WO2014097901A1 - 有機発光素子 - Google Patents
有機発光素子 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2014097901A1 WO2014097901A1 PCT/JP2013/082806 JP2013082806W WO2014097901A1 WO 2014097901 A1 WO2014097901 A1 WO 2014097901A1 JP 2013082806 W JP2013082806 W JP 2013082806W WO 2014097901 A1 WO2014097901 A1 WO 2014097901A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- group
- light emitting
- organic light
- ring
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 98
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 94
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 69
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 43
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 39
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 claims description 34
- 125000005647 linker group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 33
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 20
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 19
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical group C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 569
- -1 azeto Chemical compound 0.000 description 202
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 114
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 104
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 87
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 71
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 51
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 51
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 50
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 45
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 45
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 description 44
- 239000002346 layers by function Substances 0.000 description 34
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 33
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 31
- 230000005525 hole transport Effects 0.000 description 30
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 29
- 239000003566 sealing material Substances 0.000 description 27
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 26
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 26
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 26
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 24
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 24
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 23
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 21
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 20
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 20
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 20
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 19
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 19
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 19
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 19
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 18
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 18
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 17
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 17
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 16
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 16
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 16
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 16
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 15
- NROKBHXJSPEDAR-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[K+] NROKBHXJSPEDAR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 14
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 13
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 13
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 13
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 13
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 12
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 12
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 12
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 12
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 12
- 125000005549 heteroarylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 11
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000001723 curing Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 10
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 125000000732 arylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 9
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229940125773 compound 10 Drugs 0.000 description 8
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 8
- ZLVXBBHTMQJRSX-VMGNSXQWSA-N jdtic Chemical compound C1([C@]2(C)CCN(C[C@@H]2C)C[C@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H]2NCC3=CC(O)=CC=C3C2)=CC=CC(O)=C1 ZLVXBBHTMQJRSX-VMGNSXQWSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 description 8
- 229910006404 SnO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229910052809 inorganic oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 7
- 229920001709 polysilazane Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 239000011698 potassium fluoride Substances 0.000 description 7
- 235000003270 potassium fluoride Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000001771 vacuum deposition Methods 0.000 description 7
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 125000002029 aromatic hydrocarbon group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 6
- JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexanone Chemical compound O=C1CCCCC1 JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011147 inorganic material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229920000734 polysilsesquioxane polymer Polymers 0.000 description 6
- YKYONYBAUNKHLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyl acetate Chemical compound CCCOC(C)=O YKYONYBAUNKHLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 125000003373 pyrazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 238000006862 quantum yield reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon monoxide Chemical compound [Si-]#[O+] LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 6
- YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiophene Chemical group C=1C=CSC=1 YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 125000000609 carbazolyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=2C3=CC=CC=C3NC12)* 0.000 description 5
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 5
- TXCDCPKCNAJMEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibenzofuran Chemical group C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3OC2=C1 TXCDCPKCNAJMEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- IYYZUPMFVPLQIF-ALWQSETLSA-N dibenzothiophene Chemical group C1=CC=CC=2[34S]C3=C(C=21)C=CC=C3 IYYZUPMFVPLQIF-ALWQSETLSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000005401 electroluminescence Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000005281 excited state Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 5
- 125000002883 imidazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 125000003226 pyrazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 125000000714 pyrimidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 125000000168 pyrrolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000003852 triazoles Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052724 xenon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- JYEUMXHLPRZUAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3-triazine Chemical group C1=CN=NN=C1 JYEUMXHLPRZUAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- DURPTKYDGMDSBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butoxybutane Chemical compound CCCCOCCCC DURPTKYDGMDSBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- UJOBWOGCFQCDNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9H-carbazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3NC2=C1 UJOBWOGCFQCDNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- BZHCVCNZIJZMRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9h-pyridazino[3,4-b]indole Chemical group N1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3NC2=N1 BZHCVCNZIJZMRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- SIKJAQJRHWYJAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Indole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC=CC2=C1 SIKJAQJRHWYJAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PCLIMKBDDGJMGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-bromosuccinimide Chemical compound BrN1C(=O)CCC1=O PCLIMKBDDGJMGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical group [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 125000006615 aromatic heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 238000004630 atomic force microscopy Methods 0.000 description 4
- 125000003785 benzimidazolyl group Chemical group N1=C(NC2=C1C=CC=C2)* 0.000 description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000009477 glass transition Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000009499 grossing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 4
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 4
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen Substances N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- WCPAKWJPBJAGKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxadiazole Chemical group C1=CON=N1 WCPAKWJPBJAGKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000002971 oxazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N perchloric acid Chemical class OCl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229920000307 polymer substrate Polymers 0.000 description 4
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 4
- PBMFSQRYOILNGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridazine Chemical group C1=CC=NN=C1 PBMFSQRYOILNGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000001567 quinoxalinyl group Chemical group N1=C(C=NC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 4
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N xenon atom Chemical compound [Xe] FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920002799 BoPET Polymers 0.000 description 3
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium sulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 3
- FZWLAAWBMGSTSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiazole Chemical compound C1=CSC=N1 FZWLAAWBMGSTSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000005388 borosilicate glass Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229940125898 compound 5 Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000003983 fluorenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=2C3=CC=CC=C3CC12)* 0.000 description 3
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 3
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazole Natural products C1=CNC=N1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000005865 ionizing radiation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910001507 metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000005309 metal halides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910000000 metal hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000004692 metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 3
- IBHBKWKFFTZAHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-[4-[4-(n-naphthalen-1-ylanilino)phenyl]phenyl]-n-phenylnaphthalen-1-amine Chemical group C1=CC=CC=C1N(C=1C2=CC=CC=C2C=CC=1)C1=CC=C(C=2C=CC(=CC=2)N(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C3=CC=CC=C3C=CC=2)C=C1 IBHBKWKFFTZAHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000012044 organic layer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000004866 oxadiazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000002080 perylenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=C2C=CC=C3C4=CC=CC5=CC=CC(C1=C23)=C45)* 0.000 description 3
- 229920002492 poly(sulfone) Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920006254 polymer film Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- 125000002294 quinazolinyl group Chemical group N1=C(N=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 3
- 230000006798 recombination Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005215 recombination Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229930195734 saturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 3
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920005992 thermoplastic resin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 3
- UWRZIZXBOLBCON-VOTSOKGWSA-N (e)-2-phenylethenamine Chemical class N\C=C\C1=CC=CC=C1 UWRZIZXBOLBCON-VOTSOKGWSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FLBAYUMRQUHISI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,8-naphthyridine Chemical group N1=CC=CC2=CC=CN=C21 FLBAYUMRQUHISI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VQGHOUODWALEFC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-phenylpyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=N1 VQGHOUODWALEFC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000003903 2-propenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- KDCGOANMDULRCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7H-purine Chemical compound N1=CNC2=NC=NC2=C1 KDCGOANMDULRCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 0 C*=N[C@@](C(*)*1)C(N)=C1N Chemical compound C*=N[C@@](C(*)*1)C(N)=C1N 0.000 description 2
- 229920008347 Cellulose acetate propionate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 2
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Furan Chemical group C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000663 Hydroxyethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium chloride Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Cl-].[Cl-] TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229920000877 Melamine resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- YNAVUWVOSKDBBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Morpholine Chemical compound C1COCCN1 YNAVUWVOSKDBBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylacetamide Chemical compound CN(C)C(C)=O FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical compound CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 2
- KYQCOXFCLRTKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrazine Chemical compound C1=CN=CC=N1 KYQCOXFCLRTKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrole Chemical compound C=1C=CNC=1 KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrolidine Chemical compound C1CCNC1 RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Quinoline Chemical compound N1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910008072 Si-N-Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910002808 Si–O–Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DGEZNRSVGBDHLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N [1,10]phenanthroline Chemical group C1=CN=C2C3=NC=CC=C3C=CC2=C1 DGEZNRSVGBDHLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000004062 acenaphthenyl group Chemical group C1(CC2=CC=CC3=CC=CC1=C23)* 0.000 description 2
- DZBUGLKDJFMEHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N acridine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3N=C21 DZBUGLKDJFMEHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000004982 aromatic amines Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000003828 azulenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- QVQLCTNNEUAWMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium oxide Chemical compound [Ba]=O QVQLCTNNEUAWMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IOJUPLGTWVMSFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzothiazole Chemical group C1=CC=C2SC=NC2=C1 IOJUPLGTWVMSFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004305 biphenyl Substances 0.000 description 2
- UFVXQDWNSAGPHN-UHFFFAOYSA-K bis[(2-methylquinolin-8-yl)oxy]-(4-phenylphenoxy)alumane Chemical compound [Al+3].C1=CC=C([O-])C2=NC(C)=CC=C21.C1=CC=C([O-])C2=NC(C)=CC=C21.C1=CC([O-])=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 UFVXQDWNSAGPHN-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- XJHCXCQVJFPJIK-UHFFFAOYSA-M caesium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[Cs+] XJHCXCQVJFPJIK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 125000003917 carbamoyl group Chemical group [H]N([H])C(*)=O 0.000 description 2
- 125000001951 carbamoylamino group Chemical group C(N)(=O)N* 0.000 description 2
- 125000004623 carbolinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000000259 cinnolinyl group Chemical group N1=NC(=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 2
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- LSXDOTMGLUJQCM-UHFFFAOYSA-M copper(i) iodide Chemical compound I[Cu] LSXDOTMGLUJQCM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000005331 diazinyl group Chemical group N1=NC(=CC=C1)* 0.000 description 2
- 238000000113 differential scanning calorimetry Methods 0.000 description 2
- ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl Chemical group C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000003438 dodecyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 238000003818 flash chromatography Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000004216 fluoromethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])(F)* 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000003453 indazolyl group Chemical group N1N=C(C2=C1C=CC=C2)* 0.000 description 2
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PZOUSPYUWWUPPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N indole Natural products CC1=CC=CC2=C1C=CN2 PZOUSPYUWWUPPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RKJUIXBNRJVNHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N indolenine Natural products C1=CC=C2CC=NC2=C1 RKJUIXBNRJVNHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000001041 indolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000007733 ion plating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010884 ion-beam technique Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- AWJUIBRHMBBTKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoquinoline Chemical compound C1=NC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 AWJUIBRHMBBTKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000002183 isoquinolinyl group Chemical group C1(=NC=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 2
- 125000000842 isoxazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000001182 laser chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000005355 lead glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000001451 molecular beam epitaxy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000001624 naphthyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 125000002347 octyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 125000005447 octyloxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 2
- 125000000962 organic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000002524 organometallic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 2
- SWELZOZIOHGSPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium silver Chemical compound [Pd].[Ag] SWELZOZIOHGSPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LFSXCDWNBUNEEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalazine Chemical group C1=NN=CC2=CC=CC=C21 LFSXCDWNBUNEEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalocyanine Chemical compound N1C(N=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C(N=C3C4=CC=CC=C4C(=N4)N3)=N2)=C(C=CC=C2)C2=C1N=C1C2=CC=CC=C2C4=N1 IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005268 plasma chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920001643 poly(ether ketone) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920003209 poly(hydridosilsesquioxane) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001230 polyarylate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001601 polyetherimide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011112 polyethylene naphthalate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000123 polythiophene Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000003112 potassium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000005581 pyrene group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000002943 quinolinyl group Chemical group N1=C(C=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 2
- XSCHRSMBECNVNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinoxaline Chemical compound N1=CC=NC2=CC=CC=C21 XSCHRSMBECNVNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000005546 reactive sputtering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011342 resin composition Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005361 soda-lime glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- PJANXHGTPQOBST-UHFFFAOYSA-N stilbene Chemical class C=1C=CC=CC=1C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PJANXHGTPQOBST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000475 sulfinyl group Chemical group [*:2]S([*:1])=O 0.000 description 2
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000001935 tetracenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC2=CC3=CC4=CC=CC=C4C=C3C=C12)* 0.000 description 2
- 125000000383 tetramethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 2
- 238000002230 thermal chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 2
- RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylphosphine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910021642 ultra pure water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000012498 ultrapure water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007738 vacuum evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 2
- QGKMIGUHVLGJBR-UHFFFAOYSA-M (4z)-1-(3-methylbutyl)-4-[[1-(3-methylbutyl)quinolin-1-ium-4-yl]methylidene]quinoline;iodide Chemical class [I-].C12=CC=CC=C2N(CCC(C)C)C=CC1=CC1=CC=[N+](CCC(C)C)C2=CC=CC=C12 QGKMIGUHVLGJBR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- OIAQMFOKAXHPNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-diphenylbenzene Chemical group C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 OIAQMFOKAXHPNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002030 1,2-phenylene group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([*:1])=C([*:2])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- YJTKZCDBKVTVBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-Diphenylbenzene Chemical group C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 YJTKZCDBKVTVBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BCMCBBGGLRIHSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-benzoxazole Chemical group C1=CC=C2OC=NC2=C1 BCMCBBGGLRIHSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000355 1,3-benzoxazolyl group Chemical group O1C(=NC2=C1C=CC=C2)* 0.000 description 1
- XJKSTNDFUHDPQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-diphenylbenzene Chemical group C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=C1 XJKSTNDFUHDPQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001140 1,4-phenylene group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([*:2])=C([H])C([H])=C1[*:1] 0.000 description 1
- VERMWGQSKPXSPZ-BUHFOSPRSA-N 1-[(e)-2-phenylethenyl]anthracene Chemical class C=1C=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=C2C=1\C=C\C1=CC=CC=C1 VERMWGQSKPXSPZ-BUHFOSPRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZHKJHQBOAJQXQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-azirine Chemical compound N1C=C1 ZHKJHQBOAJQXQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HYZJCKYKOHLVJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-benzimidazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC=NC2=C1 HYZJCKYKOHLVJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SULWTXOWAFVWOY-PHEQNACWSA-N 2,3-bis[(E)-2-phenylethenyl]pyrazine Chemical class C=1C=CC=CC=1/C=C/C1=NC=CN=C1\C=C\C1=CC=CC=C1 SULWTXOWAFVWOY-PHEQNACWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MVWPVABZQQJTPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-diphenylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione Chemical class O=C1C=CC(=O)C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 MVWPVABZQQJTPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IJVRPNIWWODHHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-cyanoprop-2-enoic acid Chemical class OC(=O)C(=C)C#N IJVRPNIWWODHHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HONWGFNQCPRRFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-n-(3-methylphenyl)-1-n,1-n,2-n-triphenylbenzene-1,2-diamine Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC(N(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C(=CC=CC=2)N(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 HONWGFNQCPRRFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001494 2-propynyl group Chemical group [H]C#CC([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- VHMICKWLTGFITH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2H-isoindole Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CNC=C21 VHMICKWLTGFITH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AGIJRRREJXSQJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2h-thiazine Chemical compound N1SC=CC=C1 AGIJRRREJXSQJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YTPYXEPOBXHUKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,6-dibromodibenzofuran Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=C(Br)C=C3OC2=C1Br YTPYXEPOBXHUKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OGGKVJMNFFSDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methyl-n-[4-[4-(n-(3-methylphenyl)anilino)phenyl]phenyl]-n-phenylaniline Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC(N(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C=CC(=CC=2)C=2C=CC(=CC=2)N(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C=C(C)C=CC=2)=C1 OGGKVJMNFFSDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PWFFDTZNRAEFIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(4-aminophenyl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical group C1=CC(OC)=CC=C1C1=CC(N)=CC=C1C1=CC=C(N)C=C1 PWFFDTZNRAEFIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AHDTYXOIJHCGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[[4-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenyl]-phenylmethyl]-n,n,3-trimethylaniline Chemical compound CC1=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C1C(C=1C(=CC(=CC=1)N(C)C)C)C1=CC=CC=C1 AHDTYXOIJHCGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOKIJILZFXPFTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methyl-n-[4-[1-[4-(4-methyl-n-(4-methylphenyl)anilino)phenyl]cyclohexyl]phenyl]-n-(4-methylphenyl)aniline Chemical compound C1=CC(C)=CC=C1N(C=1C=CC(=CC=1)C1(CCCCC1)C=1C=CC(=CC=1)N(C=1C=CC(C)=CC=1)C=1C=CC(C)=CC=1)C1=CC=C(C)C=C1 ZOKIJILZFXPFTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DUSWRTUHJVJVRY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methyl-n-[4-[2-[4-(4-methyl-n-(4-methylphenyl)anilino)phenyl]propan-2-yl]phenyl]-n-(4-methylphenyl)aniline Chemical compound C1=CC(C)=CC=C1N(C=1C=CC(=CC=1)C(C)(C)C=1C=CC(=CC=1)N(C=1C=CC(C)=CC=1)C=1C=CC(C)=CC=1)C1=CC=C(C)C=C1 DUSWRTUHJVJVRY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MVIXNQZIMMIGEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methyl-n-[4-[4-(4-methyl-n-(4-methylphenyl)anilino)phenyl]phenyl]-n-(4-methylphenyl)aniline Chemical group C1=CC(C)=CC=C1N(C=1C=CC(=CC=1)C=1C=CC(=CC=1)N(C=1C=CC(C)=CC=1)C=1C=CC(C)=CC=1)C1=CC=C(C)C=C1 MVIXNQZIMMIGEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XIQGFRHAIQHZBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methyl-n-[4-[[4-(4-methyl-n-(4-methylphenyl)anilino)phenyl]-phenylmethyl]phenyl]-n-(4-methylphenyl)aniline Chemical compound C1=CC(C)=CC=C1N(C=1C=CC(=CC=1)C(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C=1C=CC(=CC=1)N(C=1C=CC(C)=CC=1)C=1C=CC(C)=CC=1)C1=CC=C(C)C=C1 XIQGFRHAIQHZBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZYASLTYCYTYKFC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-methylidenefluorene Chemical class C1=CC=C2C(=C)C3=CC=CC=C3C2=C1 ZYASLTYCYTYKFC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VIJYEGDOKCKUOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-phenylcarbazole Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1N1C2=CC=CC=C2C2=CC=CC=C21 VIJYEGDOKCKUOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004925 Acrylic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000178 Acrylic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910001316 Ag alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920001817 Agar Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006677 Appel reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- NOWKCMXCCJGMRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aziridine Chemical compound C1CN1 NOWKCMXCCJGMRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical group [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZZXYRMBXTNBJBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N C(C1C=CC(c(cccc2)c2-c2cnccn2)=C2)=C2c2cc(-c(cc3c4c5)ccc3[o]c4ccc5-[n]3c(ccc(-c4ccccc4-c4cnccn4)c4)c4c4cc(-c5cccc(-c6cnccn6)c5)ccc34)ccc2N1c1ccccc1 Chemical compound C(C1C=CC(c(cccc2)c2-c2cnccn2)=C2)=C2c2cc(-c(cc3c4c5)ccc3[o]c4ccc5-[n]3c(ccc(-c4ccccc4-c4cnccn4)c4)c4c4cc(-c5cccc(-c6cnccn6)c5)ccc34)ccc2N1c1ccccc1 ZZXYRMBXTNBJBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XKSJIKONOUPYGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N C(CC([n](c1ccccc1c1c2)c1ccc2-c1ccc2[s]c(ccc(-c(cccc3)c3-c3ccccn3)c3)c3c2c1)=C1)c2c1c1cc(-c(cccc3)c3-c3ccccn3)ccc1[o]2 Chemical compound C(CC([n](c1ccccc1c1c2)c1ccc2-c1ccc2[s]c(ccc(-c(cccc3)c3-c3ccccn3)c3)c3c2c1)=C1)c2c1c1cc(-c(cccc3)c3-c3ccccn3)ccc1[o]2 XKSJIKONOUPYGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HVEFSNCQVQFGIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N C1=CC(c2c(-c3ccncc3)nc(-c3ccccc3)nc2-c2ccncc2)=CC2c3nc(-c4ccccc4)cc(-c4c5[o]c(ccc(-c6c(-c7ccncc7)nc(-c7ccccc7)nc6-c6ccncc6)c6)c6c5cc(-c5ccccc5)n4)c3OC12 Chemical compound C1=CC(c2c(-c3ccncc3)nc(-c3ccccc3)nc2-c2ccncc2)=CC2c3nc(-c4ccccc4)cc(-c4c5[o]c(ccc(-c6c(-c7ccncc7)nc(-c7ccccc7)nc6-c6ccncc6)c6)c6c5cc(-c5ccccc5)n4)c3OC12 HVEFSNCQVQFGIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WYFHYSFPVMEXOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC[n]1c(cc(-c2cccc(-c3c(C)nc(C)cc3C)c2)c(-c2cccc(-c3c(C)cc(C)nc3C)c2)c2)c2c2c1ccc(-c(cc1)cc3c1ccc(-c(cc1)cc4c1ccc(-[n](c1c5c(-c6cccc(-c7c(C)ncnc7C)c6)c(C)c(C)c1C)c1c5c(-c5cc(-c6c(C)nc(C)nc6C)ccc5)c(C)c(C)c1C)c4)c3)c2 Chemical compound CC[n]1c(cc(-c2cccc(-c3c(C)nc(C)cc3C)c2)c(-c2cccc(-c3c(C)cc(C)nc3C)c2)c2)c2c2c1ccc(-c(cc1)cc3c1ccc(-c(cc1)cc4c1ccc(-[n](c1c5c(-c6cccc(-c7c(C)ncnc7C)c6)c(C)c(C)c1C)c1c5c(-c5cc(-c6c(C)nc(C)nc6C)ccc5)c(C)c(C)c1C)c4)c3)c2 WYFHYSFPVMEXOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- WRDOZSWMDWLOPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cc(c(C(c(cc1C)cc(c2cc(C(c(c(C)c3C)c(C)[n]3-c3ccccc3)=O)cc(C)c22)c1[n]2-c1ncnc(-c(cccc2)c2-c2ncnc(-[n]3c(c(C)cc(C(c(c(C)c4C)c(C)[n]4-c4ccccc4)=O)c4)c4c4cc(C(c(c(C)c5C)c(C)[n]5-c5ccccc5)=O)cc(C)c34)n2)n1)=O)c1C)c(C)[n]1-c1ccccc1 Chemical compound Cc(c(C(c(cc1C)cc(c2cc(C(c(c(C)c3C)c(C)[n]3-c3ccccc3)=O)cc(C)c22)c1[n]2-c1ncnc(-c(cccc2)c2-c2ncnc(-[n]3c(c(C)cc(C(c(c(C)c4C)c(C)[n]4-c4ccccc4)=O)c4)c4c4cc(C(c(c(C)c5C)c(C)[n]5-c5ccccc5)=O)cc(C)c34)n2)n1)=O)c1C)c(C)[n]1-c1ccccc1 WRDOZSWMDWLOPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VLKBSLGRMCPIPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cc1cc(-[n]2c(ccnc3)c3c3cc(-c(c(-c4nnc(-c5ccccc5)[o]4)c4)cc5c4[s]c4cc(-c6nnc(-c7ccccc7)[o]6)ncc54)ccc23)cc(c2c3)c1[o]c2c(C)cc3-[n]1c2cc(-c3nnc(-c4ccccc4)[o]3)ncc2c2cnccc12 Chemical compound Cc1cc(-[n]2c(ccnc3)c3c3cc(-c(c(-c4nnc(-c5ccccc5)[o]4)c4)cc5c4[s]c4cc(-c6nnc(-c7ccccc7)[o]6)ncc54)ccc23)cc(c2c3)c1[o]c2c(C)cc3-[n]1c2cc(-c3nnc(-c4ccccc4)[o]3)ncc2c2cnccc12 VLKBSLGRMCPIPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JHDICWFYIROCIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cc1ncc(c(cc(cc2)-c3nc(C4N=CC=CC4c4ccccc4)ccc3)c2[n]2-c3c[o]c(-c(cc4)cc(cc5)c4cc5-c4nc(-[n]5c(cc(C)nc6)c6c6cc(-c7cccc(-c8ncccc8-c8ccccc8)n7)ccc56)c[o]4)n3)c2c1 Chemical compound Cc1ncc(c(cc(cc2)-c3nc(C4N=CC=CC4c4ccccc4)ccc3)c2[n]2-c3c[o]c(-c(cc4)cc(cc5)c4cc5-c4nc(-[n]5c(cc(C)nc6)c6c6cc(-c7cccc(-c8ncccc8-c8ccccc8)n7)ccc56)c[o]4)n3)c2c1 JHDICWFYIROCIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000298 Cellophane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000623 Cellulose acetate phthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001747 Cellulose diacetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002284 Cellulose triacetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000284156 Clerodendrum quadriloculare Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920002307 Dextran Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001353 Dextrin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004375 Dextrin Substances 0.000 description 1
- SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dodecane Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCC SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IMROMDMJAWUWLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethenol Chemical compound OC=C IMROMDMJAWUWLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- MPCRDALPQLDDFX-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium perchlorate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O.[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O MPCRDALPQLDDFX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-phenyl amine Natural products NC1=CC=CC=C1 PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000583 Nd alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000020 Nitrocellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- ZCQWOFVYLHDMMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxazole Chemical compound C1=COC=N1 ZCQWOFVYLHDMMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PCNDJXKNXGMECE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenazine Natural products C1=CC=CC2=NC3=CC=CC=C3N=C21 PCNDJXKNXGMECE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NQRYJNQNLNOLGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Piperidine Chemical compound C1CCNCC1 NQRYJNQNLNOLGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004696 Poly ether ether ketone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920012266 Poly(ether sulfone) PES Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002845 Poly(methacrylic acid) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004695 Polyether sulfone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004697 Polyetherimide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004734 Polyphenylene sulfide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001328 Polyvinylidene chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001218 Pullulan Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004373 Pullulan Substances 0.000 description 1
- WTKZEGDFNFYCGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrazole Chemical compound C=1C=NNC=1 WTKZEGDFNFYCGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012327 Ruthenium complex Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910007991 Si-N Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910008051 Si-OH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006294 Si—N Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006358 Si—OH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- PJANXHGTPQOBST-VAWYXSNFSA-N Stilbene Natural products C=1C=CC=CC=1/C=C/C1=CC=CC=C1 PJANXHGTPQOBST-VAWYXSNFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920010524 Syndiotactic polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007983 Tris buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003848 UV Light-Curing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910006501 ZrSiO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NNLVGZFZQQXQNW-ADJNRHBOSA-N [(2r,3r,4s,5r,6s)-4,5-diacetyloxy-3-[(2s,3r,4s,5r,6r)-3,4,5-triacetyloxy-6-(acetyloxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(2r,3r,4s,5r,6s)-4,5,6-triacetyloxy-2-(acetyloxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]methyl acetate Chemical compound O([C@@H]1O[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](OC(C)=O)[C@H]1OC(C)=O)O[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@@H](OC(C)=O)[C@H](OC(C)=O)[C@@H](COC(C)=O)O1)OC(C)=O)COC(=O)C)[C@@H]1[C@@H](COC(C)=O)O[C@@H](OC(C)=O)[C@H](OC(C)=O)[C@H]1OC(C)=O NNLVGZFZQQXQNW-ADJNRHBOSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FJWGYAHXMCUOOM-QHOUIDNNSA-N [(2s,3r,4s,5r,6r)-2-[(2r,3r,4s,5r,6s)-4,5-dinitrooxy-2-(nitrooxymethyl)-6-[(2r,3r,4s,5r,6s)-4,5,6-trinitrooxy-2-(nitrooxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-3,5-dinitrooxy-6-(nitrooxymethyl)oxan-4-yl] nitrate Chemical compound O([C@@H]1O[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](O[N+]([O-])=O)[C@H]1O[N+]([O-])=O)O[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@@H](O[N+]([O-])=O)[C@H](O[N+]([O-])=O)[C@@H](CO[N+]([O-])=O)O1)O[N+]([O-])=O)CO[N+](=O)[O-])[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO[N+]([O-])=O)O[C@@H](O[N+]([O-])=O)[C@H](O[N+]([O-])=O)[C@H]1O[N+]([O-])=O FJWGYAHXMCUOOM-QHOUIDNNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YVRQEGLKRIHRCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [1,4]benzothiazino[2,3-b]phenothiazine Chemical group S1C2=CC=CC=C2N=C2C1=CC1=NC3=CC=CC=C3SC1=C2 YVRQEGLKRIHRCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AHWXCYJGJOLNFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N [1,4]benzoxazino[2,3-b]phenoxazine Chemical group O1C2=CC=CC=C2N=C2C1=CC1=NC3=CC=CC=C3OC1=C2 AHWXCYJGJOLNFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NEIHULKJZQTQKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Cu].[Ag] Chemical compound [Cu].[Ag] NEIHULKJZQTQKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002777 acetyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 125000003668 acetyloxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(=O)O[*] 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000641 acridinyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC2=NC3=CC=CC=C3C=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000005396 acrylic acid ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002252 acyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004423 acyloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000000443 aerosol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008272 agar Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010419 agar Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910001508 alkali metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000008045 alkali metal halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001341 alkaline earth metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004450 alkenylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004453 alkoxycarbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003282 alkyl amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005103 alkyl silyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004390 alkyl sulfonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004414 alkyl thio group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000304 alkynyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004419 alkynylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Al+3] WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000005354 aluminosilicate glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003368 amide group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004397 aminosulfonyl group Chemical group NS(=O)(=O)* 0.000 description 1
