Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods
  • A61B17/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for ligaturing or otherwise compressing tubular parts of the body, e.g. blood vessels or umbilical cord
  • A61B17/12022—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires
  • A61B17/12131—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the type of occluding device
  • A61B17/12181—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the type of occluding device formed by fluidized, gelatinous or cellular remodelable materials, e.g. embolic liquids, foams or extracellular matrices
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods
  • A61B17/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for ligaturing or otherwise compressing tubular parts of the body, e.g. blood vessels or umbilical cord
  • A61B17/12022—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires
  • A61B17/12099—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the location of the occluder
  • A61B17/12122—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the location of the occluder within the heart
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods
  • A61B17/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for ligaturing or otherwise compressing tubular parts of the body, e.g. blood vessels or umbilical cord
  • A61B17/12022—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires
  • A61B17/12131—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the type of occluding device
  • A61B17/1214—Coils or wires
  • A61B17/12145—Coils or wires having a pre-set deployed three-dimensional shape
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods
  • A61B17/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for ligaturing or otherwise compressing tubular parts of the body, e.g. blood vessels or umbilical cord
  • A61B17/12022—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires
  • A61B17/12131—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the type of occluding device
  • A61B17/1214—Coils or wires
  • A61B17/1215—Coils or wires comprising additional materials, e.g. thrombogenic, having filaments, having fibers, being coated
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods
  • A61B17/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for ligaturing or otherwise compressing tubular parts of the body, e.g. blood vessels or umbilical cord
  • A61B17/12022—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires
  • A61B17/12131—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the type of occluding device
  • A61B17/12159—Solid plugs; being solid before insertion
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods
  • A61B17/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for ligaturing or otherwise compressing tubular parts of the body, e.g. blood vessels or umbilical cord
  • A61B17/12022—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires
  • A61B17/12131—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the type of occluding device
  • A61B17/12168—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the type of occluding device having a mesh structure
  • A61B17/12172—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the type of occluding device having a mesh structure having a pre-set deployed three-dimensional shape
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods
  • A61B17/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for ligaturing or otherwise compressing tubular parts of the body, e.g. blood vessels or umbilical cord
  • A61B17/12022—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires
  • A61B17/12131—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the type of occluding device
  • A61B17/12168—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the type of occluding device having a mesh structure
  • A61B17/12177—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the type of occluding device having a mesh structure comprising additional materials, e.g. thrombogenic, having filaments, having fibers or being coated
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods
  • A61B17/00491—Surgical glue applicators
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods
  • A61B17/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for ligaturing or otherwise compressing tubular parts of the body, e.g. blood vessels or umbilical cord
  • A61B17/12022—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires
  • A61B17/12131—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the type of occluding device
  • A61B17/12136—Balloons
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods
  • A61B17/00491—Surgical glue applicators
  • A61B2017/00495—Surgical glue applicators for two-component glue
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods
  • A61B17/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for ligaturing or otherwise compressing tubular parts of the body, e.g. blood vessels or umbilical cord
  • A61B17/12022—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires
  • A61B2017/1205—Introduction devices
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods
  • A61B17/22—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; for invasive removal or destruction of calculus using mechanical vibrations; for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for
  • A61B2017/22038—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; for invasive removal or destruction of calculus using mechanical vibrations; for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for with a guide wire
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods
  • A61B17/22—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; for invasive removal or destruction of calculus using mechanical vibrations; for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for
  • A61B2017/22038—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; for invasive removal or destruction of calculus using mechanical vibrations; for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for with a guide wire
  • A61B2017/22047—Means for immobilising the guide wire in the patient
  • A61B2017/22048—Balloons
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
  • A61B90/06—Measuring instruments not otherwise provided for
  • A61B2090/064—Measuring instruments not otherwise provided for for measuring force, pressure or mechanical tension

