WO2014168234A1 - 光電変換素子、蓄放電機能を有する光電変換素子および二次電池 - Google Patents
光電変換素子、蓄放電機能を有する光電変換素子および二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014168234A1 WO2014168234A1 PCT/JP2014/060474 JP2014060474W WO2014168234A1 WO 2014168234 A1 WO2014168234 A1 WO 2014168234A1 JP 2014060474 W JP2014060474 W JP 2014060474W WO 2014168234 A1 WO2014168234 A1 WO 2014168234A1
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- conversion element
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- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
- H01M10/0585—Construction or manufacture of accumulators having only flat construction elements, i.e. flat positive electrodes, flat negative electrodes and flat separators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0088—Composites
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0088—Composites
- H01M2300/0094—Composites in the form of layered products, e.g. coatings
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/483—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides for non-aqueous cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/66—Selection of materials
- H01M4/663—Selection of materials containing carbon or carbonaceous materials as conductive part, e.g. graphite, carbon fibres
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/30—Coordination compounds
- H10K85/371—Metal complexes comprising a group IB metal element, e.g. comprising copper, gold or silver
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/615—Polycyclic condensed aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. anthracene
- H10K85/621—Aromatic anhydride or imide compounds, e.g. perylene tetra-carboxylic dianhydride or perylene tetracarboxylic di-imide
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E70/00—Other energy conversion or management systems reducing GHG emissions
- Y02E70/30—Systems combining energy storage with energy generation of non-fossil origin
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a photoelectric conversion element using fullerenes, a photoelectric conversion element having a storage / discharge function, and a secondary battery that can be suitably used for a photoelectric conversion element using fullerenes.
- photoelectric conversion elements solar cells
- solar cells Since the photoelectric conversion element forms electrical energy directly from sunlight, it has various advantages such as no drive unit and failure, and there are no restrictions on the installation location if it is exposed to light.
- An increasing number of examples are arranged on the roof or on the roof of a building or the like.
- the photoelectric conversion element has begun to be used particularly as a solar cell, it is used while including the above problems.
- the present invention is the closest to the heterojunction type light conversion element among these photoelectric conversion elements.
- the heterojunction photoelectric conversion element uses a charge transfer caused by light induction at a junction interface by laminating a layer made of an electron donor and a layer made of an electron acceptor.
- a heterojunction is a layer in which a layer made of an electric donor and a layer made of an electron acceptor are stacked and charge transfer is used by light induction at the bonding interface.
- JP-A-2003-304014 Patent Document 2 reports a solar cell that achieves a conversion efficiency of 1% using copper phthalocyanine as an electron donor and a perylene derivative as an electron acceptor.
- condensed aromatic compounds such as pentacene and tetracene have been studied as electron donors, and fullerenes such as C 60 fullerene have been studied as electron acceptors.
- Patent Document 3 it is shown that an organic pigment precursor is used to increase solubility when an organic pigment is blended. Is not shown in detail.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a novel photoelectric conversion element that can efficiently convert light energy into electric energy using fullerenes.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a photoelectric conversion element capable of converting not only visible light but also infrared light and far infrared light into electric energy.
- the present invention integrates a secondary battery into a photoelectric conversion element so that the operation of a conventional photoelectric conversion element is limited to daytime and sunny days. It is an object of the present invention to provide a photoelectric conversion element that can be operated not only in the daytime but also can generate electric power using infrared light including far infrared.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a novel photoelectric conversion element that can efficiently convert light energy into electric energy using fullerenes.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a photoelectric conversion element capable of converting not only visible light but also infrared light and far infrared light into electric energy.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a secondary battery suitable for use in combination with a photoelectric conversion element capable of efficiently converting light energy into electric energy using fullerenes.
- the present invention efficiently stores electric power generated by a photoelectric conversion element capable of converting not only visible light but also infrared light and far-infrared light into electric energy, and discharges it at night when the amount of power generation is small. It aims at providing the secondary battery united with the photoelectric conversion element which can do.
- an object of the present invention is also to provide a secondary battery that can be suitably used for a photoelectric conversion element with a storage / discharge function having a specific configuration.
- the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention includes a substrate layer made of a conductive metal connected to the negative electrode of the output electrode, a collector electrode formed by bonding to one surface of the substrate layer, and connected to the collector electrode.
- An n-type compound semiconductor layer made of a dielectric composition containing the formed fullerenes, a p-type compound semiconductor layer formed in contact with the n-type compound semiconductor layer, the n-type compound semiconductor layer and the p-type A pn bulk layer formed between the compound semiconductor layers and intermittently in contact with the n-type compound semiconductor layer and the p-type compound semiconductor layer; and a positive electrode formed on the other surface of the substrate layer via the insulating layer; And the positive electrode is electrically connected to the p-type compound semiconductor layer in an insulated state from the collector electrode, the pn bulk layer, and the n-type compound semiconductor layer.
- an n-type compound semiconductor layer is formed on the surface of the collector electrode through at least one kind of layer selected from the group consisting of a graphene layer, a graphite layer, and a carbon nanotube layer. Is preferred.
- the dielectric composition containing the fullerenes forming the n-type compound semiconductor layer includes at least C 60 fullerene and / or C 70 fullerene, a conductive polymer, and an organic pigment. In addition, it is preferable that at least a part of these are bonded and the inside of the n-type compound semiconductor layer is capable of moving electrons.
- the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention it is preferable that at least a part of the fullerenes forming the n-type compound semiconductor layer is contained in the n-type compound semiconductor layer so that the molecules can rotate.
- the p-type compound semiconductor layer is preferably a transparent vapor-deposited film formed from an oxide made of silicon dioxide containing a dopant that forms holes.
- the substrate layer is preferably made of copper.
- the collector electrode is made of a metal aluminum vapor deposition layer.
- the pn bulk layer includes a ferroelectric layer including at least one ferroelectric selected from the group consisting of lead titanate, lead (II) zirconate titanate, and strontium titanate. It is preferable that
- the fullerene is at least one kind of fullerene selected from the group consisting of C 60 , C 62 , C 68 , C 70 , C 80 , C 82 and carbon nanotube (CNT). It is preferable that the metal or these fullerenes are doped or intercurrent of an alkali metal and / or an alkaline earth metal, or contain a metal.
- the fullerenes contained in the n-type compound semiconductor layer are in contact with the pn bulk layer while oscillating, and the photoelectric conversion element is caused by a piezo effect due to vibration contact with the pn bulk layer. It is preferable that the generated electromotive force is also used.
- the photoelectric conversion element also uses an electromotive force generated by the Seebeck effect caused by a temperature difference generated between the negative electrode on the panel surface and the positive electrode on the back surface of the panel. Is preferred.
- a photoelectric conversion element having a storage / discharge capability of the present invention includes a substrate layer made of a conductive metal connected to the negative electrode of an output electrode, a collector electrode formed by bonding to one surface of the substrate layer, and the collector.
- An n-type compound semiconductor layer made of a dielectric composition containing fullerenes connected to an electrode, a p-type compound semiconductor layer formed in contact with the n-type compound semiconductor layer, and the n-type compound A pn bulk layer formed between the semiconductor layer and the p-type compound semiconductor layer and intermittently contacting the n-type compound semiconductor layer and the p-type compound semiconductor layer;
- a secondary battery is disposed on the other surface of the substrate layer; The secondary battery is formed to include the collector electrode and the substrate layer, and if necessary, a secondary battery negative electrode layer laminated on the other surface of the substrate layer, and a layer laminated on the secondary battery negative electrode surface.
- a secondary battery positive electrode surface made of at least one conductive material selected from the group consisting of fullerene, graphene, graphite and carbon nanotube (CNT); and an output electrode of a secondary battery connected to the p-type compound semiconductor layer It is characterized by the formation of a positive pole.
- the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention can be used as a photoelectric conversion element having a storage / discharge capability by being combined with a secondary battery.
- the ferroelectric layer and the ion supply material layer include an ion supply component.
- an n-type compound semiconductor layer is formed on the surface of the collector electrode via at least one kind of layer selected from the group consisting of a graphene layer, a graphite layer, and a carbon nanotube layer. Preferably it is formed.
- the photoelectric conversion element having the storage / discharge capability of the present invention it is preferable that at least a part of the fullerenes forming the n-type compound semiconductor layer is contained in the n-type compound semiconductor layer so as to be molecularly rotatable.
- the ion supply material layer contains, in addition to the ionic liquid electrolyte, at least one kind of non-aqueous electrolyte selected from the group consisting of a cation molecular electrolyte and a fullerene electrolyte. Can do.
- an n-type compound semiconductor layer is formed on the surface of the collector electrode via at least one kind of layer selected from the group consisting of a graphene layer, a graphite layer, and a carbon nanotube layer. Preferably it is formed.
- a dielectric composition containing fullerenes for forming the n-type compound semiconductor layer includes at least C 60 fullerene and / or C 70 fullerenes, conductive polymers and And an organic pigment.
- the fullerenes used in the present invention include C 60 fullerene and / or C 70 fullerene, at least a part of which is bonded to be capable of electron transfer in the n-type compound semiconductor layer. It is preferable that at least a part of the fullerenes forming the semiconductor layer is contained in the n-type compound semiconductor layer so as to be capable of molecular rotation.
- the p-type compound semiconductor layer is preferably a transparent vapor deposition film formed from an oxide made of silicon dioxide containing a dopant that forms holes.
- the substrate layer is preferably formed of copper.
- the collector electrode is preferably made of a metal aluminum vapor deposition layer.
- the photoelectric conversion element having a storage / discharge capability of the present invention is a ferroelectric layer in which the pn bulk layer includes at least one dielectric selected from lead titanate, lead zirconate titanate (II), and strontium titanate. It is preferable that
- the fullerene is at least one selected from the group consisting of C 60 , C 62 , C 68 , C 70 , C 80 , C 82 and carbon nanotube (CNT). These fullerenes or these fullerenes are preferably doped or intercurrent of alkali metal and / or alkaline earth metal, or include metal.
- the photoelectric conversion element having the storage / discharge capability of the present invention is in contact with the pn bulk layer while the fullerenes contained in the n-type compound semiconductor layer vibrate, and the photoelectric conversion element is in vibration contact with the pn bulk layer. It is preferable that the electromotive force generated by the piezo effect is also used.
- the photoelectric conversion element having the storage / discharge capability of the present invention also uses the electromotive force generated by the Seebeck effect caused by the temperature difference between the negative electrode on the panel surface and the positive electrode on the back surface of the panel. It is preferable that
- the secondary battery minus electrode surface is silicon dioxide doped or intercurrent with at least one kind of atom selected from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine. Preferably there is.
- the ferroelectric layer and the ion supply material layer contain an ionic liquid, and the ionic liquid is
- R, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R ′, R ′′ and R ′ ′′ each independently represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group, and n is independently 1 to 3 Represents an integer.
- the secondary battery of the present invention comprises a secondary battery negative electrode surface comprising a metal oxide containing silicon dioxide laminated on the other surface of a substrate layer having a collector electrode deposited on one surface, and the secondary battery A ferroelectric layer containing an ionic liquid electrolyte, a solid electrolyte layer, and an ion supply material layer containing an ionic liquid electrolyte formed via the solid electrolyte layer, laminated on the negative electrode surface of the battery; Secondary battery positive electrode made of at least one conductive material selected from the group consisting of C 60 fullerene, C 70 fullerene, graphene, graphite, and carbon nanotube (CNT) laminated in contact with the ion supply material layer A positive electrode is connected to the positive electrode surface of the secondary battery, a negative electrode terminal is derived from the substrate layer, and a positive electrode terminal is derived from the positive electrode. It is characterized by a door.
- the first non-aqueous electrolyte layer in the secondary battery of the present invention can include at least one non-aqueous electrolyte selected from the group consisting of an anionic molecular electrolyte and a fullerene electrolyte.
- the second non-aqueous electrolyte layer in the secondary battery of the present invention can include at least one non-aqueous electrolyte selected from the group consisting of a cationic molecular electrolyte and a fullerene electrolyte.
- the ferroelectric layer and the ion supply material layer are each independently at least one non-aqueous electrolyte selected from the group consisting of a cationic polymer electrolyte, an anionic molecular electrolyte, and a fullerene electrolyte. It is preferable to contain.
- the substrate layer is made of copper.
- the collector electrode is made of a metal aluminum vapor deposition layer.
- the fullerene is at least one kind of fullerene selected from the group consisting of C 60 , C 62 , C 68 , C 70 , C 80 , C 82 and carbon nanotubes (CNT). Rene or these fullerenes are preferably doped or intercurrent of alkali metal and / or alkaline earth metal, or include metal.
- the solid electrolyte layer is preferably a reverse osmosis membrane.
- the ferroelectric layer and the ion supply material layer contain an ionic liquid, and the ionic liquid is
- R, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R ′, R ′′ and R ′ ′′ each independently represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group, and n is independently 1 to 3 Represents an integer.
- the ion supply material is preferably an alkali metal halide.
- the ferroelectric layer and the ion supply material layer contain a fullerene electrolyte, and the ferroelectric layer has at least one component selected from the group consisting of chlorine, iodine and bromine. Is preferably doped or intercurrent, and the ion source material layer is preferably doped or intercurrent with phosphorus and / or boron.
- the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention contains fullerenes, a conductive polymer, and an organic pigment in an n-type compound semiconductor layer, and the organic pigment absorbs the irradiated visible light or infrared light and the organic pigment.
- the pigment is excited and charge separation occurs in the conductive polymer. This state of charge separation is inherited by the fullerenes connected to the conductive polymer, and the excited negative charges are collected on the negative substrate layer through the collector electrode, and the positive charge generated in the p-type compound semiconductor layer is generated.
- the holes are accumulated on the plus electrode 22 through the conductive metal 26, and a potential difference is generated between the plus electrode 22 and the substrate layer 12 that is the minus electrode. Therefore, the photoelectric conversion element 10 illustrated in FIG. 1 functions as a solar cell by light irradiation.
- the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention having the storage / discharge capability of the present invention generally has a configuration in which the photoelectric conversion element and the secondary battery are combined as described above, and is generated by driving the photoelectric conversion element. Due to the negative charge, the secondary battery negative electrode surface 42 and the ferroelectric layer 44 of the storage battery disposed on the back surface of the base material layer 12 are negatively charged, and the second electrolyte 48 and the secondary electrolyte 48 are separated from the solid electrolyte layer as a boundary. The battery positive electrode surface 50 is positively charged, and the electric power generated by the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention is stored in the secondary battery disposed on the back surface.
- the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention cannot generate power, such as at night, the power stored in the secondary battery disposed on the back surface of the photoelectric conversion element is discharged, and the photoelectric conversion element cannot generate power even if Electric power can be supplied by discharging from the secondary battery.
- the secondary battery used in the present invention has a ferroelectric layer and an ion supply material layer, and does not use a water-soluble electrolyte, it can efficiently store and discharge, Liquid leakage is extremely unlikely and the secondary battery can be used for a long period of time.
- this secondary battery can be discharged while storing electricity, and can be discharged while driving by driving the above photoelectric conversion element on days and nights when the amount of sunshine is low. It is.
- irradiated visible light or infrared light is absorbed by an organic pigment to excite the organic pigment, and is connected to a conductive polymer that has been subjected to charge separation in the conductive polymer.