- 229910003481 amorphous carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000002490 anilino group Chemical group [H]N(*)C1=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000005577 anthracene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001454 anthracenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000008425 anthrones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005428 anthryl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C2C([H])=C3C(*)=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C3=C([H])C2=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004760 aramid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000149 argon plasma sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003235 aromatic polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000005161 aryl oxy carbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004391 aryl sulfonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005110 aryl thio group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004104 aryloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- ZSIQJIWKELUFRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N azepane Chemical compound C1CCCNCC1 ZSIQJIWKELUFRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XYOVOXDWRFGKEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N azepine Chemical compound N1C=CC=CC=C1 XYOVOXDWRFGKEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HONIICLYMWZJFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N azetidine Chemical compound C1CNC1 HONIICLYMWZJFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SGUXGJPBTNFBAD-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium iodide Chemical compound [I-].[I-].[Ba+2] SGUXGJPBTNFBAD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910001638 barium iodide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940075444 barium iodide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- MFMVRILBADIIJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzo[e][1]benzofuran Chemical group C1=CC=C2C(C=CO3)=C3C=CC2=C1 MFMVRILBADIIJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LJOLGGXHRVADAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzo[e][1]benzothiole Chemical group C1=CC=C2C(C=CS3)=C3C=CC2=C1 LJOLGGXHRVADAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WZJYKHNJTSNBHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzo[h]quinoline Chemical group C1=CN=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C=CC2=C1 WZJYKHNJTSNBHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003236 benzoyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 235000010290 biphenyl Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000004397 blinking Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001638 boron Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- KDKYADYSIPSCCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N but-1-yne Chemical group CCC#C KDKYADYSIPSCCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005569 butenylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000006309 butyl amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000004744 butyloxycarbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- LNDJUWRBPZJESA-UHFFFAOYSA-N c(cc1)cc(-c(cc2)cc(c3c4)c2[o]c3ccc4-c2ccc3[s]c(ccc(-c(cccc4)c4-c4ccccn4)c4)c4c3c2)c1-c1ccccn1 Chemical compound c(cc1)cc(-c(cc2)cc(c3c4)c2[o]c3ccc4-c2ccc3[s]c(ccc(-c(cccc4)c4-c4ccccn4)c4)c4c3c2)c1-c1ccccn1 LNDJUWRBPZJESA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PXQSSEDUDKSUSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N c(cc1)cc(-c(cc2)cc(c3c4ccc(-c5ccccc5-c5ncccc5)c3)c2[n]4-c(cc2)cc3c2[s]c(cc2)c3cc2-c2cnccc2)c1-c1ncccc1 Chemical compound c(cc1)cc(-c(cc2)cc(c3c4ccc(-c5ccccc5-c5ncccc5)c3)c2[n]4-c(cc2)cc3c2[s]c(cc2)c3cc2-c2cnccc2)c1-c1ncccc1 PXQSSEDUDKSUSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNLTWEIVOLJZMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N c(cc1)cc(c2c3ccc(-c4cc(-c5cnccc5)ccc4)c2)c1[n]3-c1cc(-[n](c(cccc2)c2c2c3)c2ccc3-c2cccc(-c3cccnc3)c2)ccc1 Chemical compound c(cc1)cc(c2c3ccc(-c4cc(-c5cnccc5)ccc4)c2)c1[n]3-c1cc(-[n](c(cccc2)c2c2c3)c2ccc3-c2cccc(-c3cccnc3)c2)ccc1 PNLTWEIVOLJZMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SNZMZVVXBXDJKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N c(cc1)ccc1-[n](c(c(c1c2)c3)ccc3-c3cccc(-c(cc4)cc(c5cc(-c(cccc6)c6-c6ccncc6)ccc55)c4[n]5-c4ccccc4)c3)c1ccc2-c(cccc1)c1-c1ccncc1 Chemical compound c(cc1)ccc1-[n](c(c(c1c2)c3)ccc3-c3cccc(-c(cc4)cc(c5cc(-c(cccc6)c6-c6ccncc6)ccc55)c4[n]5-c4ccccc4)c3)c1ccc2-c(cccc1)c1-c1ccncc1 SNZMZVVXBXDJKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LHBGVXSDLIZVFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N c(cc1)ccc1-[n](c(ccc(-c(cccc1)c1-c(cc1)cc(c2cc(-c3ccccc3-c3cccnc3)ccc22)c1[n]2-c1ccccc1)c1)c1c1c2)c1ccc2-c(cccc1)c1-c1cnccc1 Chemical compound c(cc1)ccc1-[n](c(ccc(-c(cccc1)c1-c(cc1)cc(c2cc(-c3ccccc3-c3cccnc3)ccc22)c1[n]2-c1ccccc1)c1)c1c1c2)c1ccc2-c(cccc1)c1-c1cnccc1 LHBGVXSDLIZVFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DYBDWPBDECPPEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N c(cc1)ccc1-c1ccc2[o]c(ccc(-[n](c(ccc(-c(cccc3)c3-c3ncccc3)c3)c3c3c4)c3ccc4-c(cccc3)c3-c3ccccn3)c3)c3c2c1 Chemical compound c(cc1)ccc1-c1ccc2[o]c(ccc(-[n](c(ccc(-c(cccc3)c3-c3ncccc3)c3)c3c3c4)c3ccc4-c(cccc3)c3-c3ccccn3)c3)c3c2c1 DYBDWPBDECPPEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IJPFCMVNIRMICF-UHFFFAOYSA-N c(cc1-c(cc2c3cc(-c(cccc4)c4-c4ncccc4)ccc33)ccc2[n]3-c(cc2)cc3c2[o]c(cc2)c3cc2-c2cccnc2)ccc1-c1ncccc1 Chemical compound c(cc1-c(cc2c3cc(-c(cccc4)c4-c4ncccc4)ccc33)ccc2[n]3-c(cc2)cc3c2[o]c(cc2)c3cc2-c2cccnc2)ccc1-c1ncccc1 IJPFCMVNIRMICF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OGPFQACHPWYXBU-UHFFFAOYSA-N c(cc1-c2ccncc2)ccc1-c1ccc2[s]c3ncc(-c4cccc5c4[o]c4c5cccc4-c(cccc4c5ccc6)c4[o]c5c6-c4cnc5[s]c(ncc(-c(c(-c6ccncc6)cc(-c6ccncc6)c6)c6-c6ccncc6)c6)c6c5n4)nc3c2n1 Chemical compound c(cc1-c2ccncc2)ccc1-c1ccc2[s]c3ncc(-c4cccc5c4[o]c4c5cccc4-c(cccc4c5ccc6)c4[o]c5c6-c4cnc5[s]c(ncc(-c(c(-c6ccncc6)cc(-c6ccncc6)c6)c6-c6ccncc6)c6)c6c5n4)nc3c2n1 OGPFQACHPWYXBU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AMXVKHSPUFMFGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N c1cc(-c2cccc(-c(cc3)cc(c4cccnc44)c3[n]4-c3cc(-[n]4c(nccc5)c5c5c4ccc(-c4cccc(-c6ccccn6)c4)c5)ccc3)c2)ncc1 Chemical compound c1cc(-c2cccc(-c(cc3)cc(c4cccnc44)c3[n]4-c3cc(-[n]4c(nccc5)c5c5c4ccc(-c4cccc(-c6ccccn6)c4)c5)ccc3)c2)ncc1 AMXVKHSPUFMFGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KABCSMOUHMDSRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N c1ccnc(-c2cccc(-c(cc3)cc(c4c5ccc(-c6cc(-c(cc7c8c9ccc(-c%10cc(-c%11ncccc%11)ccc%10)c8)ccc7[n]9-c7cccc(-c8ccccn8)c7)ccc6)c4)c3[n]5-c3cc(-c4ncccc4)ccc3)c2)c1 Chemical compound c1ccnc(-c2cccc(-c(cc3)cc(c4c5ccc(-c6cc(-c(cc7c8c9ccc(-c%10cc(-c%11ncccc%11)ccc%10)c8)ccc7[n]9-c7cccc(-c8ccccn8)c7)ccc6)c4)c3[n]5-c3cc(-c4ncccc4)ccc3)c2)c1 KABCSMOUHMDSRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ca+2] BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Inorganic materials [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000011132 calcium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000002837 carbocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001718 carbodiimides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 1
- 239000000679 carrageenan Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001525 carrageenan Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000010418 carrageenan Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940113118 carrageenan Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000005018 casein Substances 0.000 description 1
- BECPQYXYKAMYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N casein, tech. Chemical compound NCCCCC(C(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CC(C)C)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(C(C)O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(COP(O)(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(N)CC1=CC=CC=C1 BECPQYXYKAMYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021240 caseins Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006217 cellulose acetate butyrate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940081734 cellulose acetate phthalate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- MOOUSOJAOQPDEH-UHFFFAOYSA-K cerium(iii) bromide Chemical compound [Br-].[Br-].[Br-].[Ce+3] MOOUSOJAOQPDEH-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 150000001787 chalcogens Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003486 chemical etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- SURLGNKAQXKNSP-DBLYXWCISA-N chlorin Chemical compound C\1=C/2\N/C(=C\C3=N/C(=C\C=4NC(/C=C\5/C=CC/1=N/5)=CC=4)/C=C3)/CC\2 SURLGNKAQXKNSP-DBLYXWCISA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000001309 chloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 description 1
- OEYIOHPDSNJKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N choline Chemical compound C[N+](C)(C)CCO OEYIOHPDSNJKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960001231 choline Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005578 chrysene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001846 chrysenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- WCZVZNOTHYJIEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N cinnoline Chemical compound N1=NC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 WCZVZNOTHYJIEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940044175 cobalt sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910000361 cobalt sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+) sulfate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000021615 conjugation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000005583 coronene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001893 coumarin derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NXYLTUWDTBZQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N ctk8h6630 Chemical group C1=CC=C2C=C3C(N=C4C=CC=5C(C4=N4)=CC6=CC=CC=C6C=5)=C4C=CC3=CC2=C1 NXYLTUWDTBZQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000000 cycloalkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005366 cycloalkylthio group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000006639 cyclohexyl carbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000113 cyclohexyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000004956 cyclohexylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002933 cyclohexyloxy group Chemical group C1(CCCCC1)O* 0.000 description 1
- 125000006312 cyclopentyl amino group Chemical group [H]N(*)C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001511 cyclopentyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000004979 cyclopentylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001887 cyclopentyloxy group Chemical group C1(CCCC1)O* 0.000 description 1
- 239000002274 desiccant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019425 dextrin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000006263 dimethyl aminosulfonyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])N(C([H])([H])[H])S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 1
- 125000002147 dimethylamino group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])N(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002296 dynamic light scattering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001227 electron beam curing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000635 electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000006575 electron-withdrawing group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000004049 embossing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000775 emeraldine polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000008393 encapsulating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003700 epoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000005678 ethenylene group Chemical group [H]C([*:1])=C([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 125000005677 ethinylene group Chemical group [*:2]C#C[*:1] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001301 ethoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000031 ethylamino group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])N([H])[*] 0.000 description 1
- 125000004672 ethylcarbonyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 125000000816 ethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 125000006125 ethylsulfonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004705 ethylthio group Chemical group C(C)S* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002534 ethynyl group Chemical group [H]C#C* 0.000 description 1
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- GVEPBJHOBDJJJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoranthene Chemical group C1=CC(C2=CC=CC=C22)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 GVEPBJHOBDJJJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002219 fluoranthenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000008376 fluorenones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- GNBHRKFJIUUOQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluorescein Chemical class O1C(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2C21C1=CC=C(O)C=C1OC1=CC(O)=CC=C21 GNBHRKFJIUUOQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007850 fluorescent dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002541 furyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005283 ground state Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000020169 heat generation Effects 0.000 description 1
- RBTKNAXYKSUFRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N heliogen blue Chemical compound [Cu].[N-]1C2=C(C=CC=C3)C3=C1N=C([N-]1)C3=CC=CC=C3C1=NC([N-]1)=C(C=CC=C3)C3=C1N=C([N-]1)C3=CC=CC=C3C1=N2 RBTKNAXYKSUFRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005143 heteroarylsulfonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004836 hexamethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:2])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:1] 0.000 description 1
- 125000004051 hexyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000003707 hexyloxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- 229940083761 high-ceiling diuretics pyrazolone derivative Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000012943 hotmelt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007857 hydrazones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 150000002460 imidazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- MTNDZQHUAFNZQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazoline Chemical compound C1CN=CN1 MTNDZQHUAFNZQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003949 imides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003454 indenyl group Chemical group C1(C=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- YZASAXHKAQYPEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium silver Chemical compound [Ag].[In] YZASAXHKAQYPEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002484 inorganic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000010954 inorganic particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940079865 intestinal antiinfectives imidazole derivative Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229910052743 krypton Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002386 leaching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004020 luminiscence type Methods 0.000 description 1
- OTCKOJUMXQWKQG-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium bromide Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Br-].[Br-] OTCKOJUMXQWKQG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910001623 magnesium bromide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001629 magnesium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ORUIBWPALBXDOA-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[F-].[Mg+2] ORUIBWPALBXDOA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910001635 magnesium fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BLQJIBCZHWBKSL-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium iodide Chemical compound [Mg+2].[I-].[I-] BLQJIBCZHWBKSL-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910001641 magnesium iodide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SJCKRGFTWFGHGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium silver Chemical compound [Mg].[Ag] SJCKRGFTWFGHGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052943 magnesium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019341 magnesium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001755 magnetron sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N melamine Chemical compound NC1=NC(N)=NC(N)=N1 JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005397 methacrylic acid ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000956 methoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- 125000006261 methyl amino sulfonyl group Chemical group [H]N(C([H])([H])[H])S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 1
- 125000004458 methylaminocarbonyl group Chemical group [H]N(C(*)=O)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000002816 methylsulfanyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])S[*] 0.000 description 1
- 125000006216 methylsulfinyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])S(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 125000004170 methylsulfonyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 1
- 239000011859 microparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013008 moisture curing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000476 molybdenum oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000001421 myristyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- RRYCIULTIFONEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphtho[2,3-e][1]benzofuran Chemical group C1=CC=C2C=C3C(C=CO4)=C4C=CC3=CC2=C1 RRYCIULTIFONEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PAYSBLPSJQBEJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphtho[2,3-e][1]benzothiole Chemical group C1=CC=C2C=C3C(C=CS4)=C4C=CC3=CC2=C1 PAYSBLPSJQBEJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005184 naphthylamino group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C12)N* 0.000 description 1
- 125000005185 naphthylcarbonyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C12)C(=O)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000005186 naphthyloxy group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C12)O* 0.000 description 1
- 125000005146 naphthylsulfonyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C12)S(=O)(=O)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000005029 naphthylthio group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C12)S* 0.000 description 1
- 229910052754 neon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 229920001220 nitrocellulos Polymers 0.000 description 1
- JFNLZVQOOSMTJK-KNVOCYPGSA-N norbornene Chemical compound C1[C@@H]2CC[C@H]1C=C2 JFNLZVQOOSMTJK-KNVOCYPGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012074 organic phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005375 organosiloxane group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000007978 oxazole derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PQQKPALAQIIWST-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxomolybdenum Chemical compound [Mo]=O PQQKPALAQIIWST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003854 p-chlorophenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C(*)=C([H])C([H])=C1Cl 0.000 description 1
- GPRIERYVMZVKTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N p-quaterphenyl Chemical group C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=C(C=2C=CC(=CC=2)C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=C1 GPRIERYVMZVKTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005582 pentacene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002958 pentadecyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000006340 pentafluoro ethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000538 pentafluorophenyl group Chemical group FC1=C(F)C(F)=C(*)C(F)=C1F 0.000 description 1
- 125000004817 pentamethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:2])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:1] 0.000 description 1
- JQQSUOJIMKJQHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentaphene Chemical group C1=CC=C2C=C3C4=CC5=CC=CC=C5C=C4C=CC3=CC2=C1 JQQSUOJIMKJQHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004115 pentoxy group Chemical group [*]OC([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001147 pentyl group Chemical group C(CCCC)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004675 pentylcarbonyl group Chemical group C(CCCC)C(=O)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000005010 perfluoroalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005327 perimidinyl group Chemical group N1C(=NC2=CC=CC3=CC=CC1=C23)* 0.000 description 1
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000005107 phenanthrazines Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- YNPNZTXNASCQKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenanthrene Chemical group C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C=CC2=C1 YNPNZTXNASCQKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RDOWQLZANAYVLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenanthridine Chemical group C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C=NC2=C1 RDOWQLZANAYVLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005561 phenanthryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001791 phenazinyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC2=NC3=CC=CC=C3N=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- GJSGGHOYGKMUPT-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenoxathiine Chemical group C1=CC=C2OC3=CC=CC=C3SC2=C1 GJSGGHOYGKMUPT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000951 phenoxy group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(O*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000004986 phenylenediamines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003356 phenylsulfanyl group Chemical group [*]SC1=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000003170 phenylsulfonyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=C1)S(=O)(=O)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001476 phosphono group Chemical group [H]OP(*)(=O)O[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000002270 phosphoric acid ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000000016 photochemical curing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004592 phthalazinyl group Chemical group C1(=NN=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001388 picenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC2=CC=C3C4=CC=C5C=CC=CC5=C4C=CC3=C21)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000003386 piperidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005936 piperidyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000001020 plasma etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000172 poly(styrenesulfonic acid) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002037 poly(vinyl butyral) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002401 polyacrylamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006122 polyamide resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000767 polyaniline Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001707 polybutylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006068 polycondensation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006267 polyester film Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001225 polyester resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004645 polyester resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006393 polyether sulfone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002530 polyetherether ketone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011116 polymethylpentene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000306 polymethylpentene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000069 polyphenylene sulfide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940005642 polystyrene sulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920005749 polyurethane resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005033 polyvinylidene chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000004032 porphyrins Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- CHWRSCGUEQEHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[K+].[K+] CHWRSCGUEQEHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001950 potassium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001902 propagating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000006410 propenylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002572 propoxy group Chemical group [*]OC([H])([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000004673 propylcarbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- MWWATHDPGQKSAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyne Chemical group CC#C MWWATHDPGQKSAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CPNGPNLZQNNVQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N pteridine Chemical compound N1=CN=CC2=NC=CN=C21 CPNGPNLZQNNVQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019423 pullulan Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- LNKHTYQPVMAJSF-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyranthrene Chemical group C1=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C=C(C=C3)C2=C2C3=CC3=C(C=CC=C4)C4=CC4=CC=C1C2=C34 LNKHTYQPVMAJSF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004309 pyranyl group Chemical class O1C(C=CC=C1)* 0.000 description 1
- JEXVQSWXXUJEMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrazol-3-one Chemical class O=C1C=CN=N1 JEXVQSWXXUJEMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003219 pyrazolines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003220 pyrenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001725 pyrenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002098 pyridazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004076 pyridyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005400 pyridylcarbonyl group Chemical group N1=C(C=CC=C1)C(=O)* 0.000 description 1
- DTPOQEUUHFQKSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrrolo[2,1,5-cd]indolizine Chemical group C1=CC(N23)=CC=C3C=CC2=C1 DTPOQEUUHFQKSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WVIICGIFSIBFOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrylium Chemical class C1=CC=[O+]C=C1 WVIICGIFSIBFOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002096 quantum dot Substances 0.000 description 1
- MCJGNVYPOGVAJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinolin-8-ol Chemical class C1=CN=C2C(O)=CC=CC2=C1 MCJGNVYPOGVAJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DLJHXMRDIWMMGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinolin-8-ol;zinc Chemical compound [Zn].C1=CN=C2C(O)=CC=CC2=C1.C1=CN=C2C(O)=CC=CC2=C1 DLJHXMRDIWMMGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003252 quinoxalines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003252 repetitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- PYWVYCXTNDRMGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodamine B Chemical class [Cl-].C=12C=CC(=[N+](CC)CC)C=C2OC2=CC(N(CC)CC)=CC=C2C=1C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O PYWVYCXTNDRMGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005488 sandblasting Methods 0.000 description 1
- WTGQALLALWYDJH-WYHSTMEOSA-N scopolamine hydrobromide Chemical compound Br.C1([C@@H](CO)C(=O)OC2C[C@@H]3N([C@H](C2)[C@@H]2[C@H]3O2)C)=CC=CC=C1 WTGQALLALWYDJH-WYHSTMEOSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007650 screen-printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004756 silanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003808 silyl group Chemical group [H][Si]([H])([H])[*] 0.000 description 1
- 238000009751 slip forming Methods 0.000 description 1
- KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Na+].[Na+] KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001948 sodium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003980 solgel method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000021286 stilbenes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000005504 styryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000542 sulfonic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000472 sulfonyl group Chemical group *S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 1
- 125000004434 sulfur atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229940042055 systemic antimycotics triazole derivative Drugs 0.000 description 1
- YRGLXIVYESZPLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-I tantalum pentafluoride Chemical compound F[Ta](F)(F)(F)F YRGLXIVYESZPLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 description 1
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000004867 thiadiazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- GVIJJXMXTUZIOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N thianthrene Chemical group C1=CC=C2SC3=CC=CC=C3SC2=C1 GVIJJXMXTUZIOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000335 thiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- CRUIOQJBPNKOJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N thieno[3,2-e][1]benzothiole Chemical group C1=C2SC=CC2=C2C=CSC2=C1 CRUIOQJBPNKOJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001544 thienyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003396 thiol group Chemical group [H]S* 0.000 description 1
- 229930192474 thiophene Natural products 0.000 description 1
- IBBLKSWSCDAPIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiopyran Chemical compound S1C=CC=C=C1 IBBLKSWSCDAPIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003944 tolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- ILJSQTXMGCGYMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N triacetic acid Chemical compound CC(=O)CC(=O)CC(O)=O ILJSQTXMGCGYMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004306 triazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002889 tridecyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- QQQSFSZALRVCSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxysilane Chemical compound CCO[SiH](OCC)OCC QQQSFSZALRVCSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000025 triisopropylsilyl group Chemical group C(C)(C)[Si](C(C)C)(C(C)C)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000003258 trimethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:2])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:1] 0.000 description 1
- 125000000026 trimethylsilyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])[Si]([*])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000006617 triphenylamine group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005580 triphenylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004417 unsaturated alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000005023 xylyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 1
- UHVMMEOXYDMDKI-JKYCWFKZSA-L zinc;1-(5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)-3-[(1s,2s)-2-(6-fluoro-2-hydroxy-3-propanoylphenyl)cyclopropyl]urea;diacetate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C([C@H]2[C@H](C2)NC(=O)NC=2N=CC(=CC=2)C#N)=C1O UHVMMEOXYDMDKI-JKYCWFKZSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/80—Constructional details
- H10K50/805—Electrodes
- H10K50/81—Anodes
- H10K50/816—Multilayers, e.g. transparent multilayers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D405/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing three or more hetero rings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F15/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table
- C07F15/0006—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table compounds of the platinum group
- C07F15/0033—Iridium compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F5/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 3 or 13 of the Periodic Table
- C07F5/06—Aluminium compounds
- C07F5/069—Aluminium compounds without C-aluminium linkages
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F7/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic Table
- C07F7/02—Silicon compounds
- C07F7/08—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages
- C07F7/0803—Compounds with Si-C or Si-Si linkages
- C07F7/081—Compounds with Si-C or Si-Si linkages comprising at least one atom selected from the elements N, O, halogen, S, Se or Te
- C07F7/0812—Compounds with Si-C or Si-Si linkages comprising at least one atom selected from the elements N, O, halogen, S, Se or Te comprising a heterocyclic ring
- C07F7/0814—Compounds with Si-C or Si-Si linkages comprising at least one atom selected from the elements N, O, halogen, S, Se or Te comprising a heterocyclic ring said ring is substituted at a C ring atom by Si
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
- C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
- C07F9/28—Phosphorus compounds with one or more P—C bonds
- C07F9/50—Organo-phosphines
- C07F9/5045—Complexes or chelates of phosphines with metallic compounds or metals
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/80—Constructional details
- H10K50/85—Arrangements for extracting light from the devices
- H10K50/854—Arrangements for extracting light from the devices comprising scattering means
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/40—Organosilicon compounds, e.g. TIPS pentacene
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/615—Polycyclic condensed aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. anthracene
- H10K85/626—Polycyclic condensed aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. anthracene containing more than one polycyclic condensed aromatic rings, e.g. bis-anthracene
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/653—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom comprising only oxygen as heteroatom
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/654—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom comprising only nitrogen as heteroatom
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/656—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom comprising two or more different heteroatoms per ring
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/657—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/657—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons
- H10K85/6572—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons comprising only nitrogen in the heteroaromatic polycondensed ring system, e.g. phenanthroline or carbazole
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/657—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons
- H10K85/6574—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons comprising only oxygen in the heteroaromatic polycondensed ring system, e.g. cumarine dyes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/657—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons
- H10K85/6576—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons comprising only sulfur in the heteroaromatic polycondensed ring system, e.g. benzothiophene
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an organic light emitting device, and more particularly, to an organic light emitting device using a transparent electrode having both conductivity and light transmittance.
- Organic light-emitting devices that use electroluminescence (EL) of organic materials are thin-film, completely solid-state devices that can emit light at a low voltage of several volts to several tens of volts, and have high brightness. It has many excellent features such as high luminous efficiency, thinness and light weight. For this reason, it has been attracting attention in recent years as surface light emitters such as backlights for various displays, display boards such as signboards and emergency lights, and illumination light sources.
- Such an organic light-emitting element has a structure in which a light-emitting layer made of an organic material is disposed between two electrodes, and light emitted from the light-emitting layer passes through the electrode and is extracted outside. For this reason, at least one of the two electrodes is configured as a transparent electrode.
- an oxide semiconductor material such as indium tin oxide (SnO 2 —In 2 O 3 : Indium Tin Oxide: ITO) is generally used.
- ITO indium tin oxide
- ITO uses rare metal indium, the material cost is high, and it is necessary to anneal at about 300 ° C. after film formation in order to reduce resistance.
- the crystallinity is lowered due to a decrease in the film formation temperature, and thus there is a problem that an appropriate resistance as an electrode cannot be obtained.
- an electrode made of silver can be formed in a state in which very high conductivity is maintained even for a film substrate.
