceivable. It is preferable that at least a portion of the barrier metal film 70 in contact with the second upper electrode layer 61b is made of the same material as the second upper electrode layer 61b.
- the barrier metal film 70 is formed as a stacked body of a lower layer formed of tantalum nitride and an upper layer formed of tantalum, tantalum nitride, which is a lower layer material, is applied to the second upper electrode layer 61b. It is preferable to use it.
- the barrier insulating film 71 is formed so as to cover the second wiring 68 and the interlayer insulating film 67, prevents oxidation of the metal (for example, copper) forming the second wiring 68, and forms the second wiring 68. It is an insulating film having a role of preventing diffusion of metal into the upper layer.
- a silicon carbonitride film, a silicon nitride film, and a stacked structure thereof can be used as the barrier insulating film 71.
- FIGS. 6A to 6E the operation of the switching element of the first embodiment, particularly, the first upper electrode layer 61a formed of a ruthenium alloy containing a first metal (for example, titanium) is formed.
- the characteristics of the switching element provided will be described.
- 6A and 6B show normal distributions of current values immediately after switching to the ON state and after 100 hours have elapsed for a switching element integrated in a multilayer wiring having the configuration shown in FIG. FIG.
- the distribution of resistance values of semiconductors and resistance change elements is generally plotted as a normal distribution. When the distribution deviates from the normal distribution, it indicates an abnormal state such as a failure, and the normal probability plot is widely used as a plotting method for identifying such an event.
- 6A and 6B indicates “multiple of standard deviation” or “difference of standard deviation from average” when the average value of the measured current values is set to “0”. Indicates. This value in probability display is used as a “cumulative failure probability” for reliability evaluation. All the switching elements are integrated as a 4-kilobit array (4096 elements), and the current value is measured for all the switching elements of the array. All the plots are indicated by white circles “ ⁇ ”, and a portion where the normal distribution of the current value immediately after switching to the ON state and the normal distribution of the current value after 100 hours have overlapped is a change in resistance value. You can see that there is no. In switching to the ON state, a positive voltage was applied to the first wiring 55 (lower electrode) in FIG.
- FIG. 6A shows the measurement result of the current value of the switching element including the first upper electrode layer 61a formed only of ruthenium
- FIG. 6B shows the first upper electrode layer 61a formed of a ruthenium alloy containing titanium.
- the measurement result of the electric current value of the switching element provided with is shown.
- the “ruthenium alloy containing titanium” constituting the first upper electrode layer 61a of the switching element used in the measurement of FIG. 6B has a composition of ruthenium of 75 atm% and titanium of 25 atm% by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. I know that As shown in FIG.
- FIGS. 6C and 6D show current-voltage characteristics when the switching element formed in the multilayer wiring transitions from the on state to the off state.
- a negative voltage is applied to the first wiring 55 (lower electrode) in FIG.
- the current observed in the measurement of the current-voltage characteristic is a negative current.
- both the current and voltage are shown as absolute values.
- FIG. 6C shows the measurement result of the current-voltage characteristics of the switching element including the first upper electrode layer 61a formed only of ruthenium.
- FIG. 6D shows the measurement result of the current-voltage characteristics of the switching element including the first upper electrode layer 61a formed of a ruthenium alloy containing titanium.
- the “ruthenium alloy containing titanium” constituting the first upper electrode layer 61a of the switching element used in the measurement of FIG. 6D has a composition of ruthenium of 75 atm% and titanium of 25 atm% by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. I know that.
- 6C and 6D show current-voltage curves at the time of resetting each element under the conditions of FIGS. 6C and 6D.
- the switching element including the first upper electrode layer 61a made of only ruthenium and the switching element including the first upper electrode layer 61a made of the ruthenium alloy containing titanium transit to the on state.
- the resistance values are almost the same.
- 6C and 6D the absolute value of the largest current is the current required for transition from the on-state to the off-state, but is almost the same in FIGS. 6C and 6D.
- the vertices of the triangles (around 2V to 2.5V) of the curves in FIGS. 6C and 6D indicate the maximum current at reset. 6C and 6D, the values are almost the same. From this, it can be seen that in the embodiment of the present invention, the holding power in the on state increases, but the reset current does not increase. Further, even when the first upper electrode layer 61a formed of “ruthenium alloy containing titanium” is used, the current that transitions from the on state to the off state does not increase. "Ruthenium alloy containing titanium” has a higher resistivity than ruthenium alone. For this reason, it is considered that the upper electrode 61 is easily heated by a current when transitioning from the on state to the off state. In order for the reaction in which the metal bridge formed in the first ion conductive layer 58a is dissolved by voltage application to proceed, the contribution of Joule heat generated in the metal bridge is necessary.
- the reason why the current that transitions from the on state to the off state does not increase and has a high coercive force is that the first upper electrode layer 61a is heated by the current at the time of transition from the on state to the off state. This is thought to be due to the effect of confining the Joule heat generated in the. This Joule heat confinement effect is brought about by making the first upper electrode layer 61a of a ruthenium alloy such as “ruthenium alloy containing titanium”, for example.
- a ruthenium alloy containing tantalum has the same performance as the holding force characteristic and electrical characteristic of the switching element in which the first upper electrode layer 61a is formed of the ruthenium alloy containing titanium. Even when used.
- the composition of the ruthenium alloy containing titanium is ruthenium 75 atm% and titanium 25 atm%
- the composition of the ruthenium alloy containing tantalum is ruthenium 70 atm% and tantalum 30 atm%.
- the first upper electrode layer 61a is formed of only a metal having a small standard generation Gibbs energy in the oxidation process without containing ruthenium
- a negative voltage is applied to the first wiring 55 (lower electrode) during the transition from the on state to the off state. Is applied, breakdown of the first ion conductive layer 58a occurs. The dielectric breakdown of the first ion conductive layer 58a occurs, and the switching element does not transition to the off state.
- the oxidation process is a process of generating metal ions from a metal.
- the ruthenium content is 30 atm% or less, if a negative voltage is applied to the first wiring 55 during the transition from the on state to the off state, the dielectric breakdown of the first ion conductive layer 58a is similarly observed. The switching element does not transition to the off state.
- FIG. 7A shows a cross-sectional TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope) image of an element in which a problem occurred during the transition to OFF among the switching elements using tantalum that is not nitride for the second upper electrode layer 61b. From the cross-sectional TEM image, it is understood that a part of tantalum that is the second upper electrode layer 61b is diffused in the alloy of ruthenium and titanium that is the first upper electrode layer 61a. When such diffusion proceeds, a defect occurs in the first upper electrode layer 61a, and the dielectric breakdown of the resistance change layer 58 starting from this defect occurs at a low voltage.
- TEM Transmission Electron Microscope
- FIG. 7B is a graph showing the reset yield of the switching element according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 7B shows the material dependency of the reset yield of the second upper electrode layer 61b.
- the vertical axis of the graph shows the percentage of elements (fail bits) that cannot be reset when a reset operation is performed as an index of reset yield.
- the reset yield indicating the transition probability to off was improved when titanium nitride was used as the second upper electrode layer 61b. From this result, it is understood that the use of titanium nitride suppresses the diffusion of metal to the first upper electrode layer 61a and improves the dielectric breakdown voltage.
- FIG. 8A to 8D are cross-sectional views schematically showing an example of a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device in which the switching elements of the first embodiment shown in FIG. 5 are integrated in a multilayer wiring layer.
- an interlayer insulating film 52 is deposited on the semiconductor substrate 51, and a barrier insulating film 53 is further deposited on the interlayer insulating film 52.
- the semiconductor substrate 51 is, for example, a substrate on which a semiconductor element is formed.
- the interlayer insulating film 52 is, for example, a silicon oxide film having a thickness of 300 nm.
- the barrier insulating film 53 is, for example, a silicon nitride film having a thickness of 50 nm.
- an interlayer insulating film 54 is deposited on the barrier insulating film 53, and thereafter, a wiring trench is formed in the interlayer insulating film 54 and the barrier insulating film 53 by using a lithography method (including photoresist formation, dry etching, and photoresist removal). Is formed.
- the interlayer insulating film 54 is, for example, a silicon oxide film having a thickness of 300 nm.
- the wiring trench is covered with a barrier metal film 56 (for example, a laminate of a tantalum nitride film having a thickness of 5 nm and a tantalum film having a thickness of 5 nm), and the wiring trench is embedded on the barrier metal film 56.
- First wiring 55 (for example, copper wiring) is formed.
- the interlayer insulating films 52 and 54 can be formed by a plasma CVD method.
- the first wiring 55 can be formed by the following series of wiring forming methods.
- the barrier metal film 56 is formed by a PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition) method, and a copper seed is further formed by a PVD method.
- a copper film is formed so as to fill the wiring groove by an electrolytic plating method.
- the excess copper film other than in the wiring trench is removed by a CMP (Chemical Mechanical Polishing) method. In this way, the first wiring 55 can be formed.
- the CMP method is a method of flattening by polishing the unevenness of the wafer surface that occurs during the multilayer wiring formation process by bringing the polishing liquid into contact with a rotating polishing pad while flowing the polishing liquid over the wafer surface.
- embedded wiring damascene wiring
- planarization is performed.
- a barrier insulating film 57 (for example, a silicon nitride film or a silicon carbonitride film having a thickness of 50 nm) is formed so as to cover the first wiring 55 and the interlayer insulating film 54.
- the barrier insulating film 57 can be formed by a plasma CVD method.
- the thickness of the barrier insulating film 57 is preferably about 10 nm to 50 nm.
- a hard mask film 59 (for example, a silicon oxide film) is formed on the barrier insulating film 57.
- the hard mask film 59 is preferably made of a material different from the barrier insulating film 57 from the viewpoint of maintaining a high etching selectivity in the dry etching process, and may be an insulating film or a conductive film.
- a silicon oxide film, a silicon nitride film, a titanium nitride film, a titanium film, a tantalum film, a tantalum nitride film, or the like can be used.
- a stacked body of a silicon nitride film and a silicon oxide film can also be used.
- a photoresist pattern (not shown) having an opening formed thereon is formed on the hard mask film 59, and an opening 59a is formed in the hard mask film 59 by dry etching using the photoresist pattern as a mask. Thereafter, the photoresist pattern is removed by oxygen plasma ashing or the like. At this time, dry etching is not necessarily stopped on the upper surface of the barrier insulating film 57, and a part of the barrier insulating film 57 may be etched.
- the barrier insulating film 57 exposed from the opening 59a of the hard mask film 59 is etched back (dry etching), whereby the opening 57a is formed in the barrier insulating film 57. Is formed.
- a part of the first wiring 55 is exposed inside the opening 57 a of the barrier insulating film 57.
- an organic stripping process is performed with an amine-based stripping solution to remove copper oxide formed on the exposed surface of the first wiring 55 and to remove etching products generated during etch back.
- the side surface of the opening 57a of the barrier insulating film 57 can be formed as a tapered surface by using reactive dry etching.
- reactive dry etching a gas containing fluorocarbon can be used as an etching gas.
- the hard mask film 59 is preferably completely removed during the etch back, but may remain as it is when it is an insulating material.
- FIG. 8B shows a structure in which the hard mask film 59 is completely removed.
- the shape of the opening 57a of the barrier insulating film 57 may be a circle, and the diameter of the circle may be 30 nm to 500 nm.
- the oxide on the surface of the first wiring 55 is removed by RF (Radio Frequency) etching using a non-reactive gas.
- RF Radio Frequency
- a resistance change layer 58 including the first ion conductive layer 58a and the second ion conductive layer 58b is formed. Specifically, first, a titanium film having a film thickness of 0.5 nm and an aluminum film having a film thickness of 0.5 nm are deposited in this order so as to cover the first wiring 55 and the barrier insulating film 57, and a metal film having a total thickness of 1 nm. Is formed.
- the titanium film and the aluminum film can be formed using a PVD method or a CVD method.