- the electric power generated in the element can be stored and discharged for each cell.
- the photoelectric conversion element is generally integrated with the photoelectric conversion element to store the electric power generated by the photoelectric conversion element, and in the situation where the photoelectric conversion element cannot generate power such as at night, the stored electrode is discharged and used. .
- the photoelectric conversion element incorporating the secondary battery of the present invention can stably supply electrodes regardless of the amount of sunlight, day and night.
- the photoelectric conversion element and the secondary battery as described above are combined, and two of the storage batteries arranged on the back surface of the base material layer 12 by the negative charge generated by driving the photoelectric conversion element.
- the secondary battery negative electrode surface 42 and the ferroelectric layer 44 are negatively charged, the second electrolyte 48 and the secondary battery positive electrode surface 50 are positively charged with the solid electrolyte layer as a boundary, and the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention.
- the generated electric power is stored in a secondary battery arranged on the back surface.
- the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention cannot generate power, such as at night, the power stored in the secondary battery disposed on the back surface of the photoelectric conversion element is discharged, and the photoelectric conversion element cannot generate power even if Electric power can be supplied by discharging from the secondary battery.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an example of a cross section of the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a cross section of a photoelectric conversion element having a storage / discharge capability in which the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention and a secondary battery are combined.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing an example of a cross section of a secondary battery that can be used in the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing an example of the absorption wavelength region of the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing an example of discharge characteristics of a secondary battery that can be used in the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of the thermal electromagnetic wave power generation element manufactured in Example 1 of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is an IV curve of a 5 mm ⁇ 5 mm cell.
- FIG. 8 is an SEM photograph of p-type semiconductor polymer material (polyaniline, graphene) particles (magnification 20000 times).
- FIG. 9 is a SEM photograph of n-type nanocarbon material (C 60 fullerene, graphene, H 2 Pc, molybdenum oxide) particles (magnification 40000 times).
- FIG. 10 is an SEM photograph showing an example of a graphene sheet which is a conductive additive used in the p-type organic semiconductor layer and the n-type organic semiconductor layer. This graphene sheet has a maximum size of width 40 ⁇ m ⁇ height 120 ⁇ m (magnification 3000 times).
- FIG. 8 is an SEM photograph of p-type semiconductor polymer material (polyaniline, graphene) particles (magnification 20000 times).
- FIG. 9 is a SEM photograph of n-type nanocarbon material (C 60 fullerene, graph
- FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of the secondary battery of the present invention.
- FIG. 12 is a graph showing an example of characteristics of the secondary battery of the present invention.
- FIG. 13 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a photoelectric conversion element according to an example of a power generation element having a power generation layer and a power storage layer.
- FIG. 14 is an IV curve of a storage effect power generation element 5 mm ⁇ 5 mm cell obtained in Example 3.
- the photoelectric conversion element 10 of the present invention has a positive electrode terminal 64 at one end, bumps 68 are formed on the upper surface of the other end, and the other front and back surfaces are covered with an insulator.
- the positive electrode 11 is provided.
- the positive electrode 11 is formed of a copper foil having a thickness of 50 ⁇ m.
- the positive electrode can be formed of silver, gold, or an alloy thereof in addition to the copper foil, but it is preferable to use a copper plate having the above thickness from the viewpoint of cost.
- the thickness of the plus electrode 11 can usually be in the range of 8 to 75 ⁇ m.
- the positive electrode 11 was covered with insulating layers 52-a and 52-b having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m.
- the thickness of the insulating layers 52-a and 52-b is not particularly limited, but is usually in the range of 1 to 50 ⁇ m.
- the insulating layers 52-a and 52-b were formed of an insulating epoxy resin.
- the insulating layers 52-a and 52-b can be formed of a non-metal having no electrical conductivity, an insulating resin, and the like. Since the insulating layer is heated in a later process, It is preferable to form with a thermosetting resin such as an epoxy resin, a polyimide resin, or a resol type phenol resin having high properties.
- the substrate layer 12 made of copper and having a thickness of 2 ⁇ m was formed on the surface of the insulating layer 52-a by a copper foil or a metal vapor deposition method.
- a negative electrode terminal 62 was led out from one end of the substrate layer.
- the substrate layer 12 and the negative electrode terminal 62 are usually formed of the same conductive metal.
- the conductive metal forming the substrate layer 12 for example, copper, silver, or gold can be used. However, it is preferable to use copper having the above thickness from the viewpoint of cost.
- the thickness of the substrate layer 12 can usually be set within a range of 0.1 to 10 ⁇ m. Since the substrate layer 12 having the above thickness is difficult to handle, a laminate in which a peelable support is disposed on one surface of the substrate layer can also be used.
- the substrate layer 12 can be formed by a copper plate, electroless plating, vapor deposition, or the like. When using a copper plate, use a copper foil having a thickness in the range of 1 to 10 ⁇ m from the handling surface. Is preferred.
- the thickness is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 0.3 ⁇ m.
- electroless plating a commercially available electroless plating solution for copper can be used.
- vapor deposition methods such as CVD, vacuum vapor deposition, sputtering
- a vapor deposition method such as a vacuum vapor deposition method, deposit the base layer forming metal while heating to a temperature above the melting temperature of the metal in an inert gas atmosphere such as nitrogen gas or argon gas under reduced pressure.
- the negative electrode terminal 62 derived from the substrate layer 12 can be formed at the same time as the substrate layer 12. Alternatively, after the substrate layer 12 is formed, the negative electrode terminal 62 is derived from the formed substrate layer 12 using a separate conductor. You can also
- a collector electrode 14 made of aluminum having a thickness of 0.4 ⁇ m was formed on the surface of the substrate layer 12 formed as described above via an insulating layer.
- the collector electrode 14 is usually formed of a valve metal such as aluminum, or a deposited film such as stainless steel, chromium, tantalum, or niobium.
- it is preferably formed of a metal aluminum vapor deposition film, and its thickness is usually in the range of 0.1 to 0.3 ⁇ m.
- this collector electrode 14 is formed by a vapor deposition method using metallic aluminum, this collector electrode 14 is deposited while being heated to a temperature equal to or higher than the melting point of the metal in an inert gas atmosphere such as nitrogen gas or argon gas under reduced pressure. It is preferable to do.
- an inert gas atmosphere such as nitrogen gas or argon gas under reduced pressure. It is preferable to do.
- an n-type compound semiconductor layer is preferably formed through at least one kind of layer selected from the group consisting of a graphene layer, a graphite layer, and a carbon nanotube layer.
- the graphene layer is a single layer of carbon atoms, and may be a graphite layer in which at least a part of the graphene layer is multilayered, and further, a layer made of carbon nanotubes in which carbon atoms are tube-shaped. Also good.
- the carbon-containing layer is preferably a graphene layer made of a single layer of carbon. Therefore, the average thickness of the carbon-containing layer is usually in the range of 0.01 to 10 nm.
- the graphene layer may be formed on at least a part of the surface of the collector electrode 14 and is preferably formed uniformly on the entire surface. However, since the graphene layer is a single carbon layer, the graphene layer is not necessarily collected. The entire surface of the electrode 14 may not be covered.
- the n-type compound semiconductor layer 18 electrically connected to the collector electrode 14 on which the graphene layer as described above is preferably formed is formed.
- Dielectric compositions containing fullerenes forming the n-type compound semiconductor layer 18 used in the present invention contains at least C 60 fullerene and / or C 70 fullerenes, and conductive polymers, and organic pigments.
- C 60 as fullerenes other than fullerene and C 70 fullerenes mention may be made of C 62, C 68, C 80 , C 82 and carbon nanotube (CNT).
- C 60 fullerene also includes small gap fullerene (SGF).
- n-type compound semiconductor layer 16 it is preferable that at least a part of the fullerenes are capable of moving electrons in the n-type compound semiconductor layer.
- the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention at least a part of the fullerenes forming the n-type compound semiconductor layer is contained in the n-type compound semiconductor layer so as to be molecularly rotatable.
- fullerenes that form the n-type compound semiconductor layer include C 60 , C 70 , C 62 , C 68 , C 80 , C 82 and carbon nanotubes (CNT), which may be used in the present invention. Typical examples of the fullerenes that can be produced are shown below.
- C 60 fullerene, C 70 fullerene or a modified product thereof can be used alone or in combination.
- fullerenes may be doped or intercurrent with other elements.
- examples of such elements include K and Ba.
- Doped or intercurrent elements are not limited to the above elements.
- the fullerenes may be endohedral fullerenes in which a metal atom is encapsulated in a hollow skeleton.
- Examples of such endohedral fullerenes include fullerene containing potassium, fullerene containing scandium, fullerene containing lanthanum, fullerene containing cesium, fullerene containing titanium, fullerene containing cesium / carbon, cesium, Examples include fullerene containing nitrogen, C 80 fullerene containing uranium, and C 82 fullerene containing two uranium.
- the endohedral fullerene is not limited to the above.
- the dielectric composition for forming the n-type compound semiconductor layer 16 of the present invention contains a conductive polymer in addition to the above fullerenes.
- polyaniline or polythiophene is blended as the conductive polymer.
- Examples of conductive polymers other than polythiophene or polyaniline that can be used here include polyacetylene, poly (p-phenylene vinyl), polypyrrole, poly (p-phenyl sulfide), 5,5-dihexyl-2,2 ′.
- an organic pigment is blended in the dielectric composition forming the n-type compound semiconductor layer 16.
- the organic pigment used here may be the organic pigment itself or a precursor of the organic pigment.
- Examples of the latent pigment used here include precursors described in US Pat. No. 6071989 (Patent Document 4). Specific examples include compounds represented by the following formula (1).
- x represents an integer of 1 to 8, and when x is 2 to 8, B may be the same or different.
- A represents anthraquinone, azo, benzimidazolone, quinacridone, quinophthalone, diketopyrrolopyrrole, dioxazine, indanthrone, indigo, isoindoline, isoindolinone.
- a in this formula (1) is bonded to B through a heteroatom such as N, O and S which A has.
- B represents a radical selected from the group consisting of the following formulas (2), (3), (4), (5a) and (5b).
- m represents 0 or 1.
- X represents an unsubstituted or alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms which may be substituted with R 5 or R 6 , or an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
- R 5 and R 6 are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, O is inserted, S is inserted, or an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms is disubstituted, and N is An inserted alkyl group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 3 to 24 carbon atoms, an alkynyl group having 3 to 24 carbon atoms, a halogen group, a phenyl group or a biphenyl group substituted by a cyano group or a nitro group .
- the fact that a group such as O, S, or N is inserted into an alkyl group means that such a group is included in the middle of the carbon chain of the alkyl group.
- X represents an unsubstituted or alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms which may be substituted with R 5 or R 6 , or an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
- Q represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a CN group, a CCl 3 group, and a group shown below, SO 2 CH 3 or SCH 3 .
- R 5 and R 6 have the same meaning as in formula (2).
- R 1 and R 2 have the same meaning as in formula (2).
- R 3 and R 4 are each independently a halogen group, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and a group represented by the following formula.
- R 3 and R 4 may be bonded to each other to form a piperidinyl group.
- R 5 and R 6 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, O is inserted, S is inserted, or an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
- Phenyl substituted by N-substituted alkyl group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, alkenyl group having 3 to 24 carbon atoms, alkynyl group having 3 to 24 carbon atoms, halogen group, cyano group or nitro group Represents a group or a biphenyl group.
- R 7 , R 8 and R 9 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms or an alkenyl group having 3 to 24 carbon atoms.
- R 5 and R 6 are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, O is inserted, S is inserted, or an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
- Phenyl substituted by N-substituted alkyl group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, alkenyl group having 3 to 24 carbon atoms, alkynyl group having 3 to 24 carbon atoms, halogen group, cyano group or nitro group Represents a group or a biphenyl group.
- R 82 represents either an alkyl group or a group represented below.
- R 83 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms
- R 84 represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms
- R 85 represents an alkyl group, an unsubstituted group, or 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Represents a phenyl group substituted with an alkyl group.
- G 1 is unsubstituted or substituted with a saturated hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an alkylthio group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, or a dialkylamino group having 2 to 24 carbon atoms.
- a saturated hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms an alkoxy group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an alkylthio group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, or a dialkylamino group having 2 to 24 carbon atoms.
- p, q-alkylene group having 2 to 12 carbon atoms.
- p and q each represent a different position number, and one substituent may be substituted alone, or two or more may be substituted.
- G 2 represents any heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O and S. When G 2 is O or S, i is 0. If G 2 is N, i is 1.
- R 10 and R 11 are each independently, [(p of 12 2 to carbon atoms atoms', Q'- alkyl) -R 12] ii - (alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms) ⁇ i.e. A group in which ii repeating structures in which a p ', q'-alkyl group having 2 to 12 carbon atoms and R 12 are bonded are bonded, and an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms is bonded to the terminal on the R 12 side ⁇ Or an unsubstituted or substituted alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms.
- the substituent of the alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms is an alkoxy group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an allylthio group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, a dialkylamino group having 2 to 24 carbon atoms, or a 6 to 12 carbon atom. Examples thereof include an allylthio group, an alkylallylamino group having 7 to 24 carbon atoms, and a diallylamino group having 12 to 24 carbon atoms.
- one substituent may be substituted independently and may be substituted two or more.
- R 12 independently represents O, S or N substituted with an alkyl group and represents an alkylene group having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, wherein the repeating structure is as defined above. .
- R 10 and R 11 may be saturated or have 1 to 10 unsaturations.
- a group such as — (C ⁇ O) or —C 6 H 4 — may be introduced at any position.
- R 10 and R 11 may be unsubstituted, and may have 1 to 10 substituents such as a halogen atom, a cyano group, or a nitro group.
- -G 1- is-(CH 2 ) iv- , iv represents an integer of 2 to 12
- G 2 represents S
- R 11 is unsubstituted, substituted, or in the middle of the carbon chain It is not an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms in which O, S, or N other than carbon is introduced.
- latent pigment used in the present invention is a compound represented by the following formula (6).
- At least one of X 1 and X 2 represents a group that forms a ⁇ -conjugated divalent aromatic ring
- Z 1 -Z 2 is a group that can be removed by heat or light
- Z 1 1 represents that the ⁇ -conjugated compound obtained by elimination of Z 2 becomes a pigment molecule
- X 1 and X 2 that are not groups that form a ⁇ -conjugated divalent aromatic ring are substituted or unsubstituted Represents an ethenylene group.
- Z 1 -Z 2 is released by heat or light to form a ⁇ -conjugated compound having high planarity.
- the generated ⁇ -conjugated compound becomes an organic pigment blended in the n-type compound semiconductor layer.
- This organic pigment is a semiconductor.
- Examples of the compound represented by the above formula (6) include the following compounds.
- these potential organic pigments have high planarity as shown by the following formula, for example, and a ⁇ -conjugated compound can be obtained.
- the above organic pigment has a low dispersibility with respect to a solvent as in the case of fullerene, and a highly uniform dielectric composition for forming the n-type compound dielectric layer 16 according to the present invention containing fullerenes, a conductive polymer and an organic pigment.
- a uniform composition is formed by dispersing in a dispersion medium using the precursor as described above, and then heated to generate an organic pigment from the precursor, thereby producing a highly uniform dielectric.