Definitions

• the embodiments disclosed herein relate to devices and methods for occluding the left atrial appendage (LAA) to prevent blood from clotting within the LAA and subsequently embolizing, particularly in patients with atrial fibrillation.
• LAA left atrial appendage
• Atrial fibrillation is a condition in which the normal beating of the left atrium (LA) is chaotic and ineffective.
• the left atrial appendage (LAA) is a blind pouch off the LA.
• LAA left atrial appendage
• clots or clot fragments
• a stroke occurs when clot/clot fragment embolizes and occludes one of the arteries perfusing the brain.
• Anticoagulants e.g. Coumadin, have been shown to significantly reduce the stroke risk in Afib patients. These drugs reduce clot formation but also increased bleeding complications including hemorrhagic strokes, subdural hematoma and bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract.
• the prior art devices are metal structures which are circular in cross section and are made to expand to fill the LAA ostium. These devices are offered in many sizes and must be closely matched to the highly variable LAA anatomy. This is difficult to do using fluoroscopy and often requires adjunctive imaging in the form of transesophageal echocardiography, cardiac CT and M I, all with three dimensional reconstructions. If the device is significantly oversized, the LAA ostium may become overstretched leading to tearing resulting in bleeding into the pericardial space. If the device is too small, it will not adequately seal the ostium and may be prone to embolization. Even if sized correctly, the device forces the oval LAA ostium to take the round shape of the device, often resulting in residual leakage at the edges due to poor sealing.
• LAA left atrial appendage
• vascular system vascular system
• Foams are described that are collapsed for delivery and then expand in place in the LAA. Anchoring of these plugs are made by tissue ingrowth from the LAA into the foams, adhesives, barbs or distal anchoring elements.
• Foam plugs are described that are encapsulated with jackets that are sufficiently strong to enable handling of the plugs without tearing and also to encourage the creation of a neointima on at least the proximal, LA facing side.
• a left atrial appendage occlusion device comprising an expandable, open cell foam body having a proximal end, a distal end and a side wall.
• a skin covers at least the proximal (atrial) end of the body, and an expandable lumen extends through the body.
• the lumen can support a portion of a delivery catheter and/or a guidewire, but collapses to a near zero cross sectional area when such components are removed. This feature reduces the likelihood of emboli forming within the central lumen and dislodging into the bloodstream.
• the body is compressible within a delivery catheter having an inside diameter of no more than about 20 F and can self expand to a diameter of at least about 25 mm when released from the delivery catheter.
• the skin comprises ePTFE.
• the skin may extend throughout the length of the guidewire lumen, and may additionally cover at least a portion of the distal end as well as the proximal end of the body.
• the skin comprises a tubular ePTFE sleeve, which extends through the guidewire lumen in the open cell foam body, and everts back over the outside of the body, for connection to itself to encase the open cell foam body and line the guidewire lumen.
• tissue ingrowth surface is provided on the side wall of the body, such as by providing at least one aperture through the skin to place the open cell foam body in direct contact with adjacent tissue.
• the tissue ingrowth surface may comprise at least about 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% or more of the surface area of the side wall of the body.
• At least one radiopaque marker may be provided, such as a radiopaque wire or thread, and/or the foam and/or skin can be loaded with or impregnated with a radiopaque filler such as barium sulfate, bismuth subcarbonate, or tungsten to permit fluoroscopic visualization.
• a radiopaque filler such as barium sulfate, bismuth subcarbonate, or tungsten to permit fluoroscopic visualization.
• At least one or two or more tissue penetrating elements or other anchors may be provided.
• a left atrial appendage closure system comprising a delivery catheter, comprising an elongate flexible tubular body, having a proximal end and a distal end and at least one lumen extending therethrough.
• a self-expandable open cell foam body compressed within the distal end of the delivery catheter carries a skin covering at least a portion of the body, and a guidewire extending through the body.
• An axially moveable deployment control such as a push wire extends through the lumen, for deploying the foam body from the distal end of the closure system.
• the system may additionally comprise a guidewire, having an inflatable balloon thereon.
• at least one tissue ingrowth area is provided on the body, such as by exposing the open cell foam body through at least one window in the skin.
• FIG. 1 shows the anatomy of the left atrium and left atrial appendage.
• FIG. 2 shows a left atrial appendage with one foam plug embodiment in place that uses adhesive.
• FIG. 3 shows an x-ray image of a foam plug.
• FIG. 5 shows a screw anchor
• FIG. 6 shows a longitudinal cross section of a foam plug embodiment.
• FIG. 7 shows an LAA cross section.
• FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of a guide catheter approaching the ostium to the left atrial appendage.
• FIG. 9 is an illustration as in FIG. 8, with a guidewire placed within the left atrial appendage.
• FIG. 10 is an illustration as in FIG. 9, with an inflatable balloon at the distal region of the guidewire positioned within the left atrial appendage.
• FIG. 11 is an illustration as in FIG. 10, with the guide catheter advanced distally along the guidewire and into the left atrial appendage.
• FIG. 12 is an illustration as in FIG. 11, showing the occlusion device and pusher positioned within the guide catheter.