- the SiOCH polymer film used as the first ion conductive layer 58a is formed as follows.
- the cyclic organosiloxane raw material and the carrier gas helium are supplied to the reaction chamber, the supply of both is stabilized, and the application of RF power is started when the pressure in the reaction chamber becomes constant.
- the supply amount of the raw material is 10 to 200 sccm.
- 500 sccm of helium is supplied via the raw material vaporizer, and 500 sccm of helium is directly supplied to the reaction chamber in another line.
- the titanium film and the aluminum film are automatically oxidized by being exposed to the raw material of the SiOCH polymer film containing oxygen during the formation of the first ion conductive layer 58a.
- the second ion conductive layer 58b constituting a part of the resistance change layer 58 is formed.
- degassing is performed by applying a heat treatment under reduced pressure at a temperature of about 250 ° C. to 350 ° C. before the formation of the resistance change layer 58. It is preferable to keep it.
- Step 7 On the resistance change layer 58, a thin film of ruthenium alloy containing titanium is formed as a first upper electrode layer 61a by a co-sputtering method with a thickness of 10 nm. At this time, the ruthenium target and the titanium target exist in the same chamber, and a ruthenium alloy film is deposited by sputtering at the same time. In the deposition of the ruthenium alloy film, the ruthenium content of the ruthenium alloy containing titanium can be adjusted to a desired value by controlling the power applied to the ruthenium target and the power applied to the titanium target.
- the applied power to the ruthenium target is 150 W, and the applied power to the titanium target is 50 W, so that the ruthenium content of the “ruthenium alloy containing titanium” is 75 atm% and the titanium content is It could be adjusted to 25 atm%.
- the second upper electrode layer 61b is formed on the first upper electrode layer 61a.
- the first upper electrode layer 61 a and the second upper electrode layer 61 b constitute the upper electrode 61.
- a titanium nitride film with a film thickness of 25 nm is formed by reactive sputtering.
- nitrogen gas and argon gas are introduced into the chamber.
- the titanium content of the titanium nitride film can be adjusted by adjusting the power applied to the titanium target and the ratio of nitrogen gas and argon gas supplied to the chamber.
- the power applied to the titanium target is set to 600 W, and the ratio of the nitrogen gas flow rate to the argon gas flow rate is set to 2: 1, so that the titanium content of the titanium nitride film is 50 atm%.
- the ratio of the nitrogen gas flow rate to the argon gas flow rate is set to 2: 1, so that the titanium content of the titanium nitride film is 50 atm%.
- a hard mask film 62 for example, a silicon nitride film or a silicon carbonitride film having a thickness of 30 nm
- a hard mask film 63 for example, a silicon oxide film having a thickness of 90 nm
- the hard mask films 62 and 63 can be formed using a plasma CVD method.
- the hard mask films 62 and 63 can be formed using a general plasma CVD method in this technical field.
- the hard mask films 62 and 63 are preferably films formed of different materials.
- the hard mask film 62 is formed of a silicon nitride film and the hard mask film 63 is formed of a silicon oxide film.
- the hard mask film 62 is preferably made of the same material as a protective insulating film 64 and a barrier insulating film 57 described later. That is, by surrounding all of the periphery of the switching element with the same material, the interface of the members surrounding the switching element can be integrated to prevent intrusion of moisture and the like from the outside and prevent the material from detaching from the switching element. It becomes like this.
- the hard mask film 62 is preferably a high-density silicon nitride film formed by generating a high-density plasma using a mixed gas of SiH 4 / N 2 as a raw material.
- Step 9 a photoresist pattern (not shown) for patterning the first ion conductive layer 58a, the second ion conductive layer 58b, the first upper electrode layer 61a, and the second upper electrode layer 61b on the hard mask film 63. ) Is formed. Thereafter, as shown in FIG. 8C, using the photoresist pattern as a mask, the hard mask film 63 is etched by dry etching until the hard mask film 62 appears. Thereafter, the photoresist pattern is removed using oxygen plasma ashing and organic peeling.
- the hard mask film 63 As a mask, the hard mask film 62, the second upper electrode layer 61b, the first upper electrode layer 61a, the first ion conductive layer 58a, and the second ion conductive layer 58b are continuously etched by dry etching. . At this time, the hard mask film 63 is preferably completely removed during the etching, but may remain as it is.
- etching can be performed by RIE (Reactive Ion Etching) using Cl 2 gas as a reaction gas.
- RIE Reactive Ion Etching
- the first upper electrode layer 61a is formed of a ruthenium alloy containing titanium, it can be etched by RIE using a mixed gas of Cl 2 gas and O 2 gas as a reaction gas.
- the first ion conductive layer 58a is a SiOCH polymer film containing silicon, oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen
- the barrier insulating film 57 is a silicon nitride film or a silicon carbonitride film
- etching by RIE can be performed. Etching with the RIE, CF 4 gas, a mixed gas of CF 4 gas and Cl 2 gas, or by adjusting the etching conditions using a mixed gas of CF 4 gas and Cl 2 gas and Ar gas, it is carried out it can.
- the film constituting the two-terminal switch 72 can be etched without being exposed to oxygen plasma ashing for resist removal.
- the films constituting the two-terminal switch 72 are the second upper electrode layer 61b, the first upper electrode layer 61a, the first ion conductive layer 58a, and the second ion conductive layer 58b. Further, when the oxidation treatment is performed by oxygen plasma after the processing, the oxidation plasma treatment can be irradiated without depending on the resist peeling time.
- the protective insulating film 64 is formed.
- the protective insulating film 64 is, for example, a silicon nitride film or a silicon carbonitride film having a thickness of 30 nm.
- the protective insulating film 64 can be formed by a plasma CVD method, it is necessary to maintain it under reduced pressure in the reaction chamber before film formation. At this time, oxygen is desorbed from the side surface of the first ion conductive layer 58a, There may be a problem that the leakage current of the first ion conductive layer 58a increases.
- the protective insulating film 64 be formed at a temperature of 250 ° C. or lower. Further, in forming the protective insulating film 64, it is preferable not to use a reducing gas as a source gas because the protective insulating film 64 is exposed to a film forming gas under reduced pressure before the film formation. For example, it is preferable to use as the protective insulating film 64 a silicon nitride film formed by using a mixed gas of SiH 4 / N 2 by high-density plasma at a substrate temperature of 200 ° C.
- Step 12 On the protective insulating film 64, an interlayer insulating film 65 (for example, silicon oxide film), an etching stopper film 66 (for example, silicon nitride film), and an interlayer insulating film 67 (for example, silicon oxide film) are deposited in this order. Thereafter, a wiring groove in which the second wiring 68 is formed and a contact hole in which the plug 69 is formed are formed. Furthermore, using a copper dual damascene wiring process, a barrier metal film 70 (for example, a laminate of a tantalum nitride film and a tantalum film) and a second wiring 68 (for example, copper) in the wiring trench and the contact hole, A plug 69 (for example, copper) is formed.
- a barrier metal film 70 for example, a laminate of a tantalum nitride film and a tantalum film
- a second wiring 68 for example, copper
- a barrier insulating film 71 (for example, a silicon nitride film) is deposited so as to cover the second wiring 68 and the interlayer insulating film 67.
- the formation of the second wiring 68 can use the same process as the formation of the wiring (for example, the first wiring 55) located in the lower layer.
- the barrier metal film 70 and the second upper electrode layer 61b with the same material, the contact resistance between the plug 69 and the second upper electrode layer 61b can be reduced, and the device performance can be improved.
- the interlayer insulating film 65 and the interlayer insulating film 67 can be formed by a plasma CVD method.
- the interlayer insulating film 65 may be deposited thickly, and the interlayer insulating film 65 may be cut and planarized by CMP so that the interlayer insulating film 65 has a desired thickness.
- FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a semiconductor device in which the switching elements of the second embodiment are integrated in a multilayer wiring layer.
- the switching element is configured as a three-terminal switch.
- the three-terminal switch is referred to by reference numeral 132.
- the multilayer wiring layer includes a pair of first wirings 115 a and 115 b and a plug 129
- the three-terminal switch 132 includes an upper electrode 121 and a resistance change layer 118. It has become.
- the upper electrode 121 includes a first upper electrode layer 121a and a second upper electrode layer 121b.
- the first wirings 115a and 115b of the multilayer wiring layer also serve as the lower electrode of the three-terminal switch 132. That is, the resistance change layer 118 is inserted between the upper electrode 121 and the first wirings 115a and 115b.
- the resistance change layer 118 includes a first ion conduction layer 118a and a second ion conduction layer 118b, and the resistance change layer 118 is connected to the pair of first wirings 115a and 115b through one opening.
- the opening is formed so as to reach a portion between the interlayer insulating film 114 and the first wirings 115a and 115b.
- the method for forming the multilayer wiring structure in FIG. 9 is the same as the method for forming the multilayer wiring structure (see FIG. 5) in the first embodiment.
- the multilayer wiring layer has an insulating stacked body that is sequentially stacked above the semiconductor substrate 111.
- This insulating laminate includes an interlayer insulating film 112, a barrier insulating film 113, an interlayer insulating film 114, a barrier insulating film 117, a protective insulating film 124, an interlayer insulating film 125, an etching stopper film 126, an interlayer insulating film 127, and a barrier insulating film 131. Is provided.
- a pair of wiring grooves are formed in the interlayer insulating film 114 and the barrier insulating film 113.
- the side and bottom surfaces of the wiring trench are covered with barrier metal films 116a and 116b, respectively, and a pair of first wirings 115a and 115b are formed so as to fill the pair of wiring trenches.
- contact holes are formed in the interlayer insulating film 125, the protective insulating film 124, and the hard mask film 122, and wiring grooves are formed in the interlayer insulating film 127 and the etching stopper film 126.
- the contact holes and the side and bottom surfaces of the wiring grooves are covered with a barrier metal film 130.
- a plug 129 is formed so as to fill the contact hole, and a second wiring 128 is formed so as to fill the wiring groove. The second wiring 128 and the plug 129 are integrated.
- openings communicating with the first wirings 115a and 115b are formed.
- the second ion conductive layer 118b, the first ion conductive layer 118a, the first upper electrode layer 121a, and the second upper electrode layer 121b are sequentially stacked. These are sequentially stacked so as to cover the portion of the first wiring 115a, 115b located inside the opening, the side surface of the opening of the barrier insulating film 117, and a part of the upper surface of the barrier insulating film 117. .
- the three-terminal switch 132 includes a pair of first wirings 115a and 115b used as a lower electrode, an upper electrode 121 including a first upper electrode layer 121a and a second upper electrode layer 121b, and a resistance change layer 118. It has become.
- the resistance change layer 118 includes a first ion conductive layer 118a and a second ion conductive layer 118b.
- the second ion conductive layer 118b and the first wirings 115a and 115b are in direct contact with each other inside the opening formed in the barrier insulating film 117, and the second upper electrode layer 121b is interposed through the barrier metal film 130. It is electrically connected to the plug 129.
- a hard mask film 122 is formed on the second upper electrode layer 121b.
- the protective insulating film 124 is the top surface and the side surface of the laminate composed of the second ion conductive layer 118b, the first ion conductive layer 118a, the first upper electrode layer 121a, the second upper electrode layer 121b, and the hard mask film 122. Covered.
- the three-terminal switch 132 configured in this manner is switched to an on state or an off state by application of a voltage or current.
- the switching of the three-terminal switch 132 is performed using electric field diffusion of metal ions supplied from the metal forming the first wirings 115a and 115b to the second ion conductive layer 118b and the first ion conductive layer 118a.
- the second upper electrode layer 121b and the barrier metal film 130 are preferably made of the same material. By doing so, the barrier metal film 130 of the plug 129 and the second upper electrode layer 121b of the three-terminal switch 132 are integrated, reducing the contact resistance and improving the reliability by improving the adhesion. can do.
