WO2014017335A1 - 変性セルロースナノファイバー含有ポリエチレン微多孔膜、セパレーター、及びそれを用いたリチウムイオン電池 - Google Patents
変性セルロースナノファイバー含有ポリエチレン微多孔膜、セパレーター、及びそれを用いたリチウムイオン電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014017335A1 WO2014017335A1 PCT/JP2013/069292 JP2013069292W WO2014017335A1 WO 2014017335 A1 WO2014017335 A1 WO 2014017335A1 JP 2013069292 W JP2013069292 W JP 2013069292W WO 2014017335 A1 WO2014017335 A1 WO 2014017335A1
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- Prior art keywords
- acid
- modified
- resin
- polyethylene
- meth
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- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 120
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- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 49
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
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- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 14
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- BJQHLKABXJIVAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC BJQHLKABXJIVAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
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- 238000000967 suction filtration Methods 0.000 description 7
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- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N isophthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC(C(O)=O)=C1 QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a polyethylene microporous membrane containing modified cellulose nanofibers, a separator which is the microporous membrane, and a lithium ion battery using the separator.
- the microporous membrane made of polyethylene is used for various purposes because of its function.
- it is expected as a separator of a lithium ion battery due to its shutdown function (see Patent Document 1), and further functional improvement is expected due to the recent increase in demand.
- a separator used in a lithium ion battery is required to have heat resistance, thin film thickness, and strength as well as shutdown property.
- various methods such as addition of an inorganic filler, use of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, coating of a heat-resistant layer and formation of a separator having a multilayer structure have been tried.
- Patent Document 2 polyethylene is used.
- a separator in which fibers and ultrafine fibers are bonded together is disclosed.
- problems such as complicated manufacturing methods and difficulty in thinning have not yet been solved.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a single-layer polyethylene microporous membrane that can be easily produced and has excellent heat resistance, a separator using the microporous membrane, and a lithium ion battery using the separator. To do.
- a modified cellulose nanofiber-containing polyethylene microporous membrane containing a modified cellulose nanofiber having an alkyl group or alkenyl group having 4 to 30 carbon atoms introduced into cellulose or cellulose nanofiber is a single layer. It was found that the film was thinned and excellent in heat resistance.
- a separator having a single layer and a thin film and excellent in heat resistance can be provided, and a lithium ion battery using the separator can be provided. it can.
- the modified cellulose nanofiber-containing polyethylene microporous membrane of the present invention contains modified cellulose nanofiber and polyethylene.
- the polyethylene resin refers to a polymer compound having a structure obtained by polymerizing ethylene used for normal extrusion, injection, inflation, blow molding, and the like.
- the polyethylene resin preferably contains high-density polyethylene.
- the polyethylene resin preferably has a viscosity average molecular weight of 10,000 or more and less than 10 million.
- a viscosity average molecular weight of 10,000 or more is preferable because the microporous film tends to have high strength.
- a viscosity average molecular weight of less than 10 million is preferable because it tends to be excellent in sheet formability, particularly thickness stability.
- a more preferable viscosity region is 10,000 or more and less than 5,000,000.
- the polyethylene of the present invention may be one kind, but a plurality of kinds may be mixed and used.
- the microporous membrane may contain a polyolefin resin other than the polyethylene resin in addition to the polyethylene resin.
- Polyolefin resins other than polyethylene resins include homopolymers obtained by polymerizing propylene, 1-butene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, etc., ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, 4-methyl. It refers to a copolymer or block polymer obtained by polymerizing -1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, and the like. Specific examples include isotactic polypropylene, atactic polypropylene, polybutene, and ethylene propylene rubber.
- the content is desirably less than 50%. If the content of the polyolefin resin other than the polyethylene resin is 50% or more, the shutdown property is lowered, which is not desirable.
- the modified cellulose nanofiber in the present invention is a modified cellulose nanofiber having an alkyl group or alkenyl group having 4 to 30 carbon atoms in cellulose or cellulose nanofiber.
- the modified cellulose nanofiber having an alkyl group or alkenyl group having 4 to 30 carbon atoms is a hydroxyl group of cellulose nanofiber, a saturated fatty acid chloride having 5 to 31 carbon atoms, an unsaturated fatty acid chloride having 5 to 31 carbon atoms, and a carbon number.
- the modified cellulose nanofiber having an alkyl group or alkenyl group having 4 to 30 carbon atoms includes cellulose or pulp, a saturated fatty acid chloride having 5 to 31 carbon atoms, an unsaturated fatty acid chloride having 5 to 31 carbon atoms, and 4 carbon atoms.