- a body composition can be obtained.
- phthalocyanine H 2 Pc
- H 2 Pc phthalocyanine
- organic pigments other than phthalocyanine contained in the dielectric composition forming the n-type compound semiconductor layer include phthalocyanine metal complexes; tetrabenzoporphyrin and its metal complexes; tetracene (naphthacene); pentacene, pyrene and pyrylene.
- Perfluoro derivatives of organic pigments such as oligothiophenes such as sexithiophene; naphthalenetetracarboxylic anhydride, naphthalenetetracarboxylic diimide, polylenetetracarboxylic anhydride, perylenetetracarboxylic diimide, etc.
- aromatic carboxylic acid anhydrides and imidized products thereof, and derivatives having these compounds as a skeleton can be used alone or in combination. Examples of organic pigment precursors forming the n-type compound dielectric layer are shown below.
- the organic pigment precursor as described above is dissolved or dispersed in a polar solvent such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) or chloroform and usually at a temperature of 100 ° C. or higher, preferably 150 ° C. or higher. Usually, it is converted into an organic pigment by heating for 30 seconds or longer, preferably 1 minute or longer.
- the upper limit of the heating temperature and the upper limit of the heating time in the heat conversion of the organic pigment are not particularly limited. For example, the organic pigment starts to decompose at a temperature of about 400 ° C., and may be heated for more than 100 hours. The effect of increasing the heating time cannot be obtained.
- said heat conversion is normally performed in inert atmosphere, such as nitrogen gas and argon gas.
- the blending ratio of the fullerenes, the conductive polymer, and the organic pigment in the dielectric composition used in the present invention is 1 by weight ratio of the fullerenes, the conductive polymer, and the organic pigment with respect to the total of the three.
- the ratio was 1: 1.
- the n-type semiconductor layer can also be formed from C 60 fullerene, graphene, phthalocyanine (H 2 Pc), molybdenum oxide, or the like, which is an n-type nanocarbon material.
- FIG. 9 shows an SEM photograph (magnification 40000 times) of the n-type nanocarbon material formed with the above components.
- a dielectric composition having such a composition was laminated on the collector electrode 14, preferably a graphene layer formed on the surface of the collector electrode 14, to form an n-type compound semiconductor layer 16 having a thickness of 2 ⁇ m by vapor deposition or casting. .
- the thickness of the n-type compound semiconductor layer 16 is usually 1 to 10 ⁇ m, preferably 1 to 2 ⁇ m.
- the p-type compound semiconductor layer 18 can be formed so as to be in contact with the surface of the n-type compound semiconductor layer 16.
- the p-type compound semiconductor layer 18 is preferably formed after the pn bulk layer 20 is intermittently formed on the surface of the type compound semiconductor layer 16.
- This pn bulk layer is made of a ferroelectric material, and is a layer in which electrons as carriers and holes as carriers are balanced.
- the pn bulk layer 20 is also in intermittent contact with the p-type compound semiconductor layer 18 and the n-type compound semiconductor layer 18.
- a pn bulk layer is formed on the surface of the n-type compound semiconductor layer 16 formed as described above.
- the p-type compound semiconductor layer 18 can be formed so as to be in contact with the surface of the n-type compound semiconductor layer 16.
- a pn bulk layer 20 (i layer) is intermittently formed on the surface of the layer 16, and a p-type compound semiconductor layer 18 is stacked on the surface of the pn bulk layer 20.
- This pn bulk layer is made of a ferroelectric material, and is a layer in which electrons serving as carriers and holes serving as carriers are balanced.
- the pn bulk layer 20 is also in intermittent contact with the p-type compound semiconductor layer 18 and the n-type compound semiconductor layer 18.
- the pn bulk layer 20 can be formed by intermittently depositing a ferroelectric such as lead titanate, lead (II) zirconate titanate, or strontium titanate on the surface of the n-type compound semiconductor 18.
- a ferroelectric such as lead titanate, lead (II) zirconate titanate, or strontium titanate
- the pn bulk layer 20 was vapor-deposited with an average thickness of 2.0 ⁇ m.
- the average thickness of the pn bulk layer is usually 1 to 2 ⁇ m, and the n-type compound semiconductor layer 16 Since it is formed intermittently on the surface, it is in intermittent contact with the n-type compound semiconductor layer 16 and also with the p-type compound semiconductor layer 20. Further, the n-type compound semiconductor layer 18 is also in contact with the p-type compound semiconductor layer 20 by sewing the gap between the pn bulk layers.
- fullerenes contained in the n-type compound semiconductor layer 16 are always in contact with the pn bulk layer 20.
- fullerenes rotate at a high speed, and the rotation vibration of the fullerenes acts on the ferroelectric component of the pn bulk layer 20 to cause an electromotive force in the pn bulk layer 20 due to the piezoelectric effect. Will occur.
- an electromotive force generated by the piezo effect is also used.
- the pn bulk layer 20 is formed as described above, and the p-type compound semiconductor layer 18 is formed so as to contact the pn bulk layer.
- the p-type compound semiconductor layer 18 is preferably a transparent vapor deposition film formed from an oxide made of silicon dioxide containing a dopant that forms holes.
- examples of the dopant that forms holes include phosphorus and boron.
- the p-type compound semiconductor layer 18 can also be preferably formed of polyaniline and graphene.
- An example of an SEM photograph of the p-type compound semiconductor layer formed from polyaniline and graphene is shown in FIG. The magnification of this SEM photograph is 20000 times.
- the p-type compound semiconductor layer 18 was formed by vacuum deposition or casting so as to have a thickness of 2.0 ⁇ m.
- the p-type compound semiconductor layer 18 may contain boron as a dopant.
- Such a p-type compound semiconductor layer 18 is advantageously formed by vapor deposition.
- this p-type compound semiconductor layer 18 can be formed by employing CVD, vacuum vapor deposition, sputtering, etc., using silicon dioxide containing the dopant, but under inert gas conditions. Vacuum deposition is preferred.
- the p-type compound semiconductor layer 18 can also be formed by a casting method.
- bumps 66 are formed at positions corresponding to the bumps 68 formed on the plus electrode 11, and the bumps 66 and the bumps 68 are connected to copper wires (conductive wires 69). ).
- holes move to the positive electrode 11 through the conductive wire 69, and the positive electrode terminal 64 of the positive electrode 11 and the negative electrode derived from the substrate layer 12. A potential difference is generated between the terminal 62 and the terminal 62.
- the n-type compound semiconductor 16 formed from the dielectric composition prepared as described above contains at least a fullerene, a conductive polymer, and an organic dye. , For example, as shown by the following formula, light is absorbed by the organic pigment, charge separation occurs in the conductive polymer, and excited electrons emitted reach the fullerenes and pass through the collector electrode 14. The substrate layer 16 is negatively charged.
- the holes generated in the p-type compound semiconductor 18 and the electrons generated in the n-type compound semiconductor 16 flow in the circuit to be n-type.
- the excited organic pigment is returned to its original state by causing positive charge movement and charge recombination as follows.
- n in the above formula is 300, and R represents a hydrocarbon group.
- the organic pigment portion is the above-described organic pigment such as phthalocyanine or a precursor of the organic pigment.
- the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention has the above-described configuration, but has a surface protective layer 24 on the surface of the p-type compound semiconductor.
- the surface protective layer 24 is made of a polymer film or a sheet.
- the thickness of the surface protective layer 24 is usually 200 ⁇ m or less.
- the thickness of the surface protective layer can usually be 50 to 3000 ⁇ m. While protecting the surface of the p-type compound semiconductor layer 18 with the surface protective layer 24, the photoelectric conversion element of this invention can be handled as a flexible film.
- infrared conversion particles in the surface protective layer 24 within a range that does not impair the transparency of the surface protective layer, not only visible light but also light such as infrared rays and far infrared rays can be absorbed. Can do. Therefore, it is possible to generate power without using visible light.
- FIG. 4 shows an example of the absorption light band of this photoelectric conversion element when (far) infrared radioactive inorganic powder is blended in the surface protective layer as the infrared conversion particles.
- the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention can effectively generate power by absorbing visible light, and also effectively absorbs light in the infrared region having a wavelength of 7 ⁇ m to 14 ⁇ m as shown in FIG. It can generate electricity.
- a secondary battery that is stacked with a photoelectric conversion element having the above-described configuration to form a photoelectric conversion element having a storage / discharge function usually has the following configuration.
- the secondary battery negative electrode surface 42 is laminated on the surface of the substrate layer 12 where the collector electrode 14 is not provided.
- the collector electrode is usually formed of a valve metal such as aluminum, or a vapor deposition film such as stainless steel, chromium, tantalum, or niobium.
- the secondary battery negative electrode surface 42 can be formed of an oxide containing silicon dioxide.
- silicon dioxide is the main component of the dioxide forming the negative electrode surface of the secondary battery, and this silicon dioxide is usually doped with a dopant.
- the dopant used here facilitates the accumulation of negative charges on the secondary battery negative electrode surface 42 to be described later. Examples of such dopants include Br and I.
- Such a dopant is usually used in an amount in the range of 0.01 to 1 part by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of silicon dioxide. By using the dopant in the amount as described above, negative charges can be transferred efficiently.
- Such a secondary battery negative electrode surface 42 can be formed by usually depositing silicon dioxide containing a dopant if necessary.
- silicon dioxide containing a dopant for vapor deposition, CVD, vacuum vapor deposition, sputtering, or the like can be employed, but vacuum vapor deposition performed in an inert gas is particularly preferable.
- the vapor deposition temperature at this time is usually 350 to 500 ° C., preferably 350 to 450 ° C. Nitrogen gas or argon gas can be used as the inert gas.
- the thickness of the secondary battery negative electrode surface 42 formed in this way is usually 0.1 to 100 ⁇ m.
- a ferroelectric layer (first electrolytic layer) 44 is laminated on the surface of the secondary battery negative electrode surface 42 provided as necessary.
- a water-soluble electrolytic solution is not used as the ferroelectric layer 44 in the photoelectric conversion element 70 having the above storage / discharge capability.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte containing an ionic liquid electrolyte can be used as the electrolyte. These can be used alone or in combination. By using such a non-aqueous electrolyte, corrosion of the secondary battery can be effectively prevented.
- examples of the ionic liquid that is a non-aqueous electrolyte include the following salts composed of cations and anions.
- ammonium ions and phosphonium ions such as imidazolium salts and pyridinium salts are preferably used.
- anions bromide ions and triflates are used. It is preferable to use an appropriate combination of halogen-based ions such as boron ions such as tetraphenylborate and phosphorus-based ions such as hexafluorophosphate.
- the ferroelectric layer 44 of the secondary battery may contain a cationic polymer electrolyte and / or an anionic molecular electrolyte in addition to the ionic liquid as described above.
- anionic polymer electrolyte that is an anionic electrolyte and the cationic polymer compound that is a cationic electrolyte include perfluorosulfonic acid polymer, poly (allylpyguanide-co-allylamine) (PAB), and poly (allyl-N). -Carbamoylguanidino-co-allylamine) (PAC) and the like.
- PAB poly (allylpyguanide-co-allylamine)
- PAC -Carbamoylguanidino-co-allylamine
- the ferroelectric layer 44 contains at least one ferroelectric selected from the group consisting of lead titanate, lead (II) zirconate titanate, and strontium titanate, for example, as the ferroelectric.
- a general-purpose resin such as polyolefin, polyester, polyether, polyamide, polyamideimide, polyimide, or the like within a range that does not impair the characteristics of the ferroelectric layer 44. May be blended.
- the compounding amount of such a versatile resin is usually less than 50 parts by weight when the component forming the ferroelectric layer 44 is 100 parts by weight.
- the ferroelectric layer 44 in the secondary battery 80 includes a ferroelectric, and includes an ionic liquid as described above as necessary, and an anionic electrolyte and / or a cationic electrolyte as necessary.
- the ferroelectric layer 44 can be formed by applying an ionic liquid if necessary and further applying a solution or dispersion blended in an amount that does not impair the characteristics of the ferroelectric layer 44 if necessary.
- the thickness of the ferroelectric layer 44 thus formed is usually in the range of 0.01 to 10 ⁇ m.
- the ferroelectric layer 44 having the above-described configuration is laminated on the ion supply material layer 48 via the solid electrolyte layer 46.
- the solid electrolyte layer 46 partitions the ferroelectric layer 44 and the ion supply material layer 48, and the solid electrolyte layer 46 is formed so that electrons can move but the electrolyte cannot move.
- a layer made of or the like can be used.
- Such a solid electrolyte layer 46 includes a ferroelectric layer 44 made of a resin having reverse osmosis, a coating solution in which an ion exchange resin is dissolved or dispersed in a solvent, and a paste-like kneaded material prepared as described above.
- a known method can be applied to the surface of the film, or a film can be separately formed and laminated using a coating solution in advance.
- the thickness of the solid electrolyte layer 46 thus formed is usually in the range of 0.01 to 100 ⁇ m, preferably 0.1 to 100 ⁇ m.
- An ion supply material layer 48 is laminated on the surface of the solid electrolyte layer 46 where the ferroelectric layer 44 is not formed.
- a water-soluble electrolytic solution is not used.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte containing an ionic liquid electrolyte can be used as the electrolyte. These can be used alone or in combination. By using such a non-aqueous electrolyte, corrosion of the secondary battery can be effectively prevented.
- examples of the ionic liquid that is a non-aqueous electrolyte include the following salts composed of cations and anions.
- ammonium ions such as imidazolium salts and pyridinium salts, and phosphonium ions are preferably used, and bromide ions and triflates are used as anions. It is preferable to use an appropriate combination of halogen-based ions such as boron ions such as tetraphenylborate and phosphorus-based ions such as hexafluorophosphate.
- the ion supply material layer 48 of the secondary battery 80 may contain a cationic polymer electrolyte and / or an anionic molecular electrolyte in addition to the ionic liquid as described above.
- anionic polymer electrolyte that is an anionic electrolyte and the cationic polymer compound that is a cationic electrolyte include perfluorosulfonic acid polymer, poly (allylpyguanide-co-allylamine) (PAB), and poly (allyl-N). -Carbamoylguanidino-co-allylamine) (PAC) and the like.
- PAB poly (allylpyguanide-co-allylamine)
- PAC -Carbamoylguanidino-co-allylamine
- an alkali metal halide such as KCl, NaCl, LiCl may be used for the ion supply material layer 48.
- an alkali metal halide such as KCl, NaCl, LiCl
- the alkali metal halide and graphene, graphite, carbon nanotubes, and the like are crushed in a solid phase, and the resulting powder is mixed with N
- a casting layer formed by casting a cast liquid dispersed by adding an organic solvent such as methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and removing the organic solvent can be used.
- NMP methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- the ion supply material layer 48 in the secondary battery 80 includes an ion supply material, an ionic liquid as described above if necessary, and an anionic electrolyte and / or a cationic electrolyte as necessary.
- the ion supply material layer 48 may be formed by applying an ionic liquid if necessary, and further applying a solution or dispersion blended in an amount that does not impair the characteristics of the ion supply material layer 48 if necessary. it can.
- the thickness of the ion supply material layer thus formed is usually in the range of 0.01 to 10 ⁇ m.
- the ferroelectric layer 44 has a composition including a ferroelectric as an essential component, and the ion supply material layer 48 includes an ion supply material as an essential component, and the composition of both is usually as described above. Although different, they may be the same.