- the electrode resistance can be lowered while simplifying the number of processes. More specifically, the three-terminal switch 132 can be mounted only by creating at least two photoresist mask sets as an additional step to the normal copper damascene wiring process. This makes it possible to simultaneously achieve a reduction in resistance and a reduction in cost of the switching element.
- the semiconductor substrate 111 is a substrate on which a semiconductor element is formed.
- a silicon substrate for example, a silicon substrate, a single crystal substrate, an SOI (Silicon-on-Insulator) substrate, a TFT (Thin-Film Transistor) substrate, a liquid crystal manufacturing substrate, or the like can be used.
- SOI Silicon-on-Insulator
- TFT Thin-Film Transistor
- the interlayer insulating film 112 is an insulating film formed on the semiconductor substrate 111.
- a silicon oxide film, a low dielectric constant film (for example, a SiOCH film) having a relative dielectric constant lower than that of the silicon oxide film, or the like can be used.
- the interlayer insulating film 112 may be a stack of a plurality of insulating films.
- the barrier insulating film 113 is an insulating film having a barrier property provided between the interlayer insulating films 112 and 114.
- the barrier insulating film 113 functions as an etching stop layer when forming a wiring trench in which the first wirings 115a and 115b are embedded.
- As the barrier insulating film 113 for example, a silicon nitride film, a silicon carbonitride film, or the like can be used.
- the barrier insulating film 113 can be removed depending on the selection of the etching conditions for the wiring trench.
- the interlayer insulating film 114 is an insulating film formed on the barrier insulating film 113.
- the interlayer insulating film 114 for example, a silicon oxide film, a low dielectric constant film (for example, a SiOCH film) having a relative dielectric constant lower than that of the silicon oxide film, or the like can be used.
- the interlayer insulating film 114 may be a stack of a plurality of insulating films.
- the first wirings 115 a and 115 b are wirings embedded in wiring grooves formed in the interlayer insulating film 114 and the barrier insulating film 113.
- the first wirings 115 a and 115 b also serve as the lower electrode of the three-terminal switch 132 and are in direct contact with the second ion conductive layer 118 b of the resistance change layer 118.
- a conductive layer such as an electrode layer may be inserted between the first wirings 115 a and 115 b and the resistance change layer 118.
- the lower surface of the resistance change layer 118 is not connected to the lower layer wiring via the contact plug.
- a metal that generates metal ions capable of diffusing and ion-conducting in the resistance change layer 118 is used.
- copper or the like can be used.
- the first wirings 115a and 115b may be formed of an alloy including a metal (for example, copper) that generates metal ions capable of diffusion or ion conduction in the resistance change layer 118 and aluminum.
- the barrier metal films 116a and 116b are formed on the side and bottom surfaces of the first wirings 115a and 115b in order to prevent the metal (for example, copper) forming the first wirings 115a and 115b from diffusing into the interlayer insulating film 114 and the lower layer. Is a conductive film having a barrier property.
- the barrier metal films 116a and 116b can be configured as follows, for example.
- barrier metal films 116a and 116b for example, a refractory metal such as tantalum, tantalum nitride, titanium nitride, or tungsten carbonitride, or a thin film of a refractory metal nitride, or a laminated film thereof is used. it can.
- a refractory metal such as tantalum, tantalum nitride, titanium nitride, or tungsten carbonitride, or a thin film of a refractory metal nitride, or a laminated film thereof is used. it can.
- the barrier insulating film 117 is formed so as to cover the interlayer insulating film 114 and the first wirings 115a and 115b.
- the barrier insulating film 117 serves to prevent oxidation of the metal (for example, copper) forming the first wirings 115a and 115b, and to prevent diffusion of the metal forming the first wirings 115a and 115b into the interlayer insulating film 125.
- the barrier insulating film 117 serves as an etching stop layer when the upper electrode 121 and the resistance change layer 118 are processed.
- a SiC film, a silicon carbonitride film, a silicon nitride film, and a stacked structure thereof can be used.
- the barrier insulating film 117 is preferably made of the same material as the protective insulating film 124 and the hard mask film 122.
- the barrier insulating film 117 has openings communicating with the first wirings 115a and 115b, and the first wirings 115a and 115b are in contact with the resistance change layer 118 in the openings. By doing so, the three-terminal switch 132 can be formed on the surfaces of the first wirings 115a and 115b with small unevenness.
- the side surface of the opening of the barrier insulating film 117 is a tapered surface that becomes wider as the distance from the first wirings 115a and 115b increases.
- the tapered surface of the opening of the barrier insulating film 117 is set to 85 ° or less with respect to the upper surfaces of the first wirings 115a and 115b.
- the resistances of the first ion conductive layer 118a and the second ion conductive layer 118b change due to the action (diffusion, ion conduction, etc.) of metal ions generated from the metal forming the first wirings 115a and 115b (lower electrode).
- the resistance change layer 118 is configured.
- the first ion conductive layer 118a is formed of a film containing silicon, oxygen, and carbon as main components, for example, a SiOCH polymer containing silicon, oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen (for example, a polymer of an organic silica compound such as cyclic siloxane).
- a SiOCH polymer containing silicon, oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen for example, a polymer of an organic silica compound such as cyclic siloxane.
- the SiOCH polymer film used as the first ion conductive layer 118a may be formed by plasma CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) method.
- the second ion conductive layer 118b has a metal (for example, copper) that forms the first wirings 115a and 115b in the first ion conductive layer 118a by heating or plasma while the first ion conductive layer 118a is being deposited. There is a role to prevent spreading. Further, the second ion conductive layer 118b has a role of preventing the first wirings 115a and 115b used as the lower electrode from being oxidized and facilitating diffusion. For example, titanium, aluminum, zirconium, hafnium, or tantalum can be used as the metal of the second ion conductive layer 118b.
- the metal of the second ion conductive layer 118b is oxidized during the film formation of the first ion conductive layer 118a to form a thin film of titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, hafnium oxide, tantalum oxide, and a part of the resistance change layer 118. It becomes.
- the optimum film thickness of the metal film forming the second ion conductive layer 118b is 0.5 to 1 nm. If it is thinner than this, the surface of the first wirings 115a and 115b slightly oxidizes. It remains as metal without being able to fill.
- the resistance change layer 118 is formed so as to cover a part of the upper surfaces of the first wirings 115a and 115b, a tapered surface of the opening of the barrier insulating film 117, and a part of the upper surface of the barrier insulating film 117.
- the outer peripheral portion of the connection portion between the first wiring 55 and the resistance change layer 118 is disposed at least on the tapered surface of the opening of the barrier insulating film 117.
- the metal film used for forming the second ion conductive layer 118b may be formed as a laminated film or a single layer film.
- the metal (second metal) constituting the second ion conductive layer 118b includes the same metal as the metal (first metal) included in the first upper electrode layer 121a and the second upper electrode layer 121b described later. It is preferable.
- the second metal constituting the second ion conductive layer 118b diffuses into the first upper electrode layer 121a and the second upper electrode layer 121b, the first upper electrode layer 121a and the second upper electrode layer 121b The occurrence of defects can be prevented.
- the breakdown voltage of the first ion conductive layer 118a may be lowered using this defect as a starting point.
- the first upper electrode layer 121a is a lower electrode layer of the upper electrode 121 and is in direct contact with the first ion conductive layer 118a.
- the first upper electrode layer 121a is preferably an alloy of ruthenium and a first metal, that is, a ruthenium alloy to which the first metal is added.
- the first metal added to the ruthenium alloy forming the first upper electrode layer 121a a metal whose standard generation Gibbs energy in the oxidation process (a process of generating metal ions from the metal) is larger in the negative direction than ruthenium is selected. It is desirable. Titanium, tantalum, zirconium, hafnium, and aluminum, which have a larger Gibbs energy in the oxidation process in the negative direction than ruthenium, are more reactive than ruthenium because they tend to spontaneously undergo chemical reactions. For this reason, the ruthenium alloy forming the first upper electrode layer 121a contains the first metal as described above, thereby improving the adhesion with the metal bridge formed of the metal forming the first wirings 115a and 115b.
- the first metal contained in the ruthenium alloy constituting the first upper electrode layer 121a is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of titanium, tantalum, zirconium, hafnium, and aluminum.
- the first upper electrode layer 121a is composed of only the first metal that does not contain ruthenium, the reactivity becomes high and the transition to the off state does not occur.
- the transition from the on state to the off state proceeds by an oxidation reaction (dissolution reaction) of the metal bridge.
- an oxidation reaction dissolution reaction
- the transition to the off state cannot be made. This is because the oxidation reaction of the first upper electrode layer 121a proceeds more than the oxidation reaction of the metal bridge formed of the metal forming the first wirings 115a and 115b.
- the metal material forming the first upper electrode layer 121a is an alloy of ruthenium and the first metal whose standard generation Gibbs energy in the oxidation process is smaller in the negative direction than copper. Furthermore, if copper, which is a component of metal crosslinking, is mixed into the first upper electrode layer 121a, the effect of adding a metal having a large standard Gibbs energy in the negative direction is diminished, so the first metal added to the ruthenium alloy is copper and copper.
- a material having a barrier property against ions is preferable. Examples of such metals include tantalum, titanium, and aluminum.
- the first upper electrode layer 121a is preferably formed of a ruthenium alloy containing titanium, and the titanium content of the ruthenium alloy is preferably adjusted to a range of 20 atm% to 30 atm%.
- the ruthenium content in the ruthenium alloy is preferably 60 atm% or more and 90 atm% or less.
- a sputtering method for forming the first upper electrode layer 121a.
- a method using an alloy target of ruthenium and a first metal there are a method using an alloy target of ruthenium and a first metal and a co-sputtering method of simultaneously sputtering a ruthenium target and a first metal target in the same chamber.
- a first metal thin film is formed in advance, and then ruthenium is formed using a sputtering method, and alloying is performed using the energy of collision atoms.
- the composition of the alloy can be adjusted appropriately.
- the second upper electrode layer 121b is an upper electrode layer of the upper electrode 121, and is formed on the first upper electrode layer 121a.
- the second upper electrode layer 121b has a role of protecting the first upper electrode layer 121a. That is, the second upper electrode layer 121b protects the first upper electrode layer 121a, thereby suppressing damage to the first upper electrode layer 121a during the manufacturing process and maintaining the switching characteristics of the three-terminal switch 132. it can.
- the second upper electrode layer 121b is made of a nitride of the first metal contained in the ruthenium alloy constituting the first upper electrode layer 121a.
- the fact that the first metal is selected from the group consisting of titanium, tantalum, zirconium, hafnium, and aluminum is that the first metal nitride constituting the second upper electrode layer 121b is conductive. It is also suitable in that it will have.
- the first metal nitride constituting the second upper electrode layer 121b has a lower etching rate than the fluorocarbon gas plasma used for etching the interlayer insulating film 65. The reduction in the etching rate is also suitable for causing the second upper electrode layer 61b to function as an etching stop film.
- the second upper electrode layer 61b When a non-nitride metal is used for the second upper electrode layer 61b, a part of the metal diffuses into the first upper electrode layer 121a due to heating or plasma damage during the process. Due to the diffusion of the metal into the first upper electrode layer 121a, defects may be generated in the first upper electrode layer 121a, and the breakdown voltage of the ion conductive layer may be lowered starting from these defects.
- the second upper electrode layer 121b is a compound having electrical conductivity, and by using a stable metal nitride, metal diffusion into the first upper electrode layer 121a can be prevented.
- the fact that the nitride metal constituting the second upper electrode layer 121b and the first metal contained in the ruthenium alloy constituting the first upper electrode layer 121a are identical is the first contained in the ruthenium alloy. This is preferable in that the occurrence of defects due to the diffusion of the metal can be prevented more efficiently.
- the second upper electrode layer 121b is preferably formed of titanium nitride.
- the second upper electrode layer 121b is preferably formed of tantalum nitride.