- Cellulose may be any material that can be used as a finer material, such as pulp, cotton, paper, regenerated cellulose fibers such as rayon, cupra, polynosic, acetate, etc., and cellulose derived from animals such as bacterial cellulose and squirts. is there.
- cellulose powder having a certain particle size distribution obtained by crushing cellulose material may be used as cellulose as a refining material.
- wood pulp includes mechanical pulp and chemical pulp, and chemical pulp having a low lignin content is preferred.
- Chemical pulp includes sulfide pulp, kraft pulp, alkaline pulp, and the like, and any of them can be suitably used.
- non-wood pulp any of cocoon, bagasse, kenaf, bamboo, cocoon, cocoon, flax, etc. can be used.
- Cotton is a plant mainly used for clothing fibers, and cotton, cotton fibers, and cotton cloth can be used.
- Paper is made by removing fibers from pulp, and used paper such as newspapers, waste milk packs, and copied papers can also be used favorably.
- Cellulose nanofibers are obtained by refining the cellulose or pulp.
- the above-mentioned cellulose or pulp may be refined by a known and commonly used method.
- a refiner in a water or aqueous medium, a refiner, a high-pressure homogenizer, a medium stirring mill, a stone mortar, a grinder, a twin screw extruder, a bead mill, etc.
- Manufactured by defibration or refinement by grinding and / or beating but can also be produced by a known method such as the method described in JP-A-2005-42283.
- it can also manufacture using microorganisms (for example, acetic acid bacteria (Acetobacter)). It can also be obtained by defibrating the cellulose or pulp in a defibrating resin without using water or an aqueous medium.
- microorganisms for example, acetic acid bacteria (Acetobacter)
- the average diameter of the cellulose nanofiber fibers is preferably 4 nm to 800 nm, more preferably 4 nm to 400 nm, and even more preferably 4 nm to 100 nm.
- Cellulose nanofiber is a fiber having a very long fiber length relative to the fiber diameter, and it is difficult to determine the fiber length, but preferably the average value is 5 times or more of the fiber diameter, more preferably 10 times or more. More preferably, it is 20 times or more. Further, if the fiber length is described in a dare manner, the average value is preferably 50 nm to 200 ⁇ m, more preferably 100 nm to 50 ⁇ m.
- Examples of the method for defibrating the cellulose or pulp in the defibrating resin without using water or an aqueous medium include a method in which the cellulose or pulp is added to the defibrated resin to give a cutting force mechanically.
- shearing is performed using a bead mill, an ultrasonic homogenizer, an extruder such as a single screw extruder or a twin screw extruder, a known kneader such as a Banbury mixer, a grinder, a pressure kneader, or a two-roller.
- a pressure kneader it is preferable to use a pressure kneader from the viewpoint of obtaining a stable shear force even in a high viscosity resin.
- defibrating resin known and commonly used resins can be used as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired. Specifically, polyester resins (A), vinyl resins (B), modified epoxy resins (C ) And the like. These may be used alone or in a mixture of two or more.
- the polyester resin (A) is one or more polyols represented by the following general formula (2), and one or more polycarboxylic acids represented by the following general formula (3). It is a polyester resin obtained by reacting.
- A- (OH) m (2) [Wherein, A represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may contain an oxygen atom, an aromatic group or a heterocyclic aromatic group which may have a substituent. m represents an integer of 2 to 4. ]
- B- (COOH) n (3) [Wherein, B represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an aromatic group which may have a substituent, or a heterocyclic aromatic group. n represents an integer of 2 to 4. ]
- Examples of the polyol represented by the general formula (2) include ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, pentyl glycol, neopentyl glycol, 1, 5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,7-heptanediol, 1,8-octanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, 1,10-decanediol, 1,11-undecanediol, 1,12 -Dodecanediol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 2-butyl -2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol, 2-methyl-1,4-butanediol, 2-ethyl 1,4
- Examples of the polycarboxylic acid represented by the general formula (3) include unsaturated dibasic acids and anhydrides thereof, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, citraconic acid, chloromaleic acid and esters thereof. And ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated dibasic acids such as halogenated maleic anhydride, aconitic acid, and ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated dibasic acids such as dihydromuconic acid.
- monohydric alcohol In addition to the above polyol and polycarboxylic acid, monohydric alcohol, monovalent carboxylic acid, and hydroxycarboxylic acid may be used to such an extent that the characteristics are not substantially impaired.
