WO2014038504A1 - 金ナノ粒子を担持してなる触媒担持体及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
金ナノ粒子を担持してなる触媒担持体及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2014038504A1 WO2014038504A1 PCT/JP2013/073521 JP2013073521W WO2014038504A1 WO 2014038504 A1 WO2014038504 A1 WO 2014038504A1 JP 2013073521 W JP2013073521 W JP 2013073521W WO 2014038504 A1 WO2014038504 A1 WO 2014038504A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- gold
- carrier
- catalyst
- water
- carboxylate
- Prior art date
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- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 322
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 258
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 211
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 152
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 84
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
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- 230000001603 reducing effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 133
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 88
- -1 gold carboxylate Chemical class 0.000 claims description 84
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 82
- OTCKNHQTLOBDDD-UHFFFAOYSA-K gold(3+);triacetate Chemical group [Au+3].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O OTCKNHQTLOBDDD-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 35
- 238000001246 colloidal dispersion Methods 0.000 claims description 29
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 20
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- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
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- 229910000428 cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
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- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 61
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- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
- B01J37/0201—Impregnation
- B01J37/0211—Impregnation using a colloidal suspension
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
- B01J37/03—Precipitation; Co-precipitation
- B01J37/031—Precipitation
- B01J37/035—Precipitation on carriers
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/04—Mixing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/16—Reducing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/34—Irradiation by, or application of, electric, magnetic or wave energy, e.g. ultrasonic waves ; Ionic sputtering; Flame or plasma spraying; Particle radiation
- B01J37/341—Irradiation by, or application of, electric, magnetic or wave energy, e.g. ultrasonic waves ; Ionic sputtering; Flame or plasma spraying; Particle radiation making use of electric or magnetic fields, wave energy or particle radiation
- B01J37/343—Irradiation by, or application of, electric, magnetic or wave energy, e.g. ultrasonic waves ; Ionic sputtering; Flame or plasma spraying; Particle radiation making use of electric or magnetic fields, wave energy or particle radiation of ultrasonic wave energy
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/16—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation
- C07C51/21—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation with molecular oxygen
- C07C51/23—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation with molecular oxygen of oxygen-containing groups to carboxyl groups
- C07C51/235—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation with molecular oxygen of oxygen-containing groups to carboxyl groups of —CHO groups or primary alcohol groups
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/10—Noble metals or compounds thereof
- B01D2255/106—Gold
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
- B01D2257/40—Nitrogen compounds
- B01D2257/404—Nitrogen oxides other than dinitrogen oxide
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
- B01D2257/50—Carbon oxides
- B01D2257/502—Carbon monoxide
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2259/00—Type of treatment
- B01D2259/45—Gas separation or purification devices adapted for specific applications
- B01D2259/4508—Gas separation or purification devices adapted for specific applications for cleaning air in buildings
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a catalyst carrier having high catalytic activity and carrying gold nanoparticles, and a method for producing the same.
- an impregnation method has been employed to support a noble metal such as platinum, palladium, or rhodium on a carrier as a catalyst component.
- a noble metal such as platinum, palladium, or rhodium
- a carrier carrying fine platinum particles is obtained.
- gold (Au) could not be supported on the carrier as fine particles, and a highly active catalyst could not be obtained.
- carbon materials such as activated carbon and carbon black are widely used as a suitable carrier for supporting the catalyst component.
- These carbon materials have excellent characteristics such as a large surface area, excellent adsorption of various substances, and stability under strong acid-base conditions.
- Pt / C and Pt—Ru / C catalysts are often used as electrode catalysts for fuel cells, and these are catalysts obtained by carrying a large amount of noble metal on the surface of carbon black in a highly dispersed manner.
- Pt / C, Pd / C, Rh / C, and the like in which various precious metals are supported on activated carbon are useful as catalysts for liquid phase organic synthesis.
- Non-Patent Documents 1 to 4 Various methods (for example, see Non-Patent Documents 1 to 4) such as a vapor deposition method, a precipitation reduction method using a gold ethylenediamine complex, and a dimethylgold acetylacetonate complex solid phase mixing method have been developed. However, even if gold nanoparticles can be supported on the carbon surface by these methods, the adhesion of the gold nanoparticles to the surface is not good, or a protective colloid such as PVP remains and the desired catalytic activity is obtained. Various problems have been pointed out in terms of manufacturing equipment, material costs, processing methods, and the like.
- Non-patent Document 5 a method of carrying Ag, Pd, Au nanoparticles on a carbon material such as graphite or carbon nanotube has been issued (Non-patent Document 5).
- powder of silver acetate and other metal salt and carbon material powder are pulverized and mixed using a ball mill, and mechanochemical (perhaps due to friction) on the surface of carbon or other material having excellent thermal conductivity.
- acetate is thermally decomposed by a mechanism, and a metal (for example, Ag) is supported as nanoparticles.
- this method is a pulverized mixture of an acetic acid metal salt and a carbon material, both of them need to be in powder form and cannot be applied to granular or fibrous activated carbon.
- the conditions for pulverization and mixing are limited to drying conditions in order to increase the efficiency of heat generation by friction. Furthermore, no carbon material carrying any precious metal particles has been shown as an example of application as a catalyst. In addition, if the pyrolysis of acetate during pulverization and mixing is not complete, noble metal particles are not sufficiently produced, and it is expected that high catalytic activity cannot be obtained due to remaining organic substances such as acetate ions.
- Non-Patent Document 2 a method has been reported in which a metal oxide is used as a carrier and a noble metal is supported using the reducing power.
- a method of reducing the chloroplatinic acid to Pt by using the reducing power on the surface that is expressed by the function as a photocatalyst such as titanium oxide and carrying it on the surface is referred to as a photodeposition method.
- a photodeposition method a method of reducing the chloroplatinic acid to Pt by using the reducing power on the surface that is expressed by the function as a photocatalyst such as titanium oxide and carrying it on the surface.
- ultraviolet irradiation is required, and relatively coarse gold particles of 5 nm or more are likely to be generated (Non-Patent Document 2).
- the present inventors have developed a method for impregnating gold fine particles by impregnating a carrier in a solution in which gold is completely dissolved by boiling and refluxing a gold acetate colloid dispersion under basic conditions (for example, , See Non-patent Document 6), and gold nanoparticles can be supported on a wider range of oxides than the precipitation method including acidic oxides. Therefore, the present inventors tried to carry gold fine particles by this method even on a carrier having a reducing power such as activated carbon.
- the catalyst obtained by such a method has a catalytic activity for the glucose oxidation reaction, the activity is not sufficiently improved by supporting gold, and a method for producing a more highly active catalyst carrier is studied. It was necessary to do.
- the main object of the present invention is to provide a catalyst carrier having an excellent catalytic activity on which gold nanoparticles having an average particle size of 100 nm or less are supported, and a method for producing the same.
- the inventors have added activated carbon powder to a gold acetate colloidal dispersion in which gold acetate is dispersed in water and stirred for a while, so that the supernatant becomes completely transparent. It was found that gold ions were not detected. This was presumed to be because the gold was supported on the activated carbon. Furthermore, the present inventors separated activated carbon powder from the colloidal gold acetate dispersion, washed with water and dried, and then measured the catalytic activity in the glucose oxidation reaction. As a result, it was found that the gold / activated carbon catalyst obtained by such a method has a very high catalytic activity. The present invention has been completed as a result of further research based on these findings. That is, the present invention provides a catalyst carrier and a production method thereof according to the following embodiment.
- a catalyst carrier comprising a carrier having a reducing power and gold nanoparticles having an average particle diameter of 100 nm or less.
- Item 2. The catalyst carrier according to Item 1, wherein the gold nanoparticles have an average particle size of 10 nm or less.
- Item 3. Item 3.
- Item 4. Item 4. The catalyst carrier according to any one of Items 1 to 3, wherein the carrier having a reducing power is a carbon material or a metal oxide.
- Item 6. A method for producing a catalyst carrier comprising gold nanoparticles having an average particle size of 100 nm or less, the method comprising the step of bringing a gold carboxylate into contact with a carrier having a reducing power in the presence of water.
- the method according to Item 6 comprising the following steps: (I) preparing a colloidal dispersion of gold carboxylate by dispersing gold carboxylate in water; (Ii) A step of supporting gold nanoparticles by contacting a colloidal dispersion of gold carboxylate obtained in the step (i) with a carrier having a reducing power.