- the content of the first metal contained in the nitride constituting the second upper electrode layer 121b is more than the content of the first metal contained in the ruthenium alloy constituting the first upper electrode layer 121a. Enlarge. Accordingly, it is possible to prevent the metal constituting the first upper electrode layer 121a from diffusing into the nitride constituting the second upper electrode layer 121b and changing the composition of the ruthenium alloy constituting the first upper electrode layer 121a.
- the titanium content of the second upper electrode layer 121b may be 40 atm% or more and 80 atm% or less, and in particular, 40 atm% or more and 50 atm%.
- the composition is preferably. If it is 40 atm% or less, titanium in the first upper electrode layer 121a may diffuse into the second upper electrode layer 121b.
- it is 50 atm% or more in the X-ray diffraction measurement, not only TiN, which is a stable composition of titanium nitride used for the metal electrode, but also a crystal phase derived from Ti 2 N is detected.
- the second upper electrode 121b Since Ti 2 N is easily oxidized, there is a possibility that the second upper electrode 121b is oxidized when the hard mask film 122 is formed. If the second upper electrode 121b is oxidized, the specific resistance of the second upper electrode 121b increases and the parasitic resistance of the three-terminal switch 132 increases.
- a sputtering method it is desirable to use a sputtering method to form the second upper electrode layer 121b.
- a reactive sputtering method in which a metal target is evaporated using plasma of a mixed gas of nitrogen and argon. The metal evaporated from the metal target reacts with nitrogen to form a metal nitride and is deposited on the substrate.
- the hard mask film 122 is used as a mask when etching the second upper electrode layer 121b, the first upper electrode layer 121a, the first ion conductive layer 118a, and the second ion conductive layer 118b.
- the hard mask film 122 for example, a silicon nitride film or a silicon carbonitride film can be used.
- the hard mask film 122 is preferably made of the same material as the protective insulating film 124 and the barrier insulating film 117.
- the entire periphery of the three-terminal switch 132 is surrounded by members of the same material so that the material interface is integrated, preventing entry of moisture and the like from the outside, and preventing the material from detaching from the three-terminal switch 132 itself. Will be able to.
- the protective insulating film 124 is an insulating film having a function of preventing application of damage to the three-terminal switch 132 and further preventing desorption of oxygen from the first ion conductive layer 118a.
- a silicon nitride film, a silicon carbonitride film, or the like can be used for the protective insulating film 124.
- the protective insulating film 124 is preferably made of the same material as the hard mask film 122 and the barrier insulating film 117. In the case of the same material, the protective insulating film 124, the barrier insulating film 117, and the hard mask film 122 are integrated to improve the adhesion at the interface, and the three-terminal switch 132 can be further protected. .
- the interlayer insulating film 125 is an insulating film formed on the protective insulating film 124.
- the interlayer insulating film 125 for example, a silicon oxide film, a SiOC film, a low dielectric constant film (for example, a SiOCH film) having a relative dielectric constant lower than that of the silicon oxide film can be used.
- the interlayer insulating film 125 may be a stack of a plurality of insulating films.
- the interlayer insulating film 125 may be made of the same material as the interlayer insulating film 127.
- a contact hole for embedding the plug 129 is formed in the interlayer insulating film 125.
- the contact hole is covered with a barrier metal film 130, and a plug 129 is formed on the barrier metal film 130 so as to bury the contact hole.
- the etching stopper film 126 is an insulating film provided between the interlayer insulating films 125 and 127.
- the etching stopper film 126 functions as an etching stop layer when processing the wiring groove in which the second wiring 128 is embedded.
- a silicon nitride film, a SiC film, or a silicon carbonitride film can be used.
- the interlayer insulating film 127 is an insulating film formed on the etching stopper film 126.
- the interlayer insulating film 127 for example, a silicon oxide film, a SiOC film, a low dielectric constant film (for example, a SiOCH film) having a relative dielectric constant lower than that of a silicon oxide film can be used.
- the interlayer insulating film 127 may be a stack of a plurality of insulating films.
- the interlayer insulating film 127 may be made of the same material as the interlayer insulating film 125.
- a wiring groove for embedding the second wiring 128 is formed in the etching stopper film 126 and the interlayer insulating film 127.
- the side and bottom surfaces of the wiring trench are covered with the barrier metal film 130, and the second wiring 128 is formed on the barrier metal film 130 so as to bury the wiring trench.
- the etching stopper film 126 can be deleted depending on the selection of the etching conditions for the wiring trench.
- the second wiring 128 is a wiring embedded in a wiring groove formed in the interlayer insulating film 127 and the etching stopper film 126.
- the second wiring 128 is integrated with the plug 129.
- the plug 129 is embedded in contact holes formed in the interlayer insulating film 125, the protective insulating film 124, and the hard mask film 122.
- the plug 129 is electrically connected to the second upper electrode layer 121b through the barrier metal film 130.
- copper can be used for the second wiring 128 and the plug 129.
- the diameter or area of the region where the plug 129 (strictly, the barrier metal film 130) is in contact with the second upper electrode layer 121b is smaller than the diameter or area of the region where the first wirings 115a and 115b are in contact with the resistance change layer 118. It is set to be. By setting in this way, it is possible to suppress poor filling of the plating into the contact hole.
- the barrier metal film 130 covers the side surfaces and bottom surface of the second wiring 128 and the plug 129.
- the barrier metal film 130 is a conductive film having a barrier property that prevents the metal (for example, copper) forming the second wiring 128 (including the plug 129) from diffusing into the interlayer insulating films 125 and 127 and the lower layer. is there.
- the second wiring 128 and the plug 129 are made of a metal element whose main component is copper, a refractory metal or a nitride of a refractory metal or a laminated film thereof can be used for the barrier metal film 130. .
- a refractory metal such as tantalum, tantalum nitride, titanium nitride, tungsten carbonitride, or a refractory metal nitride, or Those laminated films are conceivable.
- the barrier metal film 130 in contact with the second upper electrode layer 121b is made of the same material as that of the second upper electrode layer 121b.
- the barrier metal film 130 is formed as a laminated body of a lower layer formed of tantalum nitride and an upper layer formed of tantalum, tantalum nitride, which is a lower layer material, is applied to the second upper electrode layer 121b. It is preferable to use it.
- the barrier insulating film 131 is formed so as to cover the second wiring 128 and the interlayer insulating film 127, prevents oxidation of a metal (for example, copper) forming the second wiring 128, and forms the second wiring 128. It is an insulating film having a role of preventing diffusion of metal into the upper layer.
- a silicon carbonitride film, a silicon nitride film, a stacked structure thereof, or the like can be used as the barrier insulating film 131.
- 10A to 10E are cross-sectional views schematically showing an example of a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device in which the switching elements of the second embodiment shown in FIG. 9 are integrated in a multilayer wiring layer.
- an interlayer insulating film 112 (for example, a silicon oxide film having a thickness of 300 nm) is deposited on a semiconductor substrate 111 (for example, a substrate on which a semiconductor element is formed). Further, a barrier insulating film 113 (for example, a 30 nm-thickness silicon nitride film) is deposited on the interlayer insulating film 112.
- an interlayer insulating film 114 (for example, a silicon oxide film having a thickness of 200 nm) is deposited on the barrier insulating film 113.
- wiring grooves corresponding to the first wirings 115a and 115b are formed in the interlayer insulating film 114 and the barrier insulating film 113 by using a lithography method (including photoresist formation, dry etching, and photoresist removal).
- the wiring groove is covered with barrier metal films 116a and 116b, and first wirings 115a and 115b (for example, copper wiring) are formed on the barrier metal films 116a and 116b so as to fill the wiring grooves.
- the barrier metal films 116a and 116b for example, a stacked body of a tantalum nitride film having a thickness of 5 nm and a tantalum film having a thickness of 5 nm is used.
- the interlayer insulating films 112 and 114 can be formed by a plasma CVD method.
- the first wirings 115a and 115b can be formed by a series of forming methods as follows.
- the barrier metal films 116a and 116b are formed by the PVD method
- the copper seed is further formed by the PVD method
- the copper film is formed by the electrolytic plating method so as to fill the wiring groove.
- the excess copper film other than in the wiring trench is removed by a CMP method.
- the first wirings 115a and 115b can be formed.
- a general method in this technical field can be used. By polishing excess copper embedded in the trench, a buried wiring (damascene wiring) is formed, and by planarizing the interlayer insulating film 114, planarization is performed.
- a barrier insulating film 117 (for example, a silicon carbonitride film having a thickness of 30 nm) is formed so as to cover the first wirings 115a and 115b and the interlayer insulating film 114.
- the barrier insulating film 117 can be formed by a plasma CVD method.
- the thickness of the barrier insulating film 117 is preferably about 10 nm to 50 nm.
- a hard mask film 119 (for example, a silicon oxide film) is formed on the barrier insulating film 117.
- the hard mask film 119 is preferably made of a material different from the barrier insulating film 117 from the viewpoint of maintaining a high etching selectivity in the dry etching process, and may be an insulating film or a conductive film.
- a silicon oxide film, a silicon nitride film, TiN, Ti, tantalum, tantalum nitride, or the like can be used.
- a stacked body of a silicon nitride film and a silicon oxide film can be used.
- a photoresist pattern (not shown) having openings is formed on the hard mask film 119.
- an opening 119a is formed in the hard mask film 119 as shown in FIG. 10B.
- the photoresist pattern is peeled off by oxygen plasma ashing or the like. At this time, dry etching is not necessarily stopped on the upper surface of the barrier insulating film 117, and a part of the barrier insulating film 117 may be etched.
- Step 5 shows a state where a portion of the interlayer insulating film 114 inside the opening 117a of the barrier insulating film 117 is partially etched.
- an organic stripping process is performed with an amine stripping solution or the like to remove copper oxide formed on the exposed surfaces of the first wirings 115a and 115b and to remove etching products generated during etch back.
- the hard mask film 119 is preferably completely removed during the etch back, but may be left as it is if it is an insulating material.
- the shape of the opening 117a of the barrier insulating film 117 can be a circle, a square, or a rectangle, and the diameter of the circle or the length of one side of the square or the rectangle can be 20 nm to 500 nm.
- the side surface of the opening 117a of the barrier insulating film 117 can be tapered by using reactive dry etching.
- reactive dry etching a gas containing fluorocarbon can be used as an etching gas.
- a resistance change layer 118 including the first ion conductive layer 118a and the second ion conductive layer 118b is formed. Specifically, first, a titanium film having a film thickness of 0.5 nm and an aluminum film having a film thickness of 0.5 nm are deposited in this order so as to cover the first wirings 115a and 115b and the barrier insulating film 117. A metal film is formed. The titanium film and the aluminum film can be formed using a PVD method or a CVD method.
- the SiOCH polymer film used as the first ion conductive layer 118a is formed as follows.
- the cyclic organosiloxane raw material and the carrier gas helium are supplied to the reaction chamber, the supply of both is stabilized, and the application of RF power is started when the pressure in the reaction chamber becomes constant.
- the supply amount of the raw material is 10 to 200 sccm.
- 500 sccm of helium is supplied via the raw material vaporizer, and 500 sccm of helium is directly supplied to the reaction chamber in another line.
- the titanium film and the aluminum film are automatically oxidized by being exposed to the raw material of the SiOCH polymer film containing oxygen during the formation of the first ion conductive layer 118a.
- the second ion conductive layer 118b constituting a part of the resistance change layer 118 is formed.
- Step 6 since the moisture 117 is attached to the opening 117a of the barrier insulating film 117 by the organic peeling process in Step 5, the pressure is reduced at a temperature of about 250 ° C. to 350 ° C. before the resistance change layer 118 is formed. It is preferable to degas by applying a heat treatment. At this time, degassing is preferably performed under vacuum or in a nitrogen atmosphere so that the surfaces of the first wirings 115a and 115b formed of copper are not oxidized again.