- Monohydric alcohols include methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, isobutanol, 2-butanol, 3-butanol, n-amyl alcohol, n-hexanol, isohexanol, n-heptanol, isoheptanol, n-octanol , 2-ethylhexanol, isooctanol, n-nonanol, isononanol, n-decanol, isodecanol, isoundecanol, lauryl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, decyl alcohol, undecyl alcohol, tridecyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol ste
- Examples of the monovalent carboxylic acid include benzoic acid, heptanoic acid, nonanoic acid, caprylic acid, nonanoic acid, capric acid, undecylic acid, lauric acid, and the like, and one or more of these may be used.
- Hydroxycarboxylic acids include lactic acid, glycolic acid, 2-hydroxy-n-butyric acid, 2-hydroxycaproic acid, 2-hydroxy3,3-dimethylbutyric acid, 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyric acid, 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid P-hydroxybenzoic acid, and one or more of them may be used.
- polyester-based resin (A) a modified polyester resin obtained by modifying the polyester resin may be used.
- modified polyester resin include urethane-modified polyester, acrylic-modified polyester, epoxy-modified polyester, and silicone-modified polyester.
- the polyester-based resin (A) may be linear or multi-branched polyester.
- the polyester resin (A) preferably has an ester group concentration of 6.0 mmol / g or more. More preferably, it is 6.0 to 14 mmol / g, still more preferably 6.0 to 20 mmol / g, and particularly preferably 6.0 to 30 mmol / g. Further, it is preferable that the ester group concentration is 6.0 mmol / g or more and the acid value is 10 KOHmg / g or more. The acid value is more preferably 10 to 100 KOH mg / g, still more preferably 10 to 200 KOH mg / g, and particularly preferably 10 to 300 KOH mg / g.
- the ester group concentration is 6.0 mmol / g or more and the hydroxyl value is 10 or more.
- the hydroxyl value is more preferably 10 to 500 KOHmg / g, still more preferably 10 to 800 KOHmg / g, and particularly preferably 10 to 1000 KOHmg / g.
- the polyester-based resin has an ester group concentration of 6.0 mmol / g or more, an acid value of 10 KOH mg / g or more, and a hydroxyl value of 10 KOH mg / g or more.
- the polyester resin (A) may be used alone or in combination.
- the vinyl resin (B) is a polymer or copolymer of a vinyl monomer, and the vinyl monomer is not particularly limited.
- a (meth) acrylic acid ester derivative, a vinyl ester derivative, a maleic acid diester derivative, (Meth) acrylamide derivatives, styrene derivatives, vinyl ether derivatives, vinyl ketone derivatives, olefin derivatives, maleimide derivatives, and (meth) acrylonitrile are preferred.
- a (meth) acrylic resin obtained by polymerizing a (meth) acrylic acid ester derivative is particularly preferable.
- (meth) acrylate derivatives include methyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl (meth) acrylate, n-propyl (meth) acrylate, isopropyl (meth) acrylate, n-butyl (meth) acrylate , Isobutyl (meth) acrylate, t-butyl (meth) acrylate, amyl (meth) acrylate, n-hexyl (meth) acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth) acrylate, t-butylcyclohexyl (meth) acrylate, 2-Methylhexyl acrylate, t-octyl (meth) acrylate, dodecyl (meth) acrylate, octadecyl (meth) acrylate, acetoxyethyl (meth) acryl
- vinyl ester derivatives include vinyl acetate, vinyl chloroacetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate, vinyl methoxyacetate, and vinyl benzoate.
- maleic acid diester derivatives include dimethyl maleate, diethyl maleate, and dibutyl maleate.
- fumaric acid diester derivative include dimethyl fumarate, diethyl fumarate, and dibutyl fumarate.
- itaconic acid diester derivative include dimethyl itaconate, diethyl itaconate, and dibutyl itaconate.
- Examples of (meth) acrylamide derivatives include (meth) acrylamide, N-methyl (meth) acrylamide, N-ethyl (meth) acrylamide, N-propyl (meth) acrylamide, N-isopropyl (meth) acrylamide, Nn -Butylacrylic (meth) amide, Nt-butyl (meth) acrylamide, N-cyclohexyl (meth) acrylamide, N- (2-methoxyethyl) (meth) acrylamide, N, N-dimethyl (meth) acrylamide, N , N-diethyl (meth) acrylamide, N-phenyl (meth) acrylamide, N-nitrophenyl acrylamide, N-ethyl-N-phenyl acrylamide, N-benzyl (meth) acrylamide, (meth) acryloylmorpholine, diacetone acrylamide, N- Ji acrylamide, N- hydroxy
- styrene derivatives are styrene, methyl styrene, dimethyl styrene, trimethyl styrene, ethyl styrene, isopropyl styrene, butyl styrene, hydroxy styrene, methoxy styrene, butoxy styrene, acetoxy styrene, chlorostyrene, dichlorostyrene, bromostyrene, chloromethyl. Examples thereof include styrene and ⁇ -methylstyrene.