- Item 8. Item 8. The method according to Item 7, wherein a reducing agent is further added to the colloidal dispersion of gold carboxylate in the step (ii).
- Item 9. Item 9.
- the method according to Item 7 or 8, wherein a protective colloid is further added to the colloidal dispersion of gold carboxylate in the step (ii).
- the catalyst carrier provided by the present invention has gold nanoparticles supported on a carrier having a reducing power, and has excellent catalytic activity. Further, according to the method for producing a catalyst carrier according to the present invention, a catalyst carrier on which gold nanoparticles having catalytic activity superior to that of the conventional method are carried can be obtained.
- FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing a method for preparing catalyst carriers according to Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3.
- 2 is a result of powder X-ray diffraction of gold / activated carbon prepared according to Example 1.
- FIG. 6 is a transmission electron microscope (TEM) photograph of gold / titanium oxide prepared according to Example 8 and a graph showing the size distribution of gold nanoparticles.
- Catalyst carrier in which gold nanoparticles are supported The catalyst carrier of the present invention is characterized in that gold nanoparticles having an average particle diameter of 100 nm or less are supported on a carrier having a reducing power.
- the catalyst carrier of the present invention carries gold (Au) nanoparticles as a component that exhibits catalytic action.
- the average particle diameter of the gold nanoparticles is 100 nm or less, preferably 80 nm or less, more preferably 50 nm or less, still more preferably 10 nm or less, and particularly preferably 5 nm or less.
- the average particle diameter refers to the volume average particle diameter.
- the volume average particle size is an average particle size (strictly speaking, a crystallite size) obtained from Scherrer's formula (measurement conditions and calculation method will be specifically shown in Examples described later) from powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) ).
- the average particle diameter refers to the number average particle diameter.
- the number average particle diameter is a value obtained from a size distribution obtained by observation with a TEM (transmission electron microscope).
- the activity rapidly increases in the glucose oxidation reaction and carbon monoxide oxidation reaction as the particle size decreases.
- the average particle diameter of the supported gold nanoparticles can be estimated by utilizing the glucose oxidation reaction or the carbon monoxide oxidation reaction.
- reaction rate mols ⁇ 1 molAu ⁇ 1
- gluconic acid is produced by oxidizing glucose using a catalyst carrier carrying gold nanoparticles
- the production rate of gluconic acid can be measured per reaction time (s) (mols ⁇ 1 ).
- reaction rate mols ⁇ 1 molAu ⁇ 1
- carbon monoxide is oxidized by oxidizing carbon monoxide using a catalyst carrier on which gold nanoparticles are supported.
- the CO conversion rate is calculated from the analysis value of the CO concentration and the CO 2 concentration, and the reaction rate can be calculated from this value.
- the conditions for the glucose oxidation reaction, the conditions for the carbon monoxide oxidation reaction, and the method for calculating the catalytic activity are specifically described in Test Examples 1 and 2 described later.
- Test examples 1 and 2 specifically show the reaction rate per mol of supported Au (mols ⁇ 1 molAu ⁇ 1 ) corresponding to the gold particle size of 10 nm or less calculated from the reaction conditions of each test example.
- the particle size of the supported gold nanoparticles is estimated to be 10 nm or less. Further, when the carbon monoxide oxidation reaction is performed under the conditions shown in Test Example 2, the particle size of the supported gold nanoparticles is 10 nm or less if the reaction rate is 0.0053 mols ⁇ 1 molAu ⁇ 1 or more. Presumed.
- the number of gold nanoparticles supported on the catalyst support is not particularly limited as long as the desired catalytic activity is obtained.
- the average particle diameter is 10 nm or less, preferably 5 nm or less.
- the average density of the gold nanoparticles is 5 or more, preferably 10 or more per 10000 nm 2 (100 nm square) of the support.
- the density of the supported gold nanoparticles is determined by observing with TEM and measuring the number of gold nanoparticles present in a certain area.
- the number ratio of gold nanoparticles having an average particle diameter of 10 nm or less, preferably 5 nm or less is not particularly limited as long as the desired catalytic activity is obtained.
- the average particle diameter is 10 nm or less, preferably
- the number of gold nanoparticles having a size of 5 nm or less is 10% or more, preferably 30% or more, and more preferably 50% or more.
- the number ratio is also determined by calculating the ratio of particles having an average particle diameter of 10 nm or less (or 5 nm or less) to gold particles existing in a certain plane, based on observation by TEM.
- the carrier having a reducing power is used as an electron donor for gold (III) ions when it comes into contact with a colloidal dispersion of gold carboxylate in a method for producing a catalyst carrier on which gold nanoparticles are supported.
- the carrier having a reducing power means that gold (III) ions dissolved in a small amount in a colloidal dispersion of gold carboxylate are reduced to zero-valent metal gold on the carrier surface and simultaneously supported. A possible carrier.
- Examples of the carrier having a reducing power used in the present invention include carbon materials and metal oxides. Furthermore, specific examples of the carbon material include activated carbon, carbon black, carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber, carbon nanohorn, and graphite.
- Examples of metal oxides include metal oxides having a photocatalytic function such as titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), zinc oxide (ZnO), and tungsten oxide (WO 3 ); tricobalt tetroxide (Co 3 O 4 ), tetraoxide Au (III) as shown in triiron (Fe 3 O 4 ), manganese monoxide (MnO), cuprous oxide (Cu 2 O), ferric oxide manganese (manganese ferrite: MnFe 2 O 4 ), etc.
- metal oxides having low valence ions such as Co (II), Fe (II), Mn (II), Cu (I), etc., which are transition metal ions that are easily oxidized by reaction with ions. .
- These carriers can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the metal oxide having a photocatalytic function used in the present invention is an oxide that exhibits a catalytic action when irradiated with light. For example, when electrons such as titanium oxide are excited by light, electrons with relatively strong reducing power and holes with extremely strong oxidizing power are generated, which causes a redox reaction on chemical substances adsorbed on the surface. Can do.
- metal gold is supported on the metal oxide by utilizing the action of reducing gold trivalent ions to zero-valent metal gold.
- the light irradiated in the photocatalyst may be visible light, but the reaction is much faster when irradiated with ultraviolet rays.
- the ultraviolet ray when the ultraviolet ray is irradiated, the reduction reaction proceeds too rapidly, so that the gold particles may become coarse, and a sufficient effect can be obtained even with room light.
- the metal oxide having a low valence ion used in the present invention is an oxide containing a low valence transition metal ion that is easily oxidized to a high valence.
- Specific examples of low-valent transition metal ions include Cu (I), Ti (II), V (II), Cr (II), Mn (II), Fe (II), and Co (II). It can be illustrated.
- the low-valent transition metal ion is Cu (I)
- it is reduced to Au (0) by contact with Au (III), and at the same time, Cu (I) itself is oxidized to Cu (II). .
- the oxide containing these low-valent transition metal ions may be a simple oxide such as Cu 2 O, or a mixed-valence oxide such as Fe 3 O 4 (that is, Fe (II) and Or a complex oxide such as MnFe 2 O 4 (ie, containing both ions of Mn (II) and Fe (III)).
- a mixed-valence oxide such as Fe 3 O 4 (that is, Fe (II) and Or a complex oxide such as MnFe 2 O 4 (ie, containing both ions of Mn (II) and Fe (III)).
- MnO 2 manganese dioxide
- the metal oxide having a low valence ion used in the present invention may be an oxide having such a substantially low valence ion.
- the carrier is preferably a porous material because it can carry a large amount of gold nanoparticles.
- the porous material is not particularly limited as long as it has a surface area of about 1 m 2 / g or more, and examples thereof include activated carbon and metal oxides having primary particles of about 50 nm or less. Titanium, cobalt oxide, manganese oxide and the like are exemplified as suitable ones.
- activated carbon that is suitably used as a carrier in the present invention is inexpensive and has a surprising specific surface area, so that the above-mentioned gold nanoparticles can be efficiently supported.
- activated carbon carbon
- carbon is generally known as a substance having a reducing action.
- Activated carbon is generally manufactured by activating carbon materials.