- Step 6 before the variable resistance layer 118 is formed, a gas cleaning or plasma cleaning process using H 2 gas is performed on the first wirings 115a and 115b exposed from the opening of the barrier insulating film 117. May be.
- the resistance change layer 118 is formed, copper oxidation of the first wirings 115a and 115b can be suppressed, and thermal diffusion (mass transfer) of copper during the process can be suppressed. It becomes like this.
- Step 7 As shown in FIG. 10C, a thin film of ruthenium alloy containing titanium is formed on the variable resistance layer 118 as a first upper electrode layer 121a with a thickness of 10 nm by co-sputtering. At this time, the ruthenium target and the titanium target exist in the same chamber, and a ruthenium alloy film is deposited by sputtering at the same time. By controlling the power applied to the ruthenium target and the power applied to the titanium target, the ruthenium content of the ruthenium alloy containing titanium can be adjusted to a desired value.
- the applied power to the ruthenium target is 150 W, and the applied power to the titanium target is 50 W, so that the ruthenium content of the “ruthenium alloy containing titanium” is 75 atm% and the titanium content is It could be adjusted to 25 atm%.
- the second upper electrode layer 121b is formed on the first upper electrode layer 121a.
- the first upper electrode layer 121 a and the second upper electrode layer 121 b constitute the upper electrode 121.
- a titanium nitride film with a film thickness of 25 nm is formed by reactive sputtering.
- nitrogen gas and argon gas are introduced into the chamber.
- the titanium content of the titanium nitride film can be adjusted by adjusting the power applied to the titanium target and the ratio of nitrogen gas and argon gas supplied to the chamber.
- the power applied to the titanium target is set to 600 W, and the ratio of the nitrogen gas flow rate to the argon gas flow rate is set to 2: 1, so that the titanium content of the titanium nitride film is 50 atm%.
- the ratio of the nitrogen gas flow rate to the argon gas flow rate is set to 2: 1, so that the titanium content of the titanium nitride film is 50 atm%.
- a hard mask film 122 for example, a silicon nitride film or a silicon carbonitride film with a thickness of 30 nm
- a hard mask film 123 for example, a silicon oxide film with a thickness of 90 nm
- the hard mask films 122 and 123 can be formed using a plasma CVD method.
- the hard mask films 122 and 123 can be formed using a general plasma CVD method in this technical field.
- the hard mask films 122 and 123 are preferably films formed of different materials.
- the hard mask film 122 is formed of a silicon nitride film
- the hard mask film 123 is formed of a silicon oxide film. it can.
- the hard mask film 122 is preferably made of the same material as a protective insulating film 124 and a barrier insulating film 117 described later. That is, by surrounding all of the periphery of the switching element with the same material, the interface of the members surrounding the switching element can be integrated to prevent intrusion of moisture and the like from the outside and prevent the material from detaching from the switching element. It becomes like this.
- the hard mask film 122 can be formed by a plasma CVD method, but must be maintained under reduced pressure in the reaction chamber before film formation. While being held under reduced pressure, oxygen may be desorbed from the first ion conductive layer 118a, and a leakage current of the first ion conductive layer 118a may increase due to oxygen defects.
- the film forming temperature is preferably 350 ° C. or lower, preferably 250 ° C. or lower.
- a reducing gas as a raw material gas for the hard mask film 122.
- the hard mask film 122 is preferably a high-density silicon nitride film formed by generating a high-density plasma using a mixed gas of SiH 4 / N 2 as a raw material.
- Step 9 a photoresist pattern (not shown) for patterning the first ion conductive layer 58a, the second ion conductive layer 58b, the first upper electrode layer 61a, and the second upper electrode layer 61b on the hard mask film 123. ).
- the hard mask film 123 is etched by dry etching using the photoresist pattern as a mask until the hard mask film 122 appears as shown in FIG. 10C. Thereafter, the photoresist pattern is removed using oxygen plasma ashing and organic peeling.
- the hard mask film 123, the second upper electrode layer 121b, the first ion conductive layer 118a, and the second ion conductive layer 118b are continuously formed using the hard mask film 123 as a mask. Etched by dry etching. At this time, the hard mask film 123 is preferably completely removed during the etch back, but may remain as it is.
- the second upper electrode layer 121b when the second upper electrode layer 121b is formed of titanium nitride, the second upper electrode layer 121b can be processed by RIE using Cl 2 gas as a reaction gas.
- the first upper electrode layer 121a is formed of a ruthenium alloy containing titanium, the first upper electrode layer 121a can be processed by RIE using a mixed gas of Cl 2 gas and O 2 gas as a reaction gas.
- etching by RIE can be performed.
- Etching with RIE for example, CF 4 gas, a mixed gas of CF 4 gas and Cl 2 gas, or by adjusting the etching conditions using a mixed gas of CF 4 gas and Cl 2 gas and Ar gas, performed be able to.
- RIE reactive ion etching
- the films constituting the three-terminal switch 132 are the second upper electrode layer 121b, the first upper electrode layer 121a, the first ion conductive layer 118a, and the second ion conductive layer 118b. Further, when the oxidation treatment is performed by oxygen plasma after the processing, the oxidation plasma treatment can be irradiated without depending on the resist peeling time.
- the protective insulating film 124 is formed so as to cover the hard mask film 122, the second upper electrode layer 121b, the first upper electrode layer 121a, the first ion conductive layer 118a, the second ion conductive layer 118b, and the barrier insulating film 117.
- a silicon nitride film having a thickness of 30 nm is formed.
- the protective insulating film 124 can be formed by a plasma CVD method, but it is necessary to maintain the pressure in the reaction chamber under reduced pressure before the film formation. At this time, oxygen may be desorbed from the side surface of the first ion conductive layer 118a, and the leakage current of the first ion conductive layer 118a may increase.
- the deposition temperature of the protective insulating film 124 is preferably set to 250 ° C. or lower. Further, in forming the protective insulating film 124, it is preferable not to use a reducing gas as a source gas because the protective insulating film 124 is exposed to a deposition gas under reduced pressure before the deposition. For example, it is preferable to use as the protective insulating film 124 a silicon nitride film formed by using a mixed gas of SiH 4 / N 2 with high-density plasma at a substrate temperature of 200 ° C.
- Step 12 Next, an interlayer insulating film 125 (for example, a SiOC film) and an interlayer insulating film 127 (for example, a silicon oxide film) are deposited on the protective insulating film 124 in this order. Further, an etching stopper film 126 is formed on the interlayer insulating film 127. Thereafter, a wiring groove in which the second wiring 128 is formed and a contact hole in which the plug 129 is formed are formed.
- a wiring groove in which the second wiring 128 is formed and a contact hole in which the plug 129 is formed are formed.
- a barrier metal film 130 for example, a laminate of a tantalum nitride film and a tantalum film
- a second wiring 128 for example, copper
- Plug 129 eg, copper
- a barrier insulating film 131 for example, a silicon nitride film
- the second wiring 128 can be formed using a process similar to that of the wiring (eg, the first wirings 115a and 115b) located in the lower layer.
- the interlayer insulating film 125 and the interlayer insulating film 127 can be formed by a plasma CVD method. Further, in step 12, in order to eliminate the step formed by the three-terminal switch 132, the interlayer insulating film 125 is deposited thickly, and the interlayer insulating film 125 is cut and planarized by CMP to form the interlayer insulating film 125 as a desired film. It is good also as thickness.
- the content of the first metal of the ruthenium alloy constituting the first upper electrode layer 22a is set to the nitride constituting the second upper electrode layer 22b. It explained as what makes it smaller than the content rate of the 1st metal. This is to make the content of the first metal of the nitride constituting the second upper electrode layer 22b larger than the content of the first metal of the ruthenium alloy constituting the first upper electrode layer 22a. Is equivalent.
- the second upper electrode layer 61b is configured with respect to the content ratio of the first metal contained in the ruthenium alloy configuring the first upper electrode layer 61a.
- the content of the first metal contained in the nitride is increased. This is because the content rate of the first metal contained in the ruthenium alloy constituting the first upper electrode layer 61a is made smaller than the content rate of the first metal contained in the nitride constituting the second upper electrode layer 61b. Is equivalent to.
- the second upper electrode layer 121b is constituted by the content ratio of the first metal contained in the ruthenium alloy constituting the first upper electrode layer 121a.
- the content of the first metal contained in the nitride is increased. This is because the content rate of the first metal contained in the ruthenium alloy constituting the first upper electrode layer 121a is smaller than the content rate of the first metal contained in the nitride constituting the second upper electrode layer 121b. Is equivalent to.
- a first electrode, a second electrode, a variable resistance layer provided between the first electrode and the second electrode and having ion conductivity The first electrode includes a metal that generates metal ions capable of conducting in the resistance change layer;
- the second electrode includes a first electrode layer formed in contact with the variable resistance layer, and a second electrode layer formed in contact with the first electrode layer,
- the first electrode layer is made of a ruthenium alloy containing ruthenium and a first metal having a larger standard generation Gibbs energy in the negative direction than ruthenium.
- the second electrode layer is formed of a nitride containing the first metal, The switching element in which the content rate of the first metal in the first electrode layer is smaller than the content rate of the first metal in the second electrode layer.
- the switching element according to supplementary note 1 wherein the first metal is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of titanium, tantalum, zirconium, hafnium, and aluminum.
- the said 1st electrode layer is a switching element of Additional remark 1 or 2 which has ruthenium as a main component and the content rate of a said 1st metal is 10 atm% or more and 40 atm% or less.
- the first metal is titanium
- the titanium content of the first electrode layer is 20 atm% or more and 30 atm% or less
- the titanium content of the second electrode layer is 40 atm% or more and 80 atm%.
- or 4 with which the metal which can conduct to the said resistance change layer contains copper.
- the said resistance change layer is provided with the 1st ion conduction layer which has at least silicon
- the relative dielectric constant of the said 1st ion conduction layer is 2.1-3.0
- the switching element according to supplementary note 7, wherein the first metal and the second metal are the same.
- Appendix 9 A semiconductor substrate, and a multilayer wiring layer formed above the semiconductor substrate and including a wiring formed of copper and a plug formed of copper, A switching element is formed in the multilayer wiring layer, The switching element is made of copper, a lower electrode copper wiring used as a lower electrode of the switching element, an upper electrode electrically connected to the plug, and between the lower electrode copper wiring and the upper electrode A variable resistance layer having ion conductivity formed,
- the upper electrode includes a first upper electrode layer formed in contact with the variable resistance layer, and a second upper electrode layer formed in contact with the first upper electrode layer,
- the first upper electrode layer is formed of a ruthenium alloy including ruthenium and a first metal having a larger standard production Gibbs energy in the negative direction than ruthenium.
- the second upper electrode layer is formed of a nitride containing the first metal, The semiconductor device, wherein a content ratio of the first metal in the first upper electrode layer is smaller than a content ratio of the first metal in the second upper electrode layer.
- the semiconductor device according to supplementary note 9 wherein the first metal is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of titanium, tantalum, zirconium, hafnium, and aluminum.
- the said 1st electrode layer is a semiconductor device of Additional remark 9 or 10 which has ruthenium as a main component and whose content rate of a said 1st metal is 10 atm% or more and 40 atm% or less.
- the first metal is titanium, the titanium content of the first electrode layer is 20 atm% or more and 30 atm% or less, and the titanium content of the second electrode layer is 40 atm% or more and 80 atm%.
- or 12 with which the metal which can be conducted to the said resistance change layer contains copper.
- the said resistance change layer is provided with the 1st ion conduction layer which has at least silicon
- the relative dielectric constant of the said 1st ion conduction layer is 2.1-3.0 14.
- the semiconductor device according to supplementary note 15 wherein the first metal and the second metal are the same.
- a method of manufacturing a switching element including a first electrode, a second electrode, and a resistance change layer provided between the first electrode and the second electrode and having ion conductivity.