• FIG. 13 is an illustration as in FIG. 12, showing the occlusion device partially deployed exiting the guide catheter.
• FIG. 14 is an illustration as in FIG. 13, with the occlusion device fully deployed within the left atrial appendage.
• FIG. 15 is an illustration as in FIG. 14, showing the deployment of adhesives or other anchoring structures to retain the occlusion device within the left atrial appendage.
• FIG. 16 shows a plug occlusive device in longitudinal cross section using metal and foam.
• FIG. 17 shows a plug using metal coils and foam.
• FIG. 18 shows a plug using a single metal coil.
• FIG. 19 shows a plug with a dilating distal tip.
• FIG. 20 shows a plug with proximal and distal caps.
• FIG. 21 shows a plug adhesive delivery system
• FIG. 22 shows the delivery of an expanding foam system.
• FIG. 23 shows a plug with barbs.
• FIG. 24 shows a plug with a retrieval suture attachment.
• FIGS. 25 A and 25 B show a distal anchoring system.
• FIG. 26 shows an alternative distal anchoring system.
• the heart 100 is shown in FIG. 1 with the left atrial appendage (LAA) 102 which is a cavity emanating from the left atrium (LA) 104.
• LAA 102 is quite variable in shape in all dimensions. If the heart is not beating normally, a condition called atrial fibrillation, blood within the LAA becomes stagnant which promotes clot formation. If blood clots within the LAA, the clots may pass from the LAA 102 to the LA 104, to the left ventricle 106 and out of the heart 100 into the aorta. Vessels that bring blood to the brain branch off the aorta. If the clot passes to the brain via these vessels, it may get stuck and occlude a small vessel in the brain which then causes an ischemic stroke. Strokes have severe morbidities associated with them.
• the opening of the LAA 102 to the LA 104 is called an ostium 110.
• the object of this invention is to occlude the ostium 110 thereby sealing off the LA 104 from the LAA 102.
• the ostium 110 is oval, highly variable and dependent of loading conditions, i.e., left atrial pressure.
• the occlusion device or plug 204 is placed within the LAA 200 at its opening to the LA 202.
• the plug 204 comprises an expandable media such as an open cell foam which enables collapse and expansion of the plug and also to enhance ingrowth of tissue into the foam.
• the foam plug 204 is at least partially encapsulated within a thin strong layer 206 such as ePTFE (expanded polytetrafluoroethylene), polyolefin or polyester.
• ePTFE expanded polytetrafluoroethylene
• polyolefin polyolefin
• bioabsorbable materials could be utilized such as PLA, PGA, PCL, PHA, or collagen.
• This thin encapsulating layer can be oriented or otherwise modified to be elastomeric in at least one direction, such as radially.
• the plug may be made of polyurethane, polyolefin, PVA, collagen foams or blends thereof.
• One suitable material is a polycarbonate-polyurethane urea foam with a pore size of 100-250um and 90-95% void content.
• the foam could be non- degradable or use a degradable material such as PLA, PGA, PCL, PHA, and/or collagen. If degradable, the tissue from the LAA will grow into the foam plug and replace the foam over time.
• the plug 204 may be cylindrical in shape in an unconstrained expansion but may also be conical with its distal end smaller than the proximal end or reversed. It could also be oval in cross section to better match the opening of the LAA.
• the expandable foam implant of the present invention conforms to the native configuration of the left atrial appendage.
• the structure of the foam may be fabricated such that squeezing axially on the opposing ends of the foam causes the foam to increase in diameter.
• the implant is provided with proximal and distal end caps of ePTFE, joined together by two or three or four or more axially extending strips of ePTFE.
• the axially extending strips are spaced apart from each other circumferentially, to provide at least two or three or four or more laterally facing windows through which the open cell foam body will be in direct contact with the tissue wall of the left atrial appendage.
• This outer covering could be a mesh or netting as well.
• the covering 2004 is only on the proximal and distal faces of the plug 2000. They may be glued to the foam plug and then crimped to the center tube 2002.
• FIG. 6 A cross section of one embodiment is shown in FIG. 6 with foam plug 600 and the left atrium face 602 and the LAA face 610.
• the ePTFE material 604 encapsulates the foam plug 600 and its open ends are connected with an attachment structure such as a wire, suture or tubular crimp 606 over an inner tube 608.
• the inner tube 608 may be made of an implant grade stainless steel such as 304 or 316 grades or a cobalt-chromium alloy such as MP35n and the crimp 606 may be made of annealed 304 or 316 stainless steel or a cobalt-chromium alloy such as MP35n. This crimp also serves as an element which can be snared should the device need to be removed.
• Placement of the device is shown in FIG. 7 through 15.
• the left atrium (LA) must first be accessed from the venous system.
• One approach is to use a Brockenbrough-style needle to puncture the atrial septum to access the LA from the right atrium (RA).
• the basic needle-puncture technique is performed obtaining venous access typically via the right femoral vein.
• a Mullins sheath and dilator are then tracked over a 0.025" or 0.032" guide wire previously placed in the superior vena cava (SVC).
• SVC superior vena cava
• Fluoroscopic and echocardiographic imaging such as transesophageal echo (TEE) or intracardiac echo (ICE), are typically utilized. If echo is not utilized, it is common to also place a pigtail catheter in the aortic root to define the location of the aortic valve, a step not necessary when using echo.
• TEE transesophageal echo
• ICE intracardiac
• the guide wire is removed and a trans-septal needle is placed through the dilator.
• the needle contains a stylette to prevent skiving off of polymeric material from the dilator lumen as it traverses to the tip.
• the stylette is removed and the needle is connected to a manifold and flushed.