- the carbon material include wood, sawdust, charcoal, coconut shell, cellulosic fiber, synthetic resin (for example, phenol resin), mesophase pitch, pitch coke, petroleum coke, coal coke, needle coke, polyvinyl chloride, polyimide, poly Examples include acrylonitrile.
- a gas activation treatment for example, a steam activation treatment
- a chemical activation treatment for forming pores on the surface of the carbon material to increase the specific surface area and the pore volume is usually employed.
- These activation treatment methods, conditions, and the like are conventionally known, and in the present invention, activated carbon produced by any activation treatment can be used.
- the activated carbon used as a carrier in the present invention may be obtained by any of the above raw materials (carbon substances) and the activation treatment method.
- Factors that determine the adsorption capacity of activated carbon include non-surface area, pore volume, surface chemical properties of activated carbon, and the like.
- the specific surface area of the activated carbon used as a carrier in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it can support at least gold nanoparticles and can exhibit a desired catalytic activity. For example, it is preferably 200 m 2 / g or more, preferably Is 500 m 2 / g or more, more preferably 1000 m 2 / g or more.
- the upper limit of a specific surface area is not specifically limited, About 3300 m ⁇ 2 > / g which is an upper limit of the specific surface area of generally available activated carbon is mentioned.
- the specific surface area of the activated carbon is a value determined by a BET method for measuring a nitrogen adsorption isotherm.
- the pore volume of the activated carbon used as the carrier in the present invention is not particularly limited.
- it is 0.1 cm 3 / g or more, preferably 0.1 to 2 cm 3 / g, more preferably 0.5 to An example is 1.5 cm 3 / g.
- the pore volume of the activated carbon is a value measured by a nitrogen adsorption method.
- activated carbon in which the type and amount of surface functional groups are changed by surface oxidation treatment or chemical addition can be used.
- the surface functional group include a carboxyl group, a carbonyl group, and a phenolic hydroxyl group (—OH). More specifically, in the liquid phase oxidation treatment using nitric acid, a carboxyl group is formed on the surface. Moreover, a carboxyl group and a carbonyl group are formed in the gas phase oxidation treatment with ozone. In addition, phenol-type hydroxyl groups are formed by gas phase oxidation with air. The introduction and modification of other surface functional groups can also be performed by treatment according to a known method.
- the shape of the carrier used in the catalyst carrier of the present invention is not particularly limited, and can be appropriately selected according to the type of carrier, the use of the catalyst carrier, etc.
- powder, granule, pellet, fiber It can be used in a shape such as a shape.
- a powdery or fibrous carrier is exemplified as a preferable one.
- the particle size is not particularly limited as long as it can support gold nanoparticles, but using a standard sieve defined in JIS Z8801, for example, a nominal aperture of 300 ⁇ m is used.
- a particle size that passes preferably one having a particle size that passes a nominal aperture of 125 ⁇ m.
- powdered activated carbon granular activated carbon, fibrous activated carbon (activated carbon fiber), titanium oxide, cobalt oxide, manganese oxide, etc. are exemplified, more preferably powder.
- fibrous activated carbon fibrous activated carbon, titanium oxide, cobalt oxide, and manganese oxide.
- Fibrous activated carbon (or sometimes called activated carbon fiber ACF) is a type of activated carbon, but its surface maintains a fiber shape with a fiber diameter of 1 to 30 ⁇ m and an average fiber length of several mm or more. Have many pores suitable for adsorption. Therefore, the fibrous activated carbon is particularly useful when used as a filter-like adsorbent and catalyst, and even in the catalyst carrier of the present invention, it is possible to carry gold nanoparticles on the surface while maintaining the fibrous shape. it can.
- the catalyst carrier of the present invention may be in a form in which gold nanoparticles are supported on a carrier immobilized on a support.
- the support is not particularly limited as long as it can fix the catalyst support of the present invention, and examples thereof include a flat plate, a block shape, a fiber shape, a net shape, a bead shape, and a honeycomb shape.
- the material for the support is not particularly limited as long as it is stable under the conditions for supporting gold nanoparticles or the reaction to be catalyzed. For example, various ceramics can be used.
- the substance used as the carrier may contain a large amount of chloride ions depending on the production method. In that case, it is desirable to remove chloride ions as much as possible by performing hot water washing or the like in advance. This is because gold nanoparticles may aggregate and become coarse when chloride ions coexist during the preparation. Moreover, in order to improve the dispersibility in the gold
- the supported amount of gold nanoparticles (that is, the supported amount of gold) in the catalyst support of the present invention is, for example, 0.0001 to 50% by weight, preferably 0.001 to 10% by weight, more preferably 0.05 to 5%. % By weight, more preferably 0.05 to 1.5% by weight.
- the catalyst carrier of the present invention carries gold nanoparticles having an average particle diameter of 100 nm or less and has excellent catalytic activity.
- a catalyst carrier is, for example, indoor air purification such as carbon monoxide oxidation removal; atmospheric environment conservation such as NOx reduction; fuel cell related reaction such as carbon monoxide selective oxidation in hydrogen; propylene oxide synthesis reaction from propylene It can be effectively used in various fields where gold nanoparticle catalysts are conventionally used, such as for chemical process reactions.
- the present invention relates to a method for preparing a catalyst carrier on which gold nanoparticles are supported.
- the present invention includes a step of bringing a gold carboxylate into contact with a carrier having a reducing power in the presence of water.
- a method for producing a supported catalyst carrier is provided.
- the present invention provides a method for producing a catalyst carrier comprising gold nanoparticles having an average particle size of 100 nm or less, including the following steps. (I) preparing a colloidal dispersion of gold carboxylate by dispersing gold carboxylate in water; (Ii) A step of supporting gold nanoparticles by contacting a colloidal dispersion of gold carboxylate obtained in the step (i) with a carrier having a reducing power.
- the gold carboxylate used as a source of gold nanoparticles in this step (i) refers to carboxylated gold, preferably carboxylated trivalent gold.
- gold carboxylate is dispersed in water, a part thereof dissolves into an anion represented by the following general formula (a) and a gold ion (Au 3+ ). That is, the colloidal dispersion of gold carboxylate prepared in the production method of the present invention includes gold nanocolloid particles, dissolved gold carboxylate, gold ions dissociated from the dissolved gold carboxylate and the following:
- the anion represented by the general formula (a) is contained.
- R-COO - (a) (Wherein R represents a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms)
- R represents a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms
- the anion represented by the general formula (a) is referred to as “carboxylate”.
- R represents hydrogen or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 4, preferably 1 to 2, more preferably 1 carbon atoms.
- the alkyl group include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl, a butyl group, an isobutyl group, and a t-butyl group, and a methyl group is preferable.
- the anion represented by the general formula (a) is preferably an acetate ion (CH 3 COO ⁇ ).
- the gold carboxylate examples include Au (CH 3 COO) 3 , Au (C 2 H 5 COO) 3 , and Au (HCOO) 3 .
- the gold carboxylate may contain a basic salt such as Au (OH) (CH 3 COO) 2 , Au (OH) 2 (CH 3 COO).
- Au (CH 3 COO) 3 gold acetate
- Au (CH 3 COO) 3 gold carboxylate is preferably used from the viewpoint that it is easily available and has an appropriate solubility in water.
- water is used as a solvent in which the gold carboxylate is dispersed.
- the water is not particularly limited, but water that does not contain impurities such as chlorine, such as distilled water, ion exchange water (deionized water), deionized distilled water, purified water, pure water, and ultrapure water, should be used. Is desirable.
- the method for dispersing the gold carboxylate in water can be appropriately selected from methods usually used for dispersing powder in water.
- a magnetic stirrer, a touch mixer And an ultrasonic cleaner are illustrated.
- Such treatment may be repeated a plurality of times (for example, 1 to 20 times, preferably 5 to 10 times).
- the temperature at the time of dispersion is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include 0 to 80 ° C., preferably 0 to 60 ° C., and more preferably 10 to 40 ° C.
- the amount of gold carboxylate contained in the gold carboxylate colloidal dispersion is not particularly limited as long as it is a concentration necessary for obtaining the target catalyst support, but from the viewpoint of the stability of the colloidal dispersion, metal gold In terms of conversion, it is usually 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 to 20 wt%, preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 to 10 wt%, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 to 5 wt%. What is necessary is just to adjust the dispersion amount to the water of gold carboxylate so that it may become such a density
- the pH of the colloidal dispersion is not particularly limited as long as the gold carboxylate can be uniformly dispersed.