- a secondary battery positive electrode surface 50 is formed on the surface of the ion supply material layer 48 where the solid electrolyte layer 46 is not laminated.
- CNT carbon nanotubes
- fullerenes used here the same fullerenes as described above can be used.
- the graphene layer forming the secondary battery positive electrode surface 50 is a single layer of carbon atoms, but it is difficult to form a uniform graphene layer, and at least a part of this graphene layer is multilayered. It may be a graphite layer. Further, it may be a layer made of carbon nanotubes (CNT) in which carbon atoms are continuously tube-shaped.
- the carbon-containing layer is preferably a graphene layer made of a single layer of carbon. Therefore, the average thickness of the carbon-containing layer is usually in the range of 0.01 to 10 nm.
- this graphene layer should just be formed in at least one part of the surface of the secondary battery plus electrode 50, and although it is preferable to form uniformly in the whole surface, since a graphene layer is a single-layer carbon layer, The entire surface of the secondary battery electrolyte layer 48 does not necessarily have to be covered.
- the secondary battery plus electrode 22 is formed on the surface of the secondary battery plus electrode surface 50 where the ferroelectric layer 48 is not formed.
- the secondary battery plus electrode 22 is formed of a copper or pure copper powder vapor deposition body, and a plus electrode terminal 64 is formed at one end of the secondary battery plus electrode 22.
- the periphery of the secondary battery of the present invention having such a configuration is surrounded and sealed by insulators 52-a, 52-b, 52-c, 52-d.
- the negative electrode terminal 62 is led out from the positive electrode 22 and the positive electrode terminal 64 is led out from the insulator.
- the secondary battery having the above-described configuration can continue to discharge at a constant voltage for a long time without the charged voltage rapidly decreasing as shown in FIG.
- the capacitor is physically different from a capacitor whose voltage drops rapidly with discharge.
- photoelectric conversion element which has the storage / discharge function which laminated
- Photoelectric conversion element with storage / discharge function The photoelectric conversion element of the present invention as described above can be used as a photoelectric conversion element having a storage / discharge capability by using it together with a secondary battery.
- FIG. 2 shows a cross-sectional view of a photoelectric conversion element having a storage / release capability using the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention shown in FIG.
- the photoelectric conversion element 70 having storage / discharge capability has a configuration in which a secondary battery is arranged and combined on the back side of the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention shown in FIG.
- the substrate layer 12 which is a negative electrode in the photoelectric conversion element 70 having the storage / discharge capability is formed of a conductive metal plate.
- the conductive metal forming the substrate layer 12 that is the negative electrode for example, copper, silver, gold, or the like can be used, but it is preferable to use a copper plate having the above thickness from the viewpoint of cost. .
- a negative electrode terminal 62 is led out from one end of the substrate layer 12 which is the negative electrode.
- the substrate layer 12 and the negative electrode terminal 62 are usually formed of the same conductive metal as the substrate layer 12.
- the thickness of the substrate layer 12 is usually 0.1 to 100 ⁇ m.
- the substrate layer 12 can be formed by a copper plate, electroless plating, vapor deposition, or the like.
- a copper plate it is preferable to use a copper foil having a thickness in the range of 1 to 75 ⁇ m from the handling surface.
- the thickness is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 20 ⁇ m.
- electroless plating a commercially available electroless plating solution for copper can be used.
- vapor deposition methods such as CVD, vacuum vapor deposition, sputtering, can be employ
- the vapor deposition is preferably performed while heating to a temperature equal to or higher than the melting point of the metal in an inert gas atmosphere such as nitrogen gas or argon gas under reduced pressure.
- the negative electrode terminal 62 derived from the substrate layer 12 can be formed at the same time as the substrate layer 12. Alternatively, after the substrate layer 12 is formed, the negative electrode terminal 62 is derived from the formed substrate layer 12 using a separate conductor. You can also
- a collector electrode 14 is formed on the surface of the substrate layer 12 formed as described above in contact with the substrate layer 12.
- the collector electrode 14 is usually formed of a valve metal such as aluminum, or a deposited film such as stainless steel, chromium, tantalum, or niobium.
- a metal aluminum vapor deposition layer is preferred, and its thickness is usually in the range of 0.1 to 0.3 ⁇ m.
- the collector 14 in the photoelectric conversion element 70 having this storage / discharge capability can be formed by a vapor deposition method using metallic aluminum.
- a vapor deposition method such as a vacuum vapor deposition method
- the collector electrode 14 is vapor-deposited while being heated to a temperature not lower than the melting point of aluminum at the atmospheric pressure in an inert gas atmosphere such as nitrogen gas or argon gas under reduced pressure. It is preferable to do.
- an n-type compound semiconductor layer 18 is preferably formed through at least one kind of layer selected from the group consisting of a graphene layer, a graphite layer, and a carbon nanotube layer.
- the graphene layer is a single layer of carbon atoms, and may be a graphite layer in which at least a part of the graphene layer is multilayered, and further, a layer made of carbon nanotubes in which carbon atoms are tube-shaped. Also good.
- the carbon-containing layer is preferably a graphene layer made of a single layer of carbon. Therefore, the average thickness of the carbon-containing layer is usually in the range of 0.1 to 10 nm.
- the graphene layer may be formed on at least a part of the surface of the collector electrode 14 and is preferably formed uniformly on the entire surface. However, since the graphene layer is a single carbon layer, the graphene layer is not necessarily collected. The entire surface of the electrode 14 may not be covered.
- the n-type compound semiconductor layer 18 is preferably formed on the surface of the collector electrode 14 on which the graphene layer as described above is formed.
- the dielectric composition containing the fullerenes forming the n-type compound semiconductor layer 18 used in the photoelectric conversion element 70 having the storage / discharge capability includes at least C 60 fullerene and / or C 70 fullerene, a conductive polymer, an organic It is preferable that it contains a pigment.
- fullerenes other than C 60 fullerene and C 70 fullerenes mention may be made of C 62, C 68, C 80 , C 82 and carbon nanotube (CNT).
- C 60 fullerene also includes small gap fullerene (SGF).
- n-type compound semiconductor layer 16 it is preferable that at least a part of the fullerenes be capable of electron transfer in the n-type compound semiconductor layer.
- the photoelectric conversion element 70 having this storage / discharge capability it is preferable that at least a part of the fullerenes forming the n-type compound semiconductor layer is contained in the n-type compound semiconductor layer so as to be molecularly rotatable.
- Examples of fullerenes forming the n-type compound semiconductor layer include C 60 , C 70 , C 62 , C 68 , C 80 , C 82 and carbon nanotubes (CNT). Examples are shown below.
- C 60 fullerene, C 70 fullerene or a modified product thereof alone or in combination.
- fullerenes as described above may be doped or intercurrent with other elements.
- examples of such elements include K and Ba.
- Doped or intercurrent elements are not limited to the above elements.
- the fullerenes may be endohedral fullerenes in which a metal atom is encapsulated in a hollow skeleton.
- Examples of such endohedral fullerenes include fullerene containing potassium, fullerene containing scandium, fullerene containing lanthanum, fullerene containing cesium, fullerene containing titanium, fullerene containing cesium / carbon, cesium, Examples include fullerene containing nitrogen, C 80 fullerene containing uranium, and C 82 fullerene containing two uranium.
- the endohedral fullerene is not limited to the above. Such endohedral fullerene exhibits extremely high electrical conductivity.
- the dielectric composition forming the n-type compound semiconductor layer 16 contains a conductive polymer in addition to the above fullerenes.
- polyaniline or polythiophene is blended as the conductive polymer.
- Examples of other conductive polymers used here include polyacetylene, poly (p-phenylene vinyl), polypyrrole, poly (p-phenyl sulfide), 5,5-dihexyl-2,2'-bithiophene (DH- 2T), 2,2 ′, 5,2 ′′ -trithiophene, ⁇ -quatrothiophene (4T), 3,3 ′ ′′-dihexyl-2,2 ′, 5 ′, 2,5 ′′, 2 ′ '' -Quatrothiophene (DH-4T), 3,3 '' '-Didodecyl-2,2': 2 '': 5 ', 2' ': 5' ', 2' '-Quatrothiophene, ⁇ - Sexithiophene (6T), ⁇ , ⁇ -dihexylsexithiophene (DH-6T), 5,5'-di (4-biphenylyly
- the dielectric composition forming the n-type compound semiconductor layer 16 contains an organic pigment.
- the organic pigment used here may be an organic pigment itself, or may be an organic pigment (latent pigment) obtained by converting an organic pigment precursor.
- latent pigment examples include precursors described in US Pat. No. 6071989 (Patent Document 4). Specific examples include compounds represented by the following formula (1).
- x represents an integer of 1 to 8, and when x is 2 to 8, B may be the same or different.
- A represents anthraquinone, azo, benzimidazolone, quinacridone, quinophthalone, diketopyrrolopyrrole, dioxazine, indanthrone, indigo, isoindoline, isoindolinone.
- a in the formula (1) may be bonded to B via a heteroatom such as N, O and S which A has.
- B represents a radical selected from the group consisting of the following formulas (2), (3), (4), (5a) and (5b).
- m represents 0 or 1.
- X represents an unsubstituted or alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms which may be substituted with R 5 or R 6 , or an alkylene group having 1 to 65 carbon atoms.
- R 5 or R 6 is independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, O is inserted, S is inserted, or an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms is disubstituted, and N 5 Is an alkyl group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 3 to 24 carbon atoms, an alkynyl group having 3 to 24 carbon atoms, a cycloalkanyl group having 4 to 12 carbon atoms, unsubstituted or 1 to 6 carbon atoms A phenyl group or a biphenyl group substituted by an alkyl group, an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a halogen group, a cyano group or a nitro group.
- the fact that a group such as O, S, or N is inserted into an alkyl group means that such a group is included in the middle of the carbon chain of the alkyl group.
- X represents an unsubstituted or alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms which may be substituted with R 5 or R 6 , or an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
- Q represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a CN group, a CCl 3 group, and a group shown below, SO 2 CH 3 or SCH 3 .
- R 5 and R 6 have the same meaning as in formula (2).
- R 1 and R 2 have the same meaning as in formula (2).
- R 3 and R 4 are each independently a halogen group, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and a group represented by the following formula.
- R 3 and R 4 may be bonded to each other to form a piperidinyl group.
- R 5 and R 6 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, O is inserted, S is inserted, or an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
- it represents a phenyl group or a biphenyl group substituted by an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a halogen group, a cyano group, or a nitro group.
- R 7 , R 8 and R 9 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms or an alkenyl group having 3 to 24 carbon atoms.
- R 5 and R 6 are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, O is inserted, S is inserted, or an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Disubstituted, N-substituted alkyl group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, alkenyl group having 3 to 24 carbon atoms, alkynyl group having 3 to 24 carbon atoms, cycloalkanyl group having 4 to 24 carbon atoms, unsubstituted Alternatively, it represents a phenyl group or a biphenyl group substituted by an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a halogen group, a cyano group, or a nitro group. Further, in the formula (5b), R 82 represents either an alkyl group or a group represented below.
- R 83 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms
- R 84 represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms
- R 85 represents an alkyl group, an unsubstituted group, or 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Represents a phenyl group substituted with an alkyl group.
- G 1 is unsubstituted or substituted with a saturated hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an alkylthio group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, or a dialkylamino group having 2 to 24 carbon atoms.
- a saturated hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms an alkoxy group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an alkylthio group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, or a dialkylamino group having 2 to 24 carbon atoms.
- p, q-alkylene group having 2 to 12 carbon atoms.
- p and q each represent a different position number, and one substituent may be substituted alone, or two or more may be substituted.
- G 2 represents any heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O and S. When G 2 is O or S, i is 0. If G 2 is N, i is 1.
- R 10 and R 11 are each independently [(2-12 carbon atoms p ', Q'- alkyl) -R 12] ii - (alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms) ⁇ i.e., carbon A group in which ii repeating structures in which a p ′, q′-alkyl group of 2 to 12 and R 12 are bonded are bonded, and a group in which an alkyl group of 1 to 12 carbons is bonded to the terminal on the R 12 side ⁇ , Alternatively, it represents an unsubstituted or substituted alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms.
- the substituent of the alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms is an alkoxy group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an allylthio group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an allylthio group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, or a dialkylamino group having 2 to 24 carbon atoms.
- one substituent may be substituted independently and may be substituted two or more.
- R 12 independently represents O, S or N substituted with an alkyl group and represents an alkylene group having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, wherein the repeating structure is as defined above. .
- R 10 and R 11 may be saturated or have 1 to 10 unsaturations.
- a group such as — (C ⁇ O) or —C 6 H 4 — may be introduced at any position.
- R 10 and R 11 may be unsubstituted, and may have 1 to 10 substituents such as a halogen atom, a cyano group, or a nitro group.
- -G 1- is-(CH 2 ) iv- , iv represents an integer of 2 to 12
- G 2 represents S
- R 11 is unsubstituted, substituted, or in the middle of the carbon chain It is not an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms in which O, S or N other than carbon is inserted.
- latent pigment used in the photoelectric conversion element 70 having the storage / discharge capability of the present invention is a compound represented by the following formula (6).
- At least one of X 1 and X 2 represents a group that forms a ⁇ -conjugated divalent aromatic ring
- Z 1 -Z 2 is a group that can be removed by heat or light
- Z 1 1 represents that the ⁇ -conjugated compound obtained by elimination of Z 2 becomes a pigment molecule
- X 1 and X 2 that are not groups that form a ⁇ -conjugated divalent aromatic ring are substituted or unsubstituted Represents an ethenylene group.
- Z 1 -Z 2 is released by heat or light to form a ⁇ -conjugated compound having high planarity.
- the generated ⁇ -conjugated compound becomes an organic pigment blended in the n-type compound semiconductor layer.
- This organic pigment is a semiconductor.
- Examples of the compound represented by the above formula (6) include the following compounds.
- these potential organic pigments have high planarity as shown by the following formula, for example, and a ⁇ -conjugated compound can be obtained.
- the above organic pigment has a low dispersibility with respect to a solvent as in the case of fullerene, and a highly uniform dielectric composition for forming the n-type compound dielectric layer 16 according to the present invention containing fullerenes, a conductive polymer and an organic pigment.
- a highly uniform dielectric composition for forming the n-type compound dielectric layer 16 according to the present invention containing fullerenes, a conductive polymer and an organic pigment.
- organic pigments contained in the dielectric composition forming the n-type compound semiconductor layer include phthalocyanine (H 2 Pc) and metal complexes thereof; tetrabenzoporphyrin and metal complexes thereof; tetracene (naphthacene); pentacene, Perfluoro forms of organic pigments such as polyacene such as pyrene and pyrylene, and oligothiophenes such as sexithiophene; naphthalenetetracarboxylic anhydride, naphthalenetetracarboxylic diimide, polylenetetracarboxylic anhydride, perylenetetracarboxylic Examples thereof include aromatic carboxylic acid anhydrides such as acid diimide and imidized products thereof, and derivatives having these compounds as a skeleton. These can be used alone or in combination. Examples of organic pigment precursors forming the n-type compound dielectric layer are shown below.