- a silver electrode has been widely studied for a long time, both transparency and conductivity cannot be achieved, and a transparent electrode using thin film silver has not been realized.
- Patent Document 3 an alloy of silver and aluminum has been improved from the viewpoint of transparency and conductivity as compared with the prior art, but it was still not at a sufficient level.
- the present applicant discloses in Japanese Patent Application No. 2011-252003 a thin silver transparent electrode in which transparency and conductivity are greatly improved as compared with the prior art, which is a very preferable aspect.
- the thin silver electrode has a problem in the light distribution characteristics due to the influence of its specific optical characteristics, and simply providing a light extraction film on the outside of the substrate (interface between the substrate and the atmosphere) improves the light emission efficiency. There was a limit.
- a main object of the present invention is to provide an organic light-emitting device having a transparent electrode having excellent luminous efficiency and having both conductivity and light transmittance.
- An organic light emitting device having an internal light extraction layer having a scattering layer and a smooth layer, and a transparent electrode having an underlayer and an electrode layer, wherein the transparent electrode is provided on the smooth layer side of the internal light extraction layer.
- a refractive index of the internal light extraction layer is within a range of 1.7 or more and less than 2.5;
- the organic light emitting device contains particles having an average particle diameter in the range of 0.2 ⁇ m or more and less than 1 ⁇ m and a refractive index in the range of 1.7 or more and less than 3.0. Organic light emitting device.
- the organic light-emitting element wherein the compound containing a nitrogen atom has a pyridine group.
- the organic light-emitting device wherein the compound containing a nitrogen atom is a compound represented by the following general formula (1).
- n1 represents an integer of 1 or more.
- Y1 represents a substituent when n1 is 1, and represents a simple bond or an n1-valent linking group when n1 is 2 or more.
- Ar1 represents a group represented by the following general formula (A). When n1 is 2 or more, a plurality of Ar1s may be the same or different.
- the compound represented by the general formula (1) has at least two condensed aromatic heterocycles in which three or more rings are condensed in the molecule.
- X represents —N (R) —, —O—, —S— or —Si (R) (R ′) —.
- E1 to E8 each independently represent —C (R1) ⁇ or —N ⁇ .
- R, R ′ and R1 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a substituent or a linking site with Y1.
- * represents a linking site with Y1.
- Y2 represents a simple bond or a divalent linking group.
- Y3 and Y4 each represent a group derived from a 5-membered or 6-membered aromatic ring, and at least one represents a group derived from an aromatic heterocycle containing a nitrogen atom as a ring constituent atom.
- n2 represents an integer of 1 to 4.
- an organic light-emitting device having a transparent electrode that has excellent luminous efficiency and has both conductivity and light transmittance.
- the present invention has been made in view of specific optical characteristics of an organic light-emitting device using silver having a low refractive index as a transparent electrode. In other words, it is possible to reduce the light confined in the light-emitting layer by leaching out light (evanescent effect) depending on how thin the low refractive index silver is formed while achieving both conductivity and transparency. Objective. In order to achieve the performance of the above thin silver electrode, the electrode material and optical loss are reduced by using a specific material for the underlayer and forming the underlayer with a high refractive index similar to that of the light emitting layer. .
- the internal light extraction layer is made of a high refractive index layer in the same manner as the light emitting layer and the underlayer, thereby facilitating the introduction of light, reducing optical loss, and reducing the scattering effect of scattering particles with a specific structure.
- the light distribution characteristics a lot of light existing at deep angles
- Lambert increasing the forward light emission component
- the optical loss at the refractive index interface with the substrate is reduced, and the primary Extraction light can be increased.
- the transparency of each layer can be significantly increased compared to the prior art, and the reduction in efficiency during multiple scattering can be minimized, thereby increasing the extraction efficiency.
- FIG. 1 It is sectional drawing which shows schematic structure of the organic light emitting element concerning 1st Embodiment. It is the schematic which shows an example of the uneven structure of a scattering layer. It is the schematic which shows an example of the uneven structure of a scattering layer. It is a figure which shows an example of the uneven structure of a scattering layer. It is a figure which shows an example of the uneven structure of a scattering layer. It is a figure which shows an example of the uneven structure of a scattering layer. It is a figure which shows an example of the uneven structure of a scattering layer. It is a figure which shows an example of the uneven structure of a scattering layer. It is a figure which shows the mode inside the uneven structure shown in FIG.
- ⁇ is used to mean that the numerical values described before and after it are included as a lower limit value and an upper limit value.
- the organic light emitting device 100 of the present invention is provided on a transparent substrate 13, and is configured using the internal light extraction layer 2, the transparent electrode 1, an organic material, and the like in order from the transparent substrate 13 side.
- the light emitting functional layer 3 and the counter electrode 5a are laminated in this order.
- An extraction electrode 16 is provided at the end of the transparent electrode 1 (electrode layer 1b).
- the transparent electrode 1 and an external power source (not shown) are electrically connected via the extraction electrode 16.
- the organic light emitting device 100 is configured to extract the generated light (emitted light h) from at least the transparent substrate 13 side.
- the layer structure of the organic light emitting device 100 is not limited, and may be a general layer structure.
- the transparent electrode 1 functions as an anode (that is, an anode)
- the counter electrode 5a functions as a cathode (that is, a cathode).
- the light emitting functional layer 3 has a structure in which a hole injection layer 3a / a hole transport layer 3b / a light emitting layer 3c / an electron transport layer 3d / an electron injection layer 3e are stacked in this order from the transparent electrode 1 side which is an anode.
- the hole injection layer 3a and the hole transport layer 3b may be provided as a hole transport injection layer.
- the electron transport layer 3d and the electron injection layer 3e may be provided as an electron transport injection layer.
- the electron injection layer 3e may be composed of an inorganic material.
- the light-emitting functional layer 3 may have a hole blocking layer, an electron blocking layer, or the like laminated as necessary.
- the light emitting layer 3c may have a structure in which each color light emitting layer that generates emitted light in each wavelength region is laminated, and each of these color light emitting layers is laminated via a non-light emitting intermediate layer.
- the intermediate layer may function as a hole blocking layer and an electron blocking layer.
- the counter electrode 5a as a cathode may also have a laminated structure as necessary. In such a configuration, only a portion where the light emitting functional layer 3 is sandwiched between the transparent electrode 1 and the counter electrode 5 a becomes a light emitting region in the organic light emitting device 100.
- the auxiliary electrode 15 may be provided in contact with the electrode layer 1 b of the transparent electrode 1 for the purpose of reducing the resistance of the transparent electrode 1.
- the organic light emitting device 100 having the above configuration is sealed with a sealing material 17 described later on the transparent substrate 13 for the purpose of preventing deterioration of the light emitting functional layer 3 formed using an organic material or the like. ing.
- the sealing material 17 is fixed to the transparent substrate 13 side with an adhesive 19.
- the terminal portions of the transparent electrode 1 (extraction electrode 16) and the counter electrode 5a are provided on the transparent substrate 13 so as to be exposed from the sealing material 17 while being insulated from each other by the light emitting functional layer 3.
- the transparent electrode 1 has a two-layer structure in which a base layer 1 a and an electrode layer 1 b formed thereon are sequentially laminated from the transparent substrate 13 side.
- the electrode layer 1b is a layer comprised using silver or the alloy which has silver as a main component
- the base layer 1a is a layer comprised using the compound containing a nitrogen atom, for example.
- the transparency of the transparent electrode 1 means that the light transmittance at a wavelength of 550 nm is 50% or more.
- the main component of the electrode layer 1b refers to a component having the highest constituent ratio among the components constituting the electrode layer 1b.
- the underlayer 1a is a layer provided on the transparent substrate 13 side of the electrode layer 1b.
- the material constituting the base layer 1a is not particularly limited as long as it can suppress the aggregation of silver when forming the electrode layer 1b made of silver or an alloy containing silver as a main component. And compounds containing a nitrogen atom.
- the upper limit of the layer thickness needs to be less than 50 nm, preferably less than 30 nm, and preferably less than 10 nm. Is more preferable, and it is especially preferable that it is less than 5 nm. By making the layer thickness less than 50 nm, optical loss can be minimized.
- the lower limit of the layer thickness is required to be 0.05 nm or more, preferably 0.1 nm or more, and particularly preferably 0.3 nm or more.
- the layer thickness By setting the layer thickness to 0.05 nm or more, it is possible to make the underlayer 1a uniform and to make the effect (inhibition of aggregation of silver) uniform.
- the underlayer 1a is made of a high refractive index material (refractive index of 1.7 or more)
- the upper limit of the layer thickness is not particularly limited, and the lower limit of the layer thickness is the same as that of the low refractive index material. is there.
- the base layer 1a it is sufficient if the base layer 1a is formed with a necessary layer thickness that allows uniform film formation.
- the underlayer 1a also serves as a smoothing layer 2b described later is also a preferred embodiment.
- the base layer 1a is designed so as to ensure the required surface smoothness as the smoothing layer 2b, and functions as the underlayer 1a of the electrode material. It is necessary to be able to demonstrate what is possible.
- the smooth layer 2b, the base layer 1a, and the electrode layer 1b may be used (not shown).
- the ground layer 1a is a single layer and functions as the smooth layer 2b
- the layer thickness is preferably the same as that of the smooth layer 2b.
- a wet process such as a coating method, an inkjet method, a coating method, or a dip method
- a dry process such as a vapor deposition method (resistance heating, EB method, etc.), a sputtering method, a CVD method, or the like is used. And the like.
- the vapor deposition method is preferably applied.
- the compound containing a nitrogen atom constituting the underlayer 1a is not particularly limited as long as it is a compound containing a nitrogen atom in the molecule, but is preferably a compound having a heterocycle having a nitrogen atom as a heteroatom. .
- heterocycle having a nitrogen atom as a hetero atom examples include aziridine, azirine, azetidine, azeto, azolidine, azole, azinane, pyridine, azepan, azepine, imidazole, pyrazole, oxazole, thiazole, imidazoline, pyrazine, morpholine, thiazine, indole, Examples include isoindole, benzimidazole, purine, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinoxaline, cinnoline, pteridine, acridine, carbazole, benzo-C-cinnoline, porphyrin, chlorin, choline and the like.
- a compound represented by the following general formula (1) is particularly preferable as a compound having a heterocycle having a nitrogen atom as a heteroatom as described above.
- n1 represents an integer of 1 or more.
- Y1 represents a substituent when n1 is 1, and represents a simple bond or an n1-valent linking group when n1 is 2 or more.
- Ar1 represents a group represented by the general formula (A) described later. When n1 is 2 or more, a plurality of Ar1s may be the same or different.
- the compound represented by the general formula (1) has at least two condensed aromatic heterocycles in which three or more rings are condensed in the molecule.
- the substituent represented by Y1 is an alkyl group (for example, methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, isopropyl group, tert-butyl group, pentyl group, hexyl group, octyl group, dodecyl group).
- Aromatic hydrocarbon group also called aromatic carbocyclic group, aryl group, etc., for example, phenyl group, p-chlorophenyl group, mesityl group, tolyl group, xylyl group, naphthyl group, anthryl group, azulenyl group, acenaphthenyl group , Fluorenyl group, phenanthryl group, indenyl group, pyrenyl group, Phenyl group, aromatic heterocyclic group (for example, furyl group, thien
- substituents may be further substituted with the above substituents. Further, these substituents may be bonded together to form a ring.
- n1-valent linking group represented by Y1 in the general formula (1) examples include a divalent linking group, a trivalent linking group, and a tetravalent linking group.
- an alkylene group for example, ethylene group, trimethylene group, tetramethylene group, propylene group, ethylethylene group, pentamethylene group, hexamethylene group, 2,2,4-trimethylhexamethylene group, heptamethylene group, octamethylene group, nonamethylene group, decamethylene group, undecamethylene group, dodecamethylene group, cyclohexylene group (for example, 1,6-cyclohexanediyl group, etc.), Cyclopentylene group (for example, 1,5-cyclopentanediyl group and the like), alkenylene group (for example, vinylene group, propenylene group, butenylene group, pentenylene group, 1-methylvinylene group, 1-methylpropenylene group, 2-methylpropenylene group, 1-methylpentenylene group, -Methylpentenylene group, 1-ethylviny
- examples of the trivalent linking group represented by Y1 include ethanetriyl group, propanetriyl group, butanetriyl group, pentanetriyl group, hexanetriyl group, heptanetriyl group, and octanetriyl.
- the tetravalent linking group represented by Y1 is a group in which one trivalent group is further added to the above trivalent group.
- each of the above divalent linking group, trivalent linking group, and tetravalent linking group may further have a substituent represented by Y1 in the general formula (1).
- Y1 preferably represents a group derived from a condensed aromatic heterocycle formed by condensation of three or more rings, and the three or more rings.
- a condensed aromatic heterocyclic ring formed by condensing a dibenzofuran ring or a dibenzothiophene ring is preferable.
- n1 is preferably 2 or more.
- the compound represented by the general formula (1) has at least two condensed aromatic heterocycles formed by condensation of three or more rings in the molecule.
- Y1 represents an n1-valent linking group
- Y1 is preferably non-conjugated in order to keep the triplet excitation energy of the compound represented by the general formula (1) high, and further, Tg (glass transition In view of improving the point, also referred to as glass transition temperature, it is preferably composed of an aromatic ring (aromatic hydrocarbon ring + aromatic heterocycle).
- non-conjugated means that the linking group cannot be expressed by repeating a single bond (also referred to as a single bond) and a double bond, or the conjugation between aromatic rings constituting the linking group is sterically cleaved. Means.
- Ar1 in the general formula (1) represents a group represented by the following general formula (A).
- X represents —N (R) —, —O—, —S— or —Si (R) (R ′) —.
- E1 to E8 each independently represent —C (R1) ⁇ or —N ⁇ .
- R, R ′ and R1 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a substituent or a linking site with Y1.
- * represents a linking site with Y1.
- Y2 represents a simple bond or a divalent linking group.
- Y3 and Y4 each represent a group derived from a 5-membered or 6-membered aromatic ring, and at least one represents a group derived from an aromatic heterocycle containing a nitrogen atom as a ring constituent atom.
- n2 represents an integer of 1 to 4.
- the divalent linking group represented by Y2 has the same meaning as the divalent linking group represented by Y1 in the general formula (1).
- At least one of the groups derived from a 5-membered or 6-membered aromatic ring represented by Y3 and Y4 respectively represents a group derived from an aromatic heterocycle containing a nitrogen atom as a ring-constituting atom
- the aromatic heterocycle containing a nitrogen atom as the ring constituent atom include an oxazole ring, a pyrrole ring, a pyridine ring, a pyridazine ring, a pyrimidine ring, a pyrazine ring, a diazine ring, a triazine ring, an imidazole ring, an isoxazole ring, a pyrazole ring, Examples include a triazole ring.
- the group represented by Y3 is preferably a group derived from the 6-membered aromatic ring, and more preferably a group derived from a benzene ring.
- the group represented by Y4 is preferably a group derived from the 6-membered aromatic ring, more preferably an aromatic heterocycle containing a nitrogen atom as a ring constituent atom. Particularly preferably, Y4 is a group derived from a pyridine ring.
- the group represented by the general formula (A) is a group represented by any of the following general formulas (A-1), (A-2), (A-3), or (A-4) Is preferred.
- X represents —N (R) —, —O—, —S— or —Si (R) (R ′) —.
- E1 to E8 each independently represent —C (R1) ⁇ or —N ⁇ .
- R, R ′ and R1 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a substituent or a linking site with Y1.
- Y2 represents a simple bond or a divalent linking group.
- E11 to E20 each independently represent —C (R2) ⁇ or —N ⁇ , and at least one represents —N ⁇ .
- R2 represents a hydrogen atom, a substituent or a linking site. However, at least one of E11 and E12 represents —C (R2) ⁇ , and R2 represents a linking site.
- n2 represents an integer of 1 to 4. * Represents a linking site with Y1 in the general formula (1).
- X represents —N (R) —, —O—, —S— or —Si (R) (R ′) —.
- E1 to E8 each independently represent —C (R1) ⁇ or —N ⁇ .
- R, R ′ and R1 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a substituent or a linking site with Y1.
- Y2 represents a simple bond or a divalent linking group.
- E21 to E25 each independently represent —C (R2) ⁇ or —N ⁇
- E26 to E30 each independently represent —C (R2) ⁇ , —N ⁇ , —O—, —S— or —Si.
- R2 represents a hydrogen atom, a substituent or a linking site
- R3 and R4 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent.
- at least one of E21 or E22 represents —C (R2) ⁇
- R2 represents a linking site.
- n2 represents an integer of 1 to 4. * Represents a linking site with Y1 in the general formula (1).
- X represents —N (R) —, —O—, —S— or —Si (R) (R ′) —.
- E1 to E8 each independently represent —C (R1) ⁇ or —N ⁇ .
- R, R ′ and R1 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a substituent or a linking site with Y1.
- Y2 represents a simple bond or a divalent linking group.
- E31 to E35 each independently represent —C (R2) ⁇ , —N ⁇ , —O—, —S— or —Si (R3) (R4) —
- R2 represents a hydrogen atom, a substituent or a linking site
- R3 and R4 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent.
- at least one of E32 or E33 is represented by —C (R2) ⁇
- R2 represents a linking site.
- n2 represents an integer of 1 to 4. * Represents a linking site with Y1 in the general formula (1).
- X represents —N (R) —, —O—, —S— or —Si (R) (R ′) —.
- E1 to E8 each independently represent —C (R1) ⁇ or —N ⁇ .
- R, R ′ and R1 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a substituent or a linking site with Y1.
- Y2 represents a simple bond or a divalent linking group.
- E41 to E50 each independently represent —C (R2) ⁇ , —N ⁇ , —O—, —S— or —Si (R3) (R4) —, and at least one of them represents —N ⁇ .
- R2 represents a hydrogen atom, a substituent or a linking site
- R3 and R4 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent.
- at least one of E42 and E43 is represented by —C (R2) ⁇
- R2 represents a linking site
- n2 represents an integer of 1 to 4. * Represents a linking site with Y1 in the general formula (1).
- the divalent linking group represented by Y2 is the same as the divalent linking group represented by Y1 in the general formula (1). It is synonymous.
- Y5 represents a divalent linking group composed of an arylene group, a heteroarylene group, or a combination thereof.
- E51 to E66 each represent —C (R3) ⁇ or —N ⁇ , and R3 represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent.
- Y6 to Y9 each represent a group derived from an aromatic hydrocarbon ring or a group derived from an aromatic heterocycle, and at least one of Y6 or Y7 and at least one of Y8 or Y9 is an aromatic containing an N atom Represents a group derived from a heterocycle.
- n3 and n4 each represents an integer of 0 to 4, and n3 + n4 is an integer of 2 or more.
- the arylene group and heteroarylene group represented by Y5 are the arylene group and heteroarylene group described as an example of the divalent linking group represented by Y1 in general formula (1). Are synonymous with each other.
- the divalent linking group consisting of an arylene group, heteroarylene group or a combination thereof represented by Y5 is derived from a condensed aromatic heterocycle formed by condensation of three or more rings among heteroarylene groups.
- the group derived from a condensed aromatic heterocyclic ring formed by condensing three or more rings is preferably a group derived from a dibenzofuran ring or a group derived from a dibenzothiophene ring. Preferably there is.
- the substituent represented by R3 has the same meaning as the substituent represented by Y1 in the general formula (1).
- E53 is represented by —C (R3) ⁇ and R3 represents a linking site
- E61 is also represented by —C (R3) ⁇
- R3 preferably represents a linking site
- examples of the aromatic hydrocarbon ring used for forming the group derived from the aromatic hydrocarbon ring represented by Y6 to Y9 include a benzene ring, a biphenyl ring, a naphthalene ring, and an azulene ring.
- the aromatic hydrocarbon ring may have a substituent represented by Y1 in the general formula (1).
- examples of the aromatic heterocycle used for forming the group derived from the aromatic heterocycle represented by Y6 to Y9 include a furan ring, a thiophene ring, an oxazole ring, a pyrrole ring, and pyridine.
- the aromatic heterocycle may have a substituent represented by Y1 in the general formula (1).
- an aromatic heterocycle containing an N atom used for forming a group derived from an aromatic heterocycle containing an N atom represented by at least one of Y6 or Y7 and at least one of Y8 or Y9.
- the ring include oxazole ring, pyrrole ring, pyridine ring, pyridazine ring, pyrimidine ring, pyrazine ring, triazine ring, benzimidazole ring, oxadiazole ring, triazole ring, imidazole ring, pyrazole ring, thiazole ring, indole ring.
- Indazole ring Indazole ring, benzimidazole ring, benzothiazole ring, benzoxazole ring, quinoxaline ring, quinazoline ring, cinnoline ring, quinoline ring, isoquinoline ring, phthalazine ring, naphthyridine ring, carbazole ring, carboline ring, diazacarbazole ring (carboline ring) Configure That shows a ring in which one carbon atom is further substituted with a nitrogen atom), and the like.
- the groups represented by Y7 and Y9 are each preferably a group derived from a pyridine ring.
- the groups represented by Y6 and Y8 are each preferably a group derived from a benzene ring.
- Y5 represents a divalent linking group composed of an arylene group, a heteroarylene group, or a combination thereof.
- E51 to E66 and E71 to E88 each represent —C (R3) ⁇ or —N ⁇ , and R3 represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent.
- R3 represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent.
- n3 and n4 each represents an integer of 0 to 4, and n3 + n4 is an integer of 2 or more.
- the arylene group and heteroarylene group represented by Y5 are the arylene group and heteroarylene group described as an example of the divalent linking group represented by Y1 in general formula (1). Are synonymous with each other.
- the divalent linking group consisting of an arylene group, heteroarylene group or a combination thereof represented by Y5 is derived from a condensed aromatic heterocycle formed by condensation of three or more rings among heteroarylene groups.
- the group derived from a condensed aromatic heterocyclic ring formed by condensing three or more rings is preferably a group derived from a dibenzofuran ring or a group derived from a dibenzothiophene ring. Preferably there is.
- the substituent represented by R3 has the same meaning as the substituent represented by Y1 in the general formula (1).
- E53 is represented by —C (R3) ⁇ and R3 represents a linking site
- E61 is represented by —C (R3) ⁇
- R3 preferably represents a linking site
- Step 1 (Synthesis of Intermediate 1) Under a nitrogen atmosphere, 3,6-dibromodibenzofuran (1.0 mol), carbazole (2.0 mol), copper powder (3.0 mol), potassium carbonate (1.5 mol), DMAc (dimethylacetamide) 300 ml And mixed at 130 ° C. for 24 hours.
- Step 2 (Synthesis of Intermediate 2)
- Intermediate 1 (0.5 mol) was dissolved in 100 ml of DMF (dimethylformamide) at room temperature (25 ° C.) in the atmosphere, NBS (N-bromosuccinimide) (2.0 mol) was added, and room temperature ( (25 ° C.).
- NBS N-bromosuccinimide
- the resulting precipitate was filtered and washed with methanol, yielding intermediate 2 in 92% yield.
- Step 3 (Synthesis of Exemplified Compound 5) Under a nitrogen atmosphere, intermediate 2 (0.25 mol), 2-phenylpyridine (1.0 mol), ruthenium complex [( ⁇ 6 -C 6 H 6 ) RuCl 2 ] 2 (0.05 mol), triphenyl Phosphine (0.2 mol) and potassium carbonate (12 mol) were mixed in 3 L of NMP (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) and stirred at 140 ° C. overnight.
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- the electrode layer 1b is a layer formed using silver or an alloy containing silver as a main component, and is a layer formed on the base layer 1a.
- a method for forming such an electrode layer 1b a method using a wet process such as a coating method, an inkjet method, a coating method, a dip method, a vapor deposition method (resistance heating, EB method, etc.), a sputtering method, a CVD method, or the like. And a method using the dry process.
- the vapor deposition method is preferably applied.
- the electrode layer 1b is formed on the base layer 1a, so that the electrode layer 1b is sufficiently conductive without high-temperature annealing after the electrode layer 1b is formed.
- the film may be subjected to high-temperature annealing after film formation.
- Examples of the alloy mainly composed of silver (Ag) constituting the electrode layer 1b include silver magnesium (AgMg), silver copper (AgCu), silver palladium (AgPd), silver palladium copper (AgPdCu), and silver indium (AgIn). ) And the like.
- the electrode layer 1b as described above may have a structure in which silver or an alloy layer mainly composed of silver is divided into a plurality of layers as necessary.
- the electrode layer 1b preferably has a layer thickness in the range of 2 to 15 nm, more preferably in the range of 3 to 12 nm, and particularly preferably in the range of 4 to 9 nm.
- the layer thickness is less than 15 nm, the absorption component or reflection component of the layer is small, and the transmittance of the transparent electrode is increased. Further, when the layer thickness is thicker than 2 nm, the conductivity of the layer can be sufficiently ensured.
- the transparent electrode 1 having a laminated structure composed of the base layer 1a and the electrode layer 1b formed thereon is covered with a protective film at the top of the electrode layer 1b, It may be laminated. In this case, it is preferable that the protective film and the other electrode layer have light transmittance so that the light transmittance of the transparent electrode 1 is not impaired.
- the transparent electrode 1 having the above-described configuration is, for example, an electrode made of silver or an alloy containing silver as a main component on an underlayer 1a configured using a compound containing nitrogen atoms. It is the structure which provided the layer 1b. As a result, when the electrode layer 1b is formed on the underlayer 1a, the silver atoms constituting the electrode layer 1b interact with the compound containing nitrogen atoms constituting the underlayer 1a. The diffusion distance on the surface of the formation 1a is reduced, and silver aggregation is suppressed.
- the electrode layer 1b containing silver as a main component a thin film is grown in a nucleus growth type (Volume-Weber: VW type), so that silver particles are easily isolated in an island shape, and the layer thickness is increased.
- a nucleus growth type Volume-Weber: VW type
- the layer thickness is increased.
- the layer thickness is increased, the light transmittance is lowered, so that it is not suitable as a transparent electrode.
- the transparent electrode 1 since aggregation of silver is suppressed on the base layer 1a as described above, in the film formation of the electrode layer 1b made of silver or an alloy containing silver as a main component, the single layer growth type is used. Thin films grow with (Frank-van der Merwe: FM type).
- the transparent of the transparent electrode 1 means that the light transmittance at a wavelength of 550 nm is 50% or more.
- each of the above materials used as the base layer 1a is mainly composed of silver or silver.
- the film is sufficiently light-transmissive.
- the conductivity of the transparent electrode 1 is mainly ensured by the electrode layer 1b. Therefore, as described above, the electrode layer 1b made of silver or an alloy containing silver as a main component has a thinner layer and the conductivity is ensured, thereby improving the conductivity of the transparent electrode 1 and the light. Thus, it is possible to achieve both the improvement of permeability.
- the transparent electrode 1 of the structure mentioned above can be used for various electronic devices in addition to the organic light emitting element of the present invention.
- Examples of other electronic devices include a light emitting diode (LED), a liquid crystal element, a solar cell, a touch panel, and the like.
- LED light emitting diode
- the transparent electrode 1 described above is used. Can be used.
- the internal light extraction layer 2 is disposed between the transparent substrate 13 and the transparent electrode 1, and the scattering layer 2 a and the smooth layer 2 b are laminated in order from the transparent substrate 13 side.
- the refractive index of the internal light extraction layer 2 at a wavelength of 550 nm is in the range of 1.7 or more and less than 2.5.
- Waveguide mode light confined in the light emitting layer of the organic light emitting element and plasmon mode light reflected from the cathode are light of specific optical modes, and in order to extract these lights, a refractive index of at least 1.7 or more is required. is necessary.