- the colloidal dispersion is adjusted to, for example, a pH of 1 to 8, preferably of pH 2 to 8, and more preferably of pH 2 to 7. Also good.
- a conventionally known pH adjusting agent can be used.
- the pH adjuster include hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, sulfuric acid, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and the like.
- Protective colloids may be added to the dispersion as necessary.
- the protective colloid may be appropriately selected from conventionally known colloids.
- PVP polyvinyl pyrrolidone
- polyvinyl alcohol polyethylene glycol
- polyacrylic acid sodium polyacrylate
- gelatin gelatin
- starch dextrin
- carboxymethylcellulose methylcellulose
- Examples thereof include ethyl cellulose and glutathione.
- polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol, polyacrylic acid, sodium polyacrylate, polyvinyl alcohol and carboxymethyl cellulose are preferable, and polyvinyl pyrrolidone and polyvinyl alcohol are more preferable.
- These protective colloids may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- protective colloids may be those modified or modified within a range not impairing the effects of the present invention.
- a polymer when a polymer is used as the protective colloid, its molecular weight is not particularly limited as long as the effect of the present invention is exhibited.
- polyvinylpyrrolidone is specifically PVP ⁇ ⁇ K-15 (average molecular weight 1) manufactured by Kishida Chemical. 10,000), K-30 (average molecular weight 40,000), K-90 (average molecular weight 360,000), and the like can be used.
- the amount of the protective colloid to be added is not particularly limited as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired.
- the protective colloid is added in an amount of 0.01 to 50% by weight, preferably 0.1 to 20% by weight, based on the colloidal dispersion of gold carboxylate. It is done.
- a reducing agent may be added to the dispersion.
- the reducing agent can be appropriately selected from conventionally known reducing agents, and examples thereof include alcohols having a primary hydroxyl group such as methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, and ethylene glycol; 2-propanol, 2-butanol, and the like.
- Alcohols having secondary hydroxyl groups such as glycerin; aldehydes such as formaldehyde and acetaldehyde; saccharides such as glucose, fructose, glyceraldehyde, lactose, arabinose and maltose; citric acid, citric acid Organic acids such as sodium citrate, potassium citrate, magnesium citrate, ammonium citrate, tannic acid, ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate, potassium ascorbate and salts thereof; sodium borohydride, potassium borohydride Borohydride and salts thereof and the like; hydrazine, hydrazine hydrochloride, and hydrazine and its salts such as hydrazine sulfate.
- aldehydes such as formaldehyde and acetaldehyde
- saccharides such as glucose, fructose, glyceraldehyde, lactose, arabinose and maltose
- reducing agents may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- alcohols and organic acid salts having primary hydroxyl groups and / or secondary hydroxyl groups are preferred, and ethanol, methanol, magnesium citrate and the like are more preferred.
- protective colloids can be used as reducing agents.
- polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, gelatin, starch, dextrin, carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and the like can be used as a reducing agent, and among these, polyvinyl is preferable.
- examples include pyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol, polyacrylic acid, sodium polyacrylate, polyvinyl alcohol, and carboxymethyl cellulose, and polyvinyl pyrrolidone and polyvinyl alcohol are further preferred because a more stable colloidal dispersion of gold carboxylate is obtained.
- the amount of the reducing agent added is not particularly limited as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired.
- the reducing agent is added in an amount of 0.01 to 90% by weight, preferably 0.1 to 60% by weight, based on the gold carboxylate colloidal dispersion. It is done.
- a reducing agent is used in the present invention, it is necessary to add a carrier before the gold carboxylate is completely reduced to metallic gold by the reducing agent, and the reducing agent and the carrier are simultaneously added to the gold carboxylate colloidal dispersion. It is preferable to add.
- the gold nanoparticles can be more efficiently supported on the carrier, and a large amount of gold supported can be realized.
- the dispersion of the gold carboxylate in a colloidal state can be confirmed by collecting the solution in a test tube or the like and applying light from the side to show a Tyndall phenomenon.
- Step (ii) In this step (ii), a support having a reducing power is brought into contact with the colloidal dispersion of gold carboxylate obtained in the step (i), and gold nanoparticles are supported on the support.
- the method for contacting the gold carboxylate colloidal dispersion with a carrier having a reducing power there is no particular limitation on the method for contacting the gold carboxylate colloidal dispersion with a carrier having a reducing power, and a method in which the carrier is brought into contact with the liquid using an excessive amount of the dispersion relative to the volume of the carrier, the incipient wetness method.
- a method in which an amount of a solution corresponding to the pore volume of the carrier is dropped onto the carrier and brought into contact is exemplified.
- the amount of the carrier when the carrier having reducing power is brought into contact with the colloidal dispersion of gold carboxylate is appropriately determined based on the amount of metal gold supported on the catalyst carrier and the concentration of gold in the colloidal dispersion. Although it can be adjusted, for example, 1 to 10000 parts by weight, preferably 10 to 10000 parts by weight, and more preferably 20 to 1000 parts by weight with respect to 1 part by weight of metal gold.
- the temperature at the time of impregnation is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include 1 to 80 ° C., preferably 5 to 60 ° C., and more preferably 10 to 60 ° C.
- the steps (i) and (ii) can be performed simultaneously.
- gold carboxylate preferably powdered gold carboxylate
- a carrier is mixed, water is added to form a slurry or paste, and then kneaded.
- both the purpose of dispersing the gold carboxylate in water and the purpose of promoting the contact between the gold carboxylate and the carrier can be achieved simultaneously.
- the amount of the gold carboxylate is not particularly limited as long as it is a concentration necessary for obtaining the target catalyst support, but is usually 1 ⁇ 10 in terms of metal gold. -4 to 90% by weight, preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 to 80% by weight, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 to 50% by weight. What is necessary is just to adjust the quantity of the water mixed with gold
- the method of mixing and kneading the gold carboxylate powder and the carrier is not particularly limited as long as both can come into contact with each other and the metal gold nanoparticles can be supported on the carrier.
- gold carboxylate, water, and carrier are mixed in a mortar. Can be done by crushing with a pestle. Further, materials such as gold carboxylate, water, and carrier may be put into a mixer or the like and stirred and mixed.
- the support, the gold nanoparticles supported on the support surface, the carboxylate anion, and water are in a coexistent state. Therefore, if the water is removed by drying or the like, a gold nanoparticle support can be obtained. It can. It does not specifically limit as a removal method of water, For example, what is necessary is just to employ
- the drying method is not particularly limited, and examples of the drying temperature include about 10 to 150 ° C. In order to simultaneously remove water and dry, operations such as reduced-pressure drying and freeze-drying may be performed.
- the carboxylate anion may be removed as necessary.
- the method for removing the carboxylate anion include a method of burning and removing by heat treatment in air after drying (for example, 100 to 400 ° C. for 10 to 300 minutes), and a method of washing with water before drying.
- a method of washing while applying water preferably deionized water or deionized distilled water
- a method of washing while separating water is exemplified.
- a decantation method in which the catalyst support powder and water (preferably deionized water) are placed in a container such as a beaker and the supernatant liquid is replaced may be employed. it can.
- the gold carboxylate is dispersed as it is in the dispersion in which the gold carboxylate is dispersed. It is done.
- gold acetate Au (CH 3 COO) 3 is used as a gold source
- Au (CH 3 COO) 3 particles that cannot be completely dissolved and dispersed in water as colloidal fine particles This can be predicted from the dispersion becoming brown.
- B Dissolved but not dissociated gold acetate Au (CH 3 COO) 3 (solubility of gold acetate is 10 ⁇ 5 mol / L.
- Non-Patent Document 2 A trace amount of gold acetate is considered to dissolve in water.
- C Gold ions Au 3+ dissociated from dissolved gold acetate;
- D It is thought that acetate ion 3CH 3 COO ⁇ generated simultaneously with the dissociated gold ion coexists.
- the gold ion concentration in the gold carboxylate dispersion is always kept low by repeating the dissolution of the gold ions from the gold carboxylate in a very small amount due to the solution equilibrium. Conceivable.