- the organic pigment precursor as described above is dissolved or dispersed in a polar solvent such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) or chloroform and usually at a temperature of 100 ° C. or higher, preferably 150 ° C. or higher. Usually, it is converted into an organic pigment by heating for 30 seconds or longer, preferably 1 minute or longer.
- the upper limit of the upper limit temperature and the upper limit of the heating time in the heat conversion of the organic pigment are not particularly limited. For example, the organic pigment starts to decompose at a temperature of about 400 ° C. and may be heated for more than 100 hours. The effect of increasing the heating time cannot be obtained.
- said heat conversion is normally performed in inert atmosphere, such as nitrogen gas and argon gas.
- the blending ratio of the fullerenes, the conductive polymer and the organic pigment in the dielectric composition used here is usually 1 to 10 parts by weight of the fullerenes relative to the total of the three. Is usually used in an amount of 1 to 10 parts by weight, and the organic pigment is usually used in an amount of 1 to 10 parts by weight.
- the n-type semiconductor layer can also be formed from C 60 fullerene, graphene, phthalocyanine (H 2 Pc), molybdenum oxide, or the like, which is an n-type nanocarbon material.
- FIG. 9 shows an SEM photograph (magnification 40000 times) of the n-type nanocarbon material formed with the above components.
- the n-type compound semiconductor layer 16 is formed by laminating the dielectric composition having such a composition on the collector electrode 14, preferably on the graphene layer formed on the surface of the collector electrode 14.
- the thickness of the n-type compound semiconductor layer 16 is usually 1 to 10 ⁇ m, preferably 1 to 2 ⁇ m.
- the method of forming the n-type compound semiconductor layer 16 there is no particular limitation on the method of forming the n-type compound semiconductor layer 16, and the above-described dielectric composition may be dissolved or dispersed in a solvent and applied by a known method such as a spin coating method or a casting method. It can also be formed by depositing a dielectric composition. In this case, CVD, vacuum deposition, sputtering, etc. can be employed, but it is preferable to deposit under inert gas conditions or by casting.
- the p-type compound semiconductor layer 18 can be formed so as to be in contact with the surface of the n-type compound semiconductor layer 16. It is preferable to form the p-type compound semiconductor layer 18 after intermittently forming the pn bulk layer 20 on the surface.
- This pn bulk layer is made of a ferroelectric material, and is a layer in which electrons as carriers and holes as carriers are balanced.
- the pn bulk layer 20 is also in intermittent contact with the p-type compound semiconductor layer 18 and the n-type compound semiconductor layer 18.
- the pn bulk layer 20 can be formed by intermittently depositing a ferroelectric such as lead titanate, lead (II) zirconate titanate, or strontium titanate on the surface of the n-type compound semiconductor 18.
- a ferroelectric such as lead titanate, lead (II) zirconate titanate, or strontium titanate
- the average thickness of the pn bulk layer 20 is usually 1 to 2 ⁇ m and is intermittently formed on the surface of the n-type compound semiconductor layer 16, so that it is in intermittent contact with the n-type compound semiconductor layer 16, The p-type compound semiconductor layer 20 is also in intermittent contact. Further, the n-type compound semiconductor layer 18 is also in contact with the p-type compound semiconductor layer 20 by sewing the gap between the pn bulk layers.
- fullerenes contained in the n-type compound semiconductor layer 16 are always in contact with the pn bulk layer 20.
- fullerenes rotate at a high speed, and the rotation vibration of the fullerenes acts on the ferroelectric component of the pn bulk layer 20 to cause an electromotive force in the pn bulk layer 20 due to the piezoelectric effect. Will occur.
- an electromotive force generated by this piezo effect is also used.
- the pn bulk layer 20 is formed as described above, and the p-type compound semiconductor layer 18 is laminated on the pn bulk layer 20.
- the p-type compound semiconductor layer 18 is preferably a transparent vapor deposition film formed from an oxide made of silicon dioxide containing a dopant that forms holes.
- examples of the dopant that forms holes include phosphorus and boron.
- Such dopant is used in an amount in the range of 0.1 to 10 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of silicon dioxide.
- the p-type compound semiconductor layer 18 can also be formed of polyaniline and graphene.
- An example of an SEM photograph of the p-type compound semiconductor layer formed from polyaniline and graphene is shown in FIG. The magnification of this SEM photograph is 20000 times.
- the p-type compound semiconductor layer 18 usually has a thickness of 1 to 2 ⁇ m.
- Such a p-type compound semiconductor layer 18 can be formed by vapor deposition.
- this p-type compound semiconductor layer 18 can be formed by employing CVD, vacuum vapor deposition, sputtering, etc., using silicon dioxide containing the dopant, but under inert gas conditions. Vapor deposition is preferred.
- the p-type compound semiconductor layer 18 can also be formed by a casting method.
- the p-type compound semiconductor layer 18 has bumps 66 formed at positions corresponding to the bumps 68 formed on the positive electrode 22 of the secondary battery formed below the photoelectric conversion element.
- the formation order is not particularly limited, and the formation order may be reversed.
- the photoelectric conversion element 70 having this storage / discharge capability has the above-described configuration, but it is preferable to form the surface protective layer 24 on the surface of the p-type compound semiconductor.
- the surface protective layer 24 is made of a polymer film or sheet, and when the photoelectric conversion element 70 having a storage / discharge capability is used as a flexible photoelectric conversion element, the thickness of the surface protective layer 24 is usually 50 to 300 ⁇ m. Of thickness. By setting it as such thickness, the surface of the p-type compound semiconductor layer 18 can be protected by the surface protective layer 24 and the photoelectric conversion element 70 having the storage / discharge capability of the present invention can be handled as a flexible film.
- not only visible light but also infrared rays, far-infrared rays, etc. that do not depend on sunlight can be captured by blending the surface protective layer 24 with infrared conversion particles within a range that does not impair the transparency of the surface protective layer. Can do. Therefore, it is possible to generate power without using visible light.
- FIG. 4 shows an example of an absorption light band of this photoelectric conversion element when (far) infrared radioactive inorganic particles are blended in the surface protective layer as the infrared conversion particles.
- the photoelectric conversion element 70 having the storage / discharge capability can absorb visible light and generate power, and also absorbs light in the infrared region having a wavelength of 7 ⁇ m to 14 ⁇ m as shown in FIG. Power generation.
- the storage / discharge in the photoelectric conversion element 70 having the storage / discharge capability of the present invention is performed by a secondary battery having a configuration including the collector electrode 14 and the substrate layer 12.
- the secondary battery minus electrode surface 42 is laminated on the surface of the substrate layer 12 where the collector electrode 14 is not provided.
- the secondary battery negative electrode surface 42 is preferably formed of an oxide containing silicon dioxide.
- silicon dioxide is the main component of the dioxide forming the negative electrode surface of the secondary battery, and this silicon dioxide is usually doped with a dopant.
- the dopant used here facilitates the accumulation of negative charges generated in the n-type compound semiconductor layer 16 in a ferroelectric layer (first electrolytic layer) 42 described later. Examples of such dopant include Br, I can be mentioned.
- Such a dopant is usually used in an amount in the range of 0.001 to 10 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of silicon dioxide. By using the dopant in the above amount, negative charges generated in the n-type compound semiconductor layer 16 can be efficiently transferred.
- Such a secondary battery negative electrode surface 42 can be formed by depositing silicon dioxide containing a dopant as required.
- a vacuum vapor deposition method performed in an inert gas is particularly preferable.
- the vapor deposition temperature at this time is usually 350 to 500 ° C., preferably 350 to 450 ° C. Nitrogen gas or argon gas can be used as the inert gas.
- the thickness of the secondary battery negative electrode surface 42 formed in this way is usually 0.1 to 100 ⁇ m.
- a ferroelectric layer (first electrolytic layer) 44 is laminated on such a secondary battery negative electrode surface 42.
- a water-soluble electrolytic solution is not used as the ferroelectric layer 44 in the photoelectric conversion element 70 having the storage / discharge capability.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte containing an ionic liquid electrolyte is used as the electrolyte. These can be used alone or in combination. By using such a non-aqueous electrolyte, corrosion of the secondary battery can be effectively prevented.
- examples of the ionic liquid that is a non-aqueous electrolyte include the following salts composed of cations and anions.
- non-aqueous electrolyte for forming the ferroelectric layer 44 of the photoelectric conversion element 70 having the storage / discharge capability it is preferable to use ammonium ions and phosphonium ions such as imidazolium salts and pyridinium salts. It is preferable to use a combination of halogen ions such as bromide ions and triflate, boron ions such as tetraphenylborate, and phosphorus ions such as hexafluorophosphate as appropriate.
- the ferroelectric layer 44 of the photoelectric conversion element 70 having the storage / discharge capability may contain a cationic polymer electrolyte and / or an anionic molecular electrolyte in addition to the ionic liquid as described above.
- anionic polymer electrolyte that is an anionic electrolyte
- cationic polymer compound that is a cationic electrolyte examples include perfluorosulfonic acid polymer, poly (allylpyguanide-co-allylamine) (PAB), and poly (allyl-N).
- PAB poly (allylpyguanide-co-allylamine)
- PAC polymer compounds
- PAB poly (allylpyguanide-co-allylamine)
- PAC -carbamoylguanidino-co-allylamine
- the ferroelectric layer contains at least one ferroelectric selected from the group consisting of, for example, lead titanate, lead (II) zirconate titanate, and strontium titanate as the ferroelectric.
- polyolefin, polyester, polyether, polyamide, polyamideimide, polyimide, etc. as long as the characteristics of the ferroelectric layer 44 are not impaired.
- These general-purpose resins may be blended.
- the compounding amount of such a versatile resin is usually less than 50 parts by weight when the component forming the ferroelectric layer 44 is 100 parts by weight.
- the ferroelectric layer 44 in the photoelectric conversion element 70 having the storage / discharge capability contains a ferroelectric, and if necessary, contains an ionic liquid as described above, and if necessary, an anionic electrolyte and / or a cationic electrolyte. Yes.
- the ferroelectric layer 44 can be formed by applying an ionic liquid, if necessary, and, if necessary, a solution or dispersion blended in an amount within a range that does not impair the characteristics of the ferroelectric layer 44. .
- the thickness of the ferroelectric layer thus formed is usually in the range of 1 to 100 ⁇ m.
- the ferroelectric layer 44 having the above-described configuration is laminated on the ion supply material layer 48 via the solid electrolyte layer 46.
- the solid electrolyte layer 46 partitions the ferroelectric layer 44 and the ion supply material layer 48, and the solid electrolyte layer 46 can move electrons but move the electrolyte.
- a layer formed so that it cannot be used for example, reverse osmosis membranes (RO membranes), ion exchange resin membranes, ionic conductive materials with an amorphous structure mainly composed of vanadate, etc., and paste with paraffin wax as an adhesive
- a layer made of a kneaded material kneaded in a shape can be used.
- Such a solid electrolyte layer 46 includes a reverse osmosis resin, a coating solution in which an ion exchange resin is dissolved or dispersed in a solvent, and a paste-like kneaded material prepared as described above as a ferroelectric.
- the surface of the layer 44 can be applied by using a known method, or a film can be separately formed and laminated using a coating solution in advance.
- the thickness of the solid electrolyte layer 46 thus formed is usually in the range of 0.01 to 100 ⁇ m, preferably 0.1 to 100 ⁇ m, particularly preferably 1 to 100 ⁇ m.
- An ion supply material layer 48 is laminated on the surface of the solid electrolyte layer 46 where the ferroelectric layer 44 is not formed.
- a water-soluble electrolyte is not used in the ion supply material layer 48 in the photoelectric conversion element 70 having the storage / discharge capability.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte containing an ionic liquid electrolyte is used as the electrolyte. These can be used alone or in combination. By using such a non-aqueous electrolyte, corrosion of the secondary battery can be effectively prevented.
- examples of the ionic liquid that is a non-aqueous electrolyte include the following salts composed of cations and anions.
- the photoelectric conversion element 70 having the storage / discharge capability may contain a cationic polymer electrolyte and / or an anionic molecular electrolyte in addition to the ionic liquid as described above.
- anionic polymer electrolyte that is an anionic electrolyte
- cationic polymer compound that is a cationic electrolyte examples include perfluorosulfonic acid polymer, poly (allylpyguanide-co-allylamine) (PAB), and poly (allyl-N).
- PAB poly (allylpyguanide-co-allylamine)
- PAC polymer compounds
- PAB poly (allylpyguanide-co-allylamine)
- PAC -carbamoylguanidino-co-allylamine
- an alkali metal halide such as KCl, NaCl, LiCl may be used for the ion supply material layer 48.
- an alkali metal halide such as KCl, NaCl, LiCl
- the alkali metal halide and graphene, graphite, carbon nanotubes, and the like are crushed in a solid phase, and the resulting powder is mixed with N
- a casting layer formed by casting a cast liquid dispersed by adding an organic solvent such as methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and removing the organic solvent can be used.
- NMP methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- ammonium ions such as imidazolium salts and pyridinium salts
- phosphonium ions it is preferable to use a combination of halogen ions such as bromide ions and triflate, boron ions such as tetraphenylborate, and phosphorus ions such as hexafluorophosphate as appropriate.
- the ion supply material layer 48 of the photoelectric conversion element 70 having the storage / discharge capability includes a cationic polymer electrolyte and / or an anionic molecular electrolyte as necessary in addition to the ion supply material and, if necessary, the ionic liquid as described above. It is out.
- anionic polymer electrolyte that is an anionic electrolyte
- cationic polymer compound that is a cationic electrolyte examples include perfluorosulfonic acid polymer, poly (allylpyguanide-co-allylamine) (PAB), and poly (allyl-N).
- PAB poly (allylpyguanide-co-allylamine)
- PAC polymer compounds
- PAB poly (allylpyguanide-co-allylamine)
- PAC -carbamoylguanidino-co-allylamine
- polyolefin, polyester, polyether, polyamide, polyamideimide, polyimide, etc. as long as the characteristics of the ion supply material layer 48 are not impaired.
- These general-purpose resins may be blended. The amount of such a versatile resin is usually less than 50 parts by weight when the component forming the ion supply material layer 48 is 100 parts by weight.
- the ion supply material layer 48 in the photoelectric conversion element 70 having the storage / discharge capability includes an ion supply material, an ionic liquid as described above if necessary, and an anionic electrolyte and / or a cationic electrolyte as necessary. .
- the ion supply material layer 48 can be formed by applying an ionic liquid and, if necessary, a solution or dispersion blended in an amount that does not impair the characteristics of the ion supply material layer 48.
- the thickness of the second electrolyte formed in this way is usually in the range of 0.01 to 100 ⁇ m.
- the ferroelectric layer 44 has a composition including a ferroelectric as an essential component, and the ion supply material layer 48 includes an ion supply material as an essential component, and the composition of both is usually as described above. Although different, they may be the same.
- a secondary battery positive electrode surface 50 is formed on the surface of the ion supply material layer 48 where the solid electrolyte layer 46 is not laminated.
- the secondary electrode plus electrode surface 50 is formed of at least one carbon material selected from the group consisting of fullerenes, graphene, and carbon nanotubes (CNT).
- fullerenes used here the same fullerenes as described above can be used.