- the refractive index of the scattering layer 2a and the smoothing layer 2b is preferably in the range of 1.7 or more and less than 2.5, respectively, but it is difficult to measure the refractive index of each layer individually. Therefore, it is sufficient that the refractive index of the internal light extraction layer 2 as a whole satisfies the above range.
- the refractive index can be measured with a multiwavelength Abbe refractometer, a prism coupler, a Mickelson interferometer, a spectroscopic ellipsometer, or the like.
- the haze value of the internal light extraction layer 2 (the ratio of the scattering transmittance to the total light transmittance) is 20% or more, more preferably 25% or more, and particularly preferably 30% or more. If the haze value is 20% or more, the luminous efficiency can be improved.
- the haze value is a physical property value calculated under the influence of (i) the influence of the refractive index difference of the composition in the film and (ii) the influence of the surface shape.
- the haze value is measured as the internal light extraction layer 2 in which the smooth layer 2b is laminated on the scattering layer 2a. That is, by measuring the haze value while suppressing the average surface roughness Ra at 10 ⁇ m ⁇ to less than 100 nm, the haze value excluding the influence of the above (ii) is measured.
- the internal light extraction layer 2 of the present invention preferably has a transmittance of 50% or more, more preferably 55% or more, and particularly preferably 60% or more.
- the scattering layer 2a is preferably a high refractive index layer having a refractive index in the range of 1.7 or more and less than 2.5.
- the scattering layer 2a may form a film with a single material having a refractive index of 1.7 or more and less than 2.5, or may be mixed with two or more compounds to have a refractive index of 1.7 or more and 2.
- a film of less than 5 may be formed.
- the refractive index of the scattering layer 2a can be substituted by a calculated refractive index calculated by a total value obtained by multiplying the refractive index specific to each material by the mixing ratio.
- the refractive index of each material may be less than 1.7 or 2.5 or more, and it is sufficient that the mixed film has a refractive index of 1.7 or more and less than 2.5.
- the scattering layer 2a of the present invention may be a mixed scattering layer (scattering film) using a difference in refractive index due to a mixture of resin and particles, or as a shape control scattering layer formed by shape control of an uneven structure or the like. Also good.
- the mixed scattering layer is a layer that improves light extraction efficiency, and is formed on the outermost surface of the transparent substrate 13 on the transparent electrode 1 side.
- the mixed scattering layer 2a is composed of a layer medium and particles contained in the layer medium.
- the difference in refractive index between the resin material (binder) which is the layer medium and the contained particles is 0.03 or more, preferably 0.1 or more, more preferably 0.2 or more, and particularly preferably. It is 0.3 or more.
- the difference in refractive index between the layer medium and the particles is 0.03 or more, a scattering effect occurs at the interface between the layer medium and the particles.
- a larger refractive index difference is preferable because refraction at the interface increases and the scattering effect improves.
- the mixed scattering layer 2a is a layer that diffuses light by the difference in refractive index between the layer medium and the particles. Therefore, the contained particles are preferably transparent particles having a particle size equal to or larger than a region that causes Mie scattering in the visible light region, and the average particle size is preferably 0.2 ⁇ m or more.
- the upper limit of the average particle size when the particle size is larger, it is necessary to increase the layer thickness of the smooth layer 2b for flattening the roughness of the mixed scattering layer 2a containing the particles. From the standpoint of absorption, the thickness is preferably less than 10 ⁇ m, more preferably less than 5 ⁇ m, particularly preferably less than 3 ⁇ m, and most preferably less than 1 ⁇ m.
- the average particle diameter of the high refractive index particles can be measured by, for example, an apparatus using a dynamic light scattering method such as Nanotrack UPA-EX150 manufactured by Nikkiso Co., Ltd., or image processing of an electron micrograph.
- Such particles are not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose.
- the particles may be organic fine particles or inorganic fine particles, and among them, inorganic fine particles having a high refractive index. Is preferred.
- organic fine particles having a high refractive index examples include polymethyl methacrylate beads, acrylic-styrene copolymer beads, melamine beads, polycarbonate beads, styrene beads, cross-linked polystyrene beads, polyvinyl chloride beads, benzoguanamine-melamine formaldehyde beads. Can be mentioned.
- the inorganic fine particles having a high refractive index examples include inorganic oxide particles made of at least one oxide selected from zirconium, titanium, aluminum, indium, zinc, tin, antimony, and the like.
- Specific examples of the inorganic oxide particles include ZrO 2 , TiO 2 , BaTiO 3 , Al 2 O 3 , In 2 O 3 , ZnO, SnO 2 , Sb 2 O 3 , ITO, SiO 2 , ZrSiO 4 , zeolite.
- TiO 2 , BaTiO 3 , ZrO 2 , ZnO and SnO 2 are preferable, and TiO 2 is most preferable.
- the rutile type is more preferable than the anatase type because the catalyst activity is low, so that the weather resistance of the high refractive index layer and the adjacent layer is high and the refractive index is high.
- these particles are used after being subjected to surface treatment from the viewpoint of improving dispersibility and stability in the case of using a dispersion liquid described later in order to be contained in the mixed scattering layer 2a having a high refractive index, or It is possible to select whether or not to use a surface treatment.
- specific materials for the surface treatment include different inorganic oxides such as silicon oxide and zirconium oxide, metal hydroxides such as aluminum hydroxide, organic acids such as organosiloxane and stearic acid, and the like. It is done. These surface treatment materials may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used in combination of multiple types. Among these, from the viewpoint of the stability of the dispersion, the surface treatment material is preferably a different inorganic oxide and / or metal hydroxide, more preferably a metal hydroxide.
- the coating amount (in general, this coating amount is indicated by the mass ratio of the surface treatment material used on the surface of the particle to the mass of the particles). Is preferably 0.01 to 99% by mass. If the coating amount of the surface treatment material is too small, the effect of improving the dispersibility and stability by the surface treatment cannot be obtained sufficiently, and if too large, the refractive index of the mixed scattering layer 2a having a high refractive index is lowered. Therefore, it is not preferable.
- quantum dots described in International Publication No. 2009/014707 and US Pat. No. 6,608,439 can be suitably used as the high refractive index material.
- the high refractive index particles have a refractive index of 1.7 or more, preferably 1.85 or more, and particularly preferably 2.0 or more. If the refractive index is less than 1.7, the difference in refractive index from the binder becomes small, the amount of scattering decreases, and the effect of improving the light extraction efficiency may not be obtained. On the other hand, the upper limit of the refractive index of the high refractive index particles is less than 3.0. If the difference in refractive index from the binder is large, a sufficient amount of scattering can be obtained, and the effect of improving the light extraction efficiency can be obtained.
- the high refractive index particles are arranged with a thickness of one particle so that the particles are in contact with or close to the interface between the mixed scattering layer 2a and the smooth layer 2b.
- the evanescent light that permeates into the mixed scattering layer 2a when total reflection occurs in the smooth layer 2b can be scattered by the particles, and the light extraction efficiency is improved.
- the high refractive index particles are present in a range exceeding the average particle size (for example, the layer thickness of the mixed scattering layer 2a is 1.3 times the average particle size of the high refractive index particles), the particles are far away from the interface. Therefore, the evanescent light is not scattered and does not contribute to the improvement of the light extraction efficiency.
- the distribution thickness of the particles increases, there may be a problem that the uniformity of coating or interface smoothness decreases, or the display performance decreases due to an increase in reflected scattered light.
- the content of the high refractive index particles in the mixed scattering layer 2a is preferably in the range of 1.0 to 70%, more preferably in the range of 5 to 50% in terms of volume filling factor. Thereby, the density distribution of the refractive index can be made dense at the interface between the mixed scattering layer 2a and the smooth layer 2b, and the light extraction efficiency can be improved by increasing the amount of light scattering.
- the particles are dispersed in a resin material (polymer) solution (a solvent in which particles are not dissolved) used as a medium. It is formed by coating on a substrate. Although these particles are actually polydisperse particles and difficult to arrange regularly, they have a diffraction effect locally, but many of them change the direction of light by diffusion and light extraction efficiency To improve.
- binder of the present invention known resins (binders) can be used without particular limitation.
- acrylic acid esters acrylic acid esters, methacrylic acid esters, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polycarbonate (PC), polyarylate, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), nylon (Ny), aromatic polyamide, polyether ether ketone, polysulfone, polyether sulfone, polyimide , Resin films such as polyetherimides, heat-resistant transparent films having an organic-inorganic hybrid structure and having a basic skeleton of silsesquioxane, polysiloxane, polysilazane, polysiloxazan, etc.
- hydrophilic resins can also be used.
- hydrophilic resins include water-soluble resins, water-dispersible resins, colloid-dispersed resins, and mixtures thereof.
- hydrophilic resin include acrylic resins, polyester resins, polyamide resins, polyurethane resins, fluorine resins, and the like, such as polyvinyl alcohol, gelatin, polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, casein, starch, agar, carrageenan, and polyacryl.
- Polymers such as acid, polymethacrylic acid, polyacrylamide, polymethacrylamide, polystyrene sulfonic acid, cellulose, hydroxyl ethyl cellulose, carboxyl methyl cellulose, hydroxyl ethyl cellulose, dextran, dextrin, pullulan, water-soluble polyvinyl butyral can be mentioned, but these Among these, polyvinyl alcohol is preferable.
- the polymer used as the binder resin one type may be used alone, or two or more types may be mixed and used as necessary.
- a resin curable mainly by ultraviolet rays / electron beams that is, a mixture of an ionizing radiation curable resin and a thermoplastic resin and a solvent, or a thermosetting resin
- a binder resin is preferably a polymer having a saturated hydrocarbon or polyether as a main chain, and more preferably a polymer having a saturated hydrocarbon as a main chain.
- the binder is preferably crosslinked.
- the polymer having a saturated hydrocarbon as the main chain is preferably obtained by a polymerization reaction of an ethylenically unsaturated monomer.
- a compound capable of forming a metal oxide, metal nitride or metal oxynitride by ultraviolet irradiation under a specific atmosphere is particularly preferably used.
- a compound suitable for the present invention a compound which can be modified at a relatively low temperature described in JP-A-8-112879 is preferable.
- polysiloxane having Si—O—Si bond including polysilsesquioxane
- polysilazane having Si—N—Si bond both Si—O—Si bond and Si—N—Si bond
- polysiloxazan containing can be used in combination of two or more. Moreover, it can be used even if different compounds are sequentially laminated or simultaneously laminated.
- the polysiloxane used in the present invention can include [R 3 SiO 1/2 ], [R 2 SiO], [RSiO 3/2 ] and [SiO 2 ] as general structural units.
- R is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group containing 1 to 20 carbon atoms (eg, methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc.), an aryl group (eg, phenyl, etc.), an unsaturated alkyl group (eg, vinyl, etc.)
- Examples of specific polysiloxane groups include [PhSiO 3/2 ], [MeSiO 3/2 ], [HSiO 3/2 ], [MePhSiO], [Ph 2 SiO], [PhViSiO], [ViSiO 3/2 ].
- Vi represents a vinyl group
- [MeHSiO] [MeViSiO]
- [Me 2 SiO] [Me 3 SiO 1/2 ] and the like.
- Mixtures and copolymers of polysiloxanes can also be used.
- Polysilsesquioxane is a compound containing silsesquioxane in a structural unit.
- “Silsesquioxane” is a compound represented by [RSiO 3/2 ], usually RSiX 3 (R is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, an araalkyl group, etc. Is a halogen, an alkoxy group, etc.)
- R is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, an araalkyl group, etc. Is a halogen, an alkoxy group, etc.
- the molecular arrangement of polysilsesquioxane is typically an amorphous structure, a ladder structure, a cage structure, or a partially cleaved structure (a structure in which a silicon atom is missing from a cage structure or a cage structure).
- a structure in which the silicon-oxygen bond in the structure is partially broken is known.
- hydrogen silsesquioxane polymer examples include a hydridosiloxane polymer represented by HSi (OH) x (OR) y O z / 2 .
- Each R is an organic group or a substituted organic group, and forms a hydrolyzable substituent when bonded to silicon by an oxygen atom.
- x 0 to 2
- y 0 to 2
- z 1 to 3
- x + y + z 3.
- R examples include an alkyl group (for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl and the like), an aryl group (for example, phenyl and the like), and an alkenyl group (for example, allyl and vinyl and the like).
- These resins are either fully condensed (HSiO 3/2 ) n , or only partially hydrolyzed (ie, contain some Si—OR) and / or partially condensed (ie, one Part of Si—OH).
- the polysilazane used in the present invention is a polymer having a silicon-nitrogen bond, and is composed of Si—N, Si—H, NH or the like, SiO 2 , Si 3 N 4 and both intermediate solid solutions SiO x N y (x : 0.1 to 1.9, y: 0.1 to 1.3) and the like.
- the polysilazane preferably used in the present invention is represented by the following general formula (B).
- R 1 , R 2 and R 3 each represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an aryl group, an alkylsilyl group, an alkylamino group or an alkoxy group.
- perhydropolysilazane in which all of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are hydrogen atoms is particularly preferred from the viewpoint of compactness.
- the ionizing radiation curable resin composition can be cured by a normal curing method, that is, irradiation with an electron beam or ultraviolet rays.
- a normal curing method that is, irradiation with an electron beam or ultraviolet rays.
- 10 to 1000 keV emitted from various electron beam accelerators such as a Cockrowalton type, a bandegraph type, a resonance transformer type, an insulating core transformer type, a linear type, a dynamitron type, and a high frequency type.
- an electron beam having an energy of 30 to 300 keV is used.
- ultraviolet curing ultraviolet rays emitted from rays such as ultra-high pressure mercury lamp, high pressure mercury lamp, low pressure mercury lamp, carbon arc, xenon arc, metal halide lamp, etc. Available.
- a rare gas excimer lamp that emits vacuum ultraviolet rays of 100 to 230 nm is specifically mentioned.
- a rare gas atom such as Xe, Kr, Ar, Ne, etc. is called an inert gas because it does not form a molecule by chemically bonding.
- rare gas atoms excited atoms
- the rare gas is Xe (xenon)
- the excited excimer molecule Xe 2 * transitions to the ground state, excimer light of 172 nm is emitted.
- ⁇ Excimer lamps are characterized by high efficiency because radiation concentrates on one wavelength and almost no other light is emitted. Moreover, since extra light is not radiated
- a dielectric barrier discharge lamp has a structure in which a discharge is generated between electrodes via a dielectric. Generally, at least one electrode is disposed between a discharge vessel made of a dielectric and the outside thereof. That's fine.
- a dielectric barrier discharge lamp for example, a rare gas such as xenon is enclosed in a double cylindrical discharge vessel composed of a thick tube and a thin tube made of quartz glass, and a net-like second discharge vessel is formed outside the discharge vessel. There is one in which one electrode is provided and another electrode is provided inside the inner tube.
- a dielectric barrier discharge lamp generates a dielectric barrier discharge inside a discharge vessel by applying a high frequency voltage between electrodes, and generates excimer light when excimer molecules such as xenon generated by the discharge dissociate. .
- Excimer lamps can be lit with low power input because of their high light generation efficiency. In addition, since light having a long wavelength that causes a temperature rise is not emitted and energy is emitted at a single wavelength in the ultraviolet region, the temperature rise of the irradiation object due to the irradiation light itself is suppressed.
- the shape control scattering layer 2a is preferably provided at the total reflection interface, and is preferably provided at the interface of layers having different total refractive indexes and different refractive indexes.
- the total reflection interface refers to an interface having a refractive index difference of 0.05 or more, the effect being more effective is an interface having a refractive index difference of 0.1 or more, and particularly effective is an interface having a refractive index difference of 0.15 or more .
- the shape control scattering layer 2 a having a concavo-convex structure for diffracting or diffusing light is provided on the transparent substrate 13.
- each layer of the light emitting functional layer 3 including the transparent electrode (anode) 1, the light emitting layer 3c, the counter electrode 5a, and the like are formed on the shape control scattering layer 2a.
- the concavo-convex structure that diffracts light is a concavo-convex structure having a constant pitch (period).
- a diffraction grating for diffracting light within a wavelength range of 400 to 750 nm in a visible light medium.
- the pitch P (see FIG. 2) of the concavo-convex arrangement has a constant value in the range of 150 to 3000 nm corresponding to the wavelength at which the extraction efficiency is improved.
- the concavo-convex structure acting as a diffraction grating is described in, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Nos. 11-283751 and 2003-115377.
- the stripe-shaped diffraction grating does not have a diffraction effect in the direction parallel to the stripe, and thus preferably functions as a diffraction grating uniformly from any direction two-dimensionally.
- a concave portion and a convex portion having a predetermined shape are regularly formed at predetermined intervals.
- Examples of the shape of the hole constituting the recess include, but are not particularly limited to, a circle, a triangle, a quadrangle, and a polygon.
- the inner diameter of the hole (assuming a circle with the same area) is preferably in the range of 75 to 1500 nm.
- the depth of the recess is preferably in the range of 50 to 1600 nm, and more preferably in the range of 50 to 1200 nm. If the depth of the recess is smaller than this, the effect of causing diffraction or scattering is small, and if it is too large, the flatness as a display element is impaired, which is not preferable.
- the arrangement of these recesses is repeated regularly two-dimensionally, such as a square lattice (square lattice), a honeycomb lattice, or the like.
- the shape of the protrusion is the same as the shape of the concave portion.
- the shape viewed from the normal direction of the surface is circular or triangular. , Square or polygonal.
- the height and pitch (cycle) of the protrusions are the same as in the case where the above-described holes are formed. That is, the shape of these unevennesses may be formed so that the convex portion has the value of the concave portion.
- FIGS. 2 to 4C An example of the concavo-convex structure acting as a diffraction grating formed in this way is shown in FIGS. 2 to 4C.
- the concavo-convex structure shown in FIG. 2 shows a case where the concave portions 40 having a circular hole shape and a rectangular cross-sectional shape are arranged in a square lattice shape.
- the concavo-convex structure shown in FIG. 3 shows a case where the concave portions 42 having a square hole shape and a rectangular cross-sectional shape are arranged in a square lattice shape.
- the concavo-convex structure shown in FIG. 4A shows a composite concavo-convex structure in which pyramidal (waffle-shaped) concave portions 44 and hemispherical convex portions 46 are arranged in a square lattice pattern. In the example shown in FIGS.
- the depth of the recess 44 (the difference in height between the lattice point 48 and the vertex 50 of the recess 44) is about 20 ⁇ m
- the height of the protrusion 46 (the lattice point 48 and the protrusion 50).
- the difference in height between the apex 52 of the portion 46 and the apex 52 is about 10 ⁇ m, but is not particularly limited thereto.
- the shape control scattering layer 2a By forming the shape control scattering layer 2a having such a concavo-convex structure on the surface of the substrate, for example, when light emission is extracted from the substrate side, the extraction efficiency of light having a wavelength corresponding to the pitch (period) of the concavo-convex structure is improved. Can be improved.
- thermoplastic resin such as polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)
- PMMA polymethyl methacrylate
- a mold provided with unevenness By pressing and transferring the uneven shape of the mold, a desired uneven structure can be formed.
- a mold provided with unevenness is brought into close contact, irradiated with ultraviolet light, and cured by photopolymerization to transfer the uneven shape of the mold. Techniques can also be used.
- an inorganic oxide such as silicon oxide, which is a gas barrier layer
- etching reactive ion etching or the like
- inorganic oxide films such as silicon oxide, which is a gas barrier layer
- create a gel-like film using the sol-gel method and then heat it while pressing a mold with irregularities on the gel-like film.
- an uneven structure can be formed.
- the concavo-convex structure for diffusing light is a structure for diffusing light by light diffraction, refraction, or reflection.
- the average pitch (period) is in the range of 0.3 to 20 ⁇ m and the average height is There is a corrugated shape or the like in the range of 100 to 7000 nm which is about 1/5 to 1/3 of the pitch.
- a sufficient amount compared to the amount of light emitted directly to the outside at least 100 nm or more It is preferable.
- the pitch (period) of the corrugated shape is too long, light is absorbed by the light emitting layer before the scattering phenomenon occurs, and if the average height is too large, it becomes difficult to form the light emitting layer.
- FIG. 5A In the corrugated shape shown in FIG. 5A, a kamaboko die 54 having a width of about 50 ⁇ m as a cross-sectional shape is continuously formed in parallel on the substrate.
- FIG. 5B is an enlarged view of the portion E in FIG. 5A, and it can be seen that the kamaboko-shaped surface is uneven with many small grains.
- FIGS. 6A and 6B when the kamaboko type surface was cut, a large number of particles having a particle size of about 2 to 3 ⁇ m were observed inside, and the binder could not be identified.
- the smooth layer 2b according to the present invention is preferably a high refractive index layer having a refractive index of 1.7 or more and less than 2.5. As long as the refractive index is 1.7 or more and less than 2.5, it may be formed of a single material or a mixture. The way of thinking of the refractive index when forming with a mixture is the same as in the case of the scattering layer 2a.
- the smooth layer 2b has a flatness that allows the transparent electrode 1 to be satisfactorily formed thereon, and the surface property is such that the average surface roughness Ra is less than 100 nm, preferably less than 30 nm, particularly preferably less than 10 nm. Most preferably, it is less than 5 nm.
- the average surface roughness Ra means an average surface roughness Ra at 10 ⁇ m ⁇ measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM).
- the highly refractive material contained in the smooth layer 2b is preferably a fine particle sol.
- the lower limit of the refractive index of the metal oxide fine particles contained in the smooth layer 2b having a high refractive index is preferably 1.7 or more, more preferably 1.85 or more in the bulk state, and 2.0 More preferably, it is more preferably 2.5 or more.
- the upper limit of the refractive index of the metal oxide fine particles is preferably 3.0 or less. If the refractive index of the metal oxide fine particles is lower than 1.7, the target effect of the present application is reduced, which is not preferable. If the refractive index of the metal oxide fine particles is higher than 3.0, multiple scattering in the film increases and transparency is lowered, which is not preferable.
- the lower limit of the particle size of the metal oxide fine particles (inorganic particles) contained in the smooth layer 2b having a high refractive index is usually preferably 5 nm or more, more preferably 10 nm or more, and more preferably 15 nm or more. Further preferred.
- the upper limit of the particle size of the metal oxide fine particles is preferably 70 nm or less, more preferably 60 nm or less, and further preferably 50 nm or less. When the particle diameter of the metal oxide fine particles is smaller than 5 nm, the metal oxide fine particles are likely to aggregate and the transparency is rather lowered, which is not preferable.
- the particle size distribution is not limited and may be wide or narrow and may have a plurality of distributions.
- metal oxide fine particles in smooth layer 2b As a minimum of content of metal oxide fine particles in smooth layer 2b, it is preferred that it is 70 mass% or more to the whole mass, it is more preferred that it is 80 mass% or more, and it is 85 mass% or more. Is more preferable. Moreover, as an upper limit of content of metal oxide microparticles
- the metal oxide fine particles contained in the smooth layer 2b of the present invention is more preferably TiO 2 (titanium dioxide sol) from the viewpoint of stability.
- TiO 2 titanium dioxide sol
- rutile type is particularly preferable than anatase type, because the weather resistance of the smooth layer 2b and adjacent layers is high and the refractive index is high.
- Examples of methods for preparing a titanium dioxide sol that can be used in the present invention include JP-A 63-17221, JP-A 7-819, JP-A 9-165218, and JP-A 11-43327. Can be referred to.
- the preferred primary particle diameter of the titanium dioxide fine particles is in the range of 5 to 15 nm, more preferably in the range of 6 to 10 nm.
- Examples of the transparent substrate 13 on which the transparent electrode 1 (internal light extraction layer 2) is formed include, but are not limited to, glass and plastic.
- Examples of the transparent substrate 13 preferably used include glass, quartz, and a transparent resin film.
- the glass examples include silica glass, soda lime silica glass, lead glass, borosilicate glass, and alkali-free glass. From the viewpoint of adhesion to the scattering layer 2a, durability, and smoothness, the surface of these glass materials is subjected to physical treatment such as polishing, or a coating made of an inorganic or organic material, if necessary, A hybrid film is formed by combining these films.
- the resin film examples include polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyethylene, polypropylene, cellophane, cellulose diacetate, cellulose triacetate (TAC), cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate propionate ( CAP), cellulose esters such as cellulose acetate phthalate, cellulose nitrate or derivatives thereof, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene vinyl alcohol, syndiotactic polystyrene, polycarbonate, norbornene resin, polymethylpentene, polyether ketone, polyimide , Polyethersulfone (PES), polyphenylene sulfide, polysulfone , Polyether imide, polyether ketone imide, polyamide, fluororesin, nylon, polymethyl methacrylate, acrylic or polyarylate, arton (trade name, manufactured by JSR) or abortion (trade name, manufactured by Mitsui Chemical
- a film made of an inorganic material or an organic material or a hybrid film combining these films may be formed on the surface of the resin film.
- Such coatings and hybrid coatings have a water vapor permeability (25 ⁇ 0.5 ° C., relative humidity 90 ⁇ 2% RH) measured by a method according to JIS K 7129-1992, of 0.01 g / (m 2 24h)
- the following gas barrier film also referred to as a barrier film or the like
- the oxygen permeability measured by a method according to JIS K 7126-1987 is 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 ml / (m 2 ⁇ 24 h ⁇ atm) or less
- the water vapor permeability is 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5.
- a high gas barrier film of g / (m 2 ⁇ 24 h) or less is preferable.
- the material for forming the gas barrier film as described above may be any material having a function of suppressing the intrusion of substances such as moisture and oxygen that cause deterioration of the device, such as silicon oxide, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, The aforementioned polysilazane can be used. Furthermore, in order to improve the brittleness of the gas barrier film, it is more preferable to have a laminated structure of these inorganic layers and layers (organic layers) made of an organic material. Although there is no restriction
- the method for forming the gas barrier film there is no particular limitation on the method for forming the gas barrier film.
- a polymerization method, a plasma CVD method, a laser CVD method, a thermal CVD method, a coating method, or the like can be used, but the wavelength by the atmospheric pressure plasma polymerization method described in JP-A No. 2004-68143 or polysilazane (containing liquid) can be used.
- Those subjected to modification treatment by irradiation with vacuum ultraviolet rays of 100 to 230 nm are particularly preferred.
- the counter electrode 5a is an electrode film that functions as a cathode for supplying electrons to the light emitting functional layer 3, and a metal, an alloy, an organic or inorganic conductive compound, and a mixture thereof are used. Specifically, aluminum, silver, magnesium, lithium, magnesium / copper mixture, magnesium / silver mixture, magnesium / aluminum mixture, magnesium / indium mixture, indium, lithium / aluminum mixture, rare earth metal, ITO, ZnO, TiO 2 , An oxide semiconductor such as SnO 2 can be given.
- the counter electrode 5a can be produced by forming a thin film of these conductive materials by a method such as vapor deposition or sputtering.
- the sheet resistance as the counter electrode 5a is preferably several hundred ⁇ / ⁇ or less, and the film thickness is usually selected within the range of 5 nm to 5 ⁇ m, preferably within the range of 5 to 200 nm.
- the organic light emitting device 100 is a device that extracts the emitted light h from the counter electrode 5a side, a conductive material having good light transmission property is selected from the conductive materials described above, and the counter electrode is selected. What is necessary is just to comprise 5a.
- the light emitting layer 3c is a layer that provides a field in which electrons and holes injected from an electrode or an adjacent layer are recombined to emit light via excitons, and the light emitting portion is within the layer of the light emitting layer 3c. Or it may be an interface between the light emitting layer 3c and the adjacent layer.
- the configuration of the light emitting layer 3c is not particularly limited as long as it satisfies the requirements defined in the present invention.