• the Mullins sheath/dilator set and the needle are retracted into the SVC toward the RA as a unit. As the system is withdrawn down the wall of the SVC into the RA and positioned in the fossa ovale, the preferred puncture location.
• the plug 1204 may be initially located at the distal end of the guide catheter 1200 as shown in FIG. 12.
• the guidewire 1210 passes through the center of the plug 1204 and in this mode, the pusher 1202 only needs to push the plug a short ways to deploy it into the LAA.
• FIG. 18 Another LAA plug is shown in FIG. 18 as a spring like implant wire 1800 that is covered with foam 1802 to encourage ingrowth.
• the proximal face of the implant is covered with a sheet of ePTFE or other tissue scaffolding material.
• This implant may be stretched out for delivery and released in place.
• a low porosity outer bag without perforations could be placed in the LAA and then filled with a substance to provide the radial expansion. This substance may be a hydrogel, cellulose or polyvinylacetate.
• the distal crimp element 1902 may be formed in a tapered manner such that it extends from the distal end of the catheter 1200 and serves as a dilating tip to dilate the opening in the septum as the catheter is advanced. See Figure 19.
• An alternative plug design uses a foam such as cellulose sponge material that is compacted and dehydrated such that it can be packed into the guide catheter.
• This foam material 2202 may be packed into the guide catheter as shown in FIG. 22.
• the foam plug 2202 is then advanced from the distal end of the guide catheter 2204 with a plunger 2206 into the LAA.
• the plug exits the guide catheter and opens to a disc shape 2210.
• Expansion ratios for compressed cellulose materials may be as high as 17: 1, expanded to compressed length.
• barbs 2302 in FIG. 23 may be unidirectional or bidirectional to resist movement in either the proximal or distal direction. These barbs are embedded into the foam plug and may be .1 to 1 mm in height. It may be desirable to place the plug then engage the barbs as a secondary step.
• One such embodiment could include a multitude of nitinol barb wires with a ball or catch welded proximal to the barb tip. These could be gathered with the delivery catheter within a sleeve or suture then released when the ideal plug position has been confirmed.
• the pericardial space may be irrigated with saline, preferably with a saline-lidocaine solution to provide additional anesthesia and reduce the risk of irritating the heart.
• the occlusion device may thereafter be introduced through the sheath, and through an access pathway created through the wall of the LAA. Closure of the wall and access pathway may thereafter be accomplished using techniques understood in the art.
• Useful bioactive agents can include those that modulate thrombosis, those that encourage cellular ingrowth, throughgrowth, and endothelialization, and potentially those that resist infection.
• agents that may promote endothelial, smooth muscle, fibroblast, and/or other cellular growth into the implant including collagen (Type I or II), heparin, a combination of collagen and heparin, extracellular matrix (ECM), fibronectin, laminin, vitronectin, peptides or other biological molecules that serve as chemoattractants, moleculesMCP- 1, VEGF, FGF-2 and TGF-beta, recombinant human growth factors, and/or plasma treatment with various gases.
• Anti-thrombotics can typically be separated into anti-coagulants and anti-patelet agents.
• Anti-Coagulants include inhibitors of factor(s) within the coagulation cascade an include heparin, heparin fragments and fractions as well as inhibitors of thrombin including hirudin, hirudin derivatives, dabigatran, argatroban and bivalrudin and Factor X inhibitors such as low molecular weight heparin, rivaroxaban, apixaban.
• Antiplatelet agents include GP 2b/3a inbitors such as epifibitide, and abciximab, ADP Receptor agonists (P2/Y12) including thienopyridines such as ticlopidine, clopidogrel, prasugrel and tacagrelor and aspirin.
• Other agents include lytic agents, including urokinase and streptokinase, their homologs, analogs, fragments, derivatives and pharmaceutical salts thereof and prostaglandin inhibitors.
• Antibiotic agents can include, but are not limited to penicillins, cephalosportins, vancomycins, aminoglycosides, quinolonges, polymyxins, erythromycins, tetracyclines, chloraphenicols, clindamycins, lincomycins, sulfonamides, their homologs, analogs, derivatives, pharmaceutical salts and combinations thereof.
• FIG. 25A Another means of anchoring is shown in FIG. 25A where the foam plug 2500 is placed in the LAA.
• the distal screw lead 2502 is advanced and screwed into the LAA wall.
• Guide 2506 is pulled proximally as shown in FIG. 25B.
• the screw lead wire made of Nitinol, bunches up into a "birds nest" 2508 or forms a coil inside the foam plug 2500.
• the screw lead wire 2502 is pushed distally from the guide catheter 2504 with a pusher 2510 and continues to bunch up into the foam.
• the catheter system 2504, 2506 and 2510 are then removed.
• FIG. 26 Another means of anchoring the distal anchor element to the foam is shown in FIG. 26.
• Two barbed leads 2604 are attached to anchor 2602 such that when advanced into place in the foam plug 2600, the barbs 2604 dig into the foam plug.
• Biologic agents as outlined above maybe be added to the implant 204 and may be injected through the delivery catheter into the space between the proximal cap 206 and the foam plug 204. This may serve as a reservoir to minimize thrombus formation during the initial implantation and reduce the need for systemic anticoagulation following device implantation.
• An electronic pressure sensor may be embedded into the proximal end of the foam plug which may be used to transmit LA pressure to a remote receiver outside the body for the monitoring of LA pressure which is useful to monitor cardiac function.
• a cardiac pacer or defibrillator may be embedded into the foam plug and attached electrically to the distal anchor.
• a drug delivery reservoir may be embedded with connection to the LA for controlled delivery of biologic agents as outlined above.