- the graphene layer forming the secondary battery positive electrode surface 50 is a single layer of carbon atoms, but it is difficult to form a uniform graphene layer. At least one of the graphene layers is difficult to form. It may be a graphite layer having multiple layers. Further, it may be a layer made of carbon nanotubes (CNT) in which carbon atoms are continuously tube-shaped.
- the carbon-containing layer is preferably a graphene layer made of a single layer of carbon. Therefore, the average thickness of the carbon-containing layer is usually in the range of 0.01 to 10 nm.
- this graphene layer should just be formed in at least one part of the surface of the secondary battery plus electrode 50, and although it is preferable to form uniformly in the whole surface, since a graphene layer is a single-layer carbon layer, The entire surface of the secondary battery electrolyte layer 48 does not necessarily have to be covered.
- the secondary battery plus electrode 22 is usually formed on the surface of the secondary battery plus electrode surface 50 where the secondary electrolyte layer 48 is not formed.
- the secondary battery plus electrode 22 is formed of copper or pure copper powder vapor deposition body, and bumps 68 are formed at positions corresponding to the bumps 66 formed on the p-type compound semiconductor 18 described above.
- a positive electrode terminal 64 is formed at the end opposite to the end where the bump 68 is formed.
- the bump 66 and the bump 68 can be connected by a conductive wire 69 such as a copper wire.
- the n-type compound semiconductor 16 formed from the dielectric composition prepared as described above contains at least a fullerene, a conductive polymer, and an organic dye. , For example, as shown by the following formula, light is absorbed by the organic pigment, charge separation occurs in the conductive polymer, and excited electrons emitted reach the fullerenes and pass through the collector electrode 14. The substrate layer 16 is negatively charged.
- the holes generated in the p-type compound semiconductor 18 and the electrons generated in the n-type compound semiconductor 16 flow in the circuit to be n-type.
- the excited organic pigment is returned to its original state by causing positive charge movement and charge recombination as follows.
- n is an integer of 1 to 600
- R represents a hydrocarbon group.
- the organic pigment portion may be an organic pigment such as phthalocyanine, benzoporphyrin, quinacridone, pyrrolopyrrole, or a precursor of these organic pigments.
- Second Step 20 ml of aniline (C 6 H 7 N; molecular weight: 93.13) was added to the toluene solution obtained in the first step and stirred for 5 minutes until a uniform light yellow solution was obtained.
- aniline C 6 H 7 N; molecular weight: 93.13
- hydrochloric acid aqueous solution was prepared by adding 20 mL of hydrochloric acid (37% aqueous solution of HCl) to 180 mL of pure water (H 2 O). While stirring the light yellow solution obtained in the second step with a magnetic stirrer, 150 ml of the prepared hydrochloric acid aqueous solution is gradually added and sufficiently stirred, thereby forming a light yellow turbid liquid having white turbidity. If the stirring is insufficient, the yield of polyaniline (PANI) decreases.
- PANI polyaniline
- Step 4 To the remaining 50 ml of the aqueous hydrochloric acid solution prepared in Step 3, 2.7 g of ammonium peroxodisulfate ((NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 ; molecular weight: 228.20) was added with slow stirring to ammonium peroxodisulfate. Dissolution was continued for 20 minutes until the particles were completely dissolved to prepare an aqueous hydrochloric acid solution of ammonium peroxodisulfate.
- ammonium peroxodisulfate (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 ; molecular weight: 228.20)
- Step 5 Aqueous hydrochloric acid solution of ammonium peroxodisulfate prepared in Step 4 was added in an amount of 0.5 to 1 drop per second to the pale yellow turbid solution having white turbidity prepared in Step 3 under stirring at 120 rpm. The polymerization reaction was performed dropwise.
- the reaction temperature at this time is 30 ° C. or lower, preferably 20 ° C. or lower, particularly preferably 10 to 15 ° C.
- the reaction temperature exceeds 34 ° C., rapid gelation proceeds, smooth stirring cannot be performed, and uniform reaction cannot be performed.
- Step 6 When the reaction solution obtained in Step 5 above is allowed to stand in an environment of room temperature (15 to 20 ° C.) and humidity of 50%, an oil phase comprising PANI and toluene as a solvent is polymerized after 8 to 10 hours. Since the phase was separated from the aqueous hydrochloric acid solution used in the reaction, the aqueous phase was removed using a separatory funnel.
- the obtained oil phase was washed 5 times with water at a temperature of 10 to 15 ° C.
- a 1M hydrochloric acid aqueous solution can be used instead of water, and the cleaning temperature in this case is preferably 10 to 15 ° C.
- the cleaning temperature in this case is preferably 10 to 15 ° C.
- a toluene solution mixed with PANI may also flow out, and the PANI yield after washing decreases.
- Seventh Step Cleaning is completed in the sixth step, and the PANI toluene solution from which water has been separated is transferred to a petri dish, placed under an air intake device having a solvent recovery function, and the toluene is volatilized. The toluene is recovered by the recovery device. .
- the PANI from which toluene was removed as described above was dried under non-heating conditions, and the aggregate was pulverized to obtain a powdery PANI.
- drying speed of the PANI aggregate from which toluene has been removed is improved by introducing dry air and exhausting it with a vacuum pump.
- Step I Using a quartz glass 7 of 18 mm ⁇ 18 mm as a substrate, copper was sputtered on the front surface with a film pressure of 100 to 500 nm to form a collector electrode (copper) 6 made of copper.
- Step II A 5 mm ⁇ 5 mm window was formed in the central part of the quartz glass 7 sputtered with copper, and the other part was masked with a heat-resistant polyimide film so that the other window was exposed.
- Step III The substrate obtained in Step II above was placed on a hot plate, heated to 100-150 ° C., and cast by adding graphene to the PANI toluene solution obtained in Step 7 above. The liquid was applied to a dry thickness of 100 nm to 500 nm to form a p-type organic semiconductor material layer.
- FIG. 8 shows an SEM photograph of p-type semiconductor polymer material (polyaniline, graphene) particles.
- Step IV with a magnification of 20000 times
- a pn bulk layer 4 main component: strontium titanate
- the film thickness is 10 to 50 nm.
- Step V The n-type organic semiconductor layer 3 having a thickness of 100 to 500 nm was formed on the surface of the pn bulk layer 4 formed in the step IV by the casting method under the same conditions as described above.
- the n-type organic semiconductor layer 3 was prepared using fullerene, phthalocyanine (H 2 Pc), graphene, and molybdenum oxide.
- FIG. 9 shows an SEM photograph of n-type nanocarbon material (C 60 fullerene, graphene, H 2 Pc (phthalocyanine), molybdenum oxide) particles. The magnification is 40000 times.
- Step VI The temperature of the hot plate was adjusted to 40 to 50 ° C., and a buffer (BCP) 2 was formed on the surface of the n-type organic semiconductor layer 3 by a casting method.
- the thickness of the buffering agent bathocuproin (BCP) 2 is 5 nm to 15 nm.
- Step VII After removing the mask on one side of the 18 mm ⁇ 18 mm substrate formed as described above and reattaching it with a new polyimide heat-resistant tape, sputtering is performed on the entire surface of the quartz glass with aluminum to a thickness of 100 to 500 nm. (Aluminum) 1 was formed. This collector electrode (aluminum) 1 becomes a negative electrode of this power generation element.
- Step VIII The polyimide heat-resistant tape that had been newly affixed as described above was left, and the polyimide heat-resistant tape on the three sides was peeled off to expose the first collector electrode (copper) 1 made of copper.
- This collector electrode (copper) 6 becomes the positive electrode of this power generation element.
- Step IX Conductive paste (trade name; Dotite, manufactured by Fujikura Kasei Co., Ltd.) is applied to the collector electrode (copper) 6 exposed as described above, and a copper fine wire is drawn out to form a positive electrode. In the same manner, a conductive paste was applied and a copper thin wire was drawn out to make a negative electrode.
- Conductive paste (trade name; Dotite, manufactured by Fujikura Kasei Co., Ltd.) is applied to the collector electrode (copper) 6 exposed as described above, and a copper fine wire is drawn out to form a positive electrode.
- a conductive paste was applied and a copper thin wire was drawn out to make a negative electrode.
- Step X The positive electrode and the negative electrode drawn out as described above were connected to electrodes of an oscilloscope, respectively, and thermal electromagnetic waves were incident from the quartz glass side of the lower surface of FIG.
- the power generation amount was measured based on the photoelectric conversion element formed as described above.
- FIG. 7 shows an IV curve of a 5 mm ⁇ 5 mm cell produced in the same manner as described above.
- FIG. 10 shows an example of an SEM photograph of a graphene sheet which is a conductive additive used in the p-type organic semiconductor layer and the n-type organic semiconductor layer.
- This graphene sheet has a maximum size of 40 ⁇ m wide ⁇ 120 ⁇ m high.
- the magnification of the SEM photograph in FIG. 10 is 3000 times.
- the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention has a very high light energy-electric energy conversion efficiency.
- the electromotive force when irradiated to a pixel of 0.5 mm 2 is in the range of 2.3 mV to 3.8 mV.
- the energy of the light irradiated to obtain the electric energy as described above could be converted into electric energy with high conversion efficiency.
- a photoelectric conversion element having a storage / discharge capability in which a secondary battery is combined with a photoelectric conversion element supplies power from the secondary battery disposed on the back surface even when light is not irradiated on the photoelectric conversion element. can do.
- the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention even if a defect occurs in the light conversion element, it is only necessary to replace the cell in which the defect has occurred, and it is not necessary to replace the entire panel.
- the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention can be formed using a highly flexible material without using a non-flexible material such as glass, the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention is flexible. Sex can be imparted. Therefore, the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention can be arranged not only on a plane but also on a curved surface.
- the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention has good flexibility and is very thin, it can be produced in large quantities with roll-to-roll.
- the fullerenes used in the present invention have recently been put into practical use by a method of steaming and burning plant-derived raw materials such as rice husks in the absence of oxygen.
- the environment is gradually becoming cheaper and an environment in which the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention can be provided at low cost is being prepared.
- a non-water-soluble ionic liquid is used as the electrolyte of the secondary battery, so that the casing and the like are not eroded by the electrolyte. Furthermore, since this secondary battery does not involve a chemical reaction in driving the secondary battery, components such as water or gas due to the chemical reaction are not generated, and the safety is extremely high.
- FIG. 7 shows an IV curve of the photoelectric conversion element (5 mm ⁇ 5 mm) of the present invention.
- the measurement conditions are as follows.
- Example 2 A layer of a ferroelectric material (such as strontium titanate) coated with an ion-adsorbing material such as graphene and a layer of an ion supply material (such as an alkali metal salt combined with graphene) are sandwiched by a solid electrolyte such as vanadate.
- a ferroelectric material such as strontium titanate
- an ion-adsorbing material such as graphene
- a layer of an ion supply material such as an alkali metal salt combined with graphene
- Sputtering treatment was performed using pure copper as a target to form a sputtering film having a thickness of 100 nm to 500 nm.
- This sputtering film (copper) becomes a collector electrode (copper) 85 and also serves as an electrode.
- Step ii A polyimide heat-resistant tape was attached to the periphery of the copper sputtering film formed in the step i and masked so as to form a 5 mm ⁇ 5 mm opening.
- Step iii Potassium chloride is selected from alkali metal salts as the ion supply material, and in a solid state, graphene powder and potassium chloride are mixed in an agate mortar for 1 hour or more, and the resulting powder is N-methyl-2
- a cast solution was prepared by dispersing in -pyrrolidone (NMP), and this cast solution was applied to the 5 mm ⁇ 5 mm opening formed in the above step ii to form an ion supply material layer 83c.
- the thickness of the ion supply material layer 83c is 100 nm to 500 nm.
- the potential of the electricity storage layer changes as follows according to the potential window of the alkali metal used.
- V-process ferroelectric strontium titanate and graphene as ion adsorbent are mixed and synthesized by mechanochemical method and dispersed in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) to prepare a casting solution.
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- the cast solution was cast on the solid electrolyte layer 83b to form the ferroelectric layer 83a.
- the ferroelectric layer 83a has a thickness of 100 nm to 500 nm.
- Step vi Remove one side of the polyimide heat-resistant tape adhered to the surface of the substrate 86, re-apply a new polyimide heat-resistant tape, and collect the collector electrode (aluminum) 81 by sputtering using aluminum as a target on the entire surface of the substrate 86. Formed.
- the collector electrode (aluminum) 81 has a thickness of 100 nm to 500 nm and is an electrode.
- Step vii The polyimide heat-resistant tape that was re-attached in step vi was left, and the other three sides of the tape were peeled off to expose the collector electrode (copper) 85 made of a sputtering film (copper).
- This collector electrode (copper) 85 becomes a positive electrode in the secondary battery of the present invention.
- the collector electrode (aluminum) 81 formed in the vi step is a negative electrode in the secondary battery of the present invention.
- Step viii Conductor paste (trade name; Dotite, manufactured by Fujikura Kasei Co., Ltd.) is applied to the collector electrode (copper) 86 exposed as described above, and a copper fine wire is drawn out to form a positive electrode. In the same manner, the conductive paste was applied, the copper fine wire was drawn out, and the charge / discharge characteristics were measured as a negative electrode.
- Conductor paste (trade name; Dotite, manufactured by Fujikura Kasei Co., Ltd.) is applied to the collector electrode (copper) 86 exposed as described above, and a copper fine wire is drawn out to form a positive electrode.
- the conductive paste was applied, the copper fine wire was drawn out, and the charge / discharge characteristics were measured as a negative electrode.
- the test was conducted by a constant voltage constant current charging method.
- FIG. 14 shows an example of a photoelectric tube element having a storage effect obtained by combining a power generation layer and a storage layer as shown in FIG. 13.
- Step a 18 Using a quartz cover glass of 18 mm ⁇ 18 mm as the substrate 98, sputtering was performed on the entire surface of the substrate 98 using pure copper as a target to form a sputtering film having a thickness of 100 nm to 500 nm.
- This sputtering film (copper) becomes a collector electrode (copper) 97 and also serves as an electrode.
- Step b A polyimide heat-resistant tape was attached around the surface of the copper sputtering film formed in the step a to mask the surface so as to form a 5 mm ⁇ 5 mm opening.
- Step c The thickness of the p-type organic semiconductor layer 96 formed by casting the p-type organic semiconductor with a hot plate on the hot plate at 100 to 150 ° C. in the step b is 100 to 500 nm.
- the pn bulk layer 95 was formed by casting the pn bulk layer material in the d step pn by the casting method under the same conditions as in the c step.
- the film pressure is 10 to 50 nm.
- the obtained powder was dispersed in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, which is an organic solvent, and applied by a casting method to form an n-type organic semiconductor layer 94.
- the film thickness was 100 to 500 nm.
- Step f As a solid electrolyte, an ionic conductive material having an amorphous structure mainly composed of vanadate was kneaded into a paste form using paraffin oil as an adhesive, and formed into a solid film by a push coat method to form a solid electrolyte layer 93.
- the thickness of the solid electrolyte membrane is 50 nm to 100 nm.
- the g-step ferroelectric strontium titanate and the graphene as the ion adsorbent are mixed and synthesized by mechanochemical method and dispersed in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) to prepare a casting solution.
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- the cast solution was cast on the solid electrolyte layer 92 to form the ferroelectric layer 92a.
- the ferroelectric 92 has a thickness of 100 nm to 500 nm.