- the total thickness of the light emitting layer 3c is not particularly limited. However, the uniformity of the film to be formed, the application of unnecessary high voltage during light emission is prevented, and the stability of the emission color with respect to the driving current is improved. In view of the above, it is preferable to adjust within the range of 2 nm to 5 ⁇ m, more preferably within the range of 2 to 500 nm, and even more preferably within the range of 5 to 200 nm.
- each light emitting layer is preferably adjusted within the range of 2 nm to 1 ⁇ m, more preferably adjusted within the range of 2 to 200 nm, and further preferably adjusted within the range of 3 to 150 nm.
- the light emitting layer 3c preferably contains a light emitting dopant (a light emitting dopant compound, a dopant compound, also simply referred to as a dopant) and a host compound (a matrix material, a light emitting host compound, also simply referred to as a host).
- a light emitting dopant a light emitting dopant compound, a dopant compound, also simply referred to as a dopant
- a host compound a matrix material, a light emitting host compound, also simply referred to as a host.
- the host compound is a compound mainly responsible for charge injection and transport in the light emitting layer 3c, and its own light emission is not substantially observed in the organic light emitting device.
- it is a compound having a phosphorescence quantum yield of phosphorescence emission of less than 0.1 at room temperature (25 ° C.), more preferably a compound having a phosphorescence quantum yield of less than 0.01.
- the mass ratio in the layer is 20% or more among the compounds contained in the light emitting layer 3c.
- the excited state energy of the host compound is preferably higher than the excited state energy of the light-emitting dopant contained in the same layer.
- the host compounds may be used alone or in combination of two or more. By using a plurality of types of host compounds, the movement of charges can be adjusted, and the efficiency of the organic light-emitting element can be increased.
- the compound conventionally used with an organic light emitting element can be used. It may be a low molecular compound or a high molecular compound having a repeating unit, or a compound having a reactive group such as a vinyl group or an epoxy group.
- a known host compound while having a hole transport ability or an electron transport ability, the emission of light is prevented from being long-wavelength, and further, the organic light-emitting element is stable against heat generation during driving at a high temperature or during element driving. From the viewpoint of operation, it is preferable to have a high glass transition temperature (Tg). Tg is preferably 90 ° C. or higher, more preferably 120 ° C. or higher.
- the glass transition point (Tg) is a value obtained by a method based on JIS K 7121 using DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry).
- Luminescent dopant A luminescent dopant is demonstrated.
- a fluorescent luminescent dopant also referred to as a fluorescent dopant or a fluorescent compound
- a phosphorescent dopant also referred to as a phosphorescent dopant or a phosphorescent compound
- the concentration of the light-emitting dopant in the light-emitting layer 3c can be arbitrarily determined based on the specific dopant used and the requirements of the device, and is contained at a uniform concentration in the thickness direction of the light-emitting layer 3c. Or may have any concentration distribution.
- a plurality of kinds of light emitting dopants may be used in combination, or a combination of dopants having different structures, or a combination of a fluorescent light emitting dopant and a phosphorescent light emitting dopant may be used.
- arbitrary luminescent colors can be obtained.
- the light emission color of the organic light emitting device 100 and the compound of the present invention is shown in FIG. 4.16 on page 108 of “New Color Science Handbook” (edited by the Japan Society for Color Science, University of Tokyo Press, 1985). It is determined by the color when the result measured at 1000 (manufactured by Konica Minolta Co., Ltd.) is applied to the CIE chromaticity coordinates.
- the light-emitting layer 3c having one or more layers contains a plurality of light-emitting dopants having different emission colors and emits white light.
- the combination of light-emitting dopants that exhibit white but examples include blue and orange, and a combination of blue, green, and red.
- a phosphorescent dopant is a compound in which light emission from an excited triplet is observed. Specifically, it is a compound that emits phosphorescence at room temperature (25 ° C.). Although defined as being a compound of 01 or more, a preferable phosphorescence quantum yield is 0.1 or more.
- the phosphorescence quantum yield can be measured by the method described in Spectroscopic II, page 398 (1992 edition, Maruzen) of Experimental Chemistry Course 4 of the 4th edition. Although the phosphorescence quantum yield in a solution can be measured using various solvent, the phosphorescence dopant should just achieve the said phosphorescence quantum yield (0.01 or more) in any solvent.
- phosphorescent dopants There are two types of light emission principles of phosphorescent dopants. One is the recombination of carriers on the host compound to which carriers are transported to generate an excited state of the host compound, and this energy is transferred to the phosphorescent dopant. Thus, it is an energy transfer type in which light emission from the phosphorescent dopant is obtained. The other is a carrier trap type in which a phosphorescent dopant serves as a carrier trap, and carrier recombination occurs on the phosphorescent dopant to emit light from the phosphorescent dopant. In any case, it is a condition that the excited state energy of the phosphorescent dopant is lower than the excited state energy of the host compound.
- the phosphorescent dopant can be appropriately selected from known materials used for the light emitting layer 3 c of the organic light emitting device 100.
- Specific examples of known phosphorescent dopants that can be used in the present invention include compounds described in the following documents. Nature 395, 151 (1998), Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 1622 (2001), Adv. Mater. 19, 739 (2007), Chem. Mater. 17, 3532 (2005), Adv. Mater. 17, 1059 (2005), International Publication No. 2009/100991, International Publication No. 2008/101842, International Publication No. 2003/040257, US Patent Application Publication No. 2006/835469, US Patent Application Publication No. 2006 /. No. 0202194, U.S.
- a preferable phosphorescent dopant includes an organometallic complex having Ir as a central metal. More preferably, a complex containing at least one coordination mode of metal-carbon bond, metal-nitrogen bond, metal-oxygen bond, and metal-sulfur bond is preferable.
- fluorescent luminescent dopant (hereinafter also referred to as a fluorescent dopant) will be described.
- the fluorescent dopant is a compound that can emit light from an excited singlet, and is not particularly limited as long as light emission from the excited singlet is observed.
- Examples of the fluorescent dopant include anthracene derivatives, pyrene derivatives, chrysene derivatives, fluoranthene derivatives, perylene derivatives, fluorene derivatives, arylacetylene derivatives, styrylarylene derivatives, styrylamine derivatives, arylamine derivatives, boron complexes, coumarin derivatives, pyran derivatives, Examples include cyanine derivatives, croconium derivatives, squalium derivatives, oxobenzanthracene derivatives, fluorescein derivatives, rhodamine derivatives, pyrylium derivatives, perylene derivatives, polythiophene derivatives, and rare earth complex compounds.
- luminescent dopant using delayed fluorescence include, for example, compounds described in International Publication No. 2011/156793, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2011-213643, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2010-93181, and the like. Is not limited to these.
- the injection layer is a layer provided between the electrode and the light emitting layer 3c in order to lower the driving voltage or improve the light emission luminance.
- the organic EL element and its forefront of industrialization June 30, 1998, NTT) (Published by S. Co., Ltd.) ”in the second volume, Chapter 2,“ Electrode Materials ”(pages 123 to 166), which includes a hole injection layer 3a and an electron injection layer 3e.
- the injection layer can be provided as necessary.
- the hole injection layer 3a may be present between the anode and the light emitting layer 3c or the hole transport layer 3b, and the electron injection layer 3e may be present between the cathode and the light emitting layer 3c or the electron transport layer 3d. .
- JP-A-9-45479 JP-A-9-260062, JP-A-8-288069 and the like.
- Specific examples thereof include phthalocyanine represented by copper phthalocyanine.
- examples thereof include a layer, an oxide layer typified by vanadium oxide, an amorphous carbon layer, and a polymer layer using a conductive polymer such as polyaniline (emeraldine) or polythiophene.
- the electron injection layer 3e is desirably a very thin film, and the layer thickness is preferably in the range of 1 nm to 10 ⁇ m although it depends on the material.
- the hole transport layer 3b is made of a hole transport material having a function of transporting holes, and in a broad sense, the hole injection layer 3a and the electron blocking layer are also included in the hole transport layer 3b.
- the hole transport layer 3b can be provided as a single layer or a plurality of layers.
- the hole transport material has either hole injection or transport or electron barrier properties, and may be either organic or inorganic.
- triazole derivatives oxadiazole derivatives, imidazole derivatives, polyarylalkane derivatives, pyrazoline derivatives and pyrazolone derivatives, phenylenediamine derivatives, arylamine derivatives, amino-substituted chalcone derivatives, oxazole derivatives, styrylanthracene derivatives, fluorenone derivatives, hydrazone derivatives
- Examples thereof include stilbene derivatives, silazane derivatives, aniline copolymers, conductive polymer oligomers, particularly thiophene oligomers.
- hole transport material those described above can be used, but it is preferable to use a porphyrin compound, an aromatic tertiary amine compound, and a styrylamine compound, particularly an aromatic tertiary amine compound.
- aromatic tertiary amine compounds and styrylamine compounds include N, N, N ′, N′-tetraphenyl-4,4′-diaminophenyl, N, N′-diphenyl-N, N′— Bis (3-methylphenyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl] -4,4'-diamine (TPD), 2,2-bis (4-di-p-tolylaminophenyl) propane, 1,1-bis (4-di-p-tolylaminophenyl) cyclohexane, N, N, N ′, N′-tetra-p-tolyl-4,4′-diaminobiphenyl, 1,1-bis (4-di-p-tolyl) Aminophenyl) -4-phenylcyclohexane, bis (4-dimethylamino-2-methylphenyl) phenylmethane, bis (4-di-p-tolylaminoph
- polymer materials in which these materials are introduced into polymer chains or these materials are used as polymer main chains can also be used.
- inorganic compounds such as p-type-Si and p-type-SiC can also be used as the hole injection material and the hole transport material.
- a so-called p-type hole transport material as described in 139 can also be used. In the present invention, it is preferable to use these materials because a light-emitting element with higher efficiency can be obtained.
- the layer thickness of the hole transport layer 3b is not particularly limited, but is usually about 5 nm to 5 ⁇ m, preferably 5 to 200 nm.
- the hole transport layer 3b may have a single layer structure composed of one or more of the above materials.
- Examples thereof include JP-A-4-297076, JP-A-2000-196140, 2001-102175, J.A. Appl. Phys. 95, 5773 (2004), and the like.
- the electron transport layer 3d is made of a material having a function of transporting electrons.
- the electron injection layer 3e and a hole blocking layer are also included in the electron transport layer 3d.
- the electron transport layer 3d can be provided as a single layer structure or a multi-layer structure.
- an electron transport material also serving as a hole blocking material constituting a layer portion adjacent to the light emitting layer 3c
- electrons injected from the cathode are used. What is necessary is just to have the function to transmit to the light emitting layer 3c.
- any one of conventionally known compounds can be selected and used. Examples include nitro-substituted fluorene derivatives, diphenylquinone derivatives, thiopyran dioxide derivatives, carbodiimides, fluorenylidenemethane derivatives, anthraquinodimethane, anthrone derivatives, and oxadiazole derivatives.
- a thiadiazole derivative in which an oxygen atom of the oxadiazole ring is substituted with a sulfur atom, and a quinoxaline derivative having a quinoxaline ring known as an electron withdrawing group are also used as the material for the electron transport layer 3d.
- a polymer material in which these materials are introduced into a polymer chain or these materials are used as a polymer main chain can also be used.
- metal complexes of 8-quinolinol derivatives such as tris (8-quinolinol) aluminum (Alq 3 ), tris (5,7-dichloro-8-quinolinol) aluminum, tris (5,7-dibromo-8-quinolinol) Aluminum, tris (2-methyl-8-quinolinol) aluminum, tris (5-methyl-8-quinolinol) aluminum, bis (8-quinolinol) zinc (Znq), etc.
- Mg Metal complexes replaced with Cu, Ca, Sn, Ga, or Pb can also be used as the material for the electron transport layer 3d.
- metal-free or metal phthalocyanine or those whose terminal is substituted with an alkyl group or a sulfonic acid group can be preferably used as the material for the electron transport layer 3d.
- a distyrylpyrazine derivative that is also used as a material for the light emitting layer 3c can be used as a material for the electron transport layer 3d.
- n-type-Si, n-type An inorganic semiconductor such as -SiC can also be used as the material of the electron transport layer 3d.
- the layer thickness of the electron transport layer 3d is not particularly limited, but is usually about 5 nm to 5 ⁇ m, preferably 5 to 200 nm.
- the electron transport layer 3d may have a single layer structure composed of one or more of the above materials.
- the electron transport layer 3d can be doped with an impurity to increase the n property.
- examples thereof include JP-A-4-297076, JP-A-10-270172, JP-A-2000-196140, 2001-102175, J.A. Appl. Phys. 95, 5773 (2004), and the like.
- the electron transport layer 3d contains potassium, a potassium compound, or the like.
- a potassium compound potassium fluoride etc. can be used, for example.
- the material (electron transporting compound) of the electron transport layer 3d the same material as that constituting the base layer 1a described above may be used. This is the same for the electron transport layer 3d that also serves as the electron injection layer 3e, and the same material as that for the base layer 1a described above may be used.
- ⁇ Blocking layer hole blocking layer, electron blocking layer>
- the blocking layer is provided as necessary in addition to the basic constituent layer of the organic compound thin film. For example, it is described in JP-A Nos. 11-204258 and 11-204359, and “Organic EL elements and the forefront of industrialization (published by NTT Corporation on Nov. 30, 1998)”. There is a hole blocking (hole blocking) layer.
- the hole blocking layer has the function of the electron transport layer 3d in a broad sense.
- the hole blocking layer is made of a hole blocking material that has a function of transporting electrons but has a very small ability to transport holes, and recombines electrons and holes by blocking holes while transporting electrons. Probability can be improved.
- the structure of the electron carrying layer 3d can be used as a hole-blocking layer as needed.
- the hole blocking layer is preferably provided adjacent to the light emitting layer 3c.
- the electron blocking layer has the function of the hole transport layer 3b in a broad sense.
- the electron blocking layer is made of a material that has a function of transporting holes but has a very small ability to transport electrons, and improves the probability of recombination of electrons and holes by blocking electrons while transporting holes. be able to.
- the structure of the positive hole transport layer 3b can be used as an electron blocking layer as needed.
- the thickness of the hole blocking layer is preferably in the range of 3 to 100 nm, more preferably in the range of 5 to 30 nm.
- the auxiliary electrode 15 is provided for the purpose of reducing the resistance of the transparent electrode 1, and is provided in contact with the electrode layer 1 b of the transparent electrode 1.
- the material forming the auxiliary electrode 15 is preferably a metal having low resistance such as gold, platinum, silver, copper, or aluminum. Since these metals have low light transmittance, a pattern is formed in a range not affected by extraction of the emitted light h from the light extraction surface 13a.
- Examples of the method of forming the auxiliary electrode 15 include a vapor deposition method, a sputtering method, a printing method, an ink jet method, and an aerosol jet method.
- the line width of the auxiliary electrode 15 is preferably 50 ⁇ m or less from the viewpoint of the aperture ratio for extracting light, and the thickness of the auxiliary electrode 15 is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more from the viewpoint of conductivity.
- the extraction electrode 16 electrically connects the transparent electrode 1 and an external power source, and the material thereof is not particularly limited and a known material can be preferably used.
- a metal film such as a MAM electrode (Mo / Al ⁇ Nd alloy / Mo) can be used.
- the sealing material 17 covers the organic light emitting element 100 and may be a plate-like (film-like) sealing member that is fixed to the transparent substrate 13 side by the adhesive 19. It may be a stop film. Such a sealing material 17 is provided in a state in which the terminal portions of the transparent electrode 1 and the counter electrode 5 a in the organic light emitting device 100 are exposed and at least the light emitting functional layer 3 is covered. Moreover, an electrode may be provided on the sealing material 17 so that the transparent electrode 1 of the organic light emitting device 100 and the terminal portions of the counter electrode 5a are electrically connected to this electrode.
- the plate-like (film-like) sealing material 17 include a glass substrate, a polymer substrate, a metal substrate, and the like, and these substrate materials may be used in the form of a thinner film.
- the glass substrate include soda-lime glass, barium / strontium-containing glass, lead glass, aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, barium borosilicate glass, and quartz.
- the polymer substrate include polycarbonate, acrylic, polyethylene terephthalate, polyether sulfide, and polysulfone.
- the metal substrate include those made of one or more metals or alloys selected from the group consisting of stainless steel, iron, copper, aluminum, magnesium, nickel, zinc, chromium, titanium, molybdenum, silicon, germanium, and tantalum.
- the element can be made thin, a polymer substrate or a metal substrate formed into a thin film can be preferably used as the sealing material.
- the polymer substrate in the form of a film has an oxygen permeability measured by a method according to JIS K 7126-1987 of 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 ml / (m 2 ⁇ 24 h ⁇ atm) or less, and JIS K 7129-1992.
- the water vapor permeability (25 ⁇ 0.5 ° C., relative humidity (90 ⁇ 2)% RH) measured by a method in accordance with the above is 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 g / (m 2 ⁇ 24 h) or less. It is preferable.
- the above substrate material may be processed into a concave plate shape and used as the sealing material 17.
- the substrate member described above is subjected to processing such as sandblasting and chemical etching to form a concave shape.
- the adhesive 19 for fixing such a plate-shaped sealing material 17 to the transparent substrate 13 side seals the organic light emitting device 100 sandwiched between the sealing material 17 and the transparent substrate 13. It is used as a sealing agent.
- Specific examples of such an adhesive 19 include photocuring and thermosetting adhesives having reactive vinyl groups of acrylic acid-based oligomers and methacrylic acid-based oligomers, moisture-curing types such as 2-cyanoacrylic acid esters, and the like. Can be mentioned.
- examples of the adhesive 19 include an epoxy-based thermal and chemical curing type (two-component mixing).
- hot-melt type polyamide, polyester, and polyolefin can be mentioned.
- a cationic curing type ultraviolet curing epoxy resin adhesive can be mentioned.
- the adhesive 19 is preferably one that can be adhesively cured from room temperature (25 ° C.) to 80 ° C. Further, a desiccant may be dispersed in the adhesive 19.
- Application of the adhesive 19 to the bonding portion between the sealing material 17 and the transparent substrate 13 may be performed using a commercially available dispenser or may be printed like screen printing.
- an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon or a fluorine is used. It is preferable to inject an inert liquid such as activated hydrocarbon or silicon oil. A vacuum can also be used. Moreover, a hygroscopic compound can also be enclosed inside.
- Examples of the hygroscopic compound include metal oxides (eg, sodium oxide, potassium oxide, calcium oxide, barium oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide), sulfates (eg, sodium sulfate, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, cobalt sulfate). Etc.), metal halides (eg calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, cesium fluoride, tantalum fluoride, cerium bromide, magnesium bromide, barium iodide, magnesium iodide etc.), perchloric acids (eg perchloric acid) Barium, magnesium perchlorate, etc.), and anhydrous salts are preferably used in sulfates, metal halides and perchloric acids.
- metal oxides eg, sodium oxide, potassium oxide, calcium oxide, barium oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide
- sulfates eg, sodium sulfate, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, cobalt s
- the sealing material 17 when a sealing film is used as the sealing material 17, the light emitting functional layer 3 in the organic light emitting element 100 is completely covered and the terminal portions of the transparent electrode 1 and the counter electrode 5a in the organic light emitting element 100 are exposed.
- a sealing film is provided on the transparent substrate 13.
- Such a sealing film is composed of an inorganic material or an organic material.
- it is made of a material having a function of suppressing entry of a substance that causes deterioration of the light emitting functional layer 3 in the organic light emitting element 100 such as moisture and oxygen.
- a material for example, inorganic materials such as silicon oxide, silicon dioxide, and silicon nitride are used.
- a laminated structure may be formed by using a film made of an organic material together with a film made of these inorganic materials.
- the method for forming these films is not particularly limited.
- vacuum deposition method sputtering method, reactive sputtering method, molecular beam epitaxy method, cluster ion beam method, ion plating method, plasma polymerization method, atmospheric pressure plasma
- a polymerization method a plasma CVD method, a laser CVD method, a thermal CVD method, a coating method, or the like can be used.
- a protective film or a protective plate may be provided between the transparent substrate 13 and the organic light emitting element 100 and the sealing material 17.
- This protective film or protective plate is for mechanically protecting the organic light emitting element 100, and particularly when the sealing material 17 is a sealing film, the organic light emitting element 100 is sufficiently mechanically protected. Therefore, it is preferable to provide such a protective film or protective plate.
- a glass plate, a polymer plate, a thinner polymer film, a metal plate, a thinner metal film, a polymer material film or a metal material film is applied.
- a polymer film because it is lightweight and thin.
- a resin material solution in which particles having an average particle diameter of 0.2 ⁇ m or more are dispersed is applied to form the scattering layer 2a.
- a resin material solution in which particles having an average particle diameter of 5 to 70 nm are dispersed is applied onto the scattering layer 2a to form a smooth layer 2b, and the internal light extraction layer 2 is produced.
- a base layer 1a made of a compound containing nitrogen atoms is deposited so as to have a layer thickness of 1 ⁇ m or less, preferably in the range of 10 to 100 nm. It forms by appropriate methods, such as a method.
- the electrode layer 1b made of silver (or an alloy containing silver as a main component) is formed on the base layer 1a by an appropriate method such as vapor deposition so as to have a layer thickness of 12 nm or less, preferably 4 to 9 nm.
- a transparent electrode 1 is formed to be an anode.
- an extraction electrode 16 connected to an external power source is formed at the end of the transparent electrode 1 by an appropriate method such as vapor deposition.
- a hole injection layer 3 a, a hole transport layer 3 b, a light emitting layer 3 c, an electron transport layer 3 d, and an electron injection layer 3 e are formed in this order to form the light emitting functional layer 3.
- the film formation of each of these layers includes spin coating, casting, ink jet, vapor deposition, and printing, but it is easy to obtain a uniform film and is difficult to produce pinholes. Vapor deposition or spin coating is particularly preferred. Further, different film forming methods may be applied for each layer. When a vapor deposition method is employed for forming each of these layers, the vapor deposition conditions vary depending on the type of compound used, but generally a boat heating temperature of 50 to 450 ° C.
- the counter electrode 5a serving as a cathode is formed thereon by an appropriate film forming method such as a vapor deposition method or a sputtering method.
- the counter electrode 5 a is patterned in a shape in which a terminal portion is drawn from the upper side of the light emitting functional layer 3 to the periphery of the transparent substrate 13 while maintaining the insulating state with respect to the transparent electrode 1 by the light emitting functional layer 3.
- the organic light emitting element 100 is obtained.
- the sealing material 17 that covers at least the light emitting functional layer 3 is provided in a state where the transparent electrode 1 (extraction electrode 16) and the terminal portion of the counter electrode 5a in the organic light emitting device 100 are exposed.
- a desired organic light emitting device 100 is obtained on the transparent substrate 13.
- the light emitting functional layer 3 is consistently produced from the counter electrode 5a by one evacuation.
- the transparent substrate 13 is taken out from the vacuum atmosphere in the middle, and different formation is performed. A film method may be applied. At that time, it is necessary to consider that the work is performed in a dry inert gas atmosphere.
- the transparent electrode 1 as an anode has a positive polarity and the counter electrode 5a as a cathode has a negative polarity, and the voltage is about 2 to 40V.
- Luminescence can be observed by applying.
- An alternating voltage may be applied.
- the alternating current waveform to be applied may be arbitrary.
- the organic light emitting device 100 of the present invention described above has a configuration in which the internal light extraction layer 2 is provided between the transparent electrode 1 having both conductivity and light transmittance and the transparent substrate 13. Thereby, the total reflection loss between the transparent electrode 1 and the transparent substrate 13 can be reduced, and luminous efficiency can be improved.
- the organic light emitting device 100 has a configuration in which the transparent electrode 1 is used as an anode, and the light emitting functional layer 3 and the counter electrode 5a serving as a cathode are provided thereon.
- a sufficient voltage is applied between the transparent electrode 1 and the counter electrode 5a to realize high luminance light emission in the organic light emitting device 100, and the extraction efficiency of the emitted light h from the transparent electrode 1 side is improved. Therefore, it is possible to increase the luminance. Further, it is possible to improve the light emission life by reducing the drive voltage for obtaining a predetermined luminance.
- the second embodiment is different from the first embodiment mainly in the following points.
- the organic light emitting device 200 shown in FIG. 8 is different from the organic light emitting device 100 described with reference to FIG. 1 in that the transparent electrode 1 is used as a cathode.
- the organic light emitting device 200 is provided on the transparent substrate 13.
- the internal light extraction layer 2 and the transparent electrode 1 are first described on the transparent substrate 13. It is characteristic that the internal light extraction layer 2 and the transparent electrode 1 are used. For this reason, the organic light emitting device 200 is configured to extract the emitted light h from at least the transparent substrate 13 side.
- the transparent electrode 1 is used as a cathode (cathode). For this reason, the counter electrode 5b is used as an anode.
- the layer structure of such an organic light emitting device 200 is not limited to the example described below, and may be a general layer structure as in the first example.
- an electron injection layer 3e / electron transport layer 3d / light emitting layer 3c / hole transport layer 3b / hole injection layer 3a are laminated in this order on the transparent electrode 1 functioning as a cathode.
- the configuration is exemplified. However, it is essential to have at least the light emitting layer 3c made of an organic material.
- the light emitting functional layer 3 may employ various configurations as necessary, as described in the first embodiment. In such a configuration, only the portion where the light emitting functional layer 3 is sandwiched between the transparent electrode 1 and the counter electrode 5b becomes the light emitting region in the organic light emitting device 200, as in the first embodiment.
- the auxiliary electrode 15 may be provided in contact with the electrode layer 1b of the transparent electrode 1 for the purpose of reducing the resistance of the transparent electrode 1. This is the same as the embodiment.
- the counter electrode 5b used as the anode a metal, an alloy, an organic or inorganic conductive compound, and a mixture thereof are used.
- metals such as gold (Au), oxide semiconductors such as copper iodide (CuI), ITO, ZnO, TiO 2 , and SnO 2 .
- the counter electrode 5b as described above can be produced by forming a thin film of these conductive materials by a method such as vapor deposition or sputtering. Further, the sheet resistance as the counter electrode 5b is preferably several hundred ⁇ / ⁇ or less, and the film thickness is usually selected within the range of 5 nm to 5 ⁇ m, preferably 5 to 200 nm.
- this organic light emitting element 200 takes out the emitted light h also from the counter electrode 5b side, as a material which comprises the counter electrode 5b, among the conductive materials mentioned above, it is the electroconductivity with favorable light transmittance.
- the material should be selected.
- the organic light emitting device 200 having the above configuration is sealed with the sealing material 17 in the same manner as in the first embodiment for the purpose of preventing deterioration of the light emitting functional layer 3.
- the detailed configuration of the components other than the counter electrode 5b used as the anode and the method for manufacturing the organic light emitting device 200 are the same as in the first embodiment. Therefore, detailed description is omitted.
- the organic light emitting device 200 of the present invention described above has a configuration in which the internal light extraction layer 2 is provided between the transparent electrode 1 having both conductivity and light transmittance and the transparent substrate 13. Thereby, the total reflection loss between the transparent electrode 1 and the transparent substrate 13 can be reduced, and luminous efficiency can be improved.
- the organic light emitting device 200 has a configuration in which the transparent electrode 1 is used as a cathode and the light emitting functional layer 3 and the counter electrode 5b serving as an anode are provided thereon. For this reason, as in the first embodiment, a sufficient voltage is applied between the transparent electrode 1 and the counter electrode 5b to realize high-luminance light emission in the organic light-emitting element 200, and from the transparent electrode 1 side. It is possible to increase the luminance by improving the extraction efficiency of the emitted light h. Further, it is possible to improve the light emission life by reducing the drive voltage for obtaining a predetermined luminance.
- the third embodiment is different from the first embodiment mainly in the following points.