- the metal carboxylate is reduced from gold carbosylate to metal gold on the support surface by the reducing power possessed by the support and is simultaneously supported on the support, so that the metal gold is reduced as in the conventional method. Therefore, it is not necessary to perform heat treatment at a high temperature, and gold nanoparticles can be supported on the carrier more easily.
- Example 1 Preparation of catalyst support of gold / activated carbon and glucose oxidation reaction using the obtained catalyst support]
- Example 1 Preparation of 1% by weight of gold / activated carbon
- Example 1 Preparation of catalyst
- US-2R ultrasonic cleaner
- 5 seconds was sufficient in the case of the above concentration conditions.
- the activated carbon powder (granular activated carbon manufactured by Wako Pure Chemicals, product number 034-02125, which is manufactured by the steam activation method, using coconut shell as a raw material, is pulverized in a mortar to JIS Z8801. 500 mg of activated carbon powder passed through a standard sieve having a nominal aperture of 125 ⁇ m was added and stirred overnight. When the stirring was stopped, activated carbon powder gradually precipitated and the supernatant became transparent, and it was considered that gold was supported on the activated carbon surface. Thereafter, the activated carbon powder was suction filtered, washed with water, put in a dryer and dried at 60 ° C. to obtain a gold / activated carbon catalyst carrier corresponding to a gold loading of 1% by weight. In Test Example 1, deionized distilled water was used as the water.
- the volume average particle diameter of gold was calculated from the half width of the Au (111) diffraction line by the following Scherrer equation.
- D K ⁇ / (Bcos ⁇ )
- ⁇ CuK ⁇ X-ray wavelength 0.154 nm
- B Diffraction line width (in the above formula, 0.18 ° obtained by subtracting 0.28 ° of the device width from 0.46 ° which is the measured half-value width of Au (111) was used)
- ⁇ : Bragg angle of Au (111) 19.1 ° From the above formula, D 44.3 nm is calculated, and this can be regarded as the volume average particle diameter of the gold nanoparticles supported on the activated carbon.
- Glucose oxidation reaction Using the catalyst carrier obtained by the above-described method, a glucose oxidation reaction in water was performed. In the glucose oxidation reaction, unless the size of gold supported as a catalyst component is small, the catalytic activity is not expressed and the reaction does not proceed. Therefore, if gluconic acid is produced by the glucose oxidation reaction, it can be predicted that small-sized gold particles are supported.
- Gluconic acid which is an oxidation product of glucose, is neutralized by sodium hydroxide at a molar ratio of 1: 1, so the production rate of gluconic acid is determined from the drop amount of sodium hydroxide (mols ⁇ 1 ) as the reaction time (s ) Per mole (mols ⁇ 1 ).
- the catalyst component When metal gold is used as the catalyst component, the product can be regarded as only gluconic acid, so the production rate of gluconic acid is equal to the reaction rate of glucose. By dividing this by the amount of catalyst (g) or the amount of metal gold (mol) contained in the catalyst, the following two types of reaction rates were calculated.
- R 1 R g / W cat
- R 1 Rate of glucose reaction per catalyst weight (mol h ⁇ 1 g ⁇ 1 )
- R g Glucose production rate (molh ⁇ 1 ) W cat .:
- R 2 R g / M Au
- R 2 glucose reaction rate per mol of metal gold (Au) in the catalyst (mol s ⁇ 1 mol ⁇ 1 )
- R g glucose production rate (mol s ⁇ 1 )
- M Au Number of moles of Au in the catalyst (mol)
- the glucose oxidation reaction rate calculated as a result of performing the glucose oxidation reaction using the catalyst support of Example 1 is shown in Table 1 below. In the following Examples 2-5 and Comparative Examples 1-3, the glucose oxidation reaction was performed under the same conditions, and the glucose oxidation reaction rate was calculated.
- Example 2 (Examination of contact time between gold acetate dispersion and activated carbon) A gold / activated carbon catalyst carrier corresponding to 1% by weight of gold was prepared by preparing the same conditions as in Example 1 except that the stirring time after adding the activated carbon powder to the gold acetate dispersion was 10 minutes. Obtained. The obtained catalyst carrier was used as a catalyst for glucose oxidation reaction. The glucose oxidation reaction rate is shown in Table 1 below. From the results, it was shown that the contact time between the gold acetate dispersion and the activated carbon powder does not need to be overnight, and a sufficient effect can be obtained even for 10 minutes.
- Example 3 (Wet kneading in a slurry state by a mortar of gold acetate dispersion and activated carbon) 500 mg of the activated carbon powder described in Example 1 and 9.6 mg of gold acetate powder were placed in an agate mortar, 10 drops of water were added, and the mixture was crushed with an agate pestle and mixed in a slurry state. When grinding continued for 5 minutes, it gradually dried, so another 10 drops of water were added and ground for 5 minutes. Immediately after this, water was added, suction filtered and washed with water, and dried at 60 ° C. to obtain a gold / activated carbon catalyst carrier corresponding to 1% by weight of gold. The obtained catalyst carrier was used as a catalyst for glucose oxidation reaction. The glucose oxidation reaction rate is shown in Table 1 below. The results showed that in the case of a powdery carrier, a highly active catalyst can be prepared by kneading in a slurry state.
- Example 4 (Preparation of 0.1% by weight of gold / activated carbon) 10.9 mg of a brown powder of gold acetate [Au (CH 3 COO) 3 , Alfa Aesar] was added to 55 mL of water and dispersed in the same manner as in Example 1 to obtain a brown colloidal dispersion. 5 mL of the dispersion was taken and diluted with water to a total volume of 50 mL. Next, 500 mg of the same activated carbon powder as used as the carrier in Example 1 was added, stirred overnight, filtered with suction, washed with water, dried at room temperature, and loaded with 0.1% by weight of gold / activated carbon. A catalyst support was obtained. The obtained catalyst carrier was used as a catalyst for glucose oxidation reaction. The glucose oxidation reaction rate is shown in Table 1 below.
- Example 5 Preparation of 1% by weight of gold / activated carbon fiber
- 9.6 mg of brown powder of gold acetate [Au (CH 3 COO) 3 , manufactured by Alfa Aesar] was dispersed in 50 mL of water.
- 500 mg of fibrous activated carbon (FR15 manufactured by Kuraray Chemical) previously washed with hot water was added.
- the mixture was stirred overnight using a shaker, suction filtered, washed with water, and dried at room temperature to obtain a gold / activated carbon catalyst carrier having a loading of 1% by weight.
- the obtained catalyst carrier was used as a catalyst for glucose oxidation reaction.
- the glucose oxidation reaction rate is shown in Table 1 below.
- Comparative Example 1 Catalyst carrier is prepared by contacting with carrier after gold colloid preparation
- 10.5 mg of gold acetate [Au (CH 3 COO) 3 , Alfa Aesar] brown powder was dispersed in 10 mL of water. While stirring with a magnetic stirrer, 10 mL of ethanol was added and heated at about 60 ° C. for 10 minutes. All gold ions in gold acetate were reduced with ethanol to produce a red gold colloid. After stopping the heating and returning to room temperature, 30 mL of water was added to make the total volume 50 mL.
- Example 2 500 mg of the same activated carbon powder as used as the carrier in Example 1 was added, stirred overnight, filtered with suction, washed with water, dried at 60 ° C., and gold / corresponding to 1% by weight of gold supported.
- An activated carbon catalyst carrier was obtained.
- the obtained catalyst carrier was used as a catalyst for glucose oxidation reaction.
- the glucose oxidation reaction rate is shown in Table 1 below.
- Comparative Example 2 (Uses neutralized chloroauric acid as a raw material for gold) A 0.1 mol / L aqueous solution of chloroauric acid (HAuCl 4 ) prepared by weighing crystals of chloroauric acid tetrahydrate (Kishida Chemical) instead of gold acetate with an electronic balance and dissolving in a predetermined amount of water 0 A solution was prepared under the same conditions as in Example 1 except that 26 mL was used. The liquid color of the chloroauric acid aqueous solution at the time of preparation was yellow (liquid color of a normal chloroauric acid aqueous solution), and the Tyndall phenomenon was not observed. This aqueous chloroauric acid solution was heated to 60 ° C.