- the collector electrode (aluminum) 91 has a thickness of 100 nm to 500 nm and is an electrode.
- the collector heat-resistant tape (copper) 98 made of a sputtering film (copper) was deposited by removing the other three sides of the tape while leaving the polyimide heat-resistant tape reattached in the i-th step and h-step.
- This collector electrode (copper) 85 becomes a positive electrode in the secondary battery of the present invention.
- the collector electrode (aluminum) 91 formed in step a is a negative electrode in the secondary battery of the present invention.
- Step k Conductive paste (trade name; Dotite, manufactured by Fujikura Kasei Co., Ltd.) is applied to the collector electrode (copper) 98 exposed as described above, and a copper thin wire is drawn out to form a negative electrode. In the same manner, the conductive paste was applied, the copper fine wire was drawn out, and the charge / discharge characteristics were measured as a positive electrode.
- Conductive paste (trade name; Dotite, manufactured by Fujikura Kasei Co., Ltd.) is applied to the collector electrode (copper) 98 exposed as described above, and a copper thin wire is drawn out to form a negative electrode.
- the conductive paste was applied, the copper fine wire was drawn out, and the charge / discharge characteristics were measured as a positive electrode.
- the test was conducted by a constant voltage constant current charging method.
- Ion supply material layer (ion supply material layer) 50 ... Secondary battery positive electrode surfaces 52a, 62b ... Insulating layer 62 ... Negative electrode terminal 64 ... Positive electrode terminal 69 ... Conductor 70 ... Photoelectric conversion element 80 having storage / discharge capability ... Secondary battery 81 ... Collector electrode (aluminum) 82 ... negative side of secondary battery 83a: Ferroelectric layer 83b: Solid electrolyte layer 83c ... Ion supply material layer 84 ... Secondary battery positive electrode surface 85 ... Collector electrode (copper) (substrate layer) 86 ... Substrate (quartz glass) 91 ... Collector electrode (aluminum) 92 ...
- Co-dielectric layer (strontium titanate + graphene + molybdenum oxide) 93 ... Solid electrolytic layer (containing vanadate) 94 ... n-type organic semiconductor [(fullerene, phthalocyanine, graphene, molybdenum oxide) + ion supply substance (graphene + alkali metal circle)] 95 ... pn bulk layer 96 . p-type organic semiconductor layer (polyaniline thin film) 97 ... collector electrode (copper) 98 ... Substrate (quartz glass)
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Abstract
Description
光電変換素子の中で安価に大量生産が可能で、しかも軽量な有機半導体を用いた光電変換素子としては、色素増感型、バルクヘテロ型、ヘテロpn接合型、ショットキー型などが提案されている(特表平8-500701号公報、特許文献1)。
該基板層の他方の面に二次電池が配置されており、
該二次電池は、上記集電極および基板層を含んで形成されてなり、必要により該基板層の他方の面に積層された二次電池マイナス極面と、該二次電池マイナス極面に積層された強誘電体層と、固体電解質層と、該固体電解質層を介して形成されたイオン供給物質層と、該イオン供給物質層と接触して必要により積層された、C60フラーレン、C70フラーレン、グラフェン、グラファイトおよびカーボンナノチューブ(CNT)よりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一種類の導電性材料からなる二次電池プラス極面と、上記p型化合物半導体層と接続する二次電池の出力電極のプラス極が形成されていることを特徴としている。
〔光電変換素子〕
図1に示すように、本発明の光電変換素子10は、一方の端部にプラス電極端子64を有し、他方の端部上面にバンプ68が形成され、他の表裏面を絶縁体で被覆したプラス電極11を有する。
上記式(1)において、xは1~8の整数を表し、xが2~8である場合には、Bは同一であっても異なっていてもよい。
上記のようにして形成したn型化合物半導体層16の表面にpnバルク層を形成する。
〔二次電池〕
上記の蓄放電能力を有する光電変換素子80では、図3に示すように基板層12の集電極14が設けられていない面に二次電池マイナス極面42が積層されている。ここで集電極は、通常はアルミニウムなどのバルブ金属、ステンレス、クロム、タンタル、ニオブなどの蒸着膜で形成されている。
ナトリウム(Na) :-2.714V
リチウム(Li) :-3.045V
この二次電池80のイオン供給物質層48においては、このイオン供給物質層48の特性を損なわない範囲内で、ポリオレフィン、ポリエステル、ポリエーテル、ポリアミド、ポリアミドイミド、ポリイミドなどの汎用性の樹脂が配合されていてもよい。このような汎用性の樹脂の配合量は、通常は、このイオン供給物質層48を形成する成分を100重量部としたときに50重量部未満である。
〔蓄放電機能を有する光電変換素子〕
上記のような本発明の光電変換素子は二次電池と共に使用することにより蓄放電能力を有する光電変換素子として使用することができる。
上記式(1)において、xは1~8の整数を表し、xが2~8である場合には、Bは同一であっても異なっていてもよい。
ナトリウム(Na) :-2.714V
リチウム(Li) :-3.045V
この蓄放電能力を有する光電変換素子70のイオン供給物質層48を形成する非水性電解質としては、イミダゾリウム塩類およびピリジニウム塩類などのアンモニウム系イオン、ホスホニウム系イオンを用いることが好ましく、陰イオンとしては、臭化物イオンおよびトリフラート等のハロゲン系イオン、テトラフェニルボレートなどのホウ素系イオン、ヘキサフルオロホスフェートなどのリン系イオンを適宜組合わせて使用することが好ましい。
〔実施例1〕
第1工程
容量300ミリリットルの三角フラスコにトルエン(C6H5CH3;分子量:92.14)50ミリリットルを入れ、ここにスルホコハク酸ジ-2-エチルヘキシルナトリウム(C20H37NaO7S;分子量:444.56)22.2gを入れゴム栓で封をして外気と遮断して10分間攪拌してスルホコハク酸ジ-2-エチルヘキシルナトリウムをトルエンに完全に溶解させた。
上記第1工程で得られたトルエン溶液にアニリン(C6H7N;分子量:93.13)20ミリリットルを加えて均一な薄い黄色の溶液になるまで5分間攪拌した。
純水(H2O)180ミリリットルに塩酸(HClの37%水溶液)20ミリリットル加えた塩酸水溶液200ミリリットルを調製した。上記第2工程で得られた薄い黄色の溶液をマグネティックスターラーで攪拌しながら、調製した塩酸水溶液150ミリリットルを徐々に加え充分に攪拌することにより、白濁物を有する薄い黄色の濁液になる。なお、攪拌が不充分な場合にはポリアニリン(PANI)の収率が低下する。
第3工程で調製された塩酸水溶液の残部50ミリリットルにペルオキソ二硫酸アンモニウム((NH4)2S2O8;分子量:228.20)2.7gをゆっくり攪拌しながら加えてペルオキソ二硫酸アンモニウムの粒子が完全に溶解するまで溶解を20分間続けてペルオキソ二硫酸アンモニウムの塩酸水溶液を調製した。
第4工程で調製したペルオキソ二硫酸アンモニウムの塩酸水溶液を、毎分120回転の攪拌下に、第3工程で調製した白濁物を有する薄い黄色の濁液に毎秒0.5~1滴づつ滴下して重合反応を行った。
上記第5工程で得られた反応液を室温(15~20℃)、湿度50%の環境下で放置すると、8~10時間後にPANIおよび溶媒であるトルエンからなる油相と、重合反応に使用した塩酸水溶液とに相分離したので、分液ロートを用いて水相を除去した。
上記第6工程で洗浄が完了し、水分を分離したPANIのトルエン溶液をシャーレに移し、溶媒回収機能を有する吸気装置下に置き、トルエンを揮発させ、このトルエンを回収装置で回収した。上記のようにしてトルエンを除去したPANIを非加熱条件下で乾燥させ、凝集物を粉砕して粉末状のPANIを得た。
18mm×18mmの石英ガラス7を基板として前面に厚さ100~500nmの膜圧で銅をスパッタリング処理して銅からなる集電極(銅)6を形成した。
上記銅をスパッタリングした石英ガラス7の中央部に5mm×5mmの窓を形成し、その他の窓が露出するように他の部分を耐熱性を有するポリイミドフィルムでマスキングした。
上記の第II工程で得られた基板をホットプレートの上に載せ100~150℃に加熱してキャスト法により、上記第7工程で得られたPANIのトルエン溶液にグラフェンを加えた塗布液を乾燥厚100nm~500nmの厚さに塗布して製膜してp型有機半導体材料層を形成した。図8にp型半導体ポリマー材料(ポリアニリン、グラフェン)粒子のSEM写真を示す。倍率は20000倍である
第IV工程
上記第III工程と同様の条件でpnバルク層4(主成分; チタン酸ストロンチウム)をキャスト法により形成した。膜厚は10~50nmである。
上記第IV工程で形成したpnバルク層4の表面に厚さ100~500nmのn型有機半導体層3を上記と同様の条件でキャスト法により形成した。なお、n型有機半導体層3はフラーレン、フタロシアニン(H2Pc)、グラフェン、酸化モリブデンを用いて調製した。図9に、n型ナノカーボン材料(C60フラーレン、グラフェン、H2Pc(フタロシアニン)、酸化モリブデン)粒子のSEM写真を示す。倍率は40000倍である。
ホットプレートの温度を40~50℃に調整し、上記n型有機半導体層3の表面に緩衝剤(BCP)2をキャスト法により形成した。緩衝剤バソクプロイン(BCP)2の厚さは5nm~15nmである。
上記のようにして形成した18mm×18mm基板の一辺のマスクを剥がして、新しいポリイミド耐熱テープで貼り直した後、石英ガラス全面にアルミニウムを100~500nmの厚さでスパッタリングして集電極(アルミニウム)1を形成した。この集電極(アルミニウム)1は、この発電素子の負極となる。
上記のようにして新しく貼り直したポリイミド耐熱テープを残して、三辺のポリイミド耐熱テープを剥がして、最初にスパッタリングした銅からなる集電極(銅)1を露出させた。この集電極(銅)6はこの発電素子の正極となる。
上記のようにして露出した集電極(銅)6に導電ペースト(商品名;ドータイト、藤倉化成(株)製)を塗布して銅細線を引き出し正極とし、集電極(アルミニウム)1にも同様にして導電ペーストを塗布して銅細線を引き出して負極とした。
上記のようにして引き出された正極および負極をそれぞれオシロスコープの電極に接続し、図6の下面の石英ガラス側から熱電磁波を入射して、発電量を測定した。
0.0023V×50ピクセル=0.115V、
0.0038V×50ピクセル=0.19V
になり、本実施例では1ピクセル当りの起電圧は3.5mVであったので、本実施例における太陽電池1セル(25mm2)の起電圧は、
0.0035V×50ピクセル=0.175Vであった。
0.115V×100個=11.5V
0.19V×100個=19V
になり、ここを流れる電流値を0.001Aとすると、
このセルにより発電される電力は、
11.5V×0.001A=0.0115W=11.5mW
19V×0.001A=0.019W=19mW
になる。
11.5mW×228個=2.62W
19mW×228個=4.33W
の電力を供給することができる。
11.5mW×40000=460W=0.46kW
19mW×40000=760W=0.76kW
の電力が得られる。
17.5mW×40000=700W=0.7kWの電力が得られた。
強誘電体物質(チタン酸ストロンチウム等)をグラフェン等のイオン吸着物質で被覆した層と、イオン供給物質(例えばグラフェンと結合したアルカリ金属塩)の層とをバナジン酸塩などの固体電解質を挟んで設置したイオン分子の吸着と強誘電体の電化蓄積とを利用した蓄電素子(二次電池)の製造例
第i工程
18mm×18mmの石英カバーガラスを基板86として用いて、この基板86の全面に純銅をターゲットとして用いてスパッタリング処理を行い厚さ100nm~500nmの厚さのスパッタリング膜を形成した。このスパッタリング膜(銅)は集電極(銅)85となり、電極ともなる。
上記第i工程で形成された銅のスパッタリング膜の表面に、5mm×5mmの開口部を形成するようにポリイミド耐熱テープを周囲に貼着してマスキングした。
イオン供給物質としてアルカリ金属塩の中から塩化カリウムを選択し、固相の状態で、グラフェン粉末と塩化カリウムをメノウ乳鉢で1時間以上擂り合わせ、得られた粉末をN-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)に分散させてキャスト液を調製し、このキャスト液を上記第ii工程で形成した5mm×5mmの開口部に塗布してイオン供給物質層83cを形成した。このイオン供給物質層83cの厚さは100nm~500nmである。
ナトリウム(Na) :-2.714V
リチウム(Li) :-3.045V
第iv工程
固体電解質としてバナジン酸塩を主剤としたアモルファス構造のイオン導電物質をパラフィンオイルを接着剤としてペースト状に練り合わせ、プシュコート法で製膜して固体電解質層83bを形成した。この固体電解質膜の厚さは50nm~100nmである。
強誘電体であるチタン酸ストロンチウムとイオン吸着物質としてグラフェンを用いてメカノケミカル手法により混合・合成し、N-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)に分散させてキャスト液を調製し、このキャスト液を固体電解質層83b上にキャスティングして強誘電体層83aを形成した。この強誘電体層83aの厚さは100nm~500nmである。
基板86の表面に貼着したポリイミド耐熱テープの一辺を剥がして、新しいポリイミド耐熱テープを貼着し直し、基板86の全面にアルミニウムをターゲットとして用いたスパッタリング処理により集電極(アルミニウム)81を形成した。この集電極(アルミニウム)81の厚さは100nm~500nmであり、且つ電極でおる。
第vi工程で貼着し直したポリイミド耐熱テープを残して他の三辺のテープを剥がしてスパッタリング膜(銅)からなる集電極(銅)85を露出させた。この集電極(銅)85は、本発明の二次電池において正極となる。また上記第vi工程で形成した集電極(アルミニウム)81は本発明の二次電池においては負極となる。
上記のようにして露出した集電極(銅)86に導電ペースト(商品名;ドータイト、藤倉化成(株)製)を塗布して銅細線を引き出し正極とし、集電極(アルミニウム)81にも同様にして導電ペーストを塗布して銅細線を引き出して負極として、充電放電特性を測定した。
充電電圧=1.6V
充電電流=1.5mA
放電時付加抵抗=100Ω±5%
結果を、表4に示すとともに図12に示す。
〔実施例3〕
図13に示すように発電層と蓄電層とを組み合わせた蓄電効果を有する光電管素子の実施例。
18mm×18mmの石英カバーガラスを基板98として用いて、この基板98の全面に純銅をターゲットとして用いてスパッタリング処理を行い厚さ100nm~500nmの厚さのスパッタリング膜を形成した。このスパッタリング膜(銅)は集電極(銅)97となり、電極ともなる。
上記第a工程で形成された銅のスパッタリング膜の表面に、5mm×5mmの開口部を形成するようにポリイミド耐熱テープを周囲に貼着してマスキングした。