- vinyl ether derivatives include methyl vinyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether, 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether, hydroxyethyl vinyl ether, propyl vinyl ether, butyl vinyl ether, hexyl vinyl ether, octyl vinyl ether, methoxyethyl vinyl ether, and phenyl vinyl ether.
- vinyl ketone derivatives include methyl vinyl ketone, ethyl vinyl ketone, propyl vinyl ketone, and phenyl vinyl ketone.
- olefin derivatives examples include ethylene, propylene, isobutylene, butadiene, isoprene and the like.
- maleimide derivatives include maleimide, butyl maleimide, cyclohexyl maleimide, phenyl maleimide and the like.
- (meth) acrylonitrile, heterocyclic groups substituted with vinyl groups eg, vinylpyridine, N-vinylpyrrolidone, vinylcarbazole, etc.
- vinyl groups eg, vinylpyridine, N-vinylpyrrolidone, vinylcarbazole, etc.
- N-vinylformamide, N-vinylacetamide, N-vinylimidazole, vinyl Caprolactone and the like can also be used.
- the vinyl resin (B) preferably has a functional group. This is because the physical properties of the molded body such as mechanical properties can be improved by the interaction with the diluted resin.
- the functional group include a halogen group (fluorine, chlorine), a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, an amino group, a silanol group, a cyano group, and the like.
- the vinyl resin (B) can be obtained by heating the vinyl monomer in a reaction vessel in the presence of a polymerization initiator and aging as necessary.
- the reaction conditions vary depending on, for example, the polymerization initiator and the solvent, but the reaction temperature is 30 to 150 ° C., preferably 60 to 120 ° C.
- the polymerization can be carried out in the presence of a non-reactive solvent.
- polymerization initiator examples include peroxides such as t-butyl peroxybenzoate, di-t-butyl peroxide, cumene peroxide, acetyl peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide; azobisisobutylnitrile, azobis And azo compounds such as -2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile and azobiscyclohexanecarbonitrile.
- peroxides such as t-butyl peroxybenzoate, di-t-butyl peroxide, cumene peroxide, acetyl peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide
- azobisisobutylnitrile such as -2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile and azobiscyclohexanecarbonitrile.
- non-reactive solvent examples include aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents such as hexane and mineral spirit; aromatic hydrocarbon solvents such as benzene, toluene and xylene; ester solvents such as butyl acetate; alcohols such as methanol and butanol.
- Solvents aprotic polar solvents such as dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, N-methylpyrrolidone and the like. These solvents may be used alone or in combination.
- the vinyl resin (B) may be used singly or in combination.
- the vinyl resin (B) may be a linear polymer or a branched polymer, and in the case of a branched polymer, it may be a comb or a star.
- the vinyl resin (B) preferably has a number average molecular weight of 3000 or less. Although a detailed reason is unknown, if the number average molecular weight is 3000 or less, it is expected that the affinity for cellulose fibers is increased.
- the acid value is more preferably 30 KOHmg / g or more and less than 60 KOHmg / g.
- the hydroxyl value is preferably 30 KOHmg / g or more, and more preferably 50 KOHmg / g or more.
- the acid value is particularly preferably 30 KOHmg / g or more and less than 60 KOHmg / g and the hydroxyl value is 30 KOHmg / g or more.
- the modified epoxy resin (C) is a modified epoxy resin having an epoxy group and a hydroxyl value of 100 mgKOH / g or more.
- the modified epoxy resin (C) can be obtained by reacting the epoxy resin (D) with a compound (E) having a carboxyl group or an amino group.
- Epoxy resin (D) is a compound having an epoxy group in the molecule, and reacts with a compound (E) having a carboxyl group or an amino group, which will be described later, to have a hydroxyl value of 100 mgKOH / g or more. Any structure can be used as long as it generates (C), and the structure thereof is not particularly limited.