- Example 1 the same activated carbon powder (500 mg) as that used in Example 1 was added, stirred overnight under the same conditions as in Example 1, filtered, washed with water, dried, and dried with 1 wt. % Of gold / activated carbon catalyst support was obtained.
- the obtained catalyst carrier was used as a catalyst for glucose oxidation reaction.
- the glucose oxidation reaction rate is shown in Table 1 below.
- Comparative Example 3 (Preparation of 0.1% by weight of gold / activated carbon from chloroauric acid) The same 0.1 mol / L chloroauric acid aqueous solution used in Comparative Example 2 was diluted 1/100 with deionized distilled water to obtain a 1 mmol / L chloroauric acid aqueous solution. This solution is added to 50 mL of deionized distilled water, and then 500 mg of the same activated carbon powder used as the carrier in Example 1 is added and stirred overnight, suction filtered, washed with water, dried at room temperature and supported. A catalyst carrier of gold / activated carbon having an amount of 0.1% by weight was obtained. The obtained catalyst carrier was used as a catalyst for glucose oxidation reaction. The glucose oxidation reaction rate is shown in Table 1 below.
- Table 1 shows the glucose oxidation reaction rates calculated as a result of performing the glucose oxidation reaction using the catalyst carriers prepared in Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3.
- the gold / activated carbon catalyst supports of Examples 1 to 3 prepared by the method of the present invention were compared with Comparative Example 1 or 2 prepared with the same 1 wt% charge amount. Also, it was shown that the glucose oxidation rate was high and the catalytic activity for the oxidation reaction of glucose was high.
- Comparative Example 1 since the carrier is added in a state in which the growth of the gold colloid in the liquid phase is completed (that is, in a state reduced to metal gold), most of the fine gold particles (for example, the average particle size is 10 nm or less). Since it is not included, the activity seems to be low.
- the conditions for the glucose oxidation reaction employed in Test Example 1 were as follows: Hiroko Okatsu et al., Applied Catalysis A: General, 369 (2009) 8-14. It is the same as the reaction conditions described in 1. That is, in the test by Hiroko Okatsu et al., The glucose oxidation reaction using a catalyst in which Au is supported on various carbon materials is performed under the conditions of a glucose / gold molar ratio of 16000 to 32000, a reaction temperature of 60 ° C., and a pH of 9.5. . In addition, this document shows the relationship between the particle size of the supported gold and the reaction rate per supported amount of gold, and the catalyst activity per mole of metal gold contained in the catalyst support is 1 mols ⁇ 1.
- the catalyst carrier of Example 1 is a mixture of a small number of relatively large gold nanoparticles of several tens of nm and a large number of gold nanoparticles of 10 nm or less. It is estimated that In Examples 2 to 4, it is presumed that gold nanoparticles of 10 nm or less are supported from the value of R 2 .
- Example 4 When the amount of gold charged was reduced to 0.1%, Example 4 according to the method of the present invention had a significantly high reaction rate per mole of gold. On the other hand, Comparative Example 3 prepared from chloroauric acid has very low activity, and it is considered that fine gold particles are hardly generated.
- Example 5 using activated carbon fiber, although slightly less active than Examples 1 to 4, it has a clearly higher activity than Comparative Example 3, and forms other than powder in the method of the present invention. It was shown that the gold material having a fine average particle diameter of 10 nm or less can be supported on the carbon material.
- Example 6 Preparation of gold / titanium oxide catalyst support
- 9.6 mg of gold acetate [Au (CH 3 COO) 3 , Alfa Aesar] brown powder was added to 50 mL of water, and a dispersion of gold acetate colloid was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Y CO2 (C CO2 / Ci CO ) x 100 Y CO2 : CO conversion to CO 2 (%) C CO2 : CO 2 concentration (%) at reaction tube outlet Ci CO : CO concentration at the inlet of the reaction tube (1%)
- Fi CO CO flow rate at the reaction tube inlet Fa: Total gas flow rate at the reaction tube inlet (100 mL / min, 0.268 mol / h in terms of mole)
- Ci CO CO concentration at the inlet of the reaction tube (1%)
- R CO Fi CO ⁇ (Y CO2 / 100)
- R CO CO reaction rate (molh ⁇ 1 or mols ⁇ 1 )
- Y CO2 CO conversion to CO 2 (%)
- R 1 R CO / W cat
- R 1 CO reaction rate per catalyst weight (mol h ⁇ 1 g ⁇
- Example 7 (Preparation of gold / titanium oxide catalyst carrier using reducing agent) 9.6 mg of gold acetate [Au (CH 3 COO) 3 , Alfa Aesar] brown powder was added to 25 mL of water, and a dispersion of gold acetate colloid was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 8 (Preparation of gold / titanium oxide catalyst support using reducing agent and protective colloid) 19.5 mg of gold acetate [Au (CH 3 COO) 3 , manufactured by Alfa Aesar] was added to 50 mL of water, and 565 mg of PVP was further added as a protective colloid to obtain a gold acetate colloid dispersion in the same manner as in Example 1. .
- the actual supported amount of metal gold obtained by acid dissolution / ICP-AES analysis is 1.2% by weight, compared to 1.0% by weight calculated from the raw material charge. Therefore, it is considered that almost all of the charged metal gold was supported on the titanium oxide surface.
- FIG. 3 shows the gold / titanium oxide transmission electron microscope (TEM) photograph and the size distribution of the gold nanoparticles based on the TEM photograph.
- the number average size of the gold nanoparticles was 3.5 nm, and coexistence of large particles of 10 nm or more was not recognized.
- Table 2 shows the results of evaluating the catalytic activity for the oxidation reaction of carbon monoxide in the same manner as in Example 6.
- the catalyst carrier obtained in Example 8 had a higher catalytic activity than that of Example 6.
- Comparative Example 4 (using chloroauric acid as a gold raw material) A catalyst carrier was prepared in the same manner as in Example 6 using chloroauric acid instead of gold acetate. First, 0.26 mL of 0.1 mol / L aqueous solution of chloroauric acid was added to 50 mL of water to obtain a light yellow aqueous solution.
- the TOF can be calculated if the reaction rate per catalyst weight, the amount of gold supported in the catalyst, and the average gold particle size are known. According to this document, the TOF with a gold particle diameter of 10 nm is about 0.015 S ⁇ 1 , and the Au atoms exposed on the surface of the 10 nm spherical Au particles are about 10% of the total Au particles. From this calculation, the reaction rate per mole of Au supported corresponds to 0.0015 mols ⁇ 1 molAu ⁇ 1 .
- the reaction temperature in this document is 0 ° C., and converted to the reaction rate at 25 ° C.
- the gold nanoparticles supported on the catalyst supports of Examples 6 to 8 have an average particle diameter of 10 nm or less.
- the average particle diameter was confirmed to be 3.5 nm from the TEM size distribution.
- Comparative Example 4 since R 2 is smaller than 0.0053 mols ⁇ 1 mol Au ⁇ 1 , it is estimated that the average particle diameter of Au is larger than 10 nm.
- a catalyst carrier on which gold nanoparticles having an average particle size of 10 nm or less are supported can be obtained even when titanium oxide is used as a carrier.
- Example 9 Preparation of gold / cobalt oxide catalyst support
- the cobalt oxide powder used for the preparation of the catalyst support was prepared by a precipitation method.
- Cobalt hydroxide was precipitated by adding 1.2 times the amount of sodium carbonate neutralized to an aqueous solution of cobalt nitrate. This precipitate was washed with water, filtered, and dried, followed by firing at 400 ° C. for 4 hours in an electric furnace to obtain a black powder of cobalt oxide.
- Comparative Example 5 (uses cobalt oxide not supporting gold)
- the cobalt oxide powder prepared in the same manner as in Example 9 was used as a catalyst as it was without supporting gold.
- the results of measuring the CO oxidation reaction rate by the same method as shown in Example 6 are shown in Table 3.
- Example 10 (Preparation of gold / manganese oxide catalyst support) 10 mg of a brown powder of gold acetate [Au (CH 3 COO) 3 , Alfa Aesar] was added to 50 mL of water, and a gold acetate colloid dispersion was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1. While stirring this dispersion with a magnetic stirrer, manganese dioxide (granular manganese dioxide for organic element analysis manufactured by Kishida Chemical Co., Ltd. was pulverized in a mortar and passed through a standard sieve having a nominal aperture of 125 ⁇ m defined in JIS Z8801. Powder) was added and stirred overnight.