p型有機半導体をホットプレートで上記第b工程で基板を100~150℃しいに加熱してキャスト法により製膜したこのp型有機半導体層96の厚さは100~500nmである。
pnバルク層材料を上記第c工程で実施したのと同じ条件でキャスト法により製膜したてpnバルク層95を形成した。
膜圧は10~50nmである。
n型有機半導体材料と、イオン供給物質としてアルカリ金属塩の中から塩化カリウムを選択し、グラフェン粉末と固相の状態でアルミナ乳鉢あるいはメノウ乳鉢を用いて1時間以上擂潰して、得られた粉末を有機溶媒であるN-メチル-2-ピロリドンに分散させてキャスティング法により塗布したてn型有機半導体層94を形成した。膜厚は、100~500nmであった。
固体電解質としてバナジン酸塩を主剤としたアモルファス構造のイオン導電物質をパラフィンオイルを接着剤としてペースト状に練り合わせ、プシュコート法で製膜して固体電解質層93を形成した。この固体電解質膜の厚さは50nm~100nmである。
強誘電体であるチタン酸ストロンチウムとイオン吸着物質としてグラフェンを用いてメカノケミカル手法により混合・合成し、N-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)に分散させてキャスト液を調製し、このキャスト液を固体電解質層92上にキャスティングして強誘電体層92aを形成した。この強誘電体92の厚さは100nm~500nmである。
基板の表面に貼着したポリイミド耐熱テープの一辺を剥がして、新しいポリイミド耐熱テープを貼着し直し、基板の全面にアルミニウムをターゲットとして用いたスパッタリング処理により集電極(アルミニウム)91を形成した。この集電極(アルミニウム)91の厚さは100nm~500nmであり、且つ電極である。
第h工程で貼着し直したポリイミド耐熱テープを残して他の三辺のテープを剥がしてスパッタリング膜(銅)からなる集電極(銅)98を析出させた。この集電極(銅)85は、本発明の二次電池において正極となる。また上記第a工程で形成した集電極(アルミニウム)91本発明の二次電池においては負極となる。
上記のようにして露出した集電極(銅)98に導電ペースト(商品名;ドータイト、藤倉化成(株)製)を塗布して銅細線を引き出し負極とし、集電極(アルミニウム)91にも同様にして導電ペーストを塗布して銅細線を引き出して正極として、充電放電特性を測定した。
充電電圧=1.6V
充電電流=1.5mA
放電時付加抵抗=100Ω±5%
結果を、図14示す。
2・・・緩衝剤(BCP)
3・・・n型有機半導体
4・・・pnバルク層
5・・・p型有機半導体(ポリアニリン薄膜)
6・・・集電極(銅)
7・・・基板(石英カラス)
10・・・光電変換素子
11・・・プラス電極
12・・・基板層
14・・・集電極
16・・・n型化合物半導体層
18・・・p型化合物半導体層
20・・・pnバルク化合物半導体層
22・・・二次電池プラス極
24・・・表面保護層
42・・・二次電池マイナス極面
44・・・強誘電体層(第一電解層)
46・・・固体電解質層
48・・・イオン供給物質層(イオン供給物質層)
50・・・二次電池プラス極面
52a、62b・・・絶縁層
62・・・マイナス電極端子
64・・・プラス電極端子
69・・・導線
70・・・蓄放電能力を有する光電変換素子
80・・・二次電池
81・・・集電極(アルミニウム)
82・・・二次電池マイナス極面
83a・・・強誘電体層
83b・・・固体電解質層
83c・・・イオン供給物質層
84・・・二次電池プラス極面
85・・・集電極(銅)(基板層)
86・・・基板(石英ガラス)
91・・・集電極(アルミニウム)
92・・・共誘電体層(チタン酸ストロンチウム+グラフェン+酸化モリブデン)
93・・・固体電解層(バナジン酸塩含有)
94・・・n型有機半導体〔(フラーレン、フタロシアニン、グラフェン、酸化モリブデン)+イオン供給物質(グラフェン+アルカリ金属円)〕
95・・・pnバルク層
96・・・p型有機半導体層(ポリアニリン薄膜)
97・・・集電極(銅)
98・・・基板(石英ガラス)
Claims (33)
- 出力電極のマイナス極に接続する導電性金属からなる基板層と、該基板層の一方の面に接合して形成された集電極と、該集電極に接続して形成されたフラーレン類を含有する誘電性組成物からなるn型化合物半導体層と、該n型化合物半導体層に接触して形成されたp型化合物半導体層と、該n型化合物半導体層およびp型化合物半導体層の間に形成され、該n型化合物半導体層およびp型化合物半導体層に間欠的に接触するpnバルク層と、絶縁層を介して基板層の他方の面に形成されたプラス極とを有し、該プラス電極が、集電極、pnバルク層およびn型化合物半導体層と絶縁状態で、p型化合物半導体層と電気的に接続していることを特徴とする光電変換素子。
- 上記集電極の表面に、グラフェン層、グラファイト層およびカーボンナノチューブ層よりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一種類の層を介してn型化合物半導体層が形成されていることを特徴とする請求項1記載の光電変換素子。
- 上記n型化合物半導体層を形成するフラーレン類を含有する誘電性組成物が、少なくともC60フラーレンおよび/またはC70フラーレンと、導電性ポリマーと、有機顔料とを含み、これらの少なくとも一部が結合して該n型化合物半導体層内を電子移動可能にしていることを特徴とする請求項1記載の光電変換素子。
- 上記n型化合物半導体層を形成するフラーレン類の少なくとも一部が分子回転可能に該n型化合物半導体層に含有されていることを特徴とする請求項1記載の光電変換素子。
- 上記p型化合物半導体層が、正孔を形成するドーパントを含有する二酸化ケイ素からなる酸化物から形成された透明蒸着膜であることを特徴とする請求項1記載の光電変換素子。
- 上記基板層が、銅から形成されていることを特徴とする請求項1記載の光電変換素子。
- 上記集電極が金属アルミニウム蒸着層からなることを特徴とする請求項1記載の光電変換素子。
- 上記pnバルク層が、チタン酸鉛、チタン酸ジルコン酸鉛(II)、チタン酸ストロンチウムよりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一種類の誘電体を含む強誘電体層であることを特徴とする請求項1記載の光電変化素子。
- 上記フラーレン類が、C60、C62、C68、C70、C80、C82およびカーボンナノチューブ(CNT)がよりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一種類のフラ-レン若しくはこれらのフラーレン類にアルカリ金属および/またはアルカリ土類金属がドープまたはインターカレントしたものであるか、金属を内包するものであることを特徴とする請求項1記載の光電変換素子。
- 上記n型化合物半導体層に含まれるフラーレン類が振動しながらpnバルク層に接触しており、該光電変換素子が、該pnバルク層に対する振動接触によるピエゾ効果により発生する起電力をも利用することを特徴とする請求項1記載の光電変換素子。
- 上記光電変換素子が、パネル表面の負極と、パネル裏面の正極との間の温度差に起因するゼーベック効果により発生する起電力をも利用することを特徴とする請求項1記載の光電変換素子。
- 出力電極のマイナス極に接続する導電性金属からなる基板層と、該基板層の一方の面に接合して形成された集電極と、該集電極に接続して形成されたフラーレン類を含有する誘電性組成物からなるn型化合物半導体層と、該n型化合物半導体層に接触して形成されたp型化合物半導体層と、該n型化合物半導体層およびp型化合物半導体層の間に形成され、該n型化合物半導体層およびp型化合物半導体層に間欠的に接触するpnバルク層とを有し、
該基板層の他方の面に二次電池が配置されており、
該二次電池は、上記集電極および基板層を含んで形成されてなり、必要により該基板層の他方の面に積層された二次電池マイナス極面と、該二次電池マイナス極面に積層された強誘電体層と、固体電解質層と、該固体電解質層を介して形成されたイオン供給物質層と、該イオン供給物質層と接触して必要により積層された、C60フラーレン、C70フラーレン、グラフェン、グラファイトおよびカーボンナノチューブ(CNT)よりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一種類の導電性材料からなる二次電池プラス極面と、上記p型化合物半導体層と接続する二次電池の出力電極のプラス極が形成されていることを特徴とする蓄放電能力を有する光電変換素子。 - 上記強誘電体層およびイオン供給物質層が、イオン供給成分をを含むことを特徴とする請求項12記載の蓄放電能力を有する光電変換素子。
- 上記集電極の表面に、グラフェン層、グラファイト層およびカーボンナノチューブ層よりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一種類の層を介してn型化合物半導体層が形成されていることを特徴とする請求項12記載の蓄放電能力を有する光電変換素子。
- 上記n型化合物半導体層を形成するフラーレン類を含有する誘電性組成物が、少なくともC60フラーレンおよび/またはC70フラーレンと、導電性ポリマーと、有機顔料とを含み、これらの少なくとも一部が結合して該n型化合物半導体層内を電子移動可能にしていることを特徴とする請求項12記載の蓄放電能力を有する光電変換素子。
- 上記n型化合物半導体層を形成するフラーレン類の少なくとも一部が分子回転可能に該n型化合物半導体層に含有されていることを特徴とする請求項12記載の蓄放電能力を有する光電変換素子。
- 上記p型化合物半導体層が、正孔を形成するドーパントを含有する二酸化ケイ素からなる酸化物から形成された透明蒸着膜であることを特徴とする請求項12記載の蓄放電能力を有する光電変換素子。
- 上記基板層が、銅から形成されていることを特徴とする請求項12記載の蓄放電能力を有する光電変換素子。
- 上記集電極が金属アルミニウム蒸着層からなることを特徴とする請求項12記載の蓄放電能力を有する光電変換素子。
- 上記pnバルク層が、チタン酸鉛、チタン酸ジルコン酸鉛(II)、チタン酸ストロンチウムよりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一種類の誘電体を含む強誘電体層であることを特徴とする請求項12記載の蓄放電能力を有する光電変換素子。
- 上記フラーレン類が、C60、C62、C68、C70、C80、C82およびカーボンナノチューブ(CNT)がよりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一種類のフラ-レン若しくはこれらのフラーレン類にアルカリ金属および/またはアルカリ土類金属がドープまたはインターカレントしたものであるか、金属を内包するものであることを特徴とする請求項12記載の蓄放電能力を有する光電変換素子。
- 上記n型化合物半導体層に含まれるフラーレン類が振動しながらpnバルク層に接触しており、該光電変換素子が、該pnバルク層に対する振動接触によるピエゾ効果により発生する起電力をも利用することを特徴とする請求項12記載の蓄放電能力を有する光電変換素
子。 - 上記光電変換素子が、パネル表面のマイナス極と、パネル裏面のプラス極との間の温度差に起因するゼーベック効果により発生する起電力をも利用することを特徴とする請求項12記載の蓄放電能力を有する光電変換素子。
- 上記二次電池マイナス極面が、リン、ホウ素およびフッ素よりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一種類の原子がドープされた二酸化ケイ素であることを特徴とする請求項12記載の蓄放電能力を有する光電変換素子。
- 一方の面に蒸着された集電極を有する基板層の他方の面に積層された二酸化ケイ素を含有する金属酸化物からなる二次電池マイナス極面と、該二次電池マイナス極面に積層された、イオン性液体電解質を含む強誘電体層と、固体電解質層と、該固体電解質層を介して形成された、イオン性液体電解質を含むイオン供給物質層と、該イオン供給物質層と接触して積層された、C60フラーレン、C70フラーレン、グラフェン、グラファイトおよびカーボンナノチューブ(CNT)よりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一種類の導電性材料からなる二次電池プラス極面と、該二次電池プラス極面と接続してプラス電極が配置されてなり、上記基板層からマイナス電極端子が導出され、該プラス電極からプラス電極端子が導出されていることを特徴とする二次電池。
- 上記強誘電体層およびイオン供給物質層が、それぞれ独立に、さらにカチオン高分子電解質、アニオン分子電解質およびフラーレン電解質よりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一種類の非水系電解質を含むことを特徴とする請求項26記載の二次電池。
- 上記基板層が、銅から形成されていることを特徴とする請求項26記載の二次電池。
- 上記集電極が金属アルミニウム蒸着層からなることを特徴とする請求項26記載の二次電池。
- 上記フラーレン類が、C60、C62、C68、C70、C80、C82およびカーボンナノチューブ(CNT)がよりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一種類のフラ-レン若しくはこれらのフラーレン類にアルカリ金属および/またはアルカリ土類金属がドープまたはインターカレントしたものであるか、金属を内包するものであることを特徴とする請求項26記載の二次電池。
- 上記固体電解質層が、逆浸透膜であることを特徴とする請求項26記載の二次電池。
- 上記イオン供給物資が、アルカリ金属のハロゲン化物であることを特徴とする請求項26に記載の二次電池。
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CN108352257A (zh) * | 2015-11-17 | 2018-07-31 | 国立大学法人名古屋大学 | 光电转换装置 |
JP2019127584A (ja) * | 2018-01-19 | 2019-08-01 | 出光興産株式会社 | 組成物、電磁波シールドシート及びその製造方法、電磁波シールド材及びその製造方法、電磁波レーダー並びに車両制御装置 |
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SE537191C2 (sv) * | 2013-05-31 | 2015-03-03 | Scania Cv Ab | Intrinsiskt överladdningsskydd för battericell |
WO2016095769A1 (zh) * | 2014-12-19 | 2016-06-23 | 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 | 一种离子电导率测试装置及采用其的测试方法 |
US10020439B2 (en) * | 2015-05-28 | 2018-07-10 | Honda Motor Co., Ltd. | Electrostrictive element |
JP6872388B2 (ja) * | 2016-05-19 | 2021-05-19 | 株式会社日本マイクロニクス | 二次電池の製造方法 |
KR102466675B1 (ko) * | 2017-08-25 | 2022-11-14 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 탄소 복합체, 이를 포함하는 전극 및 리튬-공기 전지, 및 탄소 복합체 제조방법 |
TWI613804B (zh) * | 2017-09-04 | 2018-02-01 | 友達光電股份有限公司 | 光感測裝置 |
CN109994613A (zh) * | 2017-12-29 | 2019-07-09 | 浙江沐光新能源科技有限公司 | 一种聚合物太阳能电池的活性层制备方法 |
KR102712563B1 (ko) | 2019-11-18 | 2024-10-02 | 삼성디스플레이 주식회사 | 양자점, 이를 포함하는 조성물 또는 복합체, 패턴화된 막, 및 이를 포함하는 표시 소자 |
CN115911757B (zh) * | 2023-03-08 | 2023-07-11 | 宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司 | 二次电池和用电装置 |
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- 2014-04-11 TW TW103113363A patent/TW201505082A/zh unknown
- 2014-04-11 JP JP2015511312A patent/JP6362143B2/ja active Active
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Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN108352257A (zh) * | 2015-11-17 | 2018-07-31 | 国立大学法人名古屋大学 | 光电转换装置 |
JP2019127584A (ja) * | 2018-01-19 | 2019-08-01 | 出光興産株式会社 | 組成物、電磁波シールドシート及びその製造方法、電磁波シールド材及びその製造方法、電磁波レーダー並びに車両制御装置 |
JP7176947B2 (ja) | 2018-01-19 | 2022-11-22 | 出光興産株式会社 | 組成物、電磁波シールドシート及びその製造方法、電磁波シールド材及びその製造方法、電磁波レーダー並びに車両制御装置 |
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JPWO2014168234A1 (ja) | 2017-02-16 |
KR20150143548A (ko) | 2015-12-23 |
TW201505082A (zh) | 2015-02-01 |
CN105190909A (zh) | 2015-12-23 |
US20160072071A1 (en) | 2016-03-10 |
JP6362143B2 (ja) | 2018-07-25 |
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