WO2015053341A1 - Iii族元素窒化物結晶の製造方法、iii族元素窒化物結晶、半導体装置、およびiii族元素窒化物結晶製造装置 - Google Patents
Iii族元素窒化物結晶の製造方法、iii族元素窒化物結晶、半導体装置、およびiii族元素窒化物結晶製造装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015053341A1 WO2015053341A1 PCT/JP2014/076998 JP2014076998W WO2015053341A1 WO 2015053341 A1 WO2015053341 A1 WO 2015053341A1 JP 2014076998 W JP2014076998 W JP 2014076998W WO 2015053341 A1 WO2015053341 A1 WO 2015053341A1
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- iii element
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- AABBHSMFGKYLKE-SNAWJCMRSA-N propan-2-yl (e)-but-2-enoate Chemical compound C\C=C\C(=O)OC(C)C AABBHSMFGKYLKE-SNAWJCMRSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- AQRLNPVMDITEJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylsilane Chemical compound CC[SiH](CC)CC AQRLNPVMDITEJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 2
- JBRZTFJDHDCESZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N AsGa Chemical compound [As]#[Ga] JBRZTFJDHDCESZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- -1 Ge 2 O 3 Chemical compound 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- AJNVQOSZGJRYEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N digallium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Ga+3].[Ga+3] AJNVQOSZGJRYEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02518—Deposited layers
- H01L21/0257—Doping during depositing
- H01L21/02573—Conductivity type
- H01L21/02576—N-type
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- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02612—Formation types
- H01L21/02617—Deposition types
- H01L21/0262—Reduction or decomposition of gaseous compounds, e.g. CVD
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- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02612—Formation types
- H01L21/02617—Deposition types
- H01L21/02636—Selective deposition, e.g. simultaneous growth of mono- and non-monocrystalline semiconductor materials
- H01L21/02639—Preparation of substrate for selective deposition
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- H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching and having potential barriers; Capacitors or resistors having potential barriers, e.g. a PN-junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/02—Semiconductor bodies ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/12—Semiconductor bodies ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor characterised by the materials of which they are formed
- H01L29/20—Semiconductor bodies ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor characterised by the materials of which they are formed including, apart from doping materials or other impurities, only AIIIBV compounds
- H01L29/2003—Nitride compounds
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- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching and having potential barriers; Capacitors or resistors having potential barriers, e.g. a PN-junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/02—Semiconductor bodies ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/30—Semiconductor bodies ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor characterised by physical imperfections; having polished or roughened surface
- H01L29/32—Semiconductor bodies ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor characterised by physical imperfections; having polished or roughened surface the imperfections being within the semiconductor body
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a group III element nitride crystal manufacturing method, a group III element nitride crystal, a semiconductor device, and a group III element nitride crystal manufacturing apparatus.
- Group III element nitride crystals are used in the fields of optoelectronic devices such as semiconductor lasers, light emitting diodes, sensors, and heterojunction high-speed electronic devices.
- a method for producing a group III element nitride crystal a halogenated vapor phase epitaxy method (HVPE method, for example, see Patent Document 1) has been put into practical use.
- the HVPE method has a problem that a by-product (for example, NH 4 Cl) generated during crystal formation adversely affects crystal formation by clogging an exhaust pipe of a manufacturing apparatus.
- a by-product for example, NH 4 Cl
- a Group III element oxide and a reducing gas are reacted to generate a Group III element oxide reduced gas, and further, the reducing gas and a nitrogen-containing gas are reacted.
- Patent Document 2 Since this production method can be performed without using a halide, a by-product containing halogen does not adversely affect crystal formation.
- Patent Document 2 since the production method of Patent Document 2 needs to use a group III element oxide (for example, Ga 2 O 3 ), there are problems in reactivity and operability, and further improvement is required in this respect.
- group III element oxide for example, Ga 2 O 3
- an object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing a Group III element nitride crystal in which a halogen-containing byproduct does not adversely affect crystal formation and is excellent in reactivity and operability, and a Group III element nitride crystal. And a semiconductor device and a group III element nitride crystal manufacturing apparatus.
- the Group III element nitride crystal production method of the present invention produces a Group III element nitride crystal by reacting a Group III element metal, an oxidizing agent, and a nitrogen-containing gas. And a group III element nitride crystal manufacturing process.
- the group III element nitride crystal of the present invention is a group III element nitride crystal produced by the production method of the present invention.
- the semiconductor device of the present invention includes the group III element nitride crystal of the present invention, and the group III element nitride crystal is a semiconductor.
- a Group III element nitride crystal production apparatus of the present invention A Group III element nitride crystal production apparatus used in the method for producing a Group III element nitride crystal of the present invention, A reaction vessel, a group III element metal supply means, an oxidant supply means, and a nitrogen-containing gas supply means,
- the group III element metal supply means can continuously supply the group III element metal into the reaction vessel,
- the oxidant can be continuously supplied into the reaction vessel by the oxidant supply means,
- the nitrogen-containing gas can be continuously supplied into the reaction vessel by the nitrogen-containing gas supply means, In the reaction vessel, the Group III element metal, the oxidizing agent, and the nitrogen-containing gas are reacted to produce the Group III element nitride crystal.
- a by-product containing halogen does not adversely affect crystal formation
- a method for producing a group III element nitride crystal having excellent reactivity and operability, a group III element nitride crystal, and a semiconductor An apparatus and a group III element nitride crystal manufacturing apparatus can be provided.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing an example of an apparatus used in the method for producing a group III element nitride crystal of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing the outline of the method for producing a group III element nitride crystal of the present invention using the apparatus of FIG.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing another example of an apparatus used in the method for producing a group III element nitride crystal of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing the outline of the method for producing a group III element nitride crystal of the present invention using the apparatus of FIG.
- FIG. 5A is a cross-sectional view showing an example of the configuration of the substrate.
- FIG. 5B is a cross-sectional view showing an example of a group III element nitride crystal grown on the substrate of FIG.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic view showing an example of a container for storing a group III element metal. 6A is a perspective view, and FIG. 6B is a cross-sectional view.
- FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing an example of a method for producing a group III element nitride crystal of the present invention using the container of FIG.
- FIG. 8 is a photograph showing a state of the Group III element metal container after the Group III element nitride crystal production in Example.
- FIG. 9 is a graph showing an example of the relationship between the partial pressures of H 2 gas and H 2 O gas and the amount of Ga 2 O 3 produced in the reaction between metal gallium and H 2 O gas.
- FIG. 10 is a photograph showing the state of the Group III element metal container after the Group III element nitride crystal production in another example.
- FIG. 11 is a photograph showing the state of the Group III element metal container after the Group III element nitride crystal production in yet another example.
- FIG. 12 is a photograph showing the state of the Group III element metal container after the Group III element nitride crystal production in yet another example.
- FIG. 13 is a graph showing the relationship between the H 2 O flow rate and the amount of Ga 2 O generated in the examples.
- FIG. 10 is a photograph showing the state of the Group III element metal container after the Group III element nitride crystal production in another example.
- FIG. 11 is a photograph showing the state of the Group III element metal container after the Group III element nitride crystal production in
- FIG. 14 is a graph showing the X-ray crystal structure analysis result of the GaN crystal produced in the example.
- FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of the substrate used in the example.
- FIG. 15A is a cross-sectional view
- FIG. 15B is a perspective view.
- 16A to 16C are cross-sectional views schematically showing an example of a crystal growth state in the method for producing a group III element nitride crystal using the substrate of FIG.
- FIG. 17 is a photograph of a GaN crystal manufactured (grown) in yet another example.
- FIG. 18 is a photograph of a GaN crystal manufactured (grown) in yet another example.
- FIG. 19 is a photograph showing the shape of a GaN crystal manufactured (grown) in yet another example.
- FIG. 20 is a perspective view schematically showing an example of a method for producing a group III element nitride crystal and a semiconductor wafer using the same.
- the Group III element metal is selected from the group consisting of gallium, indium and aluminum, for example. Is at least one.
- the group III element metal is particularly preferably gallium (Ga).
- the group III element metal oxide product in which the group III element nitride crystal production step reacts the group III element metal with the oxidizing agent to generate a group III element metal oxidation product gas.
- the method includes a gas generation step, and a group III element nitride crystal generation step in which the group III element metal oxidation product gas and the nitrogen-containing gas are reacted to generate the group III element nitride crystal.
- the group III element metal oxidation product gas generation step it is more preferable to react the group III element metal with the oxidizing agent in a heated state.
- the group III element metal oxide product gas is more preferably a group III element metal oxide gas.
- the group III element metal is gallium and the group III element metal oxide gas is Ga 2 O gas.
- the oxidizing agent is preferably an oxygen-containing compound. Or in the manufacturing method of this invention, it is preferable that the said oxidizing agent is oxidizing gas.
- the oxidizing gas, the H 2 O gas, O 2 gas is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of CO 2 gas, and CO gas, with H 2 O gas It is particularly preferred.
- the nitrogen-containing gas is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of N 2 , NH 3 , hydrazine gas, and alkylamine gas.
- the volume of the oxidizing gas is not particularly limited.
- the volume of the oxidizing gas is more than 0% and less than 100%, preferably 0.8% with respect to the total volume of the oxidizing gas and the nitrogen-containing gas.
- the range is from 001% to less than 100%, more preferably from 0.01 to 95%, still more preferably from 0.1 to 80%, still more preferably from 0.1 to 60%.
- the numerical value may be strictly or approximately the numerical value.
- “0.001% or more” may be strictly 0.001% or more, or about 0.001% or more.
- “0.1 to 80%” may be strictly 0.1 to 80% or about 0.1 to 80%.
- the reaction is preferably carried out in the reaction system in the coexistence of a reducing gas in the group III element nitride crystal production step.
- the reducing gas is a hydrogen-containing gas.
- the reducing gas is at least one selected from the group consisting of H 2 gas, carbon monoxide (CO) gas, hydrocarbon gas, H 2 S gas, SO 2 gas, and NH 3 gas. Is more preferable.
- the hydrocarbon gas is at least one of methane gas and ethane gas.
- the oxidizing agent is the oxidizing gas, and the reducing gas is mixed with the oxidizing gas.
- the production method of the present invention is more preferably performed by mixing the reducing gas with the nitrogen-containing gas.