- Au (CH 3 COO) 3 Alfa Aesar
- Comparative Example 5 (uses cobalt oxide not supporting gold)
- the cobalt oxide powder prepared in the same manner as in Example 9 was used as a catalyst as it was without supporting gold.
- the results of measuring the CO oxidation reaction rate by the same method as shown in Example 6 are shown in Table 3.
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Abstract
Description
項2.前記金ナノ粒子の平均粒子径が10nm以下である、項1に記載の触媒担持体。
項3.前記還元力を有する担体が多孔質材料である、項1又は2に記載の触媒担持体。
項4.前記還元力を有する担体が炭素材料又は金属酸化物である、項1~3のいずれかに記載の触媒担持体。
項5.前記還元力を有する担体が、粉状活性炭、繊維状活性炭、酸化チタン、酸化コバルト、及び酸化マンガンからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である、項1~4のいずれかに記載の触媒担持体。
項6.平均粒子径が100nm以下の金ナノ粒子が担持されてなる触媒担持体を製造する方法であって、水の存在下で金カルボキシラートと還元力を有する担体を接触させる工程を含む、前記方法。
項7.下記工程を含む、項6に記載の方法:
(i)金カルボキシラートを水に分散させて金カルボキシラートのコロイド分散液を調製する工程;
(ii)前記工程(i)で得られた金カルボキシラートのコロイド分散液に還元力を有する担体を接触させて金ナノ粒子を担持させる工程。
項8.前記工程(ii)において、金カルボキシラートのコロイド分散液に更に還元剤を添加する、項7に記載の方法。
項9.前記工程(ii)において、金カルボキシラートのコロイド分散液に更に保護コロイドを添加する、項7又は8に記載の方法。
項10.前記金カルボキシラートが酢酸金である、項6~9のいずれかに記載の方法。
本発明の触媒担持体は、還元力を有する担体に、平均粒子径が100nm以下の金ナノ粒子が担持されてなることを特徴とする。
本発明は、水の存在下で金カルボキシラートと還元力を有する担体を接触させる工程を含む、平均粒子径が100nm以下の金ナノ粒子が担持されてなる触媒担持体を製造する方法を提供する。
(i)金カルボキシラートを水に分散させて金カルボキシラートのコロイド分散液を調製する工程;
(ii)前記工程(i)で得られた金カルボキシラートのコロイド分散液に還元力を有する担体を接触させて金ナノ粒子を担持させる工程。
本工程(i)において金ナノ粒子の供給源として使用される金カルボキシラートとしては、カルボキシル化された金、好ましくはカルボキシル化された3価の金を指す。金カルボキシラートは、水に分散されると一部が下記一般式(a)により示される陰イオンと金イオン(Au3+)とに分かれて溶解する。即ち、本発明の製造方法において調製される金カルボキシラートのコロイド分散液は、溶媒(水)中に金ナノコロイド粒子と、溶解した金カルボキシラート、溶解した金カルボキシラートから解離した金イオン及び下記一般式(a)で表わされる陰イオンを含んでいる。
R-COO- (a)
(式中、Rは、水素原子、炭素数1~4の直鎖状又は分岐鎖状アルキル基を示す)
本明細書において、この一般式(a)で表わされる陰イオンを「カルボキシラート(carboxylate)」と呼ぶ。
本工程(ii)においては、前記工程(i)で得られた金カルボキシラートのコロイド分散液に還元力を有する担体を接触させて、当該担体に金ナノ粒子を担持させる。
実施例1.(担持量1重量%の金/活性炭の調製)
[触媒の調製]
水50mLに酢酸金[Au(CH3COO)3,Alfa Aesar製]の茶色粉末9.6mgを加え、超音波洗浄機(US-2R、アズワン製)を用いて分散させて薄茶色の分散液を得た。超音波洗浄機の運転時間としては、上記濃度条件の場合5秒で充分であった。これに容器の横からLEDライトの光を当てるとチンダル現象が見られることから真の水溶液ではなく茶色のコロイド分散液となっていることが確認された。
D=Kλ/(Bcosθ)
D:結晶子の大きさ(体積平均粒子径に相当)
K:シェラー定数(上記式ではK=0.849を用いた)
λ:CuKαX線の波長0.154nm
B:回折線幅(上記式ではAu(111)の実測半値幅である0.46°から装置幅の0.28°を差し引いた0.18°を用いた)
θ:Au(111)のブラッグ角19.1°
上記式から、D=44.3nmと計算され、これを活性炭上に担持された金ナノ粒子の体積平均粒子径とみなすことができる。
上記した方法で得られた触媒担持体を用いて、水中でのグルコース酸化反応を行った。グルコース酸化反応では、触媒成分として担持されている金のサイズが小さくなければ触媒活性が発現されず、反応が進行しない。従って、グルコース酸化反応によりグルコン酸が生成されれば、サイズの小さい金粒子が担持されていると予測することができる。
R1:触媒重量当たりのグルコース反応速度(mol h-1 g-1)
Rg:グルコース生成速度(molh-1)
Wcat.:触媒重量(g)
R2=Rg/MAu
R2:触媒中の金属金(Au)1モル数当たりのグルコース反応速度
(mol s-1mol-1)
Rg:グルコース生成速度(mol s-1)
MAu:触媒中のAuモル数(mol)
酢酸金分散液に、活性炭粉末を添加した後の撹拌時間を10分とした他は、実施例1と同じ条件で調製を行い金担持量1重量%に相当する金/活性炭の触媒担持体を得た。得られた触媒担持体を、グルコース酸化反応の触媒として使用した。グルコース酸化反応速度を下表1に示す。結果より、酢酸金分散液と活性炭粉末の接触時間は一晩の必要なく、10分間でも充分な効果の得られることが示された。
実施例1に記載される活性炭粉末500mgと酢酸金の粉末9.6mgをメノウ乳鉢にとり水を10滴加え、メノウ乳棒ですり潰すことによりスラリー状態で混合を行った。5分間すり潰しを続けると徐々に乾いてきたため、更に水を10滴加えて5分間すり潰した。この後直ちに水を加えて吸引濾過・水洗を行い、60℃で乾燥して金担持量1重量%に相当する金/活性炭の触媒担持体を得た。得られた触媒担持体を、グルコース酸化反応の触媒として使用した。グルコース酸化反応速度を下表1に示す。結果より、粉末状の担体の場合には、スラリー状で混練することによっても活性の高い触媒が調製できることが示された。
水55mLに酢酸金[Au(CH3COO)3,Alfa Aesar製]の茶色粉末10.9mgを加え、実施例1と同様に分散させて茶色のコロイド分散液を得た。分散液の5mLを分取して、水を加え全量が50mLとなるよう希釈した。次に、実施例1で担体として使用されたものと同じ活性炭粉末500mgを添加して一晩撹拌し、吸引濾過・水洗し、室温で乾燥して担持量0.1重量%の金/活性炭の触媒担持体を得た。得られた触媒担持体を、グルコース酸化反応の触媒として使用した。グルコース酸化反応速度を下表1に示す。
実施例1と同様にして酢酸金[Au(CH3COO)3,Alfa Aesar製]の茶色粉末9.6mgを水50mLに分散させた。次に、予め熱水で洗浄した繊維状活性炭(クラレケミカル製FR15)500mgを添加した。振とう機を用いて一晩撹拌し、吸引濾過・水洗し、室温で乾燥して担持量1重量%の金/活性炭の触媒担持体を得た。得られた触媒担持体を、グルコース酸化反応の触媒として使用した。グルコース酸化反応速度を下表1に示す。
実施例1と同様にして酢酸金[Au(CH3COO)3,Alfa Aesar製]の茶色粉末10.5mgを水10mLに分散させた。マグネチックスターラーで撹拌しながら、エタノール10mLを加え、約60℃で10分間加熱したところ、酢酸金中の金イオンがエタノールにより全て還元され赤色の金コロイドが生成した。加熱を止め室温に戻した後、水30mLを加え、全量を50mLとした。