- the organic light emitting device 300 shown in FIG. 9 is different from the organic light emitting device 100 described with reference to FIG. 1 in that a counter electrode 5c is provided on the substrate 131 side, and the light emitting functional layer 3, the transparent electrode 1 and the internal light are provided thereon.
- the take-out layer 2 is laminated in this order.
- the organic light emitting device 300 is provided on a substrate 131, and in order from the substrate 131 side, the counter electrode 5c serving as an anode, the light emitting functional layer 3, the transparent electrode 1 serving as a cathode, and an internal light extraction layer. 2 are stacked. Among these, the internal light extraction layer 2 and the transparent electrode 1 described above are used as the internal light extraction layer 2 and the transparent electrode 1. For this reason, the organic light emitting device 300 is configured to extract the emitted light h from at least the transparent electrode 1 side opposite to the substrate 131.
- the layer structure of the organic light emitting device 300 is not limited, and may be a general layer structure as in the first embodiment.
- a configuration in which a hole injection layer 3a / a hole transport layer 3b / a light emitting layer 3c / an electron transport layer 3d are stacked in this order on the counter electrode 5c functioning as an anode is illustrated.
- the electron transport layer 3d also serves as the electron injection layer 3e, and is provided as an electron transport layer 3d having electron injection properties.
- the characteristic structure of the organic light emitting device 300 of the present embodiment is that an electron transport layer 3d having electron injection properties is provided as the base layer 1a in the transparent electrode 1. That is, in the present embodiment, the transparent electrode 1 used as the cathode is composed of the base layer 1a that also serves as the electron transport layer 3d having electron injection properties, and the electrode layer 1b provided on the upper layer.
- the light emitting functional layer 3 may employ various configurations as necessary, as described in the first embodiment.
- An electron injection layer or a hole blocking layer is not provided between the electron transport layer 3d which also serves as the electrode layer 1b of the transparent electrode 1.
- the portion where the light emitting functional layer 3 is sandwiched between the transparent electrode 1 and the counter electrode 5c becomes the light emitting region in the organic light emitting element 300, as in the first embodiment.
- the auxiliary electrode 15 may be provided in contact with the electrode layer 1b of the transparent electrode 1 for the purpose of reducing the resistance of the transparent electrode 1. This is the same as the embodiment.
- the counter electrode 5c used as the anode is made of a metal, an alloy, an organic or inorganic conductive compound, and a mixture thereof.
- metals such as gold (Au), oxide semiconductors such as copper iodide (CuI), ITO, ZnO, TiO 2 , and SnO 2 .
- the counter electrode 5c as described above can be produced by forming a thin film of these conductive materials by a method such as vapor deposition or sputtering.
- the sheet resistance as the counter electrode 5c is preferably several hundred ⁇ / ⁇ or less, and the film thickness is usually selected within the range of 5 nm to 5 ⁇ m, preferably 5 to 200 nm.
- the material constituting the counter electrode 5c is a conductive material having good light transmittance among the above-described conductive materials. Select and use.
- the substrate 131 may be transparent or opaque. In the case where the emitted light h is extracted also from the counter electrode 5c side, the substrate 131 is the same as the transparent substrate 13 described in the first embodiment, and the surface facing the outside of the substrate 131 is light. It becomes the extraction surface 131a.
- the substrate 131 is opaque, for example, a metal substrate such as aluminum or stainless steel, a film, an opaque resin substrate, a ceramic substrate, or the like can be used.
- the organic light emitting device 300 of the present invention described above has a configuration in which the internal light extraction layer 2 is provided on the transparent electrode 1 having both conductivity and light transmission. Thereby, the total reflection loss between the transparent electrode 1 and outside air can be reduced, and luminous efficiency can be improved. Further, in the organic light emitting device 300, the electron transport layer 3d having the electron injecting property constituting the uppermost part of the light emitting functional layer 3 is used as the base layer 1a, and the electrode layer 1b is provided on the base layer 1a.
- the transparent electrode 1 comprising the electrode layer 1b is provided as a cathode.
- the transparent electrode 1 is realized while applying a sufficient voltage between the transparent electrode 1 and the counter electrode 5c to realize high-luminance light emission in the organic light emitting device 300. It is possible to increase the luminance by improving the extraction efficiency of the emitted light h from the side. Further, it is possible to improve the light emission life by reducing the drive voltage for obtaining a predetermined luminance. Further, if the counter electrode 5c is light transmissive in the above configuration, the emitted light h can be extracted also from the counter electrode 5c side.
- the configuration in which the base layer 1a of the transparent electrode 1 also serves as the electron transport layer 3d having electron injection properties has been described.
- the underlayer 1a may also serve as an electron injection layer or may serve as an electron transport layer 3d that does not have electron injection properties, and is provided as an extremely thin film to the extent that it does not affect the light emitting function. If necessary, the electron transporting property and the electron injecting property may not be provided.
- the underlying layer 1a of the transparent electrode 1 is provided as an extremely thin film to the extent that it does not affect the light emitting function
- the counter electrode 5c on the substrate 131 side is used as the cathode
- the transparent electrode 1 on the light emitting functional layer 3 is used as the cathode. It may be an anode.
- the light emitting functional layer 3 is, for example, in order from the counter electrode 5c (cathode) side on the substrate 131, for example, electron injection layer 3e / electron transport layer 3d / light emitting layer 3c / hole transport layer 3b / hole injection layer 3a.
- a transparent electrode 1 having a laminated structure of an extremely thin base layer 1a and an electrode layer 1b is provided as an anode on the top.
- organic light emitting elements having the above-described configurations are surface light emitters as described above, they can be used as various light-emitting light sources.
- lighting devices for home lighting and interior lighting, backlights for watches and liquid crystals, lighting for billboard advertisements, light sources for traffic lights, light sources for optical storage media, light sources for electrophotographic copying machines, light sources for optical communication processors Examples thereof include, but are not limited to, a light source of an optical sensor, and can be effectively used as a backlight of a liquid crystal display device combined with a color filter and a light source for illumination.
- the organic light emitting device of the present invention may be used as a kind of lamp for illumination or exposure light source, a projection device for projecting an image, or a type for directly viewing a still image or a moving image. It may be used as a display device (display).
- the light emitting surface may be enlarged by so-called tiling, in which light emitting panels provided with organic light emitting elements are joined together in a plane.
- the drive method when used as a display device for moving image reproduction may be either a simple matrix (passive matrix) method or an active matrix method.
- a color or full-color display device can be manufactured by using two or more organic light-emitting elements of the present invention having different emission colors.
- a lighting device will be described as an example of the application, and then a lighting device having a light emitting surface enlarged by tiling will be described.
- the illuminating device of this invention has the said organic light emitting element.
- the organic light emitting element used in the lighting device of the present invention may be designed such that each organic light emitting element having the above-described configuration has a resonator structure.
- the purpose of use of the organic light emitting device configured as a resonator structure includes, but is not limited to, a light source of an optical storage medium, a light source of an electrophotographic copying machine, a light source of an optical communication processor, a light source of an optical sensor, and the like. . Moreover, you may use for the said use by making a laser oscillation.
- the material used for the organic light emitting device of the present invention can be applied to an organic light emitting device that emits substantially white light (also referred to as a white organic light emitting device).
- a plurality of luminescent colors can be emitted simultaneously by a plurality of luminescent materials, and white light emission can be obtained by mixing colors.
- the combination of a plurality of emission colors may include three emission maximum wavelengths of the three primary colors of red, green, and blue, or two of the complementary colors such as blue and yellow, blue green and orange, etc. The thing containing the light emission maximum wavelength may be used.
- the combination of luminescent materials for obtaining multiple luminescent colors is a combination of multiple phosphorescent or fluorescent materials that emit light, fluorescent materials or phosphorescent materials, and light from the luminescent materials. Any combination with a dye material that emits light as light may be used, but in a white organic light-emitting element, a combination of a plurality of light-emitting dopants may be used.
- Such a white organic light emitting element is different from a configuration in which organic light emitting elements emitting light of each color are individually arranged in parallel to obtain white light emission, and the organic light emitting element itself emits white light. For this reason, a mask is not required for film formation of most layers constituting the element, and deposition can be performed on one side by vapor deposition, casting, spin coating, ink jet, printing, etc., and productivity is also improved. To do.
- a light emitting material used for the light emitting layer of such a white organic light emitting element For example, if it is a backlight in a liquid crystal display element, it will match the wavelength range corresponding to CF (color filter) characteristic.
- CF color filter
- the white organic light-emitting element described above it is possible to produce a lighting device that emits substantially white light.
- FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of a lighting device in which a plurality of organic light emitting elements 100 among the organic light emitting elements having the above-described configurations are used to increase the light emitting surface.
- the lighting device 21 has a large light emitting surface by arranging a plurality of light emitting panels 22 provided with the organic light emitting elements 100 on the transparent substrate 13 on the support substrate 23 (tiling). This is a structured.
- the support substrate 23 may also serve as the sealing material 17.
- Each light emitting panel 22 is tied with the organic light emitting element 100 sandwiched between the support substrate 23 and the transparent substrate 13 of the light emitting panel 22. Ring.
- An adhesive 19 may be filled between the support substrate 23 and the transparent substrate 13, thereby sealing the organic light emitting device 100.
- the edge part of the transparent electrode 1 which is an anode, and the counter electrode 5a which is a cathode are exposed around the light emission panel 22.
- FIG. 10 only the exposed part of the counter electrode 5a is shown.
- the hole injection layer 3a / hole transport layer 3b / light emission layer 3c / electron transport layer 3d / electron injection layer 3e are formed on the transparent electrode 1.
- a configuration in which the layers are sequentially stacked is shown as an example.
- the center of each light emitting panel 22 is a light emitting area A, and a non-light emitting area B is generated between the light emitting panels 22.
- a light extraction member for increasing the light extraction amount from the non-light-emitting region B may be provided in the non-light-emitting region B of the light extraction surface 13a.
- a light collecting sheet or a light diffusion sheet can be used as the light extraction member.
- Preparation of transparent electrode (1) Preparation of internal light extraction layer (1.1) Preparation of internal light extraction layer 1 A gas barrier layer was formed on a PET substrate (thickness: 125 ⁇ m) with reference to Example 1 of JP2012-116101A. Formed.
- a polyester film Teijin DuPont Films Co., Ltd., ultra-low heat yield PET Q83
- OPSTAR Z7535 so that the film thickness after drying becomes 4 ⁇ m
- curing conditions: 1.0 J / cm 2 curing conditions: 1.0 J / cm 2
- use of a high-pressure mercury lamp in an air atmosphere drying conditions: 80 ° C., 3 Curing was performed in minutes to form a bleed-out prevention layer.
- a UV curable organic / inorganic hybrid hard coat material OPSTAR Z7501 manufactured by JSR Corporation was applied to the opposite surface of the resin base material, and the film thickness after drying was 4 ⁇ m, and then drying conditions: 80 After drying at 3 ° C. for 3 minutes, curing was carried out under an air atmosphere using a high-pressure mercury lamp at a curing condition of 1.0 J / cm 2 to form a flat layer.
- the maximum cross-sectional height Rt (p) of the obtained flat layer was 16 nm with a surface roughness specified by JIS B 0601.
- the surface roughness was measured using an AFM (Atomic Force Microscope) SPI3800N DFM manufactured by SII.
- the measurement range for one time was 10 ⁇ m ⁇ 10 ⁇ m, the measurement location was changed, and the measurement was performed three times.
- the average of the Rt values obtained in each measurement was taken as the measurement value.
- the thickness of the resin base material produced as described above was 133 ⁇ m.
- the first gas barrier layer was applied to the surface of the flat layer of the resin base material by using a coater of a pressure extrusion type coating solution containing an inorganic precursor compound so that the dry layer thickness was 150 nm.
- the coating solution containing the inorganic precursor compound is a non-catalytic perhydropolysilazane 20% by mass dibutyl ether solution (AZ Electronic Materials Co., Ltd. Aquamica NN120-20) and an amine catalyst containing 5% by mass of the solid content.
- Hydroamine Silazane 20% by weight dibutyl ether solution (AZ Electronic Materials Co., Ltd. Aquamica NAX120-20) is mixed and used to adjust the amine catalyst to 1% by weight of solid content, and further diluted with dibutyl ether. This was prepared as a 5% by mass dibutyl ether solution.
- the film was dried under conditions of a drying temperature of 80 ° C., a drying time of 300 seconds, and a dew point of 5 ° C. in a dry atmosphere.
- the resin substrate was gradually cooled to 25 ° C., and the coating surface was subjected to modification treatment by irradiation with vacuum ultraviolet rays in a vacuum ultraviolet irradiation apparatus.
- a vacuum ultraviolet irradiation device an Xe excimer lamp having a double tube structure for irradiating vacuum ultraviolet rays of 172 nm was used.
- the substrate on which the gas barrier layer was formed was dried in the same manner as described above, and further subjected to the second modification treatment under copper conditions to form a gas barrier layer having a dry layer thickness of 150 nm.
- a second gas barrier layer was formed on the first gas barrier layer to produce a PET film having gas barrier properties.
- a PMMA film was formed from a polymethyl methacrylate oligomer by vacuum deposition according to the method described in International Publication No. 2000/36665, and polymerized to form a PMMA layer (layer thickness: 300 nm). .
- the uneven shape was transferred from the mold by imprint molding on the surface of the PMMA layer to form a scattering layer having an uneven structure.
- a repetitive pattern was formed in a square lattice shape with a pitch (period) of 300 nm, a diameter of 150 nm, and a depth of 120 nm (light (Diffraction action increases the light extraction efficiency in the so-called green region of 10 to 580 nm.)
- a polyester emulsion (Z561: manufactured by Kyoyo Chemical Co., Ltd.) and a titanium oxide sol dispersion were mixed and applied and dried to form a smooth layer having an average dry layer thickness of 700 nm.
- the refractive index of the PMMA film (scattering layer) is 1.5
- the refractive index of the mixture layer (smooth layer) of the polyester emulsion and titanium oxide sol as the outermost layer is 1.85
- the refractive index of the entire internal light extraction layer was 1.8.
- a mold was formed by imprint molding by heating and pressing using a stainless steel roll having an emboss having a corrugated shape to form a random gentle corrugated shape having an average pitch of 3 ⁇ m and an average height of 500 nm.
- the refractive index of the PMMA film (scattering layer) is 1.5
- the refractive index of the mixture layer (smooth layer) of the polyester emulsion and titanium oxide sol as the outermost layer is 1.85
- the refractive index of the entire internal light extraction layer was 1.8.
- a solid of TiO 2 particles JR600A manufactured by Teika Co., Ltd.
- a resin solution ED230AL (organic / inorganic hybrid resin) manufactured by APM.
- the formulation was designed at a ratio of 10 ml so that the fraction ratio was 70 vol% / 30 vol%, the solvent ratio of n-propyl acetate and cyclohexanone was 10 wt% / 90 wt%, and the solid content concentration was 15 wt%.
- the above-mentioned TiO 2 particles and a solvent are mixed and cooled at room temperature, and then the standard of the microchip step (MS-3 MSmm 3 mm ⁇ ) is applied to an ultrasonic disperser (SMH UH-50). Dispersion was added for 10 minutes under the conditions to prepare a TiO 2 dispersion. Next, while stirring the TiO 2 dispersion at 100 rpm, the resin was mixed and added little by little. After the addition was completed, the stirring speed was increased to 500 rpm and mixed for 10 minutes to obtain a scattering layer coating solution. Then, it filtered with the hydrophobic PVDF 0.45 micrometer filter (made by Whatman), and obtained the target dispersion liquid.
- SSH UH-50 ultrasonic disperser
- the dispersion was spin-coated (500 rpm, 30 seconds) on a substrate, then simply dried (80 ° C., 2 minutes), baked (120 ° C., 60 minutes), and a layer thickness of 0 A scattering layer of 0.5 ⁇ m was formed.
- a solid content ratio of a nano TiO 2 dispersion liquid (HDT-760T manufactured by Teika Co., Ltd.) having an average particle diameter of 0.02 ⁇ m and a resin solution (ED230AL (organic inorganic hybrid resin) manufactured by APM) was formulated at a ratio of 10 ml so that the solvent ratio of n-propyl acetate / cyclohexanone / toluene was 20 wt% / 30 wt% / 50 wt% and the solid content concentration was 20 wt%.
- ED230AL organic inorganic hybrid resin
- the nano TiO 2 dispersion and the solvent are mixed, and the resin is mixed and added little by little while stirring at 100 rpm. After the addition is completed, the stirring speed is increased to 500 rpm and mixed for 10 minutes to apply a smooth layer. A liquid was obtained. Then, it filtered with the hydrophobic PVDF 0.45 micrometer filter (made by Whatman), and obtained the target dispersion liquid. The dispersion was spin-coated on the scattering layer by spin coating (500 rpm, 30 seconds), then simply dried (80 ° C., 2 minutes), and baked (120 ° C., 30 minutes) to obtain a layer thickness of 0 A smooth layer of 0.7 ⁇ m was formed, and the internal light extraction layer 3 was produced. The refractive index of the smooth layer single film was 1.85.
- the internal light extraction layer 3 produced as described above had a transmittance T of 67% and a haze value Hz of 50%. Further, the refractive index at a wavelength of 550 nm of the whole internal light extraction layer was measured using a sopra ellipsometer based on D542, and it was 1.85.
- the solid content ratio of SiO 2 particles (Sciqs manufactured by Sakai Chemical Co., Ltd.) having a refractive index of 1.5 and an average particle diameter of 0.4 ⁇ m and a resin solution (ED230AL (organic inorganic hybrid resin) manufactured by APM) is
- the formulation was designed at a ratio of 10 ml so that the solvent ratio of 70 vol% / 30 vol%, the solvent ratio of n-propyl acetate and cyclohexanone was 10 wt% / 90 wt%, and the solid content concentration was 15 wt%.
- the smooth layer preparation was formed in the same manner as the smooth layer of the internal light extraction layer 3 except that the nanoTiO 2 dispersion was excluded.
- the refractive index of the smooth layer single film was 1.5.
- the refractive index of the internal light extraction layer as a whole was 1.5.
- the first vacuum chamber was depressurized to 4 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa, and then heated by energizing the heating boat containing the exemplary compound 10, and the deposition rate was in the range of 0.1 to 0.2 nm / second.
- a base layer made of the exemplified compound 10 having a layer thickness of 25 nm was provided on the substrate (smooth layer).
- the base material formed up to the base layer is transferred to the second vacuum chamber while being vacuumed, and after the second vacuum chamber is depressurized to 4 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa, the heating boat containing silver is energized and heated, A transparent electrode having a laminated structure of an underlayer and an electrode layer, in which an electrode layer made of silver having a layer thickness of 8 nm is formed on a base material (underlayer) within a deposition rate range of 0.1 to 0.2 nm / sec. 1-1 was produced.
- the first vacuum chamber was depressurized to 4 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa, and then heated by energizing the heating boat containing the exemplary compound 10, and the deposition rate was in the range of 0.1 to 0.2 nm / second.
- a base layer made of the exemplified compound 10 having a layer thickness of 25 nm was provided on the substrate.
- the base material formed up to the base layer is transferred to the second vacuum chamber while being vacuumed, and after the second vacuum chamber is depressurized to 4 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa, the heating boat containing silver is energized and heated,
- a transparent electrode having a laminated structure of an underlayer and an electrode layer, in which an electrode layer made of silver having a layer thickness of 8 nm is formed on a base material (underlayer) within a deposition rate range of 0.1 to 0.2 nm / sec. 1-6 was produced.
- the electrical resistance of the transparent electrode 1-8 in which the ITO transparent electrode was formed on the glass substrate was 8 ⁇ , but the transparent electrode 1 in which the ITO transparent electrode was formed on the film substrate 1 The electrical resistance of 9 was greatly increased to 120 ⁇ .
- the transparent electrodes 1-6 and 1-7 using thin silver electrodes as the electrodes have a difference in electrical resistance of 8 ⁇ between the glass substrate and the PET substrate and are useful as electrodes regardless of the substrate material. confirmed.
- Similar results were obtained with transparent electrodes 1-1 to 1-5 in which an internal light extraction layer was formed on a thin silver electrode. From the above results, the superiority of the thin silver electrode over the ITO electrode could be confirmed, and it was confirmed that the electrode performance was not affected even when the internal light extraction layer was formed on the electrode.
- the transparent substrate 13 transparent electrode 1-3
- transparent electrode 1-3 transparent electrode 1-3
- each material which comprises the light emission functional layer 3 was filled with the optimal quantity for film-forming of each layer in each heating boat in a vacuum evaporation system.
- the heating boat used what was produced with the resistance heating material made from tungsten.
- each layer was formed as follows by sequentially energizing and heating a heating boat containing each material.
- a hole-injecting hole transporting material serving as both a hole-injecting layer and a hole-transporting layer made of ⁇ -NPD is heated by energizing a heating boat containing ⁇ -NPD represented by the following structural formula as a hole-transporting injecting material.
- the layer 31 was formed on the electrode layer 1 b constituting the transparent electrode 1. At this time, the deposition rate was 0.1 to 0.2 nm / second, and the layer thickness was 20 nm.
- each of the heating boat containing the host material H4 represented by the following structural formula and the heating boat containing the phosphorescent compound Ir-4 represented by the following structural formula were energized independently, respectively.
- a light emitting layer 3 c made of the photoluminescent compound Ir-4 was formed on the hole transport injection layer 31.
- the layer thickness was 30 nm.
- a hole-blocking layer 33 made of BAlq was formed on the light-emitting layer 3c by heating by heating a heating boat containing BAlq represented by the following structural formula as a hole-blocking material.
- the deposition rate was 0.1 to 0.2 nm / second, and the layer thickness was 10 nm.
- the heating boat containing the exemplary compound 10 having the structural formula shown above as the electron transporting material and the heating boat containing potassium fluoride are energized independently to each other, and the exemplary compound 10 and potassium fluoride are included.
- An electron transport layer 3 d was formed on the hole blocking layer 33.
- the layer thickness was 30 nm.
- a heating boat containing potassium fluoride as an electron injection material was energized and heated to form an electron injection layer 3e made of potassium fluoride on the electron transport layer 3d.
- the deposition rate was 0.01 to 0.02 nm / second, and the layer thickness was 1 nm.
- the transparent substrate 13 formed up to the electron injection layer 3e was transferred from the vapor deposition chamber of the vacuum vapor deposition apparatus to the processing chamber of the sputtering apparatus to which an ITO target as a counter electrode material was attached while maintaining the vacuum state. Then, in the processing chamber, a film was formed at a film forming rate of 0.3 to 0.5 nm / second, and a light-transmitting counter electrode 5a made of ITO having a film thickness of 150 nm was formed as a cathode. Thus, the organic light emitting device 400 was formed on the transparent substrate 13.
- the organic light emitting device 400 is covered with a sealing material 17 made of a glass substrate having a thickness of 300 ⁇ m, and the adhesive 19 (sealing material) is interposed between the sealing material 17 and the transparent substrate 13 so as to surround the organic light emitting device 400.
- a sealing material 17 made of a glass substrate having a thickness of 300 ⁇ m
- the adhesive 19 (sealing material) is interposed between the sealing material 17 and the transparent substrate 13 so as to surround the organic light emitting device 400.
- an epoxy photocurable adhesive (Lux Track LC0629B manufactured by Toagosei Co., Ltd.) was used.
- the adhesive 19 filled between the sealing material 17 and the transparent substrate 13 is irradiated with UV light from the glass substrate (sealing material 17) side to cure the adhesive 19 and seal the organic light emitting device 400. Stopped.
- a vapor deposition mask is used to form each layer, and the central 4.5 cm ⁇ 4.5 cm of the 5 cm ⁇ 5 cm transparent substrate 13 is defined as the light emitting region A, and the entire circumference of the light emitting region A is formed.
- a non-light emitting region B having a width of 0.25 cm was provided.
- the transparent electrode 1 serving as the anode and the counter electrode 5a serving as the cathode are insulated from each other by the light emitting functional layer 3 from the hole transport injection layer 31 to the electron transport layer 3e. Was formed in a drawn shape.
- the organic light emitting device 400 was provided on the transparent substrate 13, and the light emitting panel 2-1 was produced by sealing the organic light emitting device 400 with the sealing material 17 and the adhesive 19.
- emitted light h of each color generated in the light emitting layer 3c is extracted from both the transparent electrode 1 side, that is, the transparent substrate 13 side, and the counter electrode 5a side, that is, the sealing material 17 side.
- a light-emitting panel 2-3 was produced in the same manner as in production of the light-emitting panel 2-1, except that a smooth layer was not formed as the internal light extraction layer of the transparent electrode 1-3. did.
- the refractive index of the scattering layer was 2.1.
- ⁇ Evaluation of luminous panel ⁇ (1) Measurement of drive voltage and luminous efficiency Each light-emitting panel produced was lit at a constant current density of 2.5 mA / cm 2 at room temperature (within a range of about 23 to 25 ° C) to produce spectral emission. Using a luminance meter CS-2000 (manufactured by Konica Minolta Co., Ltd.), the emission luminance of each sample was measured, and the drive voltage (V) and the emission efficiency (external extraction efficiency) at the current value were determined. The measurement results are shown in Table 1. The luminous efficiency is expressed as a relative value with the luminous efficiency of the light emitting panel 2-2 being 100.
- the light emitting panels 2-1, 2-5 to 2-7 of the present invention are compared with the light emitting panels 2-2 to 2-4 and 2-8 of the comparative examples.
- the light emitting panel 2-3 of the comparative example having no smooth layer intense leak current was observed and no light emission was observed.
- an internal light extraction layer having a scattering layer and a smooth layer is provided adjacent to the thin silver electrode, and the refractive index of the internal light extraction layer may be within the range of 1.7 or more and less than 2.5. It turns out that it is useful.
- Production of light-emitting panel (1) Production of light-emitting panels 3-1 to 3-7 A light-emitting panel was produced in the same manner as in production of light-emitting panel 2-7, except that the TiO 2 particles contained in the scattering layer were changed as shown in Table 3. 3-1 to 3-7 were produced.
- a light emitting panel 3-8 was produced in the same manner as in the production of the light emitting panel 2-7, except that the internal light extraction layer was not formed.
- the light-emitting panels 2-7 and 3-1 to 3-7 of the present invention are compared with the light-emitting panel 3-8 of the comparative example in terms of luminous efficiency, haze value, and light emission. It can be seen that the life is excellent. Among them, the light-emitting panels 2-7 and 3-3 to 3-6 obtained particularly excellent results in any characteristics. From the above, it is useful to make the scattering layer contain particles having an average particle size in the range of 0.2 ⁇ m or more and less than 1 ⁇ m and a refractive index in the range of 1.7 or more and less than 3.0. I understand.