- a ruthenium alloy that generates metal ions that can conduct in the variable resistance layer the ruthenium alloy including ruthenium and a first metal having a larger standard Gibbs energy in the negative oxidation process than ruthenium.
- Forming one electrode; The second electrode is formed so as to include a first electrode layer in contact with the variable resistance layer and a second electrode layer in contact with the first electrode layer and formed of a nitride containing the first metal.
- a process The method for manufacturing a switching element, wherein a content ratio of the first metal in the first electrode layer of the second electrode is smaller than a content ratio of the first metal in the second electrode layer of the second electrode.
- the switching element according to supplementary note 17 wherein the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer of the second electrode are sequentially stacked on the variable resistance layer and then patterned with a common mask.
- Production method (Supplementary note 19)
- the resistance change layer, the first electrode layer of the second electrode, and the second electrode layer of the second electrode are sequentially stacked and then patterned with a common mask. 18.
- the first metal is titanium
- the titanium content of the first electrode layer of the second electrode is 20 atm% or more and 30 atm% or less
- the second electrode layer of the second electrode The method for manufacturing a switching element according to any one of appendices 17 to 21, wherein the titanium content is 40 atm% or more and 80 atm% or less.
- the variable resistance layer includes a first ion conductive layer containing at least silicon, oxygen, and carbon as main components, and a relative dielectric constant of the first ion conductive layer is 2.1 or more and 3.0 or less.
- the method for manufacturing a switching element according to any one of appendices 17 to 23. (Supplementary Note 25) A second ion conductive layer further provided between the first ion conductive layer and the first electrode, The second ion conductive layer is formed of an oxide of a second metal; 25.
- the method for manufacturing a switching element according to supplementary note 25 wherein the first metal and the second metal are the same.
- the resistance change element according to the present invention can be used as a nonvolatile switching element, and in particular, the present invention can be suitably used as a nonvolatile switching element constituting an electronic device such as a programmable logic and a memory.
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Abstract
Description
図2は、第1の実施形態のスイッチング素子の一構成例を模式的に示す断面図である。第1の実施形態のスイッチング素子は、二端子スイッチとして構成されており、下部電極21(第1電極)と、上部電極22(第2電極)と、これらの間に設けられた抵抗変化層23とを備えている。抵抗変化層23は、イオン伝導性を有しており、金属イオンを伝導する媒体である。
低抵抗シリコン基板26の表面に、膜厚が20nmのタンタル膜21aがスパッタ法で成膜され、該タンタル膜21aの上に膜厚100nmの銅膜21bがスパッタ法で成膜される。タンタル膜21aと銅膜21bの積層体が、下部電極21として用いられる。
膜厚が0.5nmのチタン膜、膜厚が0.5nmのアルミニウム膜、又は、膜厚が0.5nmのチタン膜と膜厚が0.5nmのアルミニウム膜の積層体が、下部電極21上に金属層27として形成される。金属層27は、例えば、スパッタリング法によって成膜される。
第1イオン伝導層23aとして、膜厚が6.0nmのSiOCHポリマー膜がプラズマCVD法によって形成される。当該SiOCHポリマー膜は、例えば、下記のようにして形成される。環状有機シロキサンの原料とキャリアガスであるヘリウムが反応室に供給され、両者の供給が安定化し、反応室の圧力が一定になったところでRF電力の印加が開始される。原料の供給量は10~200sccmであり、ヘリウムについては、原料気化器経由で500sccmのヘリウムが供給され、別ラインで反応室に直接500sccmのヘリウムが供給される。また、第1イオン伝導層23aの成膜の際に反応室内に存在する酸素により金属層27は酸化され、金属酸化膜からなる第2イオン伝導層23bが形成される。こうして形成された、第1イオン伝導層23a及び第2イオン伝導層23bは、抵抗変化層23を構成する。
第1イオン伝導層23aの上にコスパッタ法により膜厚30nmの、チタンを含むルテニウム合金の薄膜が、第1上部電極層22aとして形成される。第1上部電極層22aを構成するルテニウム合金におけるチタンの含有量は、例えば、25atm%に調節される。続けて、第1上部電極層22aの上に、膜厚50nmの窒化チタン膜が、第2上部電極層22bとして形成される。窒化チタン膜におけるチタンの含有率は、ルテニウム合金におけるチタンの含有量よりも高く、例えば、50atm%に調節される。第1上部電極層22a、第2上部電極層22bの形成においては、ステンレスもしくはシリコンで作製されたシャドーマスクが用いられ、該シャドーマスクに設けられた開口に対応する形状の第1上部電極層22a、第2上部電極層22bが形成される。第1上部電極層22a、第2上部電極層22bは、例えば、1辺30μm~150μmの正方形に形成される。第1上部電極層22a及び第2上部電極層22bは、上部電極22を構成する。
図8Aに示されているように、半導体基板51の上に層間絶縁膜52が堆積され、さらに、層間絶縁膜52の上にバリア絶縁膜53が堆積される。ここで、半導体基板51は、例えば、半導体素子が形成された基板である。またここで、層間絶縁膜52は、例えば、膜厚が300nmの酸化シリコン膜である。またここで、バリア絶縁膜53は、例えば、膜厚が50nmの窒化シリコン膜である。
第1配線55と層間絶縁膜54を被覆するようにバリア絶縁膜57(例えば、膜厚が50nmの窒化シリコン膜又は炭窒化シリコン膜)が形成される。ここで、バリア絶縁膜57は、プラズマCVD法によって形成することができる。バリア絶縁膜57の膜厚は、10nm~50nm程度であることが好ましい。
バリア絶縁膜57の上にハードマスク膜59(例えば、酸化シリコン膜)が形成される。このとき、ハードマスク膜59は、ドライエッチング加工におけるエッチング選択比を大きく保つ観点から、バリア絶縁膜57とは異なる材料であることが好ましく、絶縁膜であっても導電膜であってもよい。ハードマスク膜59としては、例えば、酸化シリコン膜、シリコン窒化膜、窒化チタン膜、チタン膜、タンタル膜、窒化タンタル膜等を用いることができる。また、ハードマスク膜59としては、窒化シリコン膜と酸化シリコン膜の積層体を用いることもできる。
ハードマスク膜59の上に開口が形成されたフォトレジストパターン(図示せず)が形成され、そのフォトレジストパターンをマスクとして用いてドライエッチングすることによりハードマスク膜59に開口59aが形成される。その後、酸素プラズマアッシング等によってフォトレジストパターンが剥離される。このとき、ドライエッチングは必ずしもバリア絶縁膜57の上面で停止される必要はなく、バリア絶縁膜57の一部がエッチングされてもよい。
図8Bに図示されているように、ハードマスク膜59をマスクとして、ハードマスク膜59の開口59aから露出するバリア絶縁膜57をエッチバック(ドライエッチング)することにより、バリア絶縁膜57に開口57aが形成される。バリア絶縁膜57の開口57aの内部では、第1配線55の一部が露出されることになる。その後、アミン系の剥離液などで有機剥離処理を行うことで、第1配線55の露出面に形成された酸化銅が除去されるとともに、エッチバック時に発生したエッチング生成物が除去される。バリア絶縁膜57のエッチバックでは、反応性ドライエッチングを用いることで、バリア絶縁膜57の開口57aの側面をテーパ面として形成することができる。反応性ドライエッチングでは、エッチングガスとしてフルオロカーボンを含むガスを用いることができる。ハードマスク膜59は、エッチバック中に完全に除去されることが好ましいが、絶縁材料である場にはそのまま残存してもよい。図8Bには、ハードマスク膜59が完全に除去された構造が図示されている。また、バリア絶縁膜57の開口57aの形状は円形とし、円の直径は30nmから500nmとすることができる。さらに、非反応性ガスを用いたRF(Radio Frequency:高周波)エッチングによって、第1配線55の表面の酸化物が除去される。非反応性ガスとしては、ヘリウムやアルゴンを用いることができる。
第1イオン伝導層58aと第2イオン伝導層58bとを備える抵抗変化層58が、形成される。詳細には、まず、第1配線55とバリア絶縁膜57とを被覆するように、膜厚0.5nmのチタン膜と膜厚0.5nmのアルミニウム膜がこの順に堆積され、合計1nmの金属膜が形成される。チタン膜及びアルミニウム膜はPVD法やCVD法を用いて形成することができる。
抵抗変化層58の上に、第1上部電極層61aとして、チタンを含むルテニウム合金の薄膜が、10nmの膜厚でコスパッタ法にて形成される。この際、ルテニウムターゲットとチタンターゲットは同一チャンバー内に存在し、同時にスパッタリングすることでルテニウム合金膜が堆積される。ルテニウム合金膜の堆積においては、ルテニウムターゲットへの印加パワーとチタンターゲットへの印加パワーとを制御することで、チタンを含むルテニウム合金のルテニウムの含有率を所望の値に調節することができる。発明者の実験系では、ルテニウムターゲットへの印加パワーを150W、チタンターゲットへの印加パワーを50Wとすることで、「チタンを含むルテニウム合金」のルテニウムの含有率を75atm%、チタンの含有率を25atm%に調節することができた。