- bisphenol A type epoxy resin bisphenol F type epoxy resin, bisphenol AD type epoxy resin, bisphenol S type epoxy resin, phenol novolac type epoxy resin, cresol novolak type epoxy resin, p-tert-butylphenol novolak type epoxy resin, nonylphenol novolak Type epoxy resins, polyvalent epoxy resins such as t-butylcatechol type epoxy resins, etc.
- monovalent epoxy resins include aliphatic alcohols such as butanol, aliphatic alcohols having 11 to 12 carbon atoms, phenol, Monohydric phenols such as p-ethylphenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol, p-tertiarybutylphenol, s-butylphenol, nonylphenol, xylenol and the like.
- Condensates with halohydrins condensates of monovalent carboxyl groups such as neodecanoic acid and epihalohydrins, and the like.
- Examples of glycidylamine include condensates of diaminodiphenylmethane and epihalohydrin.
- polyvalent aliphatic epoxy resins include: Polyglycidyl ethers of vegetable oils such as soybean oil and castor oil, and polyvalent alkylene glycol type epoxy resins include ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, glycerin, erythritol Polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polytetramethylene ether glycol, condensates of trimethylolpropane and epihalohydrin, and the like, and water-based epoxy resins described in JP-A-2005-239928 , These may be used one kind may be used in combination of two or more.
- the epoxy resin (D) may be liquefied or reduced in viscosity by adding an organic solvent or a non-reactive diluent as necessary.
- the compound (E) having a carboxyl group or an amino group in the present invention may be any one that generates a modified epoxy resin (C) having a hydroxyl value of 100 mgKOH / g or more by reacting with the epoxy resin (D). Any one or more of a compound (E1) having a carboxyl group, a compound (E2) having an amino group, and a compound (E3) having a carboxyl group and an amino group can be used.
- the compound (E4) having a carboxyl group or amino group further having a hydroxyl group has a high hydroxyl group in the modified epoxy resin (C) when reacted with the epoxy compound (D). It is particularly preferable because a valence can be imparted.
- the compound (E1) having a carboxyl group in the present invention is a compound having one or more carboxyl groups.
- Specific compounds having one carboxyl group include formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butanoic acid, pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, nonanoic acid, decanoic acid, chloroacetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, isopropyl Fatty acids such as acid, isostearic acid, neodecanoic acid, benzoic acid, methylbenzoic acid, dimethylbenzoic acid, trimethylbenzoic acid, phenylacetic acid, 4-isopropylbenzoic acid, 2-phenylpropanoic acid, 2-phenylacrylic acid, 3- Examples thereof include aromatic carboxylic acids such as phenylpropanoic acid and silicic acid.
- the compound having two or more carboxyl groups include carboxylic acids such as succinic acid, adipic acid, terephthalate acid, isophthalic acid and pyromellitic acid, and anhydrides thereof.
- carboxylic acids such as succinic acid, adipic acid, terephthalate acid, isophthalic acid and pyromellitic acid, and anhydrides thereof.
- maleic acid, maleic anhydride, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, citraconic acid, chloromaleic acid and esters thereof ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated dibasic acids such as halogenated maleic anhydride, aconitic acid, etc.
- ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated dibasic acids such as dihydromuconic acid.
- the compound (E2) having an amino group in the present invention is a compound having one or more amino groups. Specifically, as a compound having one amino group, methylamine, ethylamine, dimethylamine, diethylamine, propylamine, butylamine, N, N-dimethyl-2-propanamine, aniline, toluidine, 2-aminoanthracene, etc. I can give you.
- Examples of the compound having two or more amino groups include ethylenediamine, 1,3-propanediamine, 1,4-butanediamine, 1,6-hexamethylenediamine, 1,4-cyclohexanediamine, 3-aminomethyl-3, 5,5-trimethylcyclohexylamine, piperazine, 2,5-dimethylpiperazine, isophoronediamine, 4,4'-cyclohexylmethanediamine, norbornanediamine, hydrazine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetriamine, 1,3-bis (aminomethyl) cyclohexane And xylylenediamine and the like.
- the compound (E3) having a carboxyl group and an amino group in the present invention is a compound having one or more carboxyl groups and one amino group.
- a typical example is an amino acid, which may further have a hydroxyl group.
- the compound (E4) having a carboxyl group or an amino group having a hydroxyl group is a compound having a carboxyl group or an amino group and further having one or more hydroxyl groups.
- glycolic acid glyceric acid, hydroxypropionic acid, hydroxylacric acid, malic acid, 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid, citric acid, isocitric acid, mevalonic acid, bantoic acid, ricinoleic acid, dimethylolpropionic acid Dimethylolbutanoic acid, hydroxyphenylpropanoic acid, mandelic acid, benzylic acid, hydroxymethylamine, hydroxyethylamine, hydroxypropylamine and the like.