- the reaction in the presence of the reducing gas is more preferably performed at a temperature of 650 ° C. or higher.
- the group III element nitride crystal may be generated on a substrate.
- the substrate may be a substrate in which a seed crystal is disposed on a base layer.
- the group III element nitride crystal may be generated under pressure, but the group III element nitride crystal may be generated under reduced pressure.
- the group III element nitride crystal may be formed under conditions that do not cause the failure.
- the growth rate of the group III element nitride crystal is not particularly limited, but is, for example, 4 ⁇ m / h or more, 10 ⁇ m / h, 20 ⁇ m / h, 30 ⁇ m / h, 40 ⁇ m / h. 50 ⁇ m / h, 60 ⁇ m / h, 70 ⁇ m / h, 80 ⁇ m / h, 90 ⁇ m / h, or 100 ⁇ m / h or more.
- the growth rate of the group III element nitride crystal is preferably as high as possible, and the upper limit is not particularly limited, but is, for example, 2000 ⁇ m / h or less.
- the growth rate of the group III element nitride crystal is expressed as the rate of increase in the thickness of the group III element nitride crystal unless otherwise specified.
- the growth rate of the group III element nitride crystal of 10 ⁇ m / h indicates that the increase rate of the thickness of the group III element nitride crystal is 10 ⁇ m per hour.
- the manufacturing method of the present invention may further include a slicing step of slicing the group III element nitride crystal to cut out one or more group III element nitride crystal substrates. Further, in the production method of the present invention, the Group III element nitride crystal substrate cut out by the slicing step is used as a seed crystal, the Group III element nitride crystal production step is performed again, and the Group III element nitride is again produced. In the crystal manufacturing process, the group III element nitride crystal may be generated on the group III element nitride crystal substrate.
- the concentration of oxygen contained in the crystal may be 1 ⁇ 10 20 cm ⁇ 3 or less, or 1 ⁇ 10 20 cm ⁇ 3 or more.
- the dislocation density is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 7 cm ⁇ 2 or less.
- the half-value widths of the symmetric reflection component (002) and the asymmetric reflection component (102) of the half-value width by XRC are each 300 seconds or less. Preferably there is.
- the method for producing a group III element nitride crystal of the present invention is a group III element for producing the group III element nitride crystal by reacting a group III element metal, an oxidizing agent, and a nitrogen-containing gas. It has a nitride crystal manufacturing process.
- the method for producing a group III element nitride crystal according to Patent Document 2 needs to use a group III element oxide (for example, Ga 2 O 3 ) as a raw material.
- group III element oxides such as Ga 2 O 3 are in a fluid state (that is, liquid or gas) only under extremely limited conditions, and thus have problems in reactivity and operability.
- Ga 2 O 3 has an extremely high melting point of 1725 ° C., it does not become liquid unless the temperature is higher than the extremely high melting point.
- Ga 2 O 3 is less likely to be a gas unless it is reducing conditions.
- Group III elemental metals have a low melting point and easily become liquid upon heating, and thus have excellent reactivity and operability.
- operability specifically, for example, since it is in a liquid state, continuous supply into the reaction vessel is easy, so that it is easier to apply to mass production of group III element nitride crystals.
- gallium (Ga) has a melting point of about 30 ° C. and becomes liquid even at room temperature, so that operability is further improved.
- the present invention does not require the use of a halide (eg, GaCl) as a raw material, as in Patent Document 2, it is possible to prevent the generation of byproducts containing halogen. For this reason, according to the manufacturing method of this invention, the bad influence to the crystal formation by the said by-product can be suppressed. As a result, for example, a group III element nitride crystal can be generated over a long period of time, and a large and thick group III element nitride crystal can be obtained.
- a halide eg, GaCl
- a group III element nitride crystal can be obtained by epitaxial growth on a substrate, and coloring of the obtained group III element nitride crystal is suppressed. It is possible.
- the group III element nitride crystal production step reacts the group III element metal and the oxidant to produce a group III element metal oxidation product gas.
- the group III element nitride crystal generation step If no solid by-product is generated in the group III element nitride crystal generation step, for example, it is not necessary to introduce a filter or the like for removing the by-product, which is excellent in terms of cost. Moreover, also in the said group III element metal oxidation product gas production
- a by-product for example, solid by-product
- the production method of the present invention can be performed, for example, as follows.
- FIG. 1 An example of a structure of the manufacturing apparatus used for the manufacturing method of this invention is shown. In the figure, the size, ratio, and the like of each component are different from actual ones for easy understanding.
- a second container 12 and a substrate support portion 13 are disposed inside the first container 11.
- the second container 12 is fixed to the left side surface of the first container 11 in FIG.
- the substrate support portion 13 is fixed to the lower surface of the first container 11.
- the second container 12 has a group III element metal placement portion 14 on the lower surface.
- the second container 12 is provided with an oxidizing gas introduction pipe 15 on the left side and a group III element metal oxidation product gas outlet pipe 16 on the right side.
- An oxidizing gas can be continuously introduced (supplied) into the second container 12 by the oxidizing gas introduction pipe 15.
- the first container 11 includes nitrogen-containing gas introduction pipes 17a and 17b on the left side and an exhaust pipe 18 on the right side.
- the nitrogen-containing gas can be continuously introduced (supplied) into the first container 11 by the nitrogen-containing gas introduction pipes 17a and 17b.
- first heating means 19 a and 19 b and second heating means 20 a and 20 b are arranged outside the first container 11.
- the manufacturing apparatus used for the manufacturing method of the present invention is not limited to this example.
- the number of the oxidizing gas introduction pipes 15 is one, but a plurality of the oxidizing gas introduction pipes 15 may be provided.
- the shape of the first container is not particularly limited.
- Examples of the shape of the first container include a columnar shape, a quadrangular prism shape, a triangular prism shape, and a combination thereof.
- Examples of the material forming the first container include quartz, alumina, aluminum titanate, mullite, tungsten, and molybdenum.
- the first container may be self-made or a commercially available product may be purchased. As a commercial item of the said 1st container, the brand name "quartz reaction tube" by a phoenix techno Co., Ltd. etc. is mention
- the shape of the second container is not particularly limited.
- the shape of the second container can be the same as the shape of the first container, for example.
- Examples of the material forming the second container include tungsten, stainless steel, molybdenum, aluminum titanate, mullite, and alumina.
- the second container may be self-made or a commercially available product may be purchased.
- As a commercial item of the said 2nd container the brand name "SUS316BA tube" by a MEC technica Co., Ltd. etc. is mention
- heating means can be used as the first heating means and the second heating means.
- the heating means include a ceramic heater, a high frequency heating device, a resistance heater, a condenser heater, and the like.
- the heating means may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the first heating unit and the second heating unit are preferably controlled independently.
- FIG. 3 shows another example of the configuration of the manufacturing apparatus used in the manufacturing method of the present invention.
- this manufacturing apparatus 30 is the same as the manufacturing apparatus 10 of FIG. 1 except that it has a second container 31 instead of the second container 12.
- the second container 31 is provided with an oxidizing gas introduction pipe 15 at the upper part of the left side, a group III element metal introduction pipe 32 at the lower part of the left side, and a group III element metal oxidation product on the right side.
- a gas outlet pipe 16 is provided.
- An oxidizing gas can be continuously introduced (supplied) into the second container 31 by the oxidizing gas introduction pipe 15.
- the group III element metal introduction pipe 32 allows the group III element metal to be continuously introduced (supplied) into the second container 31.
- the second container 31 does not have the group III element metal placement portion 14, but the depth (vertical width) of the second container 31 itself is large, and the group III element is located below the second container 31.
- Metal can be stored.
- the first container 11 and the second container 31 correspond to the “reaction container” in the group III element nitride crystal manufacturing apparatus of the present invention.
- the group III element metal introduction tube 32 corresponds to the “group III element metal supply means” in the group III element nitride crystal production apparatus of the present invention.
- the oxidizing gas introduction pipe 15 corresponds to the “oxidizing gas supply means” in the group III element nitride crystal manufacturing apparatus of the present invention.
- the nitrogen-containing gas introduction pipes 17a and 17b correspond to the “nitrogen-containing gas supply means” in the group III element nitride crystal production apparatus of the present invention.
- the manufacturing apparatus used for the manufacturing method of this invention is not limited to the structure of FIG.
- the heating means 19a, 19b, 20a and 20b, and the substrate support portion 13 can be omitted, but these components are preferably present from the viewpoint of reactivity and operability.
- the manufacturing apparatus used for the manufacturing method of this invention may be equipped with the other structural member in addition to the above-mentioned structural member. Examples of other constituent members include a means for controlling the temperatures of the first heating means and the second heating means, a means for adjusting the pressure / introduction amount of the gas used in each step, and the like.
- the manufacturing apparatus used in the manufacturing method of the present invention can be manufactured by, for example, assembling the above-described constituent members and, if necessary, other constituent members by a conventionally known method.
- the substrate 22 is set on the substrate support portion 13 in advance.
- the substrate 22 can be appropriately selected according to the mode of the group III element nitride crystal formed thereon.
- Examples of the material of the substrate 22 include sapphire, group III element nitride, gallium arsenide (GaAs), silicon (Si), silicon carbide (SiC), magnesium oxide (MgO), zinc oxide (ZnO), and gallium phosphide.
- GaP zirconia boride
- ZrB 2 lithium gallium oxide
- BP molybdenum silicate
- MoS 2 LaAlO 3 , NbN, MnFe 2 O 4 , ZnFe 2 O 4 , ZrN, TiN, MgAl 2 O 4 , NdGaO 3 , LiAlO 2 , ScAlMgO 4 , Ca 8 La 2 (PO 4 ) 6 O 2 , and the like.
- sapphire is particularly preferable from the viewpoint of cost and the like.
- the substrate may be a substrate in which a seed crystal is disposed on an underlayer (substrate body).
- FIG. 5A is a cross-sectional view showing an example of the configuration of a substrate in which a seed crystal is arranged on a base layer. In the figure, the size, ratio, and the like of each component are different from actual ones for easy understanding.
- the substrate 50 has a seed crystal 52 disposed on an underlayer 51.
- the substrate 50 is not limited to this example.