第2上部電極層61b上に、ハードマスク膜62(例えば、膜厚30nmの窒化シリコン膜又は炭窒化シリコン膜)と、ハードマスク膜63(例えば、膜厚90nmの酸化シリコン膜)とが、この順に積層される。ハードマスク膜62、63は、プラズマCVD法を用いて成膜することができる。ハードマスク膜62、63は当該技術分野における一般的なプラズマCVD法を用いて形成することができる。また、ハードマスク膜62、63は、異なる材料で形成された膜であることが好ましく、例えば、ハードマスク膜62を窒化シリコン膜で形成し、ハードマスク膜63を酸化シリコン膜で形成することができる。このとき、ハードマスク膜62は、後述する保護絶縁膜64及びバリア絶縁膜57と同一材料であることが好ましい。すなわち、スイッチング素子の周囲の全てを同一材料で囲むことでスイッチング素子を取り囲む部材の界面を一体化し、外部からの水分などの浸入を防ぐとともに、スイッチング素子からの材料の脱離を防ぐことができるようになる。また、ハードマスク膜62は、SiH4/N2の混合ガスを原料として高密度プラズマを発生させて形成された高密度な窒化シリコン膜を用いることが好ましい。
次に、ハードマスク膜63の上に、第1イオン伝導層58a、第2イオン伝導層58b、第1上部電極層61a及び第2上部電極層61bをパターニングするためのフォトレジストパターン(図示せず)が形成される。その後、図8Cに図示のように、当該フォトレジストパターンをマスクとして、ハードマスク膜62が表れるまでハードマスク膜63がドライエッチングによってエッチングされる。その後、酸素プラズマアッシングと、有機剥離を用いてフォトレジストパターンが除去される。
ハードマスク膜63をマスクとして、ハードマスク膜62、第2上部電極層61b、第1上部電極層61a、第1イオン伝導層58a及び第2イオン伝導層58bが連続的にドライエッチングによってエッチングされる。このとき、ハードマスク膜63は、エッチング中に完全に除去されることが好ましいが、そのまま残存してもよい。
また、第1イオン伝導層58a及び第2イオン伝導層58bのエッチングでは、それらの下方に位置するバリア絶縁膜57の表面でドライエッチングを停止させることが好ましい。
図8Dに図示されているように、ハードマスク膜62、第2上部電極層61b、第1上部電極層61a、第1イオン伝導層58a、第2イオン伝導層58b及びバリア絶縁膜57を被覆するように、保護絶縁膜64が成膜される。ここで、保護絶縁膜64は、例えば、膜厚が30nmの窒化シリコン膜又は炭窒化シリコン膜とする。保護絶縁膜64は、プラズマCVD法によって形成することができるが、成膜前には反応室内で減圧下に維持する必要があり、このとき第1イオン伝導層58aの側面から酸素が脱離し、第1イオン伝導層58aのリーク電流が増加する、という問題が生じ得る。
保護絶縁膜64上に、層間絶縁膜65(例えば、酸化シリコン膜)、エッチングストッパ膜66(例えば、窒化シリコン膜)、層間絶縁膜67(例えば、酸化シリコン膜)がこの順に堆積される。その後、第2配線68が形成される配線溝と、プラグ69が形成されるコンタクトホールが形成される。さらに、銅デュアルダマシン配線プロセスを用いて、当該配線溝及び当該コンタクトホール内にバリアメタル膜70(例えば、窒化タンタル膜とタンタル膜の積層体)と、第2配線68(例えば、銅)と、プラグ69(例えば、銅)とが形成される。その後、第2配線68と層間絶縁膜67とを被覆するようにバリア絶縁膜71(例えば、窒化シリコン膜)が堆積される。第2配線68の形成は、その下層に位置する配線(例えば、第1配線55)の形成と同様のプロセスを用いることができる。このとき、バリアメタル膜70と第2上部電極層61bとを同一材料で形成することでプラグ69と第2上部電極層61bの間の接触抵抗を低減し、素子性能を向上させることができる。層間絶縁膜65及び層間絶縁膜67はプラズマCVD法で形成することができる。二端子スイッチ72によって形成される段差を解消するため、層間絶縁膜65を厚く堆積し、CMPによって層間絶縁膜65を削り込んで平坦化し、層間絶縁膜65を所望の膜厚としてもよい。
図9は、第2の実施形態のスイッチング素子が多層配線層の内部に集積化された半導体装置の構成を示す断面図である。第2の実施形態では、スイッチング素子が三端子スイッチとして構成されている。図9においては、該三端子スイッチが、符号132で参照されている。
図10Aに図示されているように、まず、半導体基板111(例えば、半導体素子が形成された基板)の上に層間絶縁膜112(例えば、膜厚が300nmの酸化シリコン膜)が堆積される。さらに、層間絶縁膜112の上に、バリア絶縁膜113(例えば、膜厚30nmの窒化シリコン膜)が堆積される。
次に、第1配線115a、115bと層間絶縁膜114とを被覆するようにバリア絶縁膜117(例えば、膜厚が30nmの炭窒化シリコン膜)が形成される。ここで、バリア絶縁膜117は、プラズマCVD法によって形成することができる。バリア絶縁膜117の膜厚は、10nm~50nm程度であることが好ましい。
次に、バリア絶縁膜117の上にハードマスク膜119(例えば、酸化シリコン膜)が形成される。このとき、ハードマスク膜119は、ドライエッチング加工におけるエッチング選択比を大きく保つ観点から、バリア絶縁膜117とは異なる材料であることが好ましく、絶縁膜であっても導電膜であってもよい。ハードマスク膜119としては、例えば、酸化シリコン膜、シリコン窒化膜、TiN、Ti、タンタル、窒化タンタル等を用いることができる。また、ハードマスク膜119としては、窒化シリコン膜と酸化シリコン膜の積層体を用いることができる。
ハードマスク膜119の上に、開口が形成されたフォトレジストパターン(図示せず)を形成する。このフォトレジストパターンをマスクとして用いてドライエッチングすることにより、図10Bに図示されているように、ハードマスク膜119に開口119aが形成される。その後、酸素プラズマアッシング等によって、フォトレジストパターンが剥離される。このとき、ドライエッチングは必ずしもバリア絶縁膜117の上面で停止される必要はなく、バリア絶縁膜117の一部がエッチングされてもよい。
次に、ハードマスク膜119をマスクとして、ハードマスク膜119の開口119aから露出するバリア絶縁膜117をエッチバック(ドライエッチング)することにより、バリア絶縁膜117に開口117aが形成される。バリア絶縁膜117の開口117aの内部では、第1配線115a、115bの一部が露出される。このとき、層間絶縁膜114のバリア絶縁膜117の開口117aの内部にある部分が、部分的にエッチングされてもよい。図10Bの工程5は、層間絶縁膜114のバリア絶縁膜117の開口117aの内部にある部分が、部分的にエッチングされた様子を示している。その後、アミン系の剥離液などで有機剥離処理を行うことで、第1配線115a、115bの露出面に形成された酸化銅を除去するとともに、エッチバック時に発生したエッチング生成物を除去する。工程5において、ハードマスク膜119は、エッチバック中に完全に除去されることが好ましいが、絶縁材料である場合にはそのまま残存してもよい。また、バリア絶縁膜117の開口117aの形状は、円形、正方形又は長方形とし、円の直径、又は正方形、長方形の一辺の長さは、20nmから500nmとすることができる。また、工程5において、バリア絶縁膜117のエッチバックでは、反応性ドライエッチングを用いることで、バリア絶縁膜117の開口117aの側面をテーパ面とすることができる。反応性ドライエッチングでは、エッチングガスとしてフルオロカーボンを含むガスを用いることができる。
第1イオン伝導層118aと第2イオン伝導層118bとを備える抵抗変化層118が、形成される。詳細には、まず、第1配線115a、115bとバリア絶縁膜117とを被覆するように、膜厚0.5nmのチタン膜と膜厚0.5nmのアルミニウム膜がこの順に堆積され、合計1nmの金属膜が形成される。チタン膜及びアルミニウム膜はPVD法やCVD法を用いて形成することができる。
図10Cに図示されているように、抵抗変化層118の上に、第1上部電極層121aとして、チタンを含むルテニウム合金の薄膜が、10nmの膜厚でコスパッタ法にて形成される。この際、ルテニウムターゲットとチタンターゲットは同一チャンバー内に存在し、同時にスパッタリングすることでルテニウム合金膜が堆積される。ルテニウムターゲットへの印加パワーとチタンターゲットへの印加パワーとを制御することで、チタンを含むルテニウム合金のルテニウムの含有率を所望の値に調節することができる。発明者の実験系では、ルテニウムターゲットへの印加パワーを150W、チタンターゲットへの印加パワーを50Wとすることで、「チタンを含むルテニウム合金」のルテニウムの含有率を75atm%、チタンの含有率を25atm%に調節することができた。
ハードマスク膜122(例えば、膜厚30nmの窒化シリコン膜又は炭窒化シリコン膜)と、ハードマスク膜123(例えば、膜厚90nmの酸化シリコン膜)とが、この順に積層される。ハードマスク膜122、123は、プラズマCVD法を用いて成膜することができる。ハードマスク膜122、123は当該技術分野における一般的なプラズマCVD法を用いて形成することができる。また、ハードマスク膜122、123は、異なる材料で形成された膜であることが好ましく、例えば、ハードマスク膜122を窒化シリコン膜で形成し、ハードマスク膜123を酸化シリコン膜で形成することができる。このとき、ハードマスク膜122は、後述する保護絶縁膜124及びバリア絶縁膜117と同一材料であることが好ましい。すなわち、スイッチング素子の周囲の全てを同一材料で囲むことでスイッチング素子を取り囲む部材の界面を一体化し、外部からの水分などの浸入を防ぐとともに、スイッチング素子からの材料の脱離を防ぐことができるようになる。
次に、ハードマスク膜123の上に、第1イオン伝導層58a、第2イオン伝導層58b、第1上部電極層61a及び第2上部電極層61bをパターニングするためのフォトレジストパターン(図示せず)を形成する。このフォトレジストパターン形成の後、当該フォトレジストパターンをマスクとして、図10Cに図示のようにハードマスク膜122が表れるまでハードマスク膜123がドライエッチングによってエッチングされる。その後、酸素プラズマアッシングと有機剥離を用いてフォトレジストパターンが除去される。
次に、図10Dに図示されているように、ハードマスク膜123をマスクとして、ハードマスク膜122、第2上部電極層121b、第1イオン伝導層118a及び第2イオン伝導層118bが連続的にドライエッチングによってエッチングされる。このとき、ハードマスク膜123は、エッチバック中に完全に除去されることが好ましいが、そのまま残存してもよい。
次に、ハードマスク膜122、第2上部電極層121b、第1上部電極層121a、第1イオン伝導層118a、第2イオン伝導層118b及びバリア絶縁膜117を被覆するように、保護絶縁膜124(例えば、膜厚が30nmの窒化シリコン膜)が成膜される。
次に、保護絶縁膜124上に、層間絶縁膜125(例えば、SiOC膜)、層間絶縁膜127(例えば、酸化シリコン膜)がこの順に堆積される。さらに、層間絶縁膜127の上にエッチングストッパ膜126を形成する。その後、第2配線128が形成される配線溝と、プラグ129が形成されるコンタクトホールが、形成される。さらに、銅デュアルダマシン配線プロセスを用いて、当該配線溝及び当該コンタクトホール内にバリアメタル膜130(例えば、窒化タンタル膜とタンタル膜の積層体)と、第2配線128(例えば、銅)と、プラグ129(例えば、銅)とが形成される。その後、第2配線128と層間絶縁膜127とを被覆するようにバリア絶縁膜131(例えば、窒化シリコン膜)が堆積される。工程12において、第2配線128の形成は、その下層に位置する配線(例えば、第1配線115a、115b)と同様のプロセスを用いることができる。このとき、バリアメタル膜130と第2上部電極層121bを同一材料とすることでプラグ129と第2上部電極層121bの間の接触抵抗を低減し、素子性能を向上(オン時の三端子スイッチ132の抵抗を低減)させることができる。また、工程12において、層間絶縁膜125及び層間絶縁膜127はプラズマCVD法で形成することができる。また、工程12において、三端子スイッチ132によって形成される段差を解消するため、層間絶縁膜125を厚く堆積し、CMPによって層間絶縁膜125を削り込んで平坦化し、層間絶縁膜125を所望の膜厚としてもよい。
(付記1)第1電極と、第2電極と、前記第1電極と前記第2電極との間に設けられ、イオン伝導性を有する抵抗変化層とを具備し、
前記第1電極は、前記抵抗変化層において伝導可能な金属イオンを生成する金属を含み、
前記第2電極は、前記抵抗変化層に接して形成される第1電極層と、前記第1電極層に接して形成される第2電極層とを備え、
前記第1電極層は、ルテニウムと、ルテニウムよりも酸化過程の標準生成ギブスエネルギーが負方向に大きい第1の金属とを含むルテニウム合金で形成され、
前記第2電極層は、前記第1の金属を含む窒化物で形成され、
前記第1電極層における前記第1の金属の含有率が、前記第2電極層における前記第1の金属の含有率よりも小さいスイッチング素子。