- the number of epoxy groups in the modified epoxy resin (C) is preferably 0.3 or more, more preferably 0.5 or more, and most preferably 1 or more per molecule.
- the reaction of the epoxy resin (D) and the compound (E) having a carboxyl group or an amino group when producing the modified epoxy resin (C) can be carried out without solvent or in a solvent.
- a solventless reaction that does not require solvent removal is preferred.
- a Lewis acid catalyst or a Lewis base catalyst may be used as a reaction catalyst.
- Specific examples include boron trifluoride, benzyltrimethylammonium chloride, dimethylaminopyridine, pyridine, 8-diazabicyclo [5.4.0] undec-7-ene, and triphenylphosphine.
- the reaction temperature is preferably between room temperature and 200 ° C.
- the ratio of the defibrating resin and the cellulose or pulp can be arbitrarily changed. However, if the ratio of the defibrating resin is too small or too high, a sufficient effect of refining the cellulose or pulp can be obtained. I can't.
- the ratio of the cellulose or pulp in the composition of cellulose and defibrating resin is 10% by mass to 90% by mass, preferably 30% by mass to 80% by mass, more preferably 40% by mass to 70% by mass. is there.
- the reaction with at least one compound selected from the compounds possessed may be carried out by a known and commonly used method.
- cellulose nanofiber or cellulose or pulp is dispersed in an aprotic polar solvent and dehydrated, and then a saturated fatty acid chloride having 5 to 31 carbon atoms or an unsaturated fatty acid chloride having 5 to 31 carbon atoms is added.
- the method of adding and reacting is mentioned.
- a catalyst may be used.
- the saturated fatty acid chloride having 5 to 31 carbon atoms specifically includes heptanoic acid chloride, heptanoic acid bromide, isoheptanoic acid chloride, isoheptanoic acid bromide, hexanoic acid chloride, hexanoic acid bromide, 2-methylpentanoic acid chloride, 2-methyl Pentanoic acid bromide, heptanoic acid chloride, heptanoic acid bromide, octanoic acid chloride, octanoic acid bromide, nonanoic acid chloride, nonanoic acid bromide, decanoic acid chloride, decanoic acid bromide, undecanoic acid chloride, undecanoic acid bromide, dodecanoic acid chloride, dodecanoic acid Bromide, tetradecanoic acid chloride, tetradecanoic acid bromide, hexadecanoic acid chloride,
- the unsaturated fatty acid chloride having 5 to 31 carbon atoms specifically includes crotonic acid chloride, crotonic acid bromide, myristoleic acid chloride, myristoleic acid bromide, palmitoleic acid chloride, palmitoleic acid bromide, oleic acid chloride, oleic acid bromide Linoleic acid chloride, linoleic acid bromide, linolenic acid chloride, linolenic acid bromide and the like.
- alkyl succinic anhydrides such as octyl succinic anhydride, dodecyl succinic anhydride, hexadecyl succinic anhydride, and octadecyl succinic anhydride.
- Alkenyl anhydrides such as acid, pentenyl succinic anhydride, hexenyl succinic anhydride, octenyl succinic anhydride, decenyl succinic anhydride, undecenyl succinic anhydride, dodecenyl succinic anhydride, tridecenyl succinic anhydride, hexadecenyl succinic anhydride, octadecenyl succinic anhydride And succinic acid.
- aprotic polar solvent examples include N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, dimethylsulfoxide, acetonitrile and the like.
- a known and usual method may be used. For example, after dispersing cellulose nanofibers or cellulose or pulp in an aprotic polar solvent, cellulose nanofibers or cellulose or pulp is precipitated in a centrifuge, and the water-containing supernatant is precipitated. And the process of dispersing the precipitated cellulose nanofibers, cellulose, or pulp in an aprotic polar solvent is repeated.
- cellulose nanofibers, cellulose, or pulp is dispersed in an aprotic polar solvent having a boiling point of 150 ° C. or higher and dehydrated by distillation.
- the catalyst examples include pyridine, N, N-dimethylaminopyridine, triethylamine, sodium hydride, tert-butyllithium, lithium diisopropylamide, potassium tert-butoxide, sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium acetate.
- basic catalysts such as
- the reaction temperature and reaction time are not particularly limited.