- the seed crystal 52 has a layered shape, but the seed crystal may have a needle shape, a feather shape, a plate shape, or the like.
- the material of the base layer (substrate body) 51 for example, the same material as that of the substrate 22 described above can be used.
- the substrate 22 in FIGS. 2 and 4 may have a structure similar to that of the substrate 50 in FIG.
- the material of the seed crystal may be, for example, the same as or different from the group III element nitride crystal of the present invention grown on the seed crystal, but is preferably the same.
- the seed crystal can be disposed on the underlayer by, for example, forming a crystal on the underlayer using the material of the seed crystal. Examples of the formation method include metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOVPE), molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), halogenated vapor deposition (HVPE), and sodium flux.
- MOVPE metal organic chemical vapor deposition
- MBE molecular beam epitaxy
- HVPE halogenated vapor deposition
- 5B shows a state in which a group III element nitride crystal 53 is grown on the seed crystal 52.
- the group III element metal 100 is disposed on the group III element metal placement portion 14. 3 is used, the group III element metal 42 is introduced into the second container 31 from the group III element metal introduction pipe 32 as shown in FIG. 2 is stored in the lower part inside the container 31. From the group III element metal introduction pipe 32, the group III element metal 42 can be continuously introduced into the second container 31. For example, it can be replenished by introducing the group III element metal 100 from the group III element metal introduction pipe 32 by the amount consumed and reduced by the reaction.
- the said group III element metal is illustrated with Ga (namely, gallium) in FIG. 2 and 4, it is not specifically limited.
- the group III element metal examples include aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), and thallium (Tl), and may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- at least one selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), and indium (In) may be used as the group III element metal.
- the group III element metal 100 may be reacted in the presence of a dopant material, for example.
- the dopant is not particularly limited, germanium oxide (e.g. Ge 2 O 3, Ge 2 O and the like), metal germanium, and the like.
- a ternary or higher nitride crystal produced using two or more Group III element metals is a Ga x In 1-x N (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1) crystal.
- Group III elemental metals have a relatively low melting point, they are liable to become liquid by heating, and if they are made liquid, it is easy to continuously supply them into the reaction vessel (inside the second vessel 31 in FIG. 4). is there.
- gallium (Ga) is particularly preferable.
- Gallium nitride (GaN) produced from gallium is extremely useful as a material for semiconductor devices, and gallium has a low melting point of about 30 ° C. and becomes liquid at room temperature. This is because it is easy to do.
- the manufactured group III element nitride crystal is gallium nitride (GaN) as described above.
- the group III element metal 100 is heated using the first heating means 19a and 19b, and the substrate 22 is heated using the second heating means 20a and 20b.
- the oxidizing gas 21a (or 41a) is introduced from the oxidizing gas introduction pipe 15, and the nitrogen-containing gases 23a and 23b are introduced from the nitrogen-containing gas introduction pipes 17a and 17b.
- the oxidizing gas 21a (or 41a) is not particularly limited, but is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of H 2 O gas, O 2 gas, CO 2 gas, and CO gas as described above. Particularly preferred is H 2 O gas.
- the flow rate of the oxidizing gas is, for example, in the range of 0.0001 to 50 Pa ⁇ m 3 / s, preferably in the range of 0.001 to 10 Pa ⁇ m 3 / s, more preferably 0. The range is 0.005 to 1 Pa ⁇ m 3 / s.
- the group III element metal is heated in the oxidizing gas in the heated state. It is preferable to make it react with.
- the temperature of the group III element oxide is not particularly limited, but is preferably in the range of 650 to 1500 ° C., more preferably in the range of 900 to 1300 ° C., and still more preferably in the range of 1000 to 1200. It is in the range of ° C.
- the group III element metal is gallium
- the oxidizing gas is H 2 O gas
- the group III element metal oxidation product gas is Ga 2 O. It is particularly preferred.
- the reaction formula in this case can be represented by, for example, the following formula (I), but is not limited thereto. 2Ga + H 2 O ⁇ Ga 2 O + H 2 (I)
- the group III element metal oxidation product gas generation step is performed in a mixed gas atmosphere of the oxidizing gas and an inert gas.
- the ratio of the oxidizing gas to the total amount of the mixed gas and the ratio of the inert gas are not particularly limited, but the ratio of the oxidizing gas to the total amount of the mixed gas is 0.001% by volume or more and 100% by volume.
- the ratio of the inert gas is preferably more than 0 volume% and not more than 99.999 volume%, more preferably the ratio of the oxidizing gas is 0.01 volume% or more and 80 volume%.
- the ratio of the inert gas is 20 volume% or more and 99.99 volume% or less, more preferably, the ratio of the oxidizing gas is 0.1 volume% or more and 60 volume% or less, The ratio of the inert gas is 40% by volume or more and 99.9% by volume or less.
- examples of the inert gas include nitrogen gas, helium gas, argon gas, krypton gas, and the like. Among these, nitrogen gas is particularly preferable.
- a method of creating the mixed gas atmosphere for example, a method of introducing an inert gas by providing an inert gas introduction pipe (not shown) separately from the oxidizing gas introduction pipe in the second container, And a method in which a gas obtained by mixing the hydrogen gas and the inert gas at a predetermined ratio is prepared in advance and introduced from the oxidizing gas introduction pipe.
- the inert gas introduction pipe is provided to introduce the inert gas, the flow rate of the inert gas can be appropriately set according to the flow rate of the oxidizing gas or the like.
- the flow rate of the inert gas is, for example, in the range of 0.1 ⁇ 150Pa ⁇ m 3 / s , preferably in the range of 0.2 ⁇ 30Pa ⁇ m 3 / s , more preferably, 0.3 It is in the range of ⁇ 10 Pa ⁇ m 3 / s.
- the generated group III element metal oxidation product gas 101a is led out of the second vessel 12 (or 31) through the group III element metal oxidation product gas outlet pipe 16 (group III element metal oxidation product gas 101b). ).
- the group III element metal oxidation product gas 101b is illustrated as Ga 2 O in FIG. 4, but is not limited thereto.
- the first carrier gas is introduced. Also good.
- the first carrier gas for example, the same one as the inert gas can be used.
- the flow rate of the first carrier gas can be the same as the flow rate of the inert gas. Further, when the inert gas is introduced, the inert gas may be used as the first carrier gas.
- the generation of the Group III element metal oxidation product gas 101a may be performed, for example, under a pressurized condition, but may be performed, for example, under a reduced pressure condition without being pressurized and reduced. You may carry out with.
- the pressure under the pressurizing condition is not particularly limited, but is preferably in the range of 1.0 ⁇ 10 5 to 1.50 ⁇ 10 7 Pa, more preferably 1.05 ⁇ 10 5 to 5.00. It is in the range of ⁇ 10 6 Pa, and more preferably in the range of 1.10 ⁇ 10 5 to 9.90 ⁇ 10 5 Pa.
- Examples of the pressurizing method include a method of pressurizing with the oxidizing gas, the first carrier gas, and the like.
- the pressure reduction conditions are not particularly limited, but are preferably in the range of 1 ⁇ 10 1 to 1 ⁇ 10 5 Pa, more preferably in the range of 1 ⁇ 10 2 to 9 ⁇ 10 4 Pa, Preferably, it is in the range of 5 ⁇ 10 3 to 7 ⁇ 10 4 Pa.
- a group III element nitride (eg, GaN) crystal 24 is generated on the substrate 22 (group III element nitride crystal generation step).
- the reaction formula in this case can be expressed by, for example, the following formula (II) when the group III element metal oxidation product gas is Ga 2 O gas and the nitrogen-containing gas is ammonia gas, This is not a limitation.
- the excess gas after the reaction can be discharged from the exhaust pipe 18 as the exhaust gas 23d.
- examples of the nitrogen-containing gas include nitrogen gas (N 2 ), ammonia gas (NH 3 ), hydrazine gas (NH 2 NH 2 ), and alkylamine gas.
- the nitrogen-containing gas is preferably at least one of N 2 and NH 3 .
- the temperature of the substrate is not particularly limited, but is preferably in the range of 700 to 1500 ° C. from the viewpoint of securing the crystal generation rate and improving the crystallinity, Preferably, it is in the range of 1000 to 1400 ° C, and more preferably in the range of 1100 to 1350 ° C.
- the group III element nitride crystal generation step may be performed under a pressurized condition, but may be performed under a reduced pressure condition, or may be performed under a condition where no pressure and reduced pressure are applied.
- the pressurizing condition is not particularly limited, but is preferably in the range of 1.01 ⁇ 10 5 to 1.50 ⁇ 10 7 Pa, and more preferably 1.05 ⁇ 10 5 to 5.00 ⁇ 10 6. It is in the range of Pa, and more preferably in the range of 1.10 ⁇ 10 5 to 9.90 ⁇ 10 5 Pa.
- the pressure reduction conditions are not particularly limited, but are preferably in the range of 1 ⁇ 10 1 to 1 ⁇ 10 5 Pa, more preferably in the range of 1 ⁇ 10 2 to 9 ⁇ 10 4 Pa, Preferably, it is in the range of 5 ⁇ 10 3 to 7 ⁇ 10 4 Pa.
- the supply amount of the Group III element metal oxidation product gas (for example, Ga 2 O gas, reference numeral 101b in FIGS. 2 and 4) is, for example, 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 to 5 ⁇ . It is in the range of 10 1 mol / hour, preferably in the range of 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 to 5 mol / hour, more preferably in the range of 2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 to 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 1 mol / hour.
- the supply amount of the Group III element metal oxidation product gas can be adjusted, for example, by adjusting the flow rate of the first carrier gas in the generation of the Group III element metal oxidation product gas.
- the flow rate of the nitrogen-containing gas can be appropriately set according to conditions such as the temperature of the substrate.
- Flow rate of the nitrogen-containing gas for example, in the range of 0.1 ⁇ 150Pa ⁇ m 3 / s , preferably in the range of 0.3 ⁇ 60Pa ⁇ m 3 / s , more preferably, 0.5 It is in the range of ⁇ 30 Pa ⁇ m 3 / s.
- a second carrier gas may be introduced.
- the second carrier gas may be introduced, for example, by providing a carrier gas introduction pipe (not shown) separately from the nitrogen-containing gas introduction pipe, or mixed with the nitrogen-containing gas and the nitrogen It may be introduced from a contained gas introduction pipe.