(付記2)前記第1の金属は、チタン、タンタル、ジルコニウム、ハフニウム、アルミニウムからなる群から選択された少なくとも一の金属である、付記1に記載のスイッチング素子。
(付記3)前記第1電極層は、ルテニウムを主成分とし、前記第1の金属の含有率が10atm%以上40atm%以下である、付記1又は2に記載のスイッチング素子。
(付記4)前記第1の金属はチタンであり、前記第1電極層のチタンの含有率が20atm%以上30atm%以下であり、前記第2電極層のチタンの含有率が40atm%以上80atm%以下である、付記1乃至3のいずれか一つに記載のスイッチング素子。
(付記5)前記抵抗変化層に伝導可能な金属が銅を含む、付記1乃至4のいずれか一つに記載のスイッチング素子。
(付記6)前記抵抗変化層が、少なくともシリコン、酸素、炭素を主成分とする第1イオン伝導層を備えており、前記第1イオン伝導層の比誘電率が2.1以上3.0以下である、付記1乃至5のいずれか一つに記載のスイッチング素子。
(付記7)前記第1イオン伝導層と前記第1電極との間に設けられた第2イオン伝導層をさらに具備し、
前記第2イオン伝導層は第2の金属の酸化物で形成され、
前記第2の金属は、チタン、タンタル、ジルコニウム、ハフニウム、アルミニウムからなる群から選択される少なくとも一つの金属である、付記6に記載のスイッチング素子。
(付記8)前記第1の金属と前記第2の金属は同一である、付記7に記載のスイッチング素子。
(付記9)半導体基板と、前記半導体基板の上方に形成され、銅で形成された配線と銅で形成されたプラグとを含む多層配線層とを具備し、
前記多層配線層にスイッチング素子が形成され、
前記スイッチング素子は、銅で形成され、前記スイッチング素子の下部電極として用いられる下部電極銅配線と、前記プラグに電気的に接続された上部電極と、前記下部電極銅配線と前記上部電極の間に形成された、イオン伝導性を有する抵抗変化層とを備え、
前記上部電極は、前記抵抗変化層に接して形成される第1上部電極層と、前記第1上部電極層に接して形成される第2上部電極層とを備え、
前記第1上部電極層は、ルテニウムと、ルテニウムよりも酸化過程の標準生成ギブスエネルギーが負方向に大きい第1の金属とを含むルテニウム合金で形成され、
前記第2上部電極層は、前記第1の金属を含む窒化物で形成され、
前記第1上部電極層における前記第1の金属の含有率が、前記第2上部電極層における前記第1の金属の含有率よりも小さい、半導体装置。
(付記10)前記第1の金属は、チタン、タンタル、ジルコニウム、ハフニウム、アルミニウムからなる群から選択された少なくとも一の金属である、付記9に記載の半導体装置。
(付記11)前記第1電極層は、ルテニウムを主成分とし、前記第1の金属の含有率が10atm%以上40atm%以下である、付記9又は10に記載の半導体装置。
(付記12)前記第1の金属はチタンであり、前記第1電極層のチタンの含有率が20atm%以上30atm%以下であり、前記第2電極層のチタンの含有率が40atm%以上80atm%以下である、付記9乃至11のいずれか一つに記載の半導体装置。
(付記13)前記抵抗変化層に伝導可能な金属が銅を含む、付記9乃至12のいずれか一つに記載の半導体装置。
(付記14)前記抵抗変化層が、少なくともシリコン、酸素、炭素を主成分とする第1イオン伝導層を備えており、前記第1イオン伝導層の比誘電率が2.1以上3.0以下である、付記9乃至13のいずれか一つに記載の半導体装置。
(付記15)前記第1イオン伝導層と前記第1電極との間に設けられた第2イオン伝導層をさらに具備し、
前記第2イオン伝導層は第2の金属の酸化物で形成され、
前記第2の金属は、チタン、タンタル、ジルコニウム、ハフニウム、アルミニウムからなる群から選択される少なくとも一つの金属である、付記14に記載の半導体装置。
(付記16)前記第1の金属と前記第2の金属は同一である、付記15に記載の半導体装置。
(付記17)第1電極と、第2電極と、前記第1電極と前記第2電極との間に設けられ、イオン伝導性を有する抵抗変化層とを具備するスイッチング素子の製造方法であって、
前記抵抗変化層において伝導可能な金属イオンを生成するルテニウム合金であって、ルテニウムと、ルテニウムよりも酸化過程の標準生成ギブスエネルギーが負方向に大きい第1の金属とを含むルテニウム合金で、前記第1電極を形成する工程と、
前記抵抗変化層に接する第1電極層と、前記第1電極層に接し、前記第1の金属を含む窒化物で形成された第2電極層と、を含むように前記第2電極を形成する工程と、を備え、
前記第2電極の前記第1電極層における前記第1の金属の含有率は、前記第2電極の前記第2電極層における前記第1の金属の含有率よりも小さい、スイッチング素子の製造方法。
(付記18)前記第2電極の前記第1電極層及び前記第2電極層が、前記抵抗変化層上に順に積層された後、共通のマスクでパターニングされる、付記17に記載のスイッチング素子の製造方法。
(付記19)前記抵抗変化層と、前記第2電極の前記第1電極層と、前記第2電極の前記第2電極層とが、順に積層された後、共通のマスクでパターニングされる、付記17に記載のスイッチング素子の製造方法。
(付記20)前記第1の金属は、チタン、タンタル、ジルコニウム、ハフニウム、アルミニウムからなる群から選択された少なくとも一の金属である、付記17乃至19のいずれか一つに記載のスイッチング素子の製造方法。
(付記21)前記第2電極の前記第1電極層は、ルテニウムを主成分とし、前記第1の金属の含有率が10atm%以上40atm%以下である、付記17乃至20のいずれか一つに記載のスイッチング素子の製造方法。
(付記22)前記第1の金属はチタンであり、前記第2電極の前記第1電極層のチタンの含有率が20atm%以上30atm%以下であり、前記第2電極の前記第2電極層のチタンの含有率が40atm%以上80atm%以下である、付記17乃至21のいずれか一つに記載のスイッチング素子の製造方法。
(付記23)前記抵抗変化層に伝導可能な金属が銅を含む、付記17乃至22のいずれか一つに記載のスイッチング素子の製造方法。
(付記24)前記抵抗変化層が、少なくともシリコン、酸素、炭素を主成分とする第1イオン伝導層を備えており、前記第1イオン伝導層の比誘電率が2.1以上3.0以下である、付記17乃至23のいずれか一つに記載のスイッチング素子の製造方法。
(付記25)前記第1イオン伝導層と前記第1電極との間に設けられた第2イオン伝導層をさらに具備し、
前記第2イオン伝導層は第2の金属の酸化物で形成され、
前記第2の金属は、チタン、タンタル、ジルコニウム、ハフニウム、アルミニウムからなる群から選択される少なくとも一つの金属である、付記24に記載のスイッチング素子の製造方法。
(付記26)前記第1の金属と前記第2の金属は同一である、付記25に記載のスイッチング素子の製造方法。
21a タンタル膜
21b 銅膜
22 上部電極
22a 第1上部電極層
22b 第2上部電極層
23 抵抗変化層
23a 第1イオン伝導層
23b 第2イオン伝導層
24 金属架橋
25 金属イオン
26 低抵抗シリコン基板
27 金属層
51 半導体基板
52 層間絶縁膜
53 バリア絶縁膜
54 層間絶縁膜
55 第1配線
56 バリアメタル膜
57 バリア絶縁膜
57a 開口
58 抵抗変化層
58a 第1イオン伝導層
58b 第2イオン伝導層
59 ハードマスク膜
59a 開口
61 上部電極
61a 第1上部電極層
61b 第2上部電極層
62、63 ハードマスク膜
64 保護絶縁膜
65 層間絶縁膜
66 エッチングストッパ膜
67 層間絶縁膜
68 第2配線
69 プラグ
70 バリアメタル膜
71 バリア絶縁膜
72 二端子スイッチ
111 半導体基板
112 層間絶縁膜
113 バリア絶縁膜
114 層間絶縁膜
115a、115b 第1配線
116a、116b バリアメタル膜
117 バリア絶縁膜
117a 開口
118 抵抗変化層
118a 第1イオン伝導層
118b 第2イオン伝導層
119 ハードマスク膜
119a 開口
121 上部電極
121a 第1上部電極層
121b 第2上部電極層
122、123 ハードマスク膜
124 保護絶縁膜
125 層間絶縁膜
126 エッチングストッパ膜
127 層間絶縁膜
128 第2配線
129 プラグ
130 バリアメタル膜
131 バリア絶縁膜
132 三端子スイッチ
201 下部電極
202 上部電極
203 イオン伝導層
301 第1スイッチ
301a 第1電極(活性電極)
301b 第2電極(不活性電極)
302 第2スイッチ
302a 第1電極(活性電極)
302b 第2電極(不活性電極)
303 第1ノード
304 第2ノード
305 共通ノード
401 第1の電極
402 第2の電極
403 イオン伝導層
404 酸化チタン膜
Claims (10)
- 第1電極と、
第2電極と、
前記第1電極と前記第2電極との間に設けられた、イオン伝導性を有する抵抗変化層
とを具備し、
前記第1電極は、前記抵抗変化層において伝導可能な金属イオンを生成する金属を含み、
前記第2電極は、
前記抵抗変化層に接して形成される第1電極層と、
前記第1電極層に接して形成される第2電極層
とを備え、
前記第1電極層は、ルテニウムと、ルテニウムよりも酸化過程の標準生成ギブスエネルギーが負方向に大きい第1の金属とを含むルテニウム合金で形成され、
前記第2電極層は、前記第1の金属を含む窒化物で形成され、
前記第1電極層における前記第1の金属の含有率が、前記第2電極層における前記第1の金属の含有率よりも小さい
スイッチング素子。 - 請求項1に記載のスイッチング素子であって、
前記第1の金属は、チタン、タンタル、ジルコニウム、ハフニウム、アルミニウムからなる群から選択された少なくとも一の金属である
スイッチング素子。 - 請求項1又は2に記載のスイッチング素子であって、
前記第1電極層は、ルテニウムを主成分とし、前記第1の金属の含有率が10atm%以上40atm%以下である
スイッチング素子。 - 請求項1乃至3のいずれか一項に記載のスイッチング素子であって、
前記第1の金属はチタンであり、
前記第1電極層のチタンの含有率が20atm%以上30atm%以下であり、
前記第2電極層のチタンの含有率が40atm%以上80atm%以下である
スイッチング素子。 - 請求項1乃至4のいずれか一項に記載のスイッチング素子であって、
前記抵抗変化層に伝導可能な金属が銅を含む
スイッチング素子。 - 請求項1乃至5のいずれか一項に記載のスイッチング素子であって、
前記抵抗変化層が、少なくともシリコン、酸素、炭素を主成分とする第1イオン伝導層を備えており、
前記第1イオン伝導層の比誘電率が2.1以上3.0以下である
スイッチング素子。 - 請求項6に記載のスイッチング素子であって、
さらに、
前記第1イオン伝導層と前記第1電極との間に設けられた第2イオン伝導層
を具備し、
前記第2イオン伝導層は第2の金属の酸化物で形成され、
前記第2の金属は、
チタン、タンタル、ジルコニウム、ハフニウム、アルミニウムからなる群から選択される、少なくとも一つの金属である
スイッチング素子。 - 請求項7に記載のスイッチング素子であって、
前記第1の金属と前記第2の金属は同一である
スイッチング素子。 - 半導体基板と、
前記半導体基板の上方に形成され、銅で形成された配線と銅で形成されたプラグとを含む多層配線層
とを具備し、
前記多層配線層にスイッチング素子が形成され、
前記スイッチング素子は、
銅で形成され、前記スイッチング素子の下部電極として用いられる下部電極銅配線と、
前記プラグに電気的に接続された上部電極と、
前記下部電極銅配線と前記上部電極の間に形成された、イオン伝導性を有する抵抗変化層
とを備え、
前記上部電極は、
前記抵抗変化層に接して形成される第1上部電極層と、
前記第1上部電極層に接して形成される第2上部電極層
とを備え、
前記第1上部電極層は、ルテニウムと、ルテニウムよりも酸化過程の標準生成ギブスエネルギーが負方向に大きい第1の金属とを含むルテニウム合金で形成され、
前記第2上部電極層は、前記第1の金属を含む窒化物で形成され、
前記第1上部電極層における前記第1の金属の含有率が、前記第2上部電極層における前記第1の金属の含有率よりも小さい
半導体装置。 - 請求項9に記載の半導体装置であって、
前記第1電極層は、ルテニウムを主成分とし、前記第1の金属の含有率が10atm%以上40atm%以下である
半導体装置。
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KR20170089726A (ko) * | 2016-01-27 | 2017-08-04 | 에스케이하이닉스 주식회사 | 스위칭 소자, 이의 제조 방법, 스위칭 소자를 선택 소자로서 포함하는 저항 변화 메모리 장치 |
KR102464065B1 (ko) * | 2016-01-27 | 2022-11-08 | 에스케이하이닉스 주식회사 | 스위칭 소자, 이의 제조 방법, 스위칭 소자를 선택 소자로서 포함하는 저항 변화 메모리 장치 |
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