Landscapes

• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Surgery (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Biomedical Technology (AREA)
• Medical Informatics (AREA)
• Vascular Medicine (AREA)
• Reproductive Health (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
• Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
• Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
• Molecular Biology (AREA)
• Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
• General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Public Health (AREA)
• Cardiology (AREA)
• Surgical Instruments (AREA)
• Prostheses (AREA)
• Materials For Medical Uses (AREA)

Priority Applications (3)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Publications (1)

Family

ID=51531083

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (5)

Cited By (7)

Families Citing this family (53)

Citations (7)

Family Cites Families (273)

• 2014
  • 2014-03-10 EP EP14779640.3A patent/EP2968878B1/en active Active
  • 2014-03-10 US US14/203,187 patent/US9943315B2/en active Active
  • 2014-03-10 JP JP2016501092A patent/JP6423851B2/ja active Active
  • 2014-03-10 CN CN201480014583.1A patent/CN105246540A/zh active Pending
  • 2014-03-10 WO PCT/US2014/022865 patent/WO2014164572A1/en not_active Ceased
• 2017
  • 2017-09-13 US US15/703,129 patent/US11717303B2/en active Active
• 2023
  • 2023-08-07 US US18/231,138 patent/US20240074766A1/en not_active Abandoned

Patent Citations (7)

Also Published As

Similar Documents

Legal Events