- a carrier gas introduction pipe not shown
- the thing similar to said 1st carrier gas can be used, for example.
- the flow rate of the second carrier gas can be appropriately set depending on the flow rate of the nitrogen-containing gas.
- the flow rate of the second carrier gas is, for example, in the range of 0.1 ⁇ 150Pa ⁇ m 3 / s , preferably in the range of 0.8 ⁇ 60Pa ⁇ m 3 / s , more preferably 1.
- the range is 5 to 30 Pa ⁇ m 3 / s.
- the mixing ratio A: B (volume ratio) of the nitrogen-containing gas (A) and the second carrier gas (B) is not particularly limited, but is preferably in the range of 2 to 80:98 to 20, More preferably, the range is 5 to 60:95 to 40, and still more preferably 10 to 40:90 to 60.
- the mixing ratio A: B (volume ratio) can be set by, for example, a method of preparing in advance at a predetermined mixing ratio or a method of adjusting the flow rate of the nitrogen-containing gas and the flow rate of the second carrier gas. it can.
- the group III element nitride crystal (for example, GaN crystal) generation step is preferably performed under pressurized conditions.
- the pressurizing condition is as described above.
- Examples of the pressurizing method include a method of pressurizing with the nitrogen-containing gas, the second carrier gas, and the like.
- the group III element nitride crystal generation step may be performed in an atmosphere of a gas containing a dopant.
- a dopant-containing GaN crystal can be generated.
- the dopant include Si, S, Se, Te, Ge, Fe, Mg, and Zn.
- the said dopant may be used individually by 1 type, and may use 2 or more types together.
- Examples of the gas containing the dopant include monosilane (SiH 4 ), disilane (Si 2 H 6 ), triethylsilane (SiH (C 2 H 5 ) 3 ), tetraethylsilane (Si (C 2 H 5 ) 4 ), H 2 S, H 2 Se, H 2 Te, GeH 4 , Ge 2 O, SiO, MgO, ZnO and the like can be mentioned.
- the gas containing the dopant may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the gas containing the dopant may be introduced, for example, by providing an introduction pipe (not shown) of a gas containing the dopant separately from the nitrogen-containing gas introduction pipe, or mixed with the nitrogen-containing gas, It may be introduced from the nitrogen-containing gas introduction pipe.
- the gas containing the dopant may be introduced by mixing with the second carrier gas.
- the concentration of the dopant in the gas containing the dopant is not particularly limited, but is, for example, in the range of 0.001 to 100000 ppm, preferably in the range of 0.01 to 1000 ppm, and more preferably in the range of 0.1 to 100 ppm. It is in the range of 10 ppm.
- the production rate of the group III element nitride crystal is not particularly limited.
- the speed is, for example, 100 ⁇ m / hour or more, preferably 500 ⁇ m / hour or more, and more preferably 1000 ⁇ m / hour or more.
- the manufacturing method of the present invention can be performed as described above, the manufacturing method of the present invention is not limited to this.
- the reducing gas is mixed with at least one of the oxidizing gas and the nitrogen-containing gas. That is, in FIG. 2 or 4, the reducing gas may be mixed with at least one of the nitrogen-containing gases 23a and 23b and the oxidizing gas 21a (or 41a). In the production method of the present invention, it is more preferable to mix the reducing gas with the oxidizing gas.
- the group III element metal oxide product gas generation step the generation of by-products in the reaction between the group III element metal and the oxidizing gas is suppressed, and the reaction efficiency (the group III element metal oxide Product gas production efficiency) can be further increased.
- the reaction efficiency the group III element metal oxide Product gas production efficiency
- the reaction efficiency the group III element metal oxide Product gas production efficiency
- the reaction efficiency of gallium (the group III element metal) and H 2 O gas (the oxidizing gas) H 2 gas (the reducing gas) is mixed with H 2 O gas.
- the production of Ga 2 O 3 as a by-product can be suppressed, and the production efficiency of Ga 2 O gas (the Group III element metal oxide product gas) can be further increased.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view schematically showing an example of a method for producing a group III element nitride crystal and a semiconductor wafer using the same.
- a plate-like semiconductor wafer formed from a group III element nitride crystal by growing a group III element nitride crystal 181b on the seed crystal 181a and slicing the group III element nitride crystal 181b. 181c is manufactured.
- the group III element nitride crystal 181b grows, the group III element nitride crystal 181b tends to have a tapered weight shape as shown in the figure, and only a semiconductor wafer having a small shape can be obtained at the tip of the weight crystal 181b.
- the reason is unknown, but columnar (that is, not tapered) crystals may be easily obtained.
- columnar group III element nitride crystal unlike a spindle-shaped crystal, when sliced, a large-sized semiconductor wafer (group III element nitride crystal) can be obtained in most parts. .
- examples of the reducing gas include hydrogen gas; carbon monoxide gas; hydrocarbon gas such as methane gas and ethane gas; hydrogen sulfide gas; sulfur dioxide gas and the like. Or you may use multiple types together.
- hydrogen gas is particularly preferable.
- the hydrogen gas preferably has a high purity.
- the purity of the hydrogen gas is particularly preferably 99.9999% or more.
- the reaction temperature is not particularly limited, but is preferably 900 ° C. or more, more preferably from the viewpoint of suppressing by-product generation. Is 1000 ° C. or higher, more preferably 1100 ° C. or higher.
- the upper limit of the reaction temperature is not particularly limited, but is, for example, 1500 ° C. or less.
- the amount of the reducing gas used is not particularly limited, but is, for example, 1 to 99 volumes with respect to the total volume of the oxidizing gas and the reducing gas. %, Preferably 3 to 80% by volume, more preferably 5 to 70% by volume.
- the flow rate of the reducing gas can be appropriately set depending on the flow rate of the oxidizing gas.
- the flow rate of the reducing gas is, for example, in the range of 0.01 to 100 Pa ⁇ m 3 / s, preferably in the range of 0.05 to 50 Pa ⁇ m 3 / s, and more preferably 0.1 to 100 Pa ⁇ m 3 / s.
- the generation of the Group III element metal oxidation product gas 101a (101b) may be performed under a pressurized condition as described above.
- it may be performed under a reduced pressure condition.
- the pressure may be as described above, for example.
- a method for adjusting the pressure is not particularly limited.
- the pressure may be adjusted using the oxidizing gas and the reducing gas.
- the group III element nitride crystal of the present invention is a group III element nitride crystal produced by the production method of the present invention as described above.
- the shape of the group III element nitride crystal of the present invention is not particularly limited.
- the group III element nitride crystal of the present invention has a crystal 53 formed in a layered form on the seed crystal 52 side of the substrate 50 on which the seed crystal 52 is arranged on the underlayer 51. It may be.
- the shape of the group III element nitride crystal of the present invention is not limited to a layer shape, and may be, for example, a needle shape, a feather shape, a plate shape, a weight shape, a column shape, or the like. Further, the group III element nitride crystal of the present invention may be, for example, a single crystal or a polycrystal.
- the concentration of oxygen contained in the group III element nitride crystal of the present invention is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 20 cm ⁇ 3 or less, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 or less, and further preferably 5 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 or less.
- the group III element nitride crystal of the present invention is not limited to this, and the oxygen concentration may be 1 ⁇ 10 20 cm ⁇ 3 or more.
- the concentration of oxygen contained in the crystal can be measured, for example, by performing secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS analysis) of a group III element nitride crystal under the following conditions.
- SIMS analysis secondary ion mass spectrometry
- Mass spectrometer Product name “ims-7f” manufactured by CAMECA Primary ion species: Cs + Secondary ion species: Negative Primary ion energy: 15.0 keV Primary ion current: 35 nA Raster area: 90 ⁇ m ⁇ 90 ⁇ m Analysis area: ⁇ 30 ⁇ m Measurement ion species: H ⁇ (1 m / e), C ⁇ (12 m / e), O ⁇ (16 m / e), Si ⁇ (29 m / e), Ga ⁇ (69 m / e) Detection limit: C ( ⁇ 6 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 ), O ( ⁇ 6 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 ), Si ( ⁇ 1 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 )
- the thickness of the Group III element nitride crystal of the present invention is not particularly limited, and is, for example, in the range of 0.0005 to 100,000 ⁇ m, in the range of 0.001 to 50000 ⁇ m, or in the range of 0.01 to 5000 ⁇ m.
- the upper limit of the thickness is not particularly limited, and the thicker the thickness, the easier it is to deal with large-size products and the like.
- a thick crystal can be used by, for example, slicing it to an arbitrary thickness.
- the group III element nitride crystal of the present invention is, for example, of a large size and high quality with few defects.
- the dislocation density is not particularly limited, but is preferably low, for example, 1 ⁇ 10 2 cm ⁇ 2 or less.
- the dislocation density is preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 2 cm ⁇ 2 , more preferably 50 cm ⁇ 2 or less, more preferably 30 cm ⁇ 2 or less, still more preferably 10 cm ⁇ 2 or less, and particularly preferably 5 cm ⁇ 2 or less. is there.
- the lower limit value of the dislocation density is not particularly limited, but ideally is 0 or a value less than or equal to the measurement limit value by the measuring instrument.
- the value of the dislocation density may be, for example, the average value of the entire crystal, but is more preferable if the maximum value in the crystal is equal to or less than the value.
- the half-value widths of the symmetric reflection component (002) and the asymmetric reflection component (102) of the half-value width by XRC are not particularly limited. Each is, for example, 100 seconds or shorter, preferably 30 seconds or shorter.
- the lower limit value of the measured value of the XRC half width is not particularly limited, but ideally is 0 or a value less than or equal to the measurement limit value by the measuring device.
- the full width at half maximum of the X-ray rocking curve of the Group III element nitride crystal of the present invention is, for example, as follows using an X-ray diffractometer (trade name “SLX-2000” manufactured by Rigaku Corporation) It can be measured under conditions. However, this is an example of the measuring device and the measuring conditions, and the present invention is not limited by the measuring device and the measuring conditions.
- the use of the group III element nitride crystal of the present invention is not particularly limited, but for example, it can be used for a semiconductor device by having properties as a semiconductor.
- the semiconductor device of the present invention is a semiconductor device including the group III element nitride crystal of the present invention which is a semiconductor.