- the saturated fatty acid chloride having 5 to 31 carbon atoms and the unsaturated fatty acid chloride having 5 to 31 carbon atoms, the alkyl group or alkenyl group having 4 to 30 carbon atoms and anhydrous It differs depending on the reactivity of at least one compound selected from compounds having a maleic acid skeleton and the degree of ester substitution (DS) of the desired compound.
- the degree of substitution (DS) here means a saturated fatty acid chloride having 5 to 31 carbon atoms and a carbon number of 5 to 31 per glucose unit in the modified cellulose nanofiber, modified cellulose, or modified pulp. And the number of hydroxyl groups modified with at least one compound selected from the group consisting of unsaturated fatty acid chlorides and compounds having an alkyl or alkenyl group having 4 to 30 carbon atoms and a maleic anhydride skeleton.
- the degree of substitution (DS) can be determined by elemental analysis, NMR, or the like. Saturated fatty acid chlorides having 5 to 31 carbon atoms and unsaturated fatty acid chlorides having 5 to 31 carbon atoms and alkyl groups having 4 to 30 carbon atoms used in the production of modified cellulose nanofibers or modified celluloses or modified pulps Alternatively, when at least one compound selected from compounds having an alkenyl group and a maleic anhydride skeleton is only one, the degree of substitution (DS) can be determined by a back titration method.
- the back titration method is as follows. In a 100 ml Erlenmeyer flask, about 0.5 g of dried modified cellulose nanofiber or modified cellulose or modified pulp is precisely weighed. Add 5 ml of ethanol and 5 ml of distilled water and stir at room temperature for 30 minutes. Add 10 ml of 0.5N sodium hydroxide solution, attach a condenser tube to the Erlenmeyer flask, and stir in a hot water bath at 80 ° C. for 60 minutes. Between cellulose and the modified group having an alkyl group or alkenyl group having 4 to 30 carbon atoms The ester bond of is hydrolyzed. Then, it cools, stirring to room temperature.
- the degree of substitution (DS) of the modified cellulose nanofiber is calculated from the following formula.
- DS X / ((Y ⁇ Z ⁇ (M ⁇ 18)) / 162)
- X The number of moles of acid generated from the modifying group having an alkyl group or alkenyl group having 4 to 30 carbon atoms during hydrolysis. Calculated with the following formula.
- X (0.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 0.1 * Y) / L
- Y ml of 0.1N hydrochloric acid aqueous solution required for back titration
- L Valency of acid generated from a modifying group having an alkyl group or alkenyl group having 4 to 30 carbon atoms during hydrolysis
- M Generated from a modifying group having an alkyl group or alkenyl group having 4 to 30 carbon atoms during hydrolysis
- Z Weight of modified modified cellulose nanofiber or modified cellulose or modified pulp
- a low boiling point solvent as the cleaning solvent.
- acetone methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and 2-butanone.
- Cellulose nanofibers obtained by refining cellulose in defibrated resin, saturated fatty acid chloride having 5 to 31 carbon atoms and unsaturated fatty acid chloride having 5 to 31 carbon atoms, alkyl group or alkenyl group having 4 to 30 carbon atoms, and When at least one compound selected from compounds having a maleic anhydride skeleton is reacted, a saturated fatty acid chloride having 5 to 31 carbon atoms and 5 to 5 carbon atoms are mixed with the kneaded product of the defibrated resin and cellulose nanofibers.
- the cellulose nanofibers After adding at least one compound selected from 31 unsaturated fatty acid chlorides, compounds having an alkyl group or alkenyl group having 4 to 30 carbon atoms and a maleic anhydride skeleton, the cellulose nanofibers have a known and conventional method. Hydroxyl group and saturated fatty acid chloride having 5 to 31 carbon atoms and unsaturated fat having 5 to 31 carbon atoms Acid chloride, may be reacted without a solvent at least one or more compounds selected from compounds having 4 to 30 alkyl or alkenyl group with maleic anhydride backbone carbons. Specifically, heating may be performed at about 60 to 140 ° C.
- a catalyst may be used.
- the catalyst examples include pyridine, N, N-dimethylaminopyridine, triethylamine, sodium hydride, tert-butyllithium, lithium diisopropylamide, potassium tert-butoxide, sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium acetate.
- basic catalysts such as
- the defibrating resin, unreacted compound and catalyst may be left as they are, but it is preferable to wash them. This is because, depending on the type of defibrating resin, holes cannot be made well when holes are created by extracting a plasticizer in the manufacture of a separator. It is desirable to use a low boiling point solvent as the cleaning solvent. When the solvent is removed, it is very easy to remove the solvent if it is a low boiling point solvent. Examples of such a low boiling point solvent include acetone, methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and 2-butanone.