酢酸金の代わりに塩化金酸四水和物(キシダ化学)の結晶を電子天秤で秤量し、所定量の水に溶解して調製した塩化金酸(HAuCl4)の0.1mol/L水溶液0.26mLを用いる他は、実施例1と同様の条件で溶液を調製した。調製時の塩化金酸水溶液の液色は黄色(通常の塩化金酸水溶液の液色)でチンダル現象も観察されず塩化金酸は完全に溶けて真の溶液となっていた。この塩化金酸水溶液を60℃に加熱してNaOHを滴下しpH7.8の[Au(OH)3Cl]-の透明溶液を得た。これに、実施例1で担体として使用されたものと同じ活性炭粉末(500mg)を添加し、実施例1と同じ条件で一晩撹拌して濾過、水洗の後、乾燥させて金担持量1重量%に相当する金/活性炭の触媒担持体を得た。得られた触媒担持体を、グルコース酸化反応の触媒として使用した。グルコース酸化反応速度を下表1に示す。
比較例2で使用されたもの同じ0.1mol/L塩化金酸水溶液を脱イオン蒸留水で1/100に希釈して1mmol/L塩化金酸水溶液を得た。この溶液を脱イオン蒸留水50mLに加え、次に、実施例1で担体として使用されたものと同じ活性炭粉末500mgを添加して一晩撹拌し、吸引濾過・水洗し、室温で乾燥して担持量0.1重量%の金/活性炭の触媒担持体を得た。得られた触媒担持体を、グルコース酸化反応の触媒として使用した。グルコース酸化反応速度を下表1に示す。
実施例6.(金/酸化チタン触媒担持体の調製)
[触媒担持体の調製]
水50mLに酢酸金[Au(CH3COO)3,Alfa Aesar製]の茶色粉末9.6mgを加え、実施例1と同様にして酢酸金コロイドの分散液を得た。
を使用した。
得られた触媒について、固定床流通反応装置(大倉理研(現ヘンミ計算尺株式会社)製)を用いて室温(25℃)における一酸化炭素の酸化反応を行い、触媒活性を評価した。内径6mmの石英反応管に、20mgの担持体粉末を0.5gの石英砂と混合して充填した。この反応管に、CO(1%)+O2(20%)+He(バランスガス)の混合ガスを100mL/minで流通させ、反応管出口のガスを光音響分析計(PAS)(LumaSense Technologies社製)で分析した。反応開始後30分にはCO及びCO2の濃度が安定したので、以下の手順により分析値からCO転化率を計算し、反応速度に換算した値を表2に示す。
YCO2:COのCO2への転化率(%)
CCO2:反応管出口のCO2濃度(%)
CiCO:反応管入口のCO濃度(1%)
FiCO=Fa×(CiCO/100)
=2.68×10-3mol h-1
=7.44×10-7mol s-1
FiCO:反応管入口のCO流量
Fa:反応管入口の全ガス流量
(100mL/min、モル換算0.268mol/h)
CiCO:反応管入口のCO濃度(1%)
RCO=FiCO×(YCO2/100)
RCO:CO反応速度(molh-1またはmols-1)
YCO2:COのCO2への転化率(%)
R1=RCO/Wcat
R1:触媒重量当たりのCO反応速度(mol h-1 g-1)
RCO:CO反応速度(molh-1)
Wcat.:触媒重量(g)
R2=RCO/MAu
R2:触媒中の金属金(Au)1モル数当たりのCO反応速度
(mol s-1 mol-1)
RCO:CO反応速度(mols-1)
MAu:触媒中のAuモル数(mol)
水25mLに酢酸金[Au(CH3COO)3,Alfa Aesar製]の茶色粉末9.6mgを加え、実施例1と同様にして酢酸金コロイドの分散液を得た。
水50mLに酢酸金[Au(CH3COO)3,Alfa Aesar製]の茶色粉末19.5mgを加え、更に保護コロイドとしてPVP565mgを加え実施例1と同様にして酢酸金コロイドの分散液を得た。
酢酸金に代えて塩化金酸を使用し、前記実施例6と同様の方法により触媒担持体を調製した。まず、水50mLに塩化金酸の0.1mol/L水溶液を0.26mLを加え、薄黄色の水溶液を得た。
実施例9.(金/酸化コバルト触媒担持体の調製)
触媒担持体の調製に用いた酸化コバルトの粉末は、沈殿法により調製した。硝酸コバルトの水溶液に中和等量の1.2倍量の炭酸ナトリウムを加えて、水酸化コバルトを沈殿させた。この沈殿を水洗、ろ過、乾燥の後、電気炉にて400℃で4時間焼成を行い、酸化コバルトの黒色粉末を得た。水50mLに酢酸金[Au(CH3COO)3,Alfa Aesar製]の茶色粉末10mgを加え、実施例1と同様にして酢酸金コロイドの分散液を得た。この分散液をマグネチックスターラーで攪拌しながら、酸化コバルトの粉末500mgを加え一晩攪拌した。撹拌を止めても沈殿が沈降しないため、PFA製の遠沈管に移し、遠心分離機で4000rpmの回転数で10分間回転した。遠沈管の中に泥状に沈殿した部分を残して上部の希薄な懸濁液を捨てた。捨てた分と同量の水を加えて1回目と同条件で2回目の遠心分離を行った。この操作を合計4回繰り返して沈殿を洗浄した。沈殿を室温で乾燥させて金担持量1.0重量%に相当する金/酸化コバルトの触媒担持体を得た。本試験例3において水として脱イオン蒸留水を使用した。実施例6で示したのと同様の方法でCO酸化反応速度を測定した結果を表3に示す。
実施例9と同様に調製した酸化コバルト粉末に金を担持することなしにそのまま触媒として用いた。実施例6で示したのと同様の方法でCO酸化反応速度を測定した結果を表3に示す。
水50mLに酢酸金[Au(CH3COO)3,Alfa Aesar製]の茶色粉末10mgを加え、実施例1と同様にして酢酸金コロイドの分散液を得た。この分散液をマグネチックスターラーで攪拌しながら、二酸化マンガン(キシダ化学製有機元素分析用の粒状二酸化マンガンを乳鉢で粉砕し、JIS Z8801に規定される公称目開き125μmの標準篩を通過した二酸化マンガン粉末)の粉末500mgを加え一晩攪拌した。攪拌を止めると徐々に二酸化マンガン粉末が沈殿し上澄み液は透明になり、金が二酸化マンガン表面に担持されたものと考えられた。その後、二酸化マンガン粉末を吸引濾過・水洗し、室温で乾燥して金担持量1重量%に相当する金/酸化マンガンの触媒担持体を得た。
実施例9と同様に調製した酸化コバルト粉末に金を担持することなしにそのまま触媒として用いた。実施例6で示したのと同様の方法でCO酸化反応速度を測定した結果を表3に示す。
Claims (10)
- 還元力を有する担体に、平均粒子径が100nm以下の金ナノ粒子が担持されてなる触媒担持体。
- 前記金ナノ粒子の平均粒子径が10nm以下である、請求項1に記載の触媒担持体。
- 前記還元力を有する担体が多孔質材料である、請求項1又は2に記載の触媒担持体。
- 前記還元力を有する担体が炭素材料又は金属酸化物である、請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の触媒担持体。
- 前記還元力を有する担体が、粉状活性炭、繊維状活性炭、酸化チタン、酸化コバルト、及び酸化マンガンからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である、請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の触媒担持体。
- 平均粒子径が100nm以下の金ナノ粒子が担持されてなる触媒担持体を製造する方法であって、水の存在下で金カルボキシラートと還元力を有する担体を接触させる工程を含む、前記方法。
- 下記工程を含む、請求項6に記載の方法:
(i)金カルボキシラートを水に分散させて金カルボキシラートのコロイド分散液を調製する工程;
(ii)前記工程(i)で得られた金カルボキシラートのコロイド分散液に還元力を有する担体を接触させて金ナノ粒子を担持させる工程。 - 前記工程(ii)において、金カルボキシラートのコロイド分散液に更に還元剤を添加する、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記工程(ii)において、金カルボキシラートのコロイド分散液に更に保護コロイドを添加する、請求項7又は8に記載の方法。
- 前記金カルボキシラートが酢酸金である、請求項6~9のいずれかに記載の方法。
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WO2017154927A1 (ja) * | 2016-03-09 | 2017-09-14 | 公立大学法人首都大学東京 | 金複合材料、その製造方法及び金ナノ触媒 |
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