- the group III element nitride crystal of the present invention is, for example, large in size and has few defects and high quality, so that an extremely high performance semiconductor device can be provided. Further, according to the present invention, for example, as described above, it is also possible to provide a group III element nitride (for example, GaN) crystal having a diameter of 6 inches or more, which is impossible with the prior art. As a result, for example, power devices, LEDs, and other semiconductor devices that are based on the large diameter of Si (silicon) can be used to improve performance by using III-V group compounds instead of Si. is there. As a result, the impact of the present invention on the semiconductor industry is extremely large.
- the semiconductor device of the present invention is not particularly limited, and any semiconductor device that operates using a semiconductor may be used.
- articles that operate using a semiconductor include a semiconductor element, an inverter, and the electric device using the semiconductor element and the inverter.
- the semiconductor device of the present invention may be various electric devices such as a mobile phone, a liquid crystal television, a lighting device, a power device, a laser diode, a solar cell, a high frequency device, a display, or a semiconductor used for them. It may be an element, an inverter, or the like.
- the said semiconductor element is not specifically limited, For example, a laser diode (LD), a light emitting diode (LED), etc. are mentioned.
- a laser diode (LD) that emits blue light is applied to a high-density optical disk, a display, and the like, and a light-emitting diode (LED) that emits blue light is applied to a display, illumination, and the like.
- the ultraviolet LD is expected to be applied to biotechnology and the like, and the ultraviolet LED is expected to be an alternative ultraviolet source for the mercury lamp.
- An inverter using the group III element nitride crystal of the present invention as a power semiconductor for an inverter can also be used for power generation of a solar cell, for example.
- the group III element nitride crystal of the present invention is not limited to these, and can be applied to any other semiconductor device or other broad technical fields.
- Example 1 A group III element nitride crystal was manufactured using the apparatus having the configuration shown in FIG.
- FIG. 6 schematically shows the structure of the alumina boat.
- the size, ratio, and the like of each component are different from actual ones for easy understanding.
- 6 (a) is a perspective view
- FIG. 6 (b) is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 6 (a) as viewed in the direction AA ′.
- the alumina boat 60 has a rectangular parallelepiped shape, and has a recess 61 for accommodating gallium on the upper surface thereof.
- FIG. 6 schematically shows the structure of the alumina boat.
- FIG. 6 (b) is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 6 (a) as viewed in the direction AA ′.
- the alumina boat 60 has a rectangular parallelepiped shape, and has a recess 61 for accommodating gallium on the upper surface thereof.
- the gallium 100 can be accommodated in the recess 61, and the oxidizing gas 21a flowing above the alumina boat 60 reacts on the surface of the gallium 100 (oxidizing gas 21b), and the group III Element oxidation product gas 101 (Ga 2 O in the figure) can be generated.
- the total weight of gallium accommodated in the recess 61 of the alumina boat 60 was about 1 g.
- the gallium (purchased from Rasa Industrial Co., Ltd. as described above) used in this example and all the examples described later has a weight of about 1 g per grain. Further, in this embodiment and all the embodiments described later, the weight of gallium used is an excessive amount. In this example, since gallium used was one grain, gallium was accommodated only in one recess 61.
- FIG. 15 schematically shows the structure of the substrate.
- FIG. 15A is a cross-sectional view
- FIG. 15B is a perspective view. In the figure, the size, ratio, and the like of each component are different from actual ones for easy understanding.
- a seed crystal (GaN thin film crystal) 152 is laminated on an underlayer 151, and a mask 153 is further laminated thereon.
- the mask 153 has a plurality of through holes 154, and the surface of the seed crystal (GaN thin film crystal) 152 is exposed through the through holes 154.
- FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram for convenience of explanation, and this embodiment and the present invention are not limited at all.
- FIG. 16A shows the state of the substrate (same as FIG. 15A) before the growth of the group III element nitride crystal (GaN crystal in this embodiment), and FIG. 16B shows the group III FIG. 16C shows a state in which the element nitride crystal is further grown, and FIG. 16C shows a state in which the group III element nitride crystal is further grown.
- the group III element oxidation product gas contacts the surface of the seed crystal (GaN thin film crystal) 152 exposed from the through-hole 154, the seed crystal (GaN thin film crystal) 152 and the group III element oxidation product gas react with each other.
- a group III element nitride crystal (GaN crystal in this embodiment) 155 grows.
- Group III element nitride crystal 155 protrudes from through hole 154 and continues to grow.
- Production of the GaN crystal in this example was performed as follows. First, the gallium and the substrate were heated. Next, in this state, a mixed gas of H 2 O gas (oxidizing gas) and nitrogen gas (carrier gas) was introduced from the oxidizing gas introduction pipe. In the mixed gas, the flow rate of the H 2 O gas was 1.69 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 Pa ⁇ m 3 / s, and the flow rate of the nitrogen gas was 3.21 Pa ⁇ m 3 / s. The ratio of the H 2 O gas to the mixed gas was 0.5% by volume, and the ratio of the nitrogen gas was 99.5% by volume. Further, a mixed gas of ammonia gas (A) and nitrogen gas (B) was introduced from the nitrogen-containing gas introduction pipe as the nitrogen-containing gas.
- H 2 O gas oxidizing gas
- nitrogen gas carrier gas
- the flow rate of the ammonia gas (A) was 0.51 Pa ⁇ m 3 / s, and the flow rate of the nitrogen gas (B) was 4.56 Pa ⁇ m 3 / s.
- the gas mixing ratio A: B (volume ratio) was 10:90.
- the produced Ga 2 O gas and the introduced nitrogen-containing gas reacted to produce a GaN crystal on the substrate.
- the production of Ga 2 O gas was carried out at a gallium temperature of 1150 ° C. and a pressure of 1.00 ⁇ 10 5 Pa.
- the formation of the GaN crystal is carried out by setting the Ga 2 O gas supply rate to 1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 mol / hour, the substrate temperature to 1200 ° C., and the pressure to 1.0 ⁇ 10 5 Pa. Conducted for 5 hours.
- the GaN crystal of this example was obtained as an epitaxial layer having a thickness of 36 ⁇ m on the MOVPE-GaN thin film crystal (thickness: 10 ⁇ m).
- Example 2 GaN crystals were produced (grown) in the same manner as in Example 1 except that reaction conditions (also referred to as crystal growth conditions or simply as growth conditions) were variously changed as shown in FIG.
- the gas flow rate (supply amount) is represented by “sccm”, and 1 sccm is 1.7 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Pa ⁇ m 3 / s. Note that the meaning of “sccm” is the same in the following drawings and examples.
- the “growing part temperature” is the temperature of the substrate (substrate 22 in FIG. 2), and was adjusted by the second heating means (heaters) 20a and 20b in FIG.
- “Raw material temperature” is the temperature of the gallium (group III element metal 100 in FIG.
- H 2 O carrier nitrogen represents nitrogen gas mixed with H 2 O gas as a carrier gas.
- NH 3 / N 2 represents the mixing ratio (flow rate ratio) of ammonia gas (NH 3 ) and nitrogen gas (N 2 ) in the nitrogen-containing gas.
- the GaN crystal grew at the growth rate shown in the figure under any reaction condition (growth condition), and the target GaN crystal was efficiently produced with high reactivity.
- the "SEM image” of the figure shows the SEM image of the GaN crystal cross section.
- the metal gallium used in this example has a low melting point of about 30 ° C. and is liquid at room temperature and under reaction conditions, so that it has excellent reactivity and is easy to supply continuously.
- a slight amount of by-product Ga 2 O 3 was generated on the alumina boat.
- the amount of Ga 2 O gas generated was calculated based on the amount of Ga reduction, the amount of Ga 2 O 3 generated, and the like.
- the apparatus used for the production (growth) of the GaN crystal is the same as in Example 1, and the reaction conditions (crystal growth conditions) are the same as in Example 1 unless otherwise specified. is there.
- Example 3 the suppression effect of Ga 2 O 3 by -product when H 2 gas (reducing gas) was mixed with H 2 O gas (oxidizing gas) was confirmed.
- the H 2 O gas (oxidizing gas) is not mixed with H 2 gas (reducing gas) (the left in the figure), and the H 2 O gas (oxidizing gas).
- H 2 gas (reducing gas) were mixed at a flow rate of 100 sccm (right in the figure), and the reaction was carried out under both conditions.
- “H 2 O” in the upper right of the figure is the flow rate (sccm) of H 2 O gas.
- N 2 is a flow rate (sccm) of nitrogen gas mixed as a carrier gas in the H 2 O gas.
- the nitrogen-containing gas is a mixed gas of ammonia gas and nitrogen gas, as in Embodiments 1 and 2, and the flow rates of the ammonia gas and the nitrogen gas are not shown, but the embodiment 2 ( This is the same as FIG. “Source temperature” is the temperature of the gallium (group III element metal 100 in FIG. 2), and was adjusted by the first heating means (heaters) 19a and 19b in FIG.
- the substrate temperature (growth part temperature) is not shown, but is the same as in Example 2 (FIG. 8). Further, although not shown, the growing time is one hour as in the second embodiment (FIG. 8).
- “Photograph of source boat after growth” is a photograph of an alumina boat after completion of the reaction (after GaN crystal growth), and is the same as the “post-growing boat photograph” in FIG.
- the generation rate of Ga 2 O gas was almost the same between without H 2 gas (left in the figure) and with H 2 gas (right in the figure).
- H 2 gas without contrast is (FIG left) the Ga 2 O 3 were slightly-product
- H 2 Yes gas (FIG right) the Ga 2 O 3 is not-produced, an improvement in reaction efficiency Was showing.
- the GaN growth rate is 56 ⁇ m / h without H 2 gas (left in the figure) and 72 ⁇ m / h with H 2 gas (right in the figure). Highly reactive and efficient production.
- this figure is merely an example for reference, and does not limit the present embodiment and the present invention.
- Example 4 In this embodiment, when H 2 gas (reducing gas) is mixed with H 2 O gas (oxidizing gas), the temperature of gallium (that is, the reaction temperature between gallium and H 2 O gas) is variously changed. of it was confirmed for Ga 2 O 3 by-product of the inhibitory effect.
- FIG. 11 shows the reaction conditions and the post-growth boat photograph of this example.
- T source (° C.) is the temperature of the gallium (group III element metal 100 in FIG. 2), and was adjusted by the first heating means (heaters) 19a and 19b in FIG. The other conditions are the same as in the case where H 2 gas (reducing gas) is added in Example 3 (right in FIG. 10).
- the reaction temperature between gallium and H 2 O gas is increased and the amount of Ga 2 O 3 byproduct is decreased.
- the reaction temperature between gallium and H 2 O gas is 1150 ° C.
- Ga 2 O 3 byproduct is produced.
- the amount is zero.
- the growth rate of GaN is 4 ⁇ m / h at a reaction temperature of 1000 ° C. (left in the figure) between gallium and H 2 O gas, 12 ⁇ m / h at a reaction temperature of 1100 ° C. (in the figure), and a reaction temperature of 1150 C. (right in the figure) was 72 .mu.m / h, and in either case, the target GaN crystal could be efficiently produced with high reactivity.
- Example 5 In this embodiment, when a mixture of H 2 gas (reducing gas) in H 2 O gas (oxidizing gas), and the flow rate of the H 2 O gas (oxidizing gas) while varying, Ga 2 O 3 The suppression effect of by-product was confirmed.
- FIG. 12 shows reaction conditions and a post-growth boat photograph of this example.
- H 2 gas (reducing gas) was used in Example 3 except that the flow rate (sccm) of H 2 O gas was variously changed to 4 sccm, 5 sccm, or 10 sccm as shown in the figure. It is the same as when added (FIG. 10 right).
- the graph of FIG. 13 shows the relationship between the flow rate of the H 2 O gas (oxidizing gas), the amount of Ga 2 O gas produced, and the amount of Ga 2 O 3 by- product in this example.
- the horizontal axis represents the flow rate (sccm) of the H 2 O gas (oxidizing gas)
- the vertical axis represents the amount of production (g) of the Ga 2 O gas or the amount of Ga 2 O 3 byproduct. (G).
- the flow rate of H 2 O gas (oxidizing gas) was 10 sccm, a slight amount of by-product of Ga 2 O 3 was observed in the circled circle in the post-growth boat photograph of FIG. This is an amount that can be ignored (can be regarded as 0).
- the GaN growth rate is 16 ⁇ m / h for gallium and H 2 O gas flow rate 4 sccm (left in the figure), 24 ⁇ m / h for H 2 O gas flow rate 5 sccm (in the same figure), and H 2 O gas flow rate. 10 sccm (right in the figure) was 72 ⁇ m / h, and in either case, the target GaN crystal could be produced efficiently with high reactivity.
- Example 6 a GaN crystal was produced (grown) in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the reaction conditions (crystal growth conditions) were as shown in Table 1 below, and the impurity concentration of the produced GaN crystal was confirmed.
- H 2 O / H 2 / N 2 (sccm) represents the flow rate (sccm) of each gas in the H 2 O / H 2 / N 2 mixed gas introduced from the oxidizing gas introduction pipe 15.
- NH 3 / H 2 / N 2 (sccm) is the flow rate (sccm) of each gas in the NH 3 / H 2 / N 2 mixed gas introduced from the nitrogen-containing gas introduction pipes 17a and 17b.
- HVPEc-GaN substrate self-supporting
- This free-standing substrate is formed of a GaN crystal manufactured by HVPE (vapor phase epitaxy), and the free-standing substrate itself is a “seed substrate” that also serves as a GaN seed crystal.
- the crystal growth surface of the self-standing substrate (seed substrate) is a c-plane.
- XRC-FWHM represents FWHM (half-value width) measured by XRC (X-ray rocking curve diffraction method).
- the GaN crystal could be grown at a high growth rate of 24 ⁇ m / h.
- Figure 17 shows an SEM image of a GaN crystal surface produced in this example (bird's-eye) and the impurity concentration (atoms / cm 3 that is, the number of atoms per 1 cm 3).
- the impurity concentration was measured under the following measurement conditions using a mass spectrometer “ims-6f” (trade name) manufactured by CAMECA.
- Mass spectrometer Product name “ims-6f” manufactured by CAMECA Primary ion species: Cs + Secondary ion species: Negative Primary ion energy: 14.5 keV Primary ion current: 35 nA Raster area: 100 ⁇ m ⁇ 100 ⁇ m Analysis area: ⁇ 30 ⁇ m Measurement ion species: H ⁇ (1 m / e), C ⁇ (12 m / e), O ⁇ (16 m / e), Si ⁇ (29 m / e), Ga ⁇ (69 m / e) Detection limit: C ( ⁇ 6 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 ), O ( ⁇ 6 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 ), Si ( ⁇ 1 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 )
- the GaN crystal produced in this example has a high purity GaN crystal because the concentration of impurities (oxygen atoms, silicon atoms, hydrogen atoms and carbon atoms) was low. . In particular, it was a very low value of less than 3 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 for hydrogen atoms and less than 8 ⁇ 10 15 atoms / cm 3 for carbon atoms.
- impurities oxygen atoms, silicon atoms, hydrogen atoms and carbon atoms
- a gas containing the impurity element can be used in combination.
- Example 7 In this example, a GaN crystal was produced (grown) in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the reaction conditions (crystal growth conditions) were as shown in Table 2 below.
- the reaction conditions were as shown in Table 2 below.
- Table 2 below the meanings of H 2 O / H 2 / N 2 (sccm), NH 3 / H 2 / N 2 (sccm), “HVPEc-GaN substrate (self-supporting)” and “XRC-FWHM” Same as Table 1 (Example 6).
- an SEM image (bird's eye view) of the surface of the GaN crystal manufactured under the conditions in Table 2 above, the Ga 2 O gas partial pressure (Pa) during GaN crystal growth (growing), the growth rate ( ⁇ m / h), and FWHM (half-value width) by XRC measurement.
- the growth rate was as extremely high as 26 ⁇ m / h.
- the partial pressure of Ga 2 O gas was calculated from the decrease in Ga weight obtained by subtracting the Ga weight after the completion of the reaction from the Ga weight before the start of the reaction. More specifically, calculate the partial pressure of the Ga weight loss 100% Ga 2 O gas has been the estimated conversion into, Ga 2 O gas from the amount of Ga 2 O gas which is calculated based on the estimated did.
- FIG. 18 is shown in the center and left diagrams. In addition, the figure of the left side of FIG. 18 is an example which manufactured the GaN crystal on the conditions of the said Table 2 as above-mentioned.
- the partial pressure of the Ga 2 O gas was 42 Pa.
- the figure in the center of FIG. 18 is an example in which a GaN crystal was manufactured under the same conditions as in Table 2 except that three grains (about 3 g) of gallium were used.
- the partial pressure of the Ga 2 O gas was 147 Pa.
- the figure on the right side of FIG. 18 is an example in which a GaN crystal was manufactured under the same conditions as in Table 2 except that 6 grains of gallium (about 6 g) were used.
- the partial pressure of Ga 2 O gas was 230 Pa.
- the GaN growth rate became a very high value of 74 ⁇ m / h or 104 ⁇ m / h, respectively.
- these GaN crystals were high-quality crystals with very few defects as in the case of the growth rate of 26 ⁇ m / h (the conditions in Table 2 above). That is, according to the present invention, it was confirmed that a GaN crystal can be produced at a crystal growth rate of at least 104 ⁇ m / h.
- Example 8 columnar crystals were obtained by producing GaN crystals in the presence of H 2 gas (reducing gas) in the reaction system.
- a manufacturing apparatus an apparatus having the configuration shown in FIG. 1 was used.
- the flow rate (supply amount) of each gas, the temperature of gallium, and the temperature of the substrate were as shown in (1) to (5) below.
- the substrate and the mask the substrate and the mask having the structure shown in FIG.
- the gallium was housed in the alumina boat 60 having the structure shown in FIG. 6 as in the first embodiment, and the total weight of gallium housed in the recess 61 of the alumina boat 60 was 1 g.
- the reaction time (GaN crystal growth time) was 1 hr.
- Example 1 Amount of gas introduced from the oxidizing gas inlet pipe (flow rate) H 2 O gas: 6.76 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Pa ⁇ m 3 / s N 2 gas: 3.21 Pa ⁇ m 3 / s H 2 gas: 1.69 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 1 Pa ⁇ m 3 / s (2) Amount of gas introduced from the nitrogen-containing gas introduction pipe (flow rate) NH 3 gas: 5.07 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 1 Pa ⁇ m 3 / s N 2 gas: 1.69 Pa ⁇ m 3 / s H 2 gas: 1.69 Pa ⁇ m 3 / s (3) Ga 2 O gas supply amount 1.47 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 mol / h (4) Gallium temperature 1130 ° C (5) Substrate temperature 1200 ° C
- FIG. 19 shows a micrograph of the GaN crystal produced in this example. As shown in the drawing, a hexagonal prism-shaped GaN crystal was obtained in this example. Obtaining columnar (that is, non-tapered) crystals as described above is extremely useful for obtaining a semiconductor wafer having a large diameter (group III element nitride crystal) or the like as described above.
- FIG. 14 is a graph showing the X-ray crystal structure analysis results (2 ⁇ / ⁇ scan results) of the GaN crystals manufactured in Examples 1 to 8 (manufactured under conditions where Ga 2 O 3 is not by-produced). As shown in the figure, it was confirmed that a GaN crystal with extremely high purity was obtained.
- a by-product containing a halogen does not adversely affect crystal formation, and a method for producing a group III element nitride crystal having excellent reactivity and operability, a group III element A nitride crystal, a semiconductor device, and a group III element nitride crystal manufacturing apparatus can be provided.
- the group III element nitride crystal of the present invention includes, for example, optical devices such as light emitting diodes and laser diodes; electronic devices such as rectifiers and bipolar transistors; semiconductors such as temperature sensors, pressure sensors, radiation sensors, and visible-ultraviolet light detectors. It can be used for sensors and the like.
- the present invention is not limited to the use described above, and can be applied to a wide range of fields.