- Refined cellulose or modified pulp may be refined by a known and commonly used method, and generally in a water or organic solvent, a refiner, a high-pressure homogenizer, a medium stirring mill, a stone mill, a grinder, a twin screw extruder, a bead mill, etc. Can be defibrated or refined by grinding and / or beating. It can also be obtained by defibrating modified cellulose or modified pulp in a defibrating resin without using water or an organic solvent. The modified cellulose or the modified pulp can be obtained by kneading with a matrix resin and defibrating at the same time.
- a method of defibrating the cellulose or pulp in the defibrating resin without using water or an organic solvent includes a method of adding the cellulose or pulp to the defibrated resin and mechanically giving a cutting force.
- means for giving a cutting force shearing is performed using a bead mill, an ultrasonic homogenizer, an extruder such as a single screw extruder or a twin screw extruder, a known kneader such as a Banbury mixer, a grinder, a pressure kneader, or a two-roller. Can give power.
- the defibrating resin in the present invention known and commonly used resins can be used as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired. Specifically, the polyester resin (A), vinyl resin (B), modified resin can be used. An epoxy resin (C) etc. are mentioned. These may be used alone or in a mixture of two or more.
- the defibrated resin may be used as it is, but is preferably washed. This is because, depending on the type of defibrating resin, holes cannot be made well when holes are created by extracting a plasticizer in the manufacture of a separator. It is desirable to use a low boiling point solvent as the cleaning solvent. When the solvent is removed, it is very easy to remove the solvent if it is a low boiling point solvent. Examples of such a low boiling point solvent include acetone, methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and 2-butanone.
- Modified cellulose nanofiber-containing polyethylene microporous membrane Production of the modified cellulose nanofiber-containing polyethylene microporous membrane of the present invention, 1) a step of melt-kneading a resin composition comprising a polyethylene resin, at least one plasticizer, and a modified cellulose nanofiber having an alkyl group or alkenyl group having 4 to 30 carbon atoms; 2) A step of forming a sheet from the melt-kneaded product obtained by the step 1), 3) A step of stretching the sheet obtained by the step 2) at least in a uniaxial direction with a surface magnification of 4 times or more and less than 100 times, for example, 4) A step of extracting a plasticizer from the stretched product obtained in the step 3) to produce a microporous membrane is included.
- the plasticizers used are specifically hydrocarbons such as liquid paraffin and paraffin wax, dibutyl phthalate, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, dioctyl sebacate, dioctyl adipate, trioctyl trimellitic acid, phosphorus
- hydrocarbons such as liquid paraffin and paraffin wax, dibutyl phthalate, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, dioctyl sebacate, dioctyl adipate, trioctyl trimellitic acid, phosphorus
- esters such as trioctyl acid, and higher alcohols such as oleyl alcohol and stearyl alcohol.
- the ratio of the plasticizer used is melt kneading and sheet molding is possible.
- the proportion of the plasticizer in the resin composition comprising a polyethylene resin, at least one plasticizer, and a modified cellulose nanofiber having an alkyl group or alkenyl group having 4 to 30 carbon atoms is 30 to 30%. 80% by mass is preferable, and 40 to 70% by mass is more preferable.
- the proportion of the plasticizer exceeds 80% by mass, melt kneading becomes difficult.
- the proportion of the plasticizer is less than 30%, the number of pores in the microporous membrane is insufficient.
- the ratio of the modified cellulose nanofiber is a resin composition comprising a polyethylene resin, at least one plasticizer, and a modified cellulose nanofiber having an alkyl group or an alkenyl group having 4 to 30 carbon atoms.
- the content is preferably 1 to 30% by mass, more preferably 5% to 30% by mass, based on the weight excluding the plasticizer. If the amount is less than 1% by mass, improvement in heat shrinkability of the microporous membrane by the modified cellulose nanofiber cannot be expected. Moreover, when it exceeds 30 mass%, melt-kneading and sheet forming will become difficult.
- a method of melt-kneading a resin composition containing a polyethylene resin, at least one plasticizer, and a modified cellulose nanofiber having an alkyl group or an alkenyl group having 4 to 30 carbon atoms includes: What is necessary is just to put a mixture into resin kneading apparatuses, such as an extruder and a kneader, and to knead
- a melt-kneaded product of a resin composition containing a polyethylene resin, at least one plasticizer, and a modified cellulose nanofiber having an