- the present invention can be particularly suitably used for providing an organic light-emitting device having a transparent electrode having excellent luminous efficiency and having both conductivity and light transmittance.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Electroluminescent Light Sources (AREA)
- Indole Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
Description
この問題に対して、特許文献3では、銀とアルミニウムとの合金により、従来と比較して透明性と導電性との観点で改善されているものの、いまだ十分とはいえないレベルであった。
一方で、本出願人は、特願2011-252003号で、従来に対し透明性と導電性とを大幅に改善した薄銀透明電極を開示しており、非常に好ましい態様である。
前記内部光取り出し層の屈折率が、1.7以上2.5未満の範囲内であり、
前記電極層が、銀または銀を主成分とする合金から構成されていることを特徴とする有機発光素子。
前記散乱層には、平均粒径が0.2μm以上1μm未満の範囲内であり、かつ、屈折率が1.7以上3.0未満の範囲内である粒子が含有されていることを特徴とする有機発光素子。
前記散乱層の前記平滑層側表面が、凹凸状に形成されていることを特徴とする有機発光素子。
前記下地層には、窒素原子を含んだ化合物が含有されていることを特徴とする有機発光素子。
前記窒素原子を含んだ化合物が、窒素原子をヘテロ原子とする複素環を有することを特徴とする有機発光素子。
前記窒素原子を含んだ化合物が、ピリジン基を有することを特徴とする有機発光素子。
前記窒素原子を含んだ化合物が、下記一般式(1)で表される化合物であることを特徴とする有機発光素子。
上記の薄銀電極の性能達成のため、その下地層に特定素材を用い、かつその下地層の屈折率を発光層と同じく高屈折率で形成することにより、電極特性と光学ロスとを低減する。
加えて、内部光取り出し層も発光層や下地層と同様に高屈折率層とすることにより、光の導入を円滑にし、光学ロスを低減するとともに、特定構造の散乱粒子の散乱効果により、薄銀電極により大きく乱された配光特性(深い角度に存在する多くの光)をランバートに近づける(前方発光成分が増える)ことで、基板との屈折率界面での光学ロスを低減し、1次取り出し光を増やすことができる。
さらに、各層の透明性を従来技術に比べ大幅に高められ、多重散乱時の効率低下が最小限に抑えられることにより、取り出し効率を高めることができたものと推察される。
なお、本願において、「~」は、その前後に記載される数値を下限値および上限値として含む意味で使用する。
<有機発光素子の構成>
図1に示すとおり、本発明の有機発光素子100は、透明基板13上に設けられており、透明基板13側から順に、内部光取り出し層2、透明電極1、有機材料等を用いて構成された発光機能層3、および対向電極5aをこの順に積層して構成されている。透明電極1(電極層1b)の端部には、取り出し電極16が設けられている。透明電極1と外部電源(図示略)とは、取り出し電極16を介して、電気的に接続される。有機発光素子100は、発生させた光(発光光h)を、少なくとも透明基板13側から取り出すように構成されている。
図1に示すとおり、透明電極1は、透明基板13側から、下地層1aと、この上部に成膜された電極層1bとを順に積層した2層構造である。このうち、電極層1bは、銀または銀を主成分とする合金を用いて構成された層であり、下地層1aは、たとえば、窒素原子を含んだ化合物を用いて構成された層である。
なお、透明電極1の透明とは、波長550nmでの光透過率が50%以上であることをいう。また、本発明において、電極層1bの主成分とは、電極層1bを構成する成分のうち、構成比率が最も高い成分をいう。
下地層1aは、電極層1bの透明基板13側に設けられる層である。下地層1aを構成する材料としては、特に限定されるものではなく、銀または銀を主成分とする合金からなる電極層1bの成膜に際し、銀の凝集を抑制できるものであればよく、たとえば、窒素原子を含んだ化合物等が挙げられる。
下地層1aが、高屈折率材料(屈折率1.7以上)からなる場合、その層厚の上限としては特に制限はなく、層厚の下限としては上記低屈折率材料からなる場合と同様である。
ただし、単なる下地層1aの機能としては、均一な成膜が得られる必要層厚で形成されれば十分である。
この場合の内部光取り出し層2および透明電極1の構成としては、透明基板13側から順に、平滑層2bを有しない、散乱層2a、下地層1a、電極層1bとする構成や、散乱層2a、平滑層2b、下地層1a、電極層1bとする構成とすることもできる(図示略)。
下地層1aが単層で平滑層2bとして機能する場合は、平滑層2bに準じた層厚であることが好ましい。
下地層1aに含有される化合物としては、下記一般式(1)で表される化合物であることが好ましい。
一般式(1)中におけるAr1は、下記一般式(A)で表される基を表す。
上記一般式(A)で表される基は、下記一般式(A-1)、(A-2)、(A-3)または(A-4)のいずれかで表される基であることが好ましい。
上記一般式(1)で表される化合物は、下記一般式(2)で表される化合物であることが好ましい。
さらに、芳香族炭化水素環は、一般式(1)において、Y1で表される置換基を有してもよい。
さらに、芳香族複素環は、一般式(1)において、Y1で表される置換基を有してもよい。
上記一般式(2)で表される化合物は、下記一般式(3)で表される化合物であることが好ましい。
以下に、本発明にかかる一般式(1)、(2)または(3)で表される化合物の具体例(例示化合物1~112)を示すが、これらに限定されない。
以下に代表的な化合物の合成例として、例示化合物5の具体的な合成例を示すが、これに限定されない。
窒素雰囲気下、3,6-ジブロモジベンゾフラン(1.0モル)、カルバゾール(2.0モル)、銅粉末(3.0モル)、炭酸カリウム(1.5モル)を、DMAc(ジメチルアセトアミド)300ml中に混合し、130℃で24時間撹拌した。これによって得た反応液を室温(25℃)まで冷却後、トルエン1Lを加え、蒸留水で3回洗浄し、有機層を減圧下に溶媒を留去し、残渣をシリカゲルフラッシュクロマトグラフィー(n-ヘプタン:トルエン=4:1~3:1)にて精製し、中間体1を収率85%で得た。
室温(25℃)、大気下で中間体1(0.5モル)をDMF(ジメチルホルムアミド)100mlに溶解し、NBS(N-ブロモコハク酸イミド)(2.0モル)を加え、一晩室温(25℃)で撹拌した。得られた沈殿を濾過し、メタノールで洗浄し、中間体2を収率92%で得た。
窒素雰囲気下、中間体2(0.25モル)、2-フェニルピリジン(1.0モル)、ルテニウム錯体[(η6-C6H6)RuCl2]2(0.05モル)、トリフェニルホスフィン(0.2モル)、炭酸カリウム(12モル)を、NMP(N-メチル-2-ピロリドン)3L中で混合し、140℃で一晩撹拌した。
電極層1bは、銀または銀を主成分とした合金を用いて構成された層であって、下地層1a上に成膜された層である。
このような電極層1bの成膜方法としては、塗布法、インクジェット法、コーティング法、ディップ法等のウェットプロセスを用いる方法や、蒸着法(抵抗加熱、EB法など)、スパッタ法、CVD法等のドライプロセスを用いる方法等が挙げられる。中でも、蒸着法が好ましく適用される。
また、電極層1bは、下地層1a上に成膜されることにより、電極層1b成膜後の高温アニール処理等がなくても十分に導電性を有することを特徴とするが、必要に応じて、成膜後に高温アニール処理等を行ったものであってもよい。
以上のような構成の透明電極1は、たとえば、窒素原子を含んだ化合物を用いて構成された下地層1a上に、銀または銀を主成分とする合金からなる電極層1bを設けた構成である。これにより、下地層1aの上部に電極層1bを成膜する際には、電極層1bを構成する銀原子が下地層1aを構成する窒素原子を含んだ化合物と相互作用し、銀原子の下地層1a表面においての拡散距離が減少し、銀の凝集が抑えられる。
上述した構成の透明電極1は、本発明の有機発光素子に加え、各種電子デバイスに用いることができる。その他の電子デバイスの例としては、LED(light Emitting Diode)、液晶素子、太陽電池、タッチパネル等が挙げられ、これらの電子デバイスにおいて光透過性を必要とされる電極部材として、上述の透明電極1を用いることができる。
内部光取り出し層2は、透明基板13と透明電極1との間に配設されており、透明基板13側から順に、散乱層2aと平滑層2bとが積層され、構成されている。
内部光取り出し層2の波長550nmにおける屈折率は、1.7以上2.5未満の範囲内である。有機発光素子の発光層内に閉じ込められる導波モード光や陰極から反射されるプラズモンモード光は特異な光学モードの光であり、これらの光を取り出すためには少なくとも1.7以上の屈折率が必要である。一方、プラズモンモードの最も高次側のモードであっても屈折率2.5以上の領域の光は略存在せず、これ以上の屈折率としても取り出せる光の量が増えることはない。
実際には、散乱層2aおよび平滑層2bの屈折率が、それぞれ1.7以上2.5未満の範囲内であることが好ましいが、各層の屈折率を個別に測定することは困難である場合が多いことから、内部光取り出し層2全体として、屈折率が上記範囲を満たしていればよい。
なお、本発明において、屈折率は、多波長アッベ屈折計、プリズムカプラ、ミケルソン干渉計、分光エリプソメーター等で測定することができる。
なお、ヘイズ値とは、(i)膜中の組成物の屈折率差による影響と、(ii)表面形状による影響とを受けて算出される物性値である。本発明においては、散乱層2a上に平滑層2bを積層した内部光取り出し層2としてのヘイズ値を測定する。すなわち、10μm□における平均面粗さRaを100nm未満に抑えてヘイズ値を測定することにより、上記(ii)による影響を排除したヘイズ値が測定されることとなる。
散乱層2aは、屈折率が1.7以上2.5未満の範囲内である高屈折率層であることが好ましい。この場合、散乱層2aは、屈折率1.7以上2.5未満を有する単独の素材で膜を形成してもよいし、2種類以上の化合物と混合して屈折率1.7以上2.5未満の膜を形成してもよい。このような混合系の場合、散乱層2aの屈折率は、各々の素材固有の屈折率に混合比率を乗じた合算値により算出される計算屈折率でも代用可能である。また、この場合、各々の素材の屈折率は、1.7未満もしくは2.5以上であってもよく、混合した膜の屈折率として1.7以上2.5未満を満たしていればよい。
次に、本発明において、光を回折もしくは拡散させる層(混合散乱層)とする場合について説明する。
混合散乱層2aは、層媒体と該層媒体に含有される粒子とから構成されている。
層媒体である樹脂材料(バインダー)と含有される粒子との屈折率差は、0.03以上であり、好ましくは0.1以上であり、より好ましくは0.2以上であり、特に好ましくは0.3以上である。層媒体と粒子との屈折率差が0.03以上であれば、層媒体と粒子との界面で散乱効果が発生する。屈折率差が大きいほど、界面での屈折が大きくなり、散乱効果が向上するため好ましい。
一方、平均粒径の上限としては、粒径がより大きい場合、粒子を含有した混合散乱層2aの粗さを平坦化する平滑層2bの層厚も厚くする必要があり、工程の負荷、膜の吸収の観点で不利な点があることから、好ましくは10μm未満、より好ましくは5μm未満、特に好ましくは3μm未満、最も好ましくは1μm未満である。
ここで、高屈折率粒子の平均粒径は、たとえば、日機装社製ナノトラックUPA-EX150といった動的光散乱法を利用した装置や、電子顕微鏡写真の画像処理により測定することができる。
一方で、高屈折率粒子の屈折率の上限は3.0未満である。バインダーとの屈折率差が大きければ十分な散乱量を得ることができ、光取り出し効率の向上効果が得られる。
これらの粒子は、実際には、多分散粒子であることや規則的に配置することが難しいことから、局部的には回折効果を有するものの、多くは拡散により光の方向を変化させ光取り出し効率を向上させる。
バインダー樹脂として用いられるポリマーは、1種類を単独で用いてもよいし、必要に応じて2種類以上を混合して使用してもよい。
このようなバインダー樹脂としては、飽和炭化水素またはポリエーテルを主鎖として有するポリマーであることが好ましく、飽和炭化水素を主鎖として有するポリマーであることがより好ましい。
また、バインダーは架橋していることが好ましい。飽和炭化水素を主鎖として有するポリマーは、エチレン性不飽和モノマーの重合反応により得ることが好ましい。架橋しているバインダーを得るためには、二つ以上のエチレン性不飽和基を有するモノマーを用いることが好ましい。
具体的には、Si-O-Si結合を有するポリシロキサン(ポリシルセスキオキサンを含む)、Si-N-Si結合を有するポリシラザン、Si-O-Si結合とSi-N-Si結合の両方を含むポリシロキサザン等を挙げることができる。これらは、2種以上を混合して使用することができる。また、異なる化合物を逐次積層したり、同時積層したりしても使用可能である。
本発明で用いられるポリシロキサンとしては、一般構造単位としての〔R3SiO1/2〕、〔R2SiO〕、〔RSiO3/2〕および〔SiO2〕を含むことができる。ここで、Rは、水素原子、1~20の炭素原子を含むアルキル基(たとえば、メチル、エチル、プロピル等)、アリール基(たとえば、フェニル等)、不飽和アルキル基(たとえば、ビニル等)からなる群より独立して選択される。特定のポリシロキサン基の例としては、〔PhSiO3/2〕、〔MeSiO3/2〕、〔HSiO3/2〕、〔MePhSiO〕、〔Ph2SiO〕、〔PhViSiO〕、〔ViSiO3/2〕(Viはビニル基を表す。)、〔MeHSiO〕、〔MeViSiO〕、〔Me2SiO〕、〔Me3SiO1/2〕等が挙げられる。また、ポリシロキサンの混合物やコポリマーも使用可能である。
本発明においては、上述のポリシロキサンの中でもポリシルセスキオキサンを用いることが好ましい。ポリシルセスキオキサンは、シルセスキオキサンを構造単位に含む化合物である。「シルセスキオキサン」とは、〔RSiO3/2〕で表される化合物であり、通常、RSiX3(Rは、水素原子、アルキル基、アルケニル基、アリール基、アラアルキル基等であり、Xは、ハロゲン、アルコキシ基等である。)型化合物が加水分解-重縮合して合成されるポリシロキサンである。ポリシルセスキオキサンの分子配列の形状としては、代表的には無定形構造、ラダー状構造、籠型構造、その部分開裂構造体(籠型構造からケイ素原子が一原子欠けた構造や籠型構造のケイ素-酸素結合が一部切断された構造)等が知られている。
本発明で用いられるポリシラザンとは、ケイ素-窒素結合を持つポリマーで、Si-N、Si-H、N-H等からなるSiO2、Si3N4および両方の中間固溶体SiOxNy(x:0.1~1.9、y:0.1~1.3)等の無機前駆体ポリマーである。
-[Si(R1)(R2)-N(R3)]-
たとえば、電子線硬化の場合には、コックロフワルトン型、バンデグラフ型、共振変圧型、絶縁コア変圧器型、直線型、ダイナミトロン型、高周波型等の各種電子線加速器から放出される10~1000keV、好ましくは30~300keVのエネルギーを有する電子線等が使用され、紫外線硬化の場合には、超高圧水銀灯、高圧水銀灯、低圧水銀灯、カーボンアーク、キセノンアーク、メタルハライドランプ等の光線から発する紫外線等が利用できる。
本発明にかかる好ましい紫外線照射装置としては、具体的には、100~230nmの真空紫外線を発する希ガスエキシマランプが挙げられる。
Xe、Kr、Ar、Ne等の希ガスの原子は、化学的に結合して分子を作らないため、不活性ガスと呼ばれる。しかし、放電などによりエネルギーを得た希ガスの原子(励起原子)は、他の原子と結合して分子を作ることができる。
たとえば、希ガスがXe(キセノン)の場合には、下記反応式で示されるように、励起されたエキシマ分子であるXe2 *が基底状態に遷移するときに、172nmのエキシマ光を発光する。
Xe*+2Xe→Xe2 *+Xe
Xe2 *→Xe+Xe+hν(172nm)
誘電体バリア放電ランプの構成としては、電極間に誘電体を介して放電を起こすものであり、一般的には、誘電体からなる放電容器とその外部とに少なくとも一方の電極が配置されていればよい。誘電体バリア放電ランプとして、たとえば、石英ガラスで構成された太い管と細い管とからなる二重円筒状の放電容器中にキセノン等の希ガスが封入され、該放電容器の外部に網状の第1の電極を設け、内管の内側に他の電極を設けたものがある。誘電体バリア放電ランプは、電極間に高周波電圧等を加えることによって放電容器内部に誘電体バリア放電を発生させ、該放電により生成されたキセノン等のエキシマ分子が解離する際にエキシマ光を発生させる。
本発明において、形状制御散乱層2aは全反射界面に設けられることが好ましく、全反射の強度の大きな屈折率の異なる層の界面に設けられることが好ましい。全反射界面とは、屈折率差が0.05以上の界面をいい、より効果が大きいのは屈折率差0.1以上、特に効果が大きいのは屈折率差0.15以上の界面である。
このような界面が複数ある場合には、その複数個所に散乱層を設けることが好ましい態様である。また、最も基板に近い場所に設けることが好ましい態様である。
可視光の取り出し効率を向上させるためには、可視光の媒質中での光の波長400~750nmの範囲内の光を回折させるための回折格子であることが必要である。回折格子への光の入射角と出射角、回折格子間隔(凹凸配列の周期)、光の波長、媒体の屈折率、回折次数等の間には、一定の関係があり、可視光およびその近傍の波長領域の光を回折させるため、本発明においては、凹凸配列のピッチP(図2参照)は、取り出し効率が向上する波長に対応して、150~3000nmの範囲内にある一定値をもつ必要がある。
また、凹部(窪み)の平面方向から見た断面形状としては、半球状、矩形状、かまぼこ状、ピラミッド状等が挙げられるが特に限定されるものではない。この凹部の深さは、50~1600nmの範囲内であることが好ましく、50~1200nmの範囲内であることがより好ましい。凹部の深さがこれより小さい場合には、回折あるいは散乱を起こす効果が小さく、また大きすぎると表示素子としての平面性が損なわれ好ましくない。
このようにして形成される回折格子として作用する凹凸構造の一例を図2~4Cに示す。
図4Aに示す凹凸構造は、正方格子状に配列されたピラミッド状(ワッフル状)の凹部44と半球状の凸部46とが形成された複合型の凹凸構造を示している。図4B、Cに示す例においては、凹部44の深さ(格子点48と凹部44の頂点50との高さの差)は約20μmであり、凸部46の高さ(格子点48と凸部46の頂点52との高さの差)は約10μmとなっているが、特にこれに限定されるものではない。
また、その他の形成方法として、基板上に紫外線硬化樹脂を塗布した後、凹凸が設けられた金型を密着させて紫外線を照射し、光重合により硬化して金型の凹凸形状を転写するといった手法を用いることもできる。
ガスバリアー層である酸化ケイ素等の無機酸化物の膜については、ゾルゲル手法を用いてゲル状の膜を作成した後、ゲル状膜に凹凸が設けられた金型を押し当てたまま加熱することで、凹凸構造を形成することができる。
図6A、Bに示すとおり、かまぼこ型の表面を削ると、その内部には粒径2~3μm程度の多数の粒子が観測され、バインダーを識別できなかった。
本発明にかかる平滑層2bは、屈折率が1.7以上2.5未満の高屈折率層であることが好ましい。屈折率が1.7以上2.5未満であれば、単独の素材で形成されていてもよいし、混合物で形成されていてもよい。混合物で形成する際の屈折率の考え方は、上記散乱層2aの場合と同様である。
なお、本発明において、平均面粗さRaとは、原子間力顕微鏡法(Atomic Force Microscopy:AFM)にて測定された、10μm□における平均面粗さRaをいう。
平滑層2b含有される高屈折材料としては、微粒子ゾルが好ましい。
透明電極1(内部光取り出し層2)が形成される透明基板13としては、たとえば、ガラス、プラスチック等を挙げることができるが、これらに限定されない。好ましく用いられる透明基板13としては、ガラス、石英、透明樹脂フィルムを挙げることができる。
対向電極5aは、発光機能層3に電子を供給するカソードとして機能する電極膜であり、金属、合金、有機または無機の導電性化合物、およびこれらの混合物が用いられる。具体的には、アルミニウム、銀、マグネシウム、リチウム、マグネシウム/銅混合物、マグネシウム/銀混合物、マグネシウム/アルミニウム混合物、マグネシウム/インジウム混合物、インジウム、リチウム/アルミニウム混合物、希土類金属、ITO、ZnO、TiO2、SnO2等の酸化物半導体等が挙げられる。
発光層3cは、電極または隣接層から注入されてくる電子および正孔が再結合し、励起子を経由して発光する場を提供する層であり、発光する部分は発光層3cの層内であっても、発光層3cと隣接層との界面であってもよい。発光層3cは、本発明で規定する要件を満たしていれば、その構成に特に制限はない。
ホスト化合物は、発光層3cにおいて、主に電荷の注入および輸送を担う化合物であり、有機発光素子においてそれ自体の発光は実質的に観測されない。
好ましくは室温(25℃)においてリン光発光のリン光量子収率が、0.1未満の化合物であり、さらに好ましくはリン光量子収率が0.01未満の化合物である。また、発光層3cに含有される化合物の内で、その層中での質量比が20%以上であることが好ましい。
公知のホスト化合物としては、正孔輸送能または電子輸送能を有しつつ、かつ、発光の長波長化を防ぎ、さらに、有機発光素子を高温駆動時や素子駆動中の発熱に対して安定して動作させる観点から、高いガラス転移温度(Tg)を有することが好まし。好ましくはTgが90℃以上であり、より好ましくは120℃以上である。
ここで、ガラス転移点(Tg)とは、DSC(Differential Scanning Calorimetry:示差走査熱量法)を用いて、JIS K 7121に準拠した方法により求められる値である。
特開2001-257076号公報、同2002-308855号公報、同2001-313179号公報、同2002-319491号公報、同2001-357977号公報、同2002-334786号公報、同2002-8860号公報、同2002-334787号公報、同2002-15871号公報、同2002-334788号公報、同2002-43056号公報、同2002-334789号公報、同2002-75645号公報、同2002-338579号公報、同2002-105445号公報、同2002-343568号公報、同2002-141173号公報、同2002-352957号公報、同2002-203683号公報、同2002-363227号公報、同2002-231453号公報、同2003-3165号公報、同2002-234888号公報、同2003-27048号公報、同2002-255934号公報、同2002-260861号公報、同2002-280183号公報、同2002-299060号公報、同2002-302516号公報、同2002-305083号公報、同2002-305084号公報、同2002-308837号公報、米国特許出願公開第2003/0175553号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2006/0280965号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2005/0112407号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2009/0017330号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2009/0030202号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2005/0238919号明細書、国際公開第2001/039234号、国際公開第2009/021126号、国際公開第2008/056746号、国際公開第2004/093207号、国際公開第2005/089025号、国際公開第2007/063796号、国際公開第2007/063754号、国際公開第2004/107822号、国際公開第2005/030900号、国際公開第2006/114966号、国際公開第2009/086028号、国際公開第2009/003898号、国際公開第2012/023947号、特開2008-074939号公報、特開2007-254297号公報、欧州特許出願公開第2034538号明細書等である。
発光ドーパントについて説明する。
発光ドーパントとしては、蛍光発光性ドーパント(蛍光ドーパント、蛍光性化合物ともいう)と、リン光発光性ドーパント(リン光ドーパント、リン光性化合物ともいう)が好ましく用いられる。本発明においては、少なくとも1層の発光層3cがリン光発光ドーパントを含有することが好ましい。
発光層3c中の発光ドーパントの濃度については、使用される特定のドーパントおよびデバイスの必要条件に基づいて、任意に決定することができ、発光層3cの層厚方向に対し、均一な濃度で含有されていてもよく、また任意の濃度分布を有していてもよい。
本発明の有機発光素子100や化合物の発光する色は、「新編色彩科学ハンドブック」(日本色彩学会編、東京大学出版会、1985)の108頁の図4.16において、分光放射輝度計CS-1000(コニカミノルタ(株)製)で測定した結果をCIE色度座標に当てはめたときの色で決定される。
白色を示す発光ドーパントの組み合わせについては特に限定はないが、たとえば、青と橙や、青と緑と赤の組み合わせ等が挙げられる。
本発明の有機発光素子における白色とは、2度視野角正面輝度を前述の方法により測定した際に、1000cd/m2でのCIE1931表色系における色度がx=0.39±0.09、y=0.38±0.08の領域内にあることが好ましい。
リン光発光性ドーパント(以下、リン光ドーパントともいう)について説明する。
リン光ドーパントは、励起三重項からの発光が観測される化合物であり、具体的には、室温(25℃)にてリン光発光する化合物であり、リン光量子収率が、25℃において0.01以上の化合物であると定義されるが、好ましいリン光量子収率は0.1以上である。
上記リン光量子収率は、第4版実験化学講座7の分光IIの398頁(1992年版、丸善)に記載の方法により測定できる。溶液中でのリン光量子収率は種々の溶媒を用いて測定できるが、リン光ドーパントは、任意の溶媒のいずれかにおいて上記リン光量子収率(0.01以上)が達成されればよい。
もう一つはリン光ドーパントがキャリアトラップとなり、リン光ドーパント上でキャリアの再結合が起こりリン光ドーパントからの発光が得られるというキャリアトラップ型である。
いずれの場合においても、リン光ドーパントの励起状態のエネルギーはホスト化合物の励起状態のエネルギーよりも低いことが条件である。
本発明に使用できる公知のリン光ドーパントの具体例としては、以下の文献に記載されている化合物等が挙げられる。
Nature 395,151(1998)、Appl.Phys.Lett.78,1622(2001)、Adv.Mater.19,739(2007)、Chem.Mater.17,3532(2005)、Adv.Mater.17,1059(2005)、国際公開第2009/100991号、国際公開第2008/101842号、国際公開第2003/040257号、米国特許出願公開第2006/835469号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2006/0202194号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2007/0087321号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2005/0244673号明細書、Inorg.Chem.40,1704(2001)、Chem.Mater.16,2480(2004)、Adv.Mater.16,2003(2004)、Angew.Chem.lnt.Ed.2006,45,7800、Appl.Phys.Lett.86,153505(2005)、Chem.Lett.34,592(2005)、Chem.Commun.2906(2005)、Inorg.Chem.42,1248(2003)、国際公開第2009/050290号、国際公開第2002/015645号、国際公開第2009/000673号、米国特許出願公開第2002/0034656号、米国特許第7332232号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2009/0108737号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2009/0039776号明細書、米国特許第6921915号明細書、米国特許第6687266号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2007/0190359号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2006/0008670号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2009/0165846号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2008/0015355号明細書、米国特許第7250226号明細書、米国特許第7396598号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2006/0263635号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2003/0138657号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2003/0152802号明細書、米国特許第7090928号明細書、Angew.Chem.lnt.Ed.47,1(2008)、Chem.Mater.18,5119(2006)、Inorg.Chem.46,4308(2007)、Organometallics 23,3745(2004)、Appl.Phys.Lett.74,1361(1999)、国際公開第2002/002714号、国際公開第2006/009024号、国際公開第2006/056418号、国際公開第2005/019373号、国際公開第2005/123873号、国際公開第2005/123873号、国際公開第2007/004380号、国際公開第2006/082742号、米国特許出願公開第2006/0251923号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2005/0260441号明細書、米国特許第7393599号明細書、米国特許第7534505号明細書、米国特許第7445855号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2007/0190359号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2008/0297033号明細書、米国特許第7338722号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2002/0134984号明細書、米国特許第7279704号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2006/098120号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2006/103874号明細書、国際公開第2005/076380号、国際公開第2010/032663号、国際公開第第2008/140115号、国際公開第2007/052431号、国際公開第2011/134013号、国際公開第2011/157339号、国際公開第2010/086089号、国際公開第2009/113646号、国際公開第2012/020327号、国際公開第2011/051404号、国際公開第2011/004639号、国際公開第2011/073149号、特開2012-069737号公報、特開2012-195554号公報、特開2009-114086号公報、特開2003-81988号公報、特開2002-302671号公報、特開2002-363552号公報等である。
蛍光発光性ドーパント(以下、蛍光ドーパントともいう)について説明する。
蛍光ドーパントは、励起一重項からの発光が可能な化合物であり、励起一重項からの発光が観測される限り特に限定されない。
遅延蛍光を利用した発光ドーパントの具体例としては、たとえば、国際公開第2011/156793号、特開2011-213643号公報、特開2010-93181号公報等に記載の化合物が挙げられるが、本発明はこれらに限定されない。
注入層とは、駆動電圧低下や発光輝度向上のために電極と発光層3cとの間に設けられる層のことで、「有機EL素子とその工業化最前線(1998年11月30日エヌ・ティー・エス社発行)」の第2編第2章「電極材料」(123~166頁)に詳細に記載されており、正孔注入層3aと電子注入層3eとがある。
正孔輸送層3bは、正孔を輸送する機能を有する正孔輸送材料からなり、広い意味で正孔注入層3a、電子阻止層も正孔輸送層3bに含まれる。正孔輸送層3bは単層または複数層設けることができる。
電子輸送層3dは、電子を輸送する機能を有する材料からなり、広い意味で電子注入層3e、正孔阻止層(図示略)も電子輸送層3dに含まれる。電子輸送層3dは単層構造または複数層の積層構造として設けることができる。
阻止層は、上記のように、有機化合物薄膜の基本構成層の他に、必要に応じて設けられるものである。たとえば、特開平11-204258号公報、同11-204359号公報、および「有機EL素子とその工業化最前線(1998年11月30日エヌ・ティー・エス社発行)」の237頁等に記載されている正孔阻止(ホールブロック)層がある。