- the manufacturing apparatus 11 used for the manufacturing method of this invention The 1st container 12, 31 The 2nd container 13 Substrate support part 14 III group element metal mounting part 15 Oxidative gas introduction pipe 16 III group element metal oxidation product Gas outlet pipes 17a, 17b Nitrogen-containing gas introduction pipe 18 Exhaust pipes 19a, 19b First heating means 20a, 20b Second heating means 21a, 21b, 41a, 41b Oxidizing gas 22, 40 Substrate 23a, 23b, 23c Nitrogen Contained gas 23d Exhaust gas 24 GaN crystal 32 Group III element metal introduction tube 42, 100 Group III element metal 50 Substrate 51 Underlayer 52 Seed crystal 53 Group III element nitride crystal 60 Alumina boat 61 Recesses 101, 101a, 101b Group III element Metal oxidation product gas 181a Seed crystal 181b Group III element nitride crystal 181c Semiconductor wafer
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Abstract
Description
前記本発明のIII族元素窒化物結晶の製造方法に用いるIII族元素窒化物結晶製造装置であり、
反応容器と、III族元素金属供給手段と、酸化剤供給手段と、窒素含有ガス供給手段とを含み、
前記III族元素金属供給手段により、前記反応容器内に前記III族元素金属を連続的に供給可能であり、
前記酸化剤供給手段により、前記反応容器内に前記酸化剤を連続的に供給可能であり、
前記窒素含有ガス供給手段により、前記反応容器内に前記窒素含有ガスを連続的に供給可能であり、
前記反応容器内で、前記III族元素金属と、前記酸化剤と、前記窒素含有ガスとを反応させて、前記III族元素窒化物結晶を製造する。
本発明のIII族元素窒化物結晶の製造方法は、前述のとおり、III族元素金属と、酸化剤と、窒素含有ガスとを反応させて、前記III族元素窒化物結晶を製造するIII族元素窒化物結晶製造工程を有することを特徴とする。
図1に、本発明の製造方法に用いる製造装置の構成の一例を示す。同図において、わかりやすくするために、各構成部材の大きさ、比率等は実際とは異なっている。図示のとおり、本例の製造装置10は、第1の容器11内部に、第2の容器12と基板支持部13とが配置されている。前記第2の容器12は、同図において、前記第1の容器11の左側面に固定されている。前記基板支持部13は、前記第1の容器11の下面に固定されている。前記第2の容器12は、下面にIII族元素金属載置部14を有する。前記第2の容器12は、同図において、左側面に酸化性ガス導入管15を備え、右側面にIII族元素金属酸化生成物ガス導出管16を備える。酸化性ガス導入管15により、第2の容器12内に酸化性ガスを連続的に導入(供給)可能である。前記第1の容器11は、同図において、左側面に窒素含有ガス導入管17aおよび17bを備え、右側面に排気管18を備える。窒素含有ガス導入管17aおよび17bにより、第1の容器11内に窒素含有ガスを連続的に導入(供給)可能である。さらに、前記第1の容器11の外部には、第1の加熱手段19aおよび19b並びに第2の加熱手段20aおよび20bが配置されている。ただし、本発明の製造方法に用いる製造装置は、この例に限定されない。例えば、この例では、前記第1の容器11内部に、前記第2の容器12が1つだけ配置されているが、前記第1の容器11内部に、前記第2の容器12が複数個配置されていてもよい。また、この例では、前記酸化性ガス導入管15は、一つであるが、前記酸化性ガス導入管15は、複数であってもよい。
つぎに、本発明の製造方法における各工程、反応条件、および使用する原料等について説明する。しかし、本発明はこれに限定されない。なお、以下においては、図1の製造装置を用いて、または、これに代えて図3の製造装置を用いて本発明の製造方法を実施する形態を説明する。
2Ga+H2O → Ga2O+H2 (I)
Ga2O+2NH3→2GaN+2H2O+2H2 (II)
本発明のIII族元素窒化物結晶は、前述のとおり、前記本発明の製造方法により製造されるIII族元素窒化物結晶である。本発明のIII族元素窒化物結晶の形状等は、特に限定されない。例えば、本発明のIII族元素窒化物結晶は、図5に示したように、下地層51上に種結晶52が配置された基板50の前記種結晶52側に、層状に生成された結晶53であっても良い。また、本発明のIII族元素窒化物結晶の形状は、層状に限定されず、例えば、針状、羽毛状、板状、錘状、柱状等であってもよい。また、本発明のIII族元素窒化物結晶は、例えば、単結晶であってもよいし、多結晶であってもよい。
質量分析計:CAMECA社製、商品名「ims-7f」
一次イオン種:Cs+
二次イオン種:Negative
一次イオンエネルギー:15.0keV
一次イオン電流量:35nA
ラスター面積:90μm×90μm
分析領域:Φ30μm
測定イオン種:H-(1m/e)、C-(12m/e)、O-(16m/e)、Si-(29m/e)、Ga-(69m/e)
検出限界:C(~6×1016cm-3)、O(~6×1016cm-3)、Si(~1×1017cm-3)
X線源:CuKα λ=1.54Å(0.154nm)
X線スポット径:高さ(Hs)=1mm、幅(Ws)=0.1~0.5mm
管電圧/管電流:50kV/300mA
図1の構成の装置を用いて、III族元素窒化物結晶を製造した。
反応条件(結晶育成条件、または単に育成条件ともいう)を、図8に示すように種々変更する以外は実施例1と同様にしてGaN結晶の製造(育成)を行った。同図において、気体の流量(供給量)は、「sccm」で表しており、1sccmは、1.7×10-3Pa・m3/sである。なお、「sccm」の意味は、以降の各図および各実施例においても同様である。図8において、「育成部温度」は、前記基板(図2における基板22)の温度であり、図2における第2の加熱手段(ヒータ)20aおよび20bにより調整した。「原料部温度」は、前記ガリウム(図2におけるIII族元素金属100)の温度であり、図2における第1の加熱手段(ヒータ)19aおよび19bにより調整した。「H2Oキャリア窒素」は、H2Oガスにキャリアガスとして混合した窒素ガスを表す。「NH3/N2」は、窒素含有ガスにおけるアンモニアガス(NH3)と窒素ガス(N2)の混合比(流量比)を表す。「種基板:c-GaN/Sapp.」は、基板として前述の実施例1と同様の基板を用いたことを表す。
本実施例では、H2Oガス(酸化性ガス)にH2ガス(還元性ガス)を混合した場合の、Ga2O3副生の抑制効果について確認した。図10の反応条件(育成条件)に示すとおり、H2Oガス(酸化性ガス)にH2ガス(還元性ガス)を混合しない場合(同図左)と、H2Oガス(酸化性ガス)にH2ガス(還元性ガス)を流量100sccmで混合した場合(同図右)の両方の条件でそれぞれ反応を行った。同図右上の「H2O」は、H2Oガスの流量(sccm)である。「N2」は、前記H2Oガスにキャリアガスとして混合した窒素ガスの流量(sccm)である。本実施例において、窒素含有ガスは、実施例1および2と同様、アンモニアガスおよび窒素ガスの混合ガスであり、前記アンモニアガスおよび前記窒素ガスの流量は、図示していないが、実施例2(図8)と同じである。「Source temperature」は、前記ガリウム(図2におけるIII族元素金属100)の温度であり、図2における第1の加熱手段(ヒータ)19aおよび19bにより調整した。基板温度(育成部温度)は、図示していないが、実施例2(図8)と同じである。また、育成時間も、図示していないが、実施例2(図8)と同じく1時間である。「Photography of source boat after growth」は、反応終了後(GaN結晶育成後)のアルミナボートの写真であり、図8の「育成後ボート写真」と同様である。図10に示すとおり、Ga2Oガスの生成速度は、H2ガスなし(同図左)とH2ガスあり(同図右)とでほぼ変わらなかった。しかしながら、H2ガスなし(同図左)ではGa2O3が若干副生したのに対し、H2ガスあり(同図右)ではGa2O3が副生せず、反応効率の向上を示していた。また、GaN成長速度は、H2ガスなし(同図左)が56μm/hであり、H2ガスあり(同図右)が72μm/hであり、いずれの場合も、目的のGaN結晶を、高い反応性で効率良く製造できた。
本実施例では、H2Oガス(酸化性ガス)にH2ガス(還元性ガス)を混合し、ガリウムの温度(すなわち、ガリウムとH2Oガスとの反応温度)を種々変化させた場合の、Ga2O3副生の抑制効果について確認した。図11に、本実施例の反応条件および育成後ボート写真を示す。同図において、「Tsource(℃)」は、前記ガリウム(図2におけるIII族元素金属100)の温度であり、図2における第1の加熱手段(ヒータ)19aおよび19bにより調整した。それ以外の条件は、実施例3においてH2ガス(還元性ガス)を添加した場合(図10右)と同じである。図示のとおり、ガリウムとH2Oガスとの反応温度を上昇させるとともにGa2O3副生量が減少し、ガリウムとH2Oガスとの反応温度が1150℃では、Ga2O3副生量がゼロになった。また、GaN成長速度は、ガリウムとH2Oガスとの反応温度1000℃(同図左)が4μm/hであり、反応温度1100℃(同図中)が12μm/hであり、反応温度1150℃(同図右)が72μm/hであり、いずれの場合も、目的のGaN結晶を、高い反応性で効率良く製造できた。
本実施例では、H2Oガス(酸化性ガス)にH2ガス(還元性ガス)を混合し、H2Oガス(酸化性ガス)の流量を種々変化させた場合の、Ga2O3副生の抑制効果について確認した。図12に、本実施例の反応条件および育成後ボート写真を示す。反応条件(育成条件)は、H2Oガスの流量(sccm)を、図示のとおり、4sccm、5sccmまたは10sccmと種々変化させたこと以外は、実施例3においてH2ガス(還元性ガス)を添加した場合(図10右)と同じである。図示のとおり、H2Oガス(酸化性ガス)の流量が大きいほどGa2Oガスの生成量(g/h)が大きくなり、反応効率が向上したことを示している。また、どの条件でも、Ga2O3は副生しなかった。図13のグラフに、本実施例における前記H2Oガス(酸化性ガス)の流量と、前記Ga2Oガスの生成量および前記Ga2O3副生量との関係を示す。同図において、横軸は、前記H2Oガス(酸化性ガス)の流量(sccm)であり、縦軸は、前記Ga2Oガスの生成量(g)または前記Ga2O3副生量(g)である。図示のとおり、H2Oガス(酸化性ガス)の流量が大きいほどGa2Oガスの生成量が大きくなり、反応効率が向上したこと、および、どの条件でもGa2O3は副生しなかったことを示している。なお、H2Oガス(酸化性ガス)の流量が10sccmでは、図12の育成後ボート写真中の、○印で囲った箇所に、ごく僅かにGa2O3の副生が見られたが、無視できる(0とみなせる)量である。また、GaN成長速度は、ガリウムとH2Oガス流量4sccm(同図左)が16μm/hであり、H2Oガス流量5sccm(同図中)が24μm/hであり、H2Oガス流量10sccm(同図右)が72μm/hであり、いずれの場合も、目的のGaN結晶を、高い反応性で効率良く製造できた。
本実施例では、反応条件(結晶育成条件)を下記表1のとおりとした以外は実施例1と同様にしてGaN結晶の製造(育成)を行い、製造したGaN結晶の不純物濃度を確認した。下記表1において、H2O/H2/N2(sccm)は、酸化性ガス導入管15から導入したH2O/H2/N2混合ガスにおけるそれぞれのガスの流量(sccm)を表す。また、下記表1において、NH3/H2/N2(sccm)は、窒素含有ガス導入管17aおよび17bから導入したNH3/H2/N2混合ガスにおけるそれぞれのガスの流量(sccm)を表す。「HVPEc-GaN基板(自立)」は、実施例1の前記基板および前記GaN薄膜結晶(種結晶)に代えて、HVPE製GaN自立基板を用いたことを表す。この自立基板は、HVPE(気相成長法)により製造されたGaN結晶により形成されており、前記自立基板自体がGaN種結晶を兼ねている「種基板」である。また、前記自立基板(種基板)の結晶成長面は、c面である。「XRC-FWHM」は、XRC(X線ロッキングカーブ回折法)測定によるFWHM(半値幅)を表す。本実施例では、成長速度24μm/hという速い速度でGaN結晶を成長させることができた。
質量分析計:CAMECA社製、商品名「ims-6f」
一次イオン種:Cs+
二次イオン種:Negative
一次イオンエネルギー:14.5keV
一次イオン電流量:35nA
ラスター面積:100μm×100μm
分析領域:Φ30μm
測定イオン種:H-(1m/e)、C-(12m/e)、O-(16m/e)、Si-(29m/e)、Ga-(69m/e)
検出限界:C(~6×1016cm-3)、O(~6×1016cm-3)、Si(~1×1017cm-3)
本実施例では、反応条件(結晶育成条件)を下記表2のとおりとした以外は実施例1と同様にしてGaN結晶の製造(育成)を行った。下記表2において、H2O/H2/N2(sccm)、NH3/H2/N2(sccm)、「HVPEc-GaN基板(自立)」および「XRC-FWHM」の意味は、前記表1(実施例6)と同じである。
本実施例では、反応系中にH2ガス(還元性ガス)を共存させてGaN結晶を製造し、柱状の結晶が得られたことを確認した。製造装置としては、図1の構成の装置を用いた。各ガスの流量(供給量)、ガリウムの温度および基板の温度は、下記(1)~(5)のとおりとした。基板およびマスクとしては、前記実施例1と同様に、図15に示す構造の基板およびマスクを用いた。ガリウムは、前記実施例1と同様、図6に示す構造のアルミナボート60中に収容し、アルミナボート60の凹部61内に収容したガリウムの総重量は、1gであった。反応時間(GaN結晶の育成時間)は、1hrとした。それ以外の条件は、前記実施例1と同じとした。
(1)酸化性ガス導入管からのガス導入量(流量)
H2Oガス:6.76×10-3Pa・m3/s
N2ガス:3.21Pa・m3/s
H2ガス:1.69×10-1Pa・m3/s
(2)窒素含有ガス導入管からのガス導入量(流量)
NH3ガス:5.07×10-1Pa・m3/s
N2ガス:1.69Pa・m3/s
H2ガス:1.69Pa・m3/s
(3)Ga2Oガス供給量
1.47×10-4mol/h
(4)ガリウム温度
1130℃
(5)基板温度
1200℃
11 第1の容器
12、31 第2の容器
13 基板支持部
14 III族元素金属載置部
15 酸化性ガス導入管
16 III族元素金属酸化生成物ガス導出管
17a、17b 窒素含有ガス導入管
18 排気管
19a、19b 第1の加熱手段
20a、20b 第2の加熱手段
21a、21b、41a、41b 酸化性ガス
22、40 基板
23a、23b、23c 窒素含有ガス
23d 排気ガス
24 GaN結晶
32 III族元素金属導入管
42、100 III族元素金属
50 基板
51 下地層
52 種結晶
53 III族元素窒化物結晶
60 アルミナボート
61 凹部
101、101a、101b III族元素金属酸化生成物ガス
181a 種結晶
181b III族元素窒化物結晶
181c 半導体ウェハ
Claims (30)
- III族元素窒化物結晶の製造方法であって、
III族元素金属と、酸化剤と、窒素含有ガスとを反応させて、前記III族元素窒化物結晶を製造するIII族元素窒化物結晶製造工程を有することを特徴とする製造方法。 - 前記III族元素金属が、ガリウムである請求項1記載の製造方法。
- 前記III族元素窒化物結晶製造工程が、
前記III族元素金属と前記酸化剤とを反応させてIII族元素金属酸化生成物ガスを生成させるIII族元素金属酸化生成物ガス生成工程と、
前記III族元素金属酸化生成物ガスと前記窒素含有ガスとを反応させて前記III族元素窒化物結晶を生成させるIII族元素窒化物結晶生成工程と、
を含む請求項1または2記載の製造方法。 - 前記III族元素金属酸化生成物ガス生成工程において、前記III族元素金属を、加熱状態で前記酸化剤と反応させる請求項3記載の製造方法。
- 前記III族元素金属酸化生成物ガスが、III族元素金属酸化物ガスである請求項3または4記載の製造方法。
- 前記III族元素金属が、ガリウムであり、前記III族元素金属酸化物ガスが、Ga2Oガスである請求項5記載の製造方法。
- 前記酸化剤が、酸素含有化合物である請求項1から6のいずれか一項に記載の製造方法。
- 前記酸化剤が、酸化性ガスである請求項1から7のいずれか一項に記載の製造方法。
- 前記酸化性ガスが、H2Oガス、O2ガス、CO2ガス、およびCOガスからなる群から選択される少なくとも一つである請求項8記載の製造方法。
- 前記酸化性ガスが、H2Oガスである請求項8記載の製造方法。
- 前記窒素含有ガスが、N2、NH3、ヒドラジンガス、およびアルキルアミンガスからなる群から選択される少なくとも一つである請求項1から10のいずれか一項に記載の製造方法。
- 前記酸化性ガスおよび前記窒素含有ガスの体積の合計に対し、前記酸化性ガスの体積が、0.001~60%の範囲である請求項8から11のいずれか一項に記載の製造方法。
- 前記III族元素窒化物結晶製造工程において、反応系中に、さらに、還元性ガスを共存させて反応を行う請求項1から12のいずれか一項に記載の製造方法。
- 前記還元性ガスが、水素含有ガスである請求項13記載の製造方法。
- 前記還元性ガスが、H2ガス、一酸化炭素(CO)ガス、炭化水素ガス、H2Sガス、SO2ガス、およびNH3ガスからなる群から選択される少なくとも一つである請求項14記載の製造方法。
- 前記炭化水素ガスが、メタンガスおよびエタンガスの少なくとも一方である請求項15記載の製造方法。
- 前記酸化剤が、請求項8から10のいずれか一項に記載の酸化性ガスであり、前記酸化性ガスに前記還元性ガスを混合して行う請求項13から16のいずれか一項に記載の製造方法。
- 前記窒素含有ガスに前記還元性ガスを混合して行う請求項13から17のいずれか一項に記載の製造方法。
- 前記還元性ガス共存下での反応を、650℃以上の温度で行う請求項13から18のいずれか一項に記載の製造方法。
- 前記III族元素窒化物結晶を、基板上に生成させる請求項1から19のいずれか一項に記載の製造方法。
- 前記基板が、下地層上に種結晶が配置された基板である請求項20記載の製造方法。
- 加圧条件下で前記III族元素窒化物結晶を生成させる請求項1から21のいずれか一項に記載の製造方法。
- 前記III族元素窒化物結晶製造工程において、前記III族元素窒化物結晶の成長速度が100μm/h以上である請求項1から22のいずれか一項に記載の製造方法。
- さらに、前記III族元素窒化物結晶をスライスして1枚以上のIII族元素窒化物結晶基板を切り出すスライス工程を含むことを特徴とする請求項1から23のいずれか一項に記載の製造方法。
- 前記スライス工程により切り出した前記III族元素窒化物結晶基板を種結晶として、再度、前記III族元素窒化物結晶製造工程を行い、
前記再度のIII族元素窒化物結晶製造工程において、前記III族元素窒化物結晶基板上に前記III族元素窒化物結晶を生成させる、
請求項24記載の製造方法。 - 請求項1から25のいずれか一項に記載の製造方法により製造されるIII族元素窒化物結晶。
- 転位密度が1×107/cm2以下である請求項26記載のIII族元素窒化物結晶。
- XRC(X線ロッキングカーブ回折法)による半値幅の、対称反射成分(002)および非対称反射成分(102)の半値幅が、それぞれ300秒以下である請求項26または27記載のIII族元素窒化物結晶。
- 請求項26から28のいずれか一項に記載のIII族元素窒化物結晶を含み、前記III族元素窒化物結晶が半導体である、半導体装置。
- 請求項1から25のいずれか一項に記載の製造方法に用いるIII族元素窒化物結晶製造装置であり、
反応容器と、III族元素金属供給手段と、酸化剤供給手段と、窒素含有ガス供給手段とを含み、
前記III族元素金属供給手段により、前記反応容器内に前記III族元素金属を連続的に供給可能であり、
前記酸化剤供給手段により、前記反応容器内に前記酸化剤を連続的に供給可能であり、
前記窒素含有ガス供給手段により、前記反応容器内に前記窒素含有ガスを連続的に供給可能であり、
前記反応容器内で、前記III族元素金属と、前記酸化剤と、前記窒素含有ガスとを反応させて、前記III族元素窒化物結晶を製造するIII族元素窒化物結晶製造装置。
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