補助電極15は、透明電極1の抵抗を下げる目的で設けるものであって、透明電極1の電極層1bに接して設けられる。補助電極15を形成する材料は、金、白金、銀、銅、アルミニウム等の抵抗が低い金属が好ましい。これらの金属は光透過性が低いため、光取り出し面13aからの発光光hの取り出しの影響のない範囲でパターン形成される。
取り出し電極16は、透明電極1と外部電源とを電気的に接続するものであって、その材料としては特に限定されるものではなく公知の素材を好適に使用できるが、たとえば、3層構造からなるMAM電極(Mo/Al・Nd合金/Mo)等の金属膜を用いることができる。
封止材17は、有機発光素子100を覆うものであって、板状(フィルム状)の封止部材で接着剤19によって透明基板13側に固定されるものであってもよく、また、封止膜であってもよい。このような封止材17は、有機発光素子100における透明電極1および対向電極5aの端子部分を露出させ、少なくとも発光機能層3を覆う状態で設けられている。また、封止材17に電極を設け、有機発光素子100の透明電極1および対向電極5aの端子部分と、この電極とを導通させるように構成されていてもよい。
なお、ここでの図示は省略したが、透明基板13との間に有機発光素子100および封止材17を挟んで保護膜もしくは保護板を設けてもよい。この保護膜もしくは保護板は、有機発光素子100を機械的に保護するためのものであり、特に封止材17が封止膜である場合には、有機発光素子100に対する機械的な保護が十分ではないため、このような保護膜もしくは保護板を設けることが好ましい。
ここでは、一例として、図1に示す有機発光素子100の製造方法を説明する。
次に、銀(または銀を主成分とする合金)からなる電極層1bを、12nm以下、好ましくは4~9nmの層厚になるように、蒸着法等の適宜の方法により下地層1a上に形成し、アノードとなる透明電極1を作製する。同時に、透明電極1端部に、外部電源と接続される取り出し電極16を蒸着法等の適宜の方法に形成する。
以上説明した本発明の有機発光素子100は、導電性と光透過性とを兼ね備えた透明電極1と透明基板13との間に、内部光取り出し層2を設けた構成である。これにより、透明電極1と透明基板13との間の全反射ロスを低減し、発光効率を向上させることができる。
また、有機発光素子100は、透明電極1をアノードとして用い、この上部に発光機能層3とカソードとなる対向電極5aとを設けた構成である。このため、透明電極1と対向電極5aとの間に十分な電圧を印加して有機発光素子100での高輝度発光を実現しつつ、透明電極1側からの発光光hの取り出し効率が向上することによる高輝度化を図ることが可能である。さらに、所定輝度を得るための駆動電圧の低減による発光寿命の向上を図ることも可能になる。
第2の実施形態は、主に、下記の点で第1の実施形態と異なっている。
図8に示す有機発光素子200が、図1を用いて説明した有機発光素子100と異なるところは、透明電極1をカソードとして用いるところにある。
このため、有機発光素子200は、少なくとも透明基板13側から発光光hを取り出すように構成されている。ただし、この透明電極1は、カソード(陰極)として用いられる。このため、対向電極5bは、アノードとして用いられることになる。
以上説明した本発明の有機発光素子200は、導電性と光透過性とを兼ね備えた透明電極1と透明基板13との間に、内部光取り出し層2を設けた構成である。これにより、透明電極1と透明基板13との間の全反射ロスを低減し、発光効率を向上させることができる。
また、有機発光素子200は、透明電極1をカソードとして用い、この上部に発光機能層3とアノードとなる対向電極5bとを設けた構成である。このため、第1の実施形態と同様に、透明電極1と対向電極5bとの間に十分な電圧を印加して有機発光素子200での高輝度発光を実現しつつ、透明電極1側からの発光光hの取り出し効率が向上することによる高輝度化を図ることが可能である。さらに、所定輝度を得るための駆動電圧の低減による発光寿命の向上を図ることも可能になる。
第3の実施形態は、主に、下記の点で第1の実施形態と異なっている。
図9に示す有機発光素子300が、図1を用いて説明した有機発光素子100と異なるところは、基板131側に対向電極5cを設け、この上部に発光機能層3、透明電極1、内部光取り出し層2をこの順に積層したところにある。
本実施形態の場合の一例としては、アノードとして機能する対向電極5cの上部に、正孔注入層3a/正孔輸送層3b/発光層3c/電子輸送層3dをこの順に積層した構成が例示される。ただし、このうち少なくとも有機材料を用いて構成された発光層3cを有することが必須である。また、電子輸送層3dは、電子注入層3eを兼ねたもので、電子注入性を有する電子輸送層3dとして設けられていることとする。
基板131が不透明なものである場合、たとえば、アルミニウム、ステンレス等の金属基板、フィルムや不透明樹脂基板、セラミック製の基板等を用いることができる。
以上説明した本発明の有機発光素子300は、導電性と光透過性とを兼ね備えた透明電極1上に、内部光取り出し層2を設けた構成である。これにより、透明電極1と外気との間の全反射ロスを低減し、発光効率を向上させることができる。
また、有機発光素子300は、発光機能層3の最上部を構成する電子注入性を有する電子輸送層3dを下地層1aとし、この上部に電極層1bを設けることにより、下地層1aとこの上部の電極層1bとからなる透明電極1をカソードとして設けた構成である。このため、第1および第2の実施形態と同様に、透明電極1と対向電極5cとの間に十分な電圧を印加して有機発光素子300での高輝度発光を実現しつつ、透明電極1側からの発光光hの取り出し効率が向上することによる高輝度化を図ることが可能である。さらに、所定輝度を得るための駆動電圧の低減による発光寿命の向上を図ることも可能になる。また、以上のような構成において対向電極5cが光透過性を有する場合であれば、この対向電極5c側からも発光光hを取り出すことができる。
上述した各構成の有機発光素子は、上述したように面発光体であるため各種の発光光源として用いることができる。たとえば、家庭用照明や車内照明などの照明装置、時計や液晶用のバックライト、看板広告用照明、信号機の光源、光記憶媒体の光源、電子写真複写機の光源、光通信処理機の光源、光センサーの光源等が挙げられるが、これらに限定するものではなく、特にカラーフィルターと組み合わせた液晶表示装置のバックライト、照明用光源としての用途に有効に用いることができる。
本発明の照明装置は、上記有機発光素子を有する。
図10は、上記各構成の有機発光素子のうち、有機発光素子100を複数用いて発光面を大面積化した照明装置の一例を示す断面図である。
図10に示すとおり、照明装置21は、透明基板13上に有機発光素子100を設けた複数の発光パネル22を、支持基板23上に複数配列する(タイリングする)ことによって発光面を大面積化した構成である。支持基板23は、封止材17を兼ねるものであってもよく、この支持基板23と、発光パネル22の透明基板13との間に有機発光素子100を挟持する状態で各発光パネル22をタイリングする。支持基板23と透明基板13との間には接着剤19を充填し、これによって有機発光素子100を封止してもよい。なお、発光パネル22の周囲には、アノードである透明電極1およびカソードである対向電極5aの端部を露出させておく。ただし、図10においては対向電極5aの露出部分のみを図示した。
(1)内部光取り出し層の作製
(1.1)内部光取り出し層1の作製
PET基板(厚さ125μm)上に、特開2012-116101号公報の実施例1を参照にして、ガスバリアー層を形成した。
なお、表面粗さは、SII社製のAFM(原子間力顕微鏡)SPI3800N DFMを用いて測定した。1回の測定範囲は10μm×10μmとし、測定箇所を変えて3回の測定を行い、それぞれの測定で得られたRtの値を平均したものを測定値とした。
無機前駆体化合物を含有する塗布液は、無触媒のパーヒドロポリシラザン20質量%ジブチルエーテル溶液(AZエレクトロニックマテリアルズ(株)製アクアミカ NN120-20)とアミン触媒を固形分の5質量%含有するパーヒドロポリシラザン20質量%ジブチルエーテル溶液(AZエレクトロニックマテリアルズ(株)製アクアミカ NAX120-20)とを混合して用い、アミン触媒を固形分の1質量%に調整した後、さらに、ジブチルエーテルで希釈することにより5質量%ジブチルエーテル溶液として作製した。
内部光取り出し層2の作製において、PMMA膜表面の凹凸構造を以下のようにして作製した以外は同様にして、内部光取り出し層2を作製した。
基板として、厚さ0.7mm、60mm×60mmの透明な無アルカリガラス基板を脱脂し、超純水洗浄、クリーンドライヤーで乾燥したものを用いた。
次いで、TiO2分散液を100rpmで攪拌しながら、樹脂を少量ずつ混合添加し、添加完了後、500rpmまで攪拌速度を上げ、10分間混合し、散乱層塗布液を得た。
その後、疎水性PVDF 0.45μmフィルター(ワットマン社製)にて濾過し、目的の分散液を得た。
上記分散液をスピン塗布(500rpm、30秒)にて基材上に回転塗布した後、簡易乾燥(80℃、2分)し、さらに、ベーク(120℃、60分)して、層厚0.5μmの散乱層を形成した。
その後、疎水性PVDF 0.45μmフィルター(ワットマン社製)にて濾過し、目的の分散液を得た。
上記分散液をスピン塗布(500rpm、30秒)にて散乱層上に回転塗布した後、簡易乾燥(80℃、2分)し、さらに、ベーク(120℃、30分)して、層厚0.7μmの平滑層を形成し、内部光取り出し層3を作製した。
なお、平滑層単膜での屈折率は1.85であった。
また、D542に基づきソプラ社のエリプソメーターを用いて、内部光取り出し層全体の波長550nmにおける屈折率を測定したところ、1.85であった。
内部光取り出し層3の作製において、無アルカリガラス基板を内部光取り出し層1のガスバリアー性を有するPETフィルムに変更した以外は同様にして、内部光取り出し層4を作製した。
内部光取り出し層3の作製において、TiO2粒子に代えて散乱層および平滑層の処方を以下のように変更した以外は同様にして、内部光取り出し層5を作製した。
なお、平滑層単膜での屈折率は1.5であった。
(2.1)透明電極1-1の作製
内部光取り出し層1が形成されたPET基板を、市販の真空蒸着装置の基材ホルダーに固定し、例示化合物10をタンタル製抵抗加熱ボートに入れ、これらの基板ホルダーと加熱ボートとを真空蒸着装置の第1真空槽に取り付けた。また、タングステン製の抵抗加熱ボートに銀(Ag)を入れ、第2真空槽内に取り付けた。
透明電極1の作製において、内部光取り出し層1を内部光取り出し層2~5に変更した以外は同様にして、透明電極1-2~1-5を作製した。
PET基板(厚さ125μm)を、市販の真空蒸着装置の基材ホルダーに固定し、例示化合物10をタンタル製抵抗加熱ボートに入れ、これらの基板ホルダーと加熱ボートとを真空蒸着装置の第1真空槽に取り付けた。また、タングステン製の抵抗加熱ボートに銀(Ag)を入れ、第2真空槽内に取り付けた。
透明電極1-6の作製において、PET基板を透明電極3と同様の無アルカリガラス基板に変更した以外は同様にして、透明電極1-7を作製した。
厚さ0.7mm、60mm×60mmの透明な無アルカリガラス基板を脱脂し、超純水洗浄、クリーンドライヤーで乾燥した後、真空槽内において、300℃(600秒)で加熱した。続けて、ガラス基板上に、DCマグネトロンスパッタ装置を用いて、純度99.99%のITO(In2O3:90%、SnO2:10%)を、Arガス、O2ガス流量を一定にした状態で、膜厚100nmとなるように成膜し、透明電極1-8を作製した。
透明電極1-8の作製において、常温にて、PET基板(厚さ125μm)上にITO電極(膜厚100nm)を形成した以外は同様にして、透明電極1-9を作製した。
(1)電気抵抗測定
作製した各透明電極について、抵抗率計(三菱化学社製MCP-T610)を用い、4端子4探針法定電流印加方式により電気抵抗(Ω)を測定した。
測定結果を表1に示す。
表1に示すように、ガラス基板上にITO透明電極を形成した透明電極1-8の電気抵抗は8Ωであったが、フィルム基板上にITO透明電極を形成した透明電極1-9の電気抵抗は120Ωと大きく増加していた。
これに対し、電極として薄銀電極を用いた透明電極1-6、1-7では、ガラス基板、PET基板ともに電気抵抗が8Ωと差がなく、基板材料に関わらず電極として有用であることが確認された。薄銀電極に内部光取り出し層を形成した透明電極1-1~1-5においても同様の結果が得られた。
以上の結果から、ITO電極に対する薄銀電極の優位性を確認することができ、さらに電極に内部光取り出し層を形成した場合であっても、電極性能に影響を与えないことが確認された。
実施例1で作製した、各透明電極をアノードとして用いた両面発光型の有機発光素子を作製した。以下、図11を参照して、作製手順を説明する。
先ず、実施例1で作製した、内部光取り出し層2および透明電極1が形成された透明基板13(透明電極1-3)を、市販の真空蒸着装置の基板ホルダーに固定し、透明電極1の形成面側に蒸着マスクを対向配置した。また真空蒸着装置内の加熱ボートの各々に、発光機能層3を構成する各材料を、それぞれの層の成膜に最適な量で充填した。なお、加熱ボートはタングステン製抵抗加熱用材料で作製されたものを用いた。
この発光パネル2-1においては、発光層3cで発生した各色の発光光hが、透明電極1側すなわち透明基板13側と、対向電極5a側すなわち封止材17側との両方から取り出される。
発光パネル2-1の作製において、透明電極1-3を内部光取り出し層を有しない透明電極1-7に変更した以外は同様にして、発光パネル2-2を作製した。
発光パネル2-1の作製において、透明電極1-3の内部光取り出し層として平滑層を形成しなかった以外は同様にして、発光パネル2-3を作製した。
なお、散乱層の屈折率は、2.1であった。
発光パネル2-1の作製において、透明電極1-3の内部光取り出し層として散乱層を形成しなかった以外は同様にして、発光パネル2-5を形成した。
なお、平滑層の屈折率は、1.85であった。
発光パネル2-1の作製において、透明電極1-3をそれぞれ透明電極1-1、1-2、1-4および1-5に変更した以外は同様にして、発光パネル2-5~2-8を作製した。
(1)駆動電圧および発光効率の測定
作製した各発光パネルに対し、室温(約23~25℃の範囲内)で、2.5mA/cm2の定電流密度条件下による点灯を行い、分光放射輝度計CS-2000(コニカミノルタ社製)を用いて、各サンプルの発光輝度を測定し、当該電流値における駆動電圧(V)および発光効率(外部取り出し効率)を求めた。
測定結果を表1に示す。
なお、発光効率は、発光パネル2-2の発光効率を100とする相対値で表した。
表2から明らかなように、本発明の発光パネル2-1、2-5~2-7は、比較例の発光パネル2-2~2-4、2-8と比較して、発光効率に優れている。平滑層を有しない比較例の発光パネル2-3にあっては、激しいリーク電流が観測され、発光が観測されなかった。
以上から、薄銀電極に隣接して、散乱層と平滑層とを有する内部光取り出し層を設け、該内部光取り出し層の屈折率を1.7以上2.5未満の範囲内とすることが有用であることがわかる。
(1)発光パネル3-1~3-7の作製
発光パネル2-7の作製において、散乱層に含有されるTiO2粒子を表3に記載のとおりに変更した以外は同様にして、発光パネル3-1~3-7を作製した。
発光パネル2-7の作製において、内部光取り出し層を形成しなかった以外は同様にして、発光パネル3-8を作製した。
(1)駆動電圧および発光効率の測定
作製した各発光パネルについて、実施例2と同様にして、駆動電圧(V)および発光効率を測定した。
測定結果を表3に示す。
なお、発光効率は、発光パネル3-8の発光効率を100とする相対値で表している。
作製した各発光パネルについて、JIS K 7361-1:1997に準拠して、東京電色社製HAZE METER NDH5000を用いて、ヘイズ値を測定した。
測定結果を表3に示す。
作製した各発光パネルについて、分光放射輝度計CS-1000(コニカミノルタ(株)製)を用い、23℃、乾燥窒素ガス雰囲気下で、2.5mA/cm2の一定電流で駆動したときに、輝度が発光開始直後の輝度(初期輝度)の半分に低下するのに要した時間を測定し、これを半減寿命時間(τ0.5)として寿命の指標とした。
測定結果を表3に示す。
なお、発光寿命は、発光パネル3-8の発光寿命を100とする相対値で表している。
表3から明らかなように、本発明の発光パネル2-7、3-1~3-7は、比較例の発光パネル3-8と比較して、発光効率、ヘイズ値および発光寿命に優れていることがわかる。中でも、発光パネル2-7、3-3~3-6は、いずれの特性においても特に優れた結果が得られた。
以上から、散乱層に平均粒径が0.2μm以上1μm未満の範囲内であり、かつ、屈折率が1.7以上3.0未満の範囲内である粒子を含有させることが有用であることがわかる。
1a 下地層
1b 電極層
2 内部光取り出し層
2a 散乱層
2b 平滑層
3 発光機能層
3a 正孔注入層
3b 正孔輸送層
3c 発光層
3d 電子輸送層
3e 電子注入層
5a,5b,5c 対向電極
13,131 透明基板(基材)
13a,131a 光取り出し面
15 補助電極
16 取り出し電極
17 封止材
19 接着剤
21 照明装置
22 発光パネル
23 支持基板
31 正孔輸送注入層
33 正孔阻止層
40,42,44 凹部
46 凸部
48 格子点
50,52 頂点
54 かまぼこ型
100,200,300,400 有機発光素子
A 発光領域
B 非発光領域
P ピッチ
h 発光光
Claims (7)
- 散乱層および平滑層を有する内部光取り出し層と、下地層および電極層を有する透明電極と、を有し、前記透明電極が前記内部光取り出し層の平滑層側に設けられている有機発光素子であって、
前記内部光取り出し層の屈折率が、1.7以上2.5未満の範囲内であり、
前記電極層が、銀または銀を主成分とする合金から構成されていることを特徴とする有機発光素子。 - 請求項1に記載の有機発光素子において、
前記散乱層には、平均粒径が0.2μm以上1μm未満の範囲内であり、かつ、屈折率が1.7以上3.0未満の範囲内である粒子が含有されていることを特徴とする有機発光素子。 - 請求項1に記載の有機発光素子において、
前記散乱層の前記平滑層側表面が、凹凸状に形成されていることを特徴とする有機発光素子。 - 請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の有機発光素子において、
前記下地層には、窒素原子を含んだ化合物が含有されていることを特徴とする有機発光素子。 - 請求項4に記載の有機発光素子において、
前記窒素原子を含んだ化合物が、窒素原子をヘテロ原子とする複素環を有することを特徴とする有機発光素子。 - 請求項4または5に記載の有機発光素子において、
前記窒素原子を含んだ化合物が、ピリジン基を有することを特徴とする有機発光素子。 - 請求項4~6のいずれか一項に記載の有機発光素子において、
前記窒素原子を含んだ化合物が、下記一般式(1)で表される化合物であることを特徴とする有機発光素子。
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US14/652,676 US9608228B2 (en) | 2012-12-18 | 2013-12-06 | Organic light-emitting device with transparent electrode having both conductivity and optical transparency |
JP2014553075A JP6384327B2 (ja) | 2012-12-18 | 2013-12-06 | 有機発光素子 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2012275296 | 2012-12-18 | ||
JP2012-275296 | 2012-12-18 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2014097901A1 true WO2014097901A1 (ja) | 2014-06-26 |
Family
ID=50978236
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP2013/082806 WO2014097901A1 (ja) | 2012-12-18 | 2013-12-06 | 有機発光素子 |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US9608228B2 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP6384327B2 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2014097901A1 (ja) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2015015993A1 (ja) * | 2013-08-01 | 2015-02-05 | コニカミノルタ株式会社 | 有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子 |
JP2018198180A (ja) * | 2017-05-24 | 2018-12-13 | コニカミノルタ株式会社 | 有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子 |
WO2021020148A1 (ja) * | 2019-07-30 | 2021-02-04 | 三菱エンジニアリングプラスチックス株式会社 | 熱可塑性樹脂組成物及び成形体 |
TWI752442B (zh) * | 2020-03-25 | 2022-01-11 | 陳冠宇 | 有機發光顯示裝置 |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR101798346B1 (ko) * | 2014-01-31 | 2017-11-15 | 코니카 미놀타 가부시키가이샤 | 유기 일렉트로루미네센스 소자 및 그 제조 방법 |
US10118195B2 (en) * | 2016-03-16 | 2018-11-06 | The Boeing Company | Methods for depositing a transparent thin film onto substrates using an atmospheric plasma generating device |
CN109641435B (zh) * | 2016-08-12 | 2022-01-28 | 凸版印刷株式会社 | 荧光体保护膜、波长转换片及发光单元 |
US10892296B2 (en) * | 2017-11-27 | 2021-01-12 | Seoul Viosys Co., Ltd. | Light emitting device having commonly connected LED sub-units |
US11426818B2 (en) | 2018-08-10 | 2022-08-30 | The Research Foundation for the State University | Additive manufacturing processes and additively manufactured products |
JP2021135328A (ja) * | 2020-02-25 | 2021-09-13 | 株式会社ジャパンディスプレイ | 表示装置 |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2008251217A (ja) * | 2007-03-29 | 2008-10-16 | Pioneer Electronic Corp | 有機エレクトロルミネセンス素子 |
JP2010251675A (ja) * | 2008-05-13 | 2010-11-04 | Konica Minolta Holdings Inc | 有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子、表示装置及び照明装置 |
JP2011077028A (ja) * | 2009-09-04 | 2011-04-14 | Hitachi Displays Ltd | 有機el表示装置 |
WO2012007575A1 (en) * | 2010-07-16 | 2012-01-19 | Agc Glass Europe | Transluscent conductive substrate for organic light emitting devices |
JP2013242988A (ja) * | 2012-05-18 | 2013-12-05 | Konica Minolta Inc | 有機エレクトロルミネッセンス発光体 |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2002015623A (ja) | 2000-04-27 | 2002-01-18 | Mitsui Chemicals Inc | 透明電極 |
JP2006164961A (ja) | 2004-11-09 | 2006-06-22 | Ulvac Seimaku Kk | 積層型透明電極層の製造方法及びこの方法に使用する積層型透明電極形成用の積層体 |
JP2009151963A (ja) | 2007-12-19 | 2009-07-09 | Institute Of Physical & Chemical Research | 透明電極およびその製造方法 |
FR2994509A1 (fr) * | 2012-08-08 | 2014-02-14 | Saint Gobain | Support conducteur diffusant pour dispositif oled, ainsi que dispositif oled l'incorporant |
-
2013
- 2013-12-06 US US14/652,676 patent/US9608228B2/en active Active
- 2013-12-06 JP JP2014553075A patent/JP6384327B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2013-12-06 WO PCT/JP2013/082806 patent/WO2014097901A1/ja active Application Filing
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2008251217A (ja) * | 2007-03-29 | 2008-10-16 | Pioneer Electronic Corp | 有機エレクトロルミネセンス素子 |
JP2010251675A (ja) * | 2008-05-13 | 2010-11-04 | Konica Minolta Holdings Inc | 有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子、表示装置及び照明装置 |
JP2011077028A (ja) * | 2009-09-04 | 2011-04-14 | Hitachi Displays Ltd | 有機el表示装置 |
WO2012007575A1 (en) * | 2010-07-16 | 2012-01-19 | Agc Glass Europe | Transluscent conductive substrate for organic light emitting devices |
JP2013242988A (ja) * | 2012-05-18 | 2013-12-05 | Konica Minolta Inc | 有機エレクトロルミネッセンス発光体 |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2015015993A1 (ja) * | 2013-08-01 | 2015-02-05 | コニカミノルタ株式会社 | 有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子 |
JP2018198180A (ja) * | 2017-05-24 | 2018-12-13 | コニカミノルタ株式会社 | 有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子 |
WO2021020148A1 (ja) * | 2019-07-30 | 2021-02-04 | 三菱エンジニアリングプラスチックス株式会社 | 熱可塑性樹脂組成物及び成形体 |
JP7470123B2 (ja) | 2019-07-30 | 2024-04-17 | 三菱エンジニアリングプラスチックス株式会社 | 熱可塑性樹脂組成物及び成形体 |
TWI752442B (zh) * | 2020-03-25 | 2022-01-11 | 陳冠宇 | 有機發光顯示裝置 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20150340641A1 (en) | 2015-11-26 |
US9608228B2 (en) | 2017-03-28 |
JPWO2014097901A1 (ja) | 2017-01-12 |
JP6384327B2 (ja) | 2018-09-05 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
JP6070567B2 (ja) | 透明電極、および電子デバイス | |
JP6384327B2 (ja) | 有機発光素子 | |
JP6003981B2 (ja) | 透明電極、電子デバイス、および有機電界発光素子 | |
JP6128117B2 (ja) | 透明電極の製造方法 | |
JP5499708B2 (ja) | 有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子 | |
JP6003144B2 (ja) | 透明電極の製造方法 | |
JP6137170B2 (ja) | 有機電界発光素子 | |
WO2013035490A1 (ja) | 有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子、照明装置及び表示装置 | |
JP2014017077A (ja) | 有機電界発光体 | |
JPWO2013099867A1 (ja) | 透明電極、電子デバイス、有機電界発光素子、および有機電界発光素子の製造方法 | |
WO2013161639A1 (ja) | 透明電極、透明電極の製造方法、電子デバイス、および有機電界発光素子 | |
WO2014188913A1 (ja) | 透明電極、及び、電子デバイス | |
JP6112107B2 (ja) | 透明電極、電子デバイス及び有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子 | |
JP2013004245A (ja) | 有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子および照明装置 | |
JP2015060728A (ja) | 透明電極、及び、有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子 | |
WO2018173600A1 (ja) | 有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子 | |
JP6241281B2 (ja) | 透明電極および電子デバイス | |
WO2018037880A1 (ja) | 透明電極及び電子デバイス | |
JP5967047B2 (ja) | 透明電極、透明電極の製造方法、電子デバイス及び有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子 | |
WO2015015993A1 (ja) | 有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子 | |
JP6277581B2 (ja) | 有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子 | |
JP6028806B2 (ja) | 透明電極、電子デバイス及び有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子 | |
JP6241282B2 (ja) | 透明電極および電子デバイス | |
WO2016136397A1 (ja) | 透明電極及び電子デバイス | |
WO2015033853A1 (ja) | 有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子及びその製造方法 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 13864702 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2014553075 Country of ref document: JP Kind code of ref document: A |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 14652676 Country of ref document: US |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |
|
122 | Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase |
Ref document number: 13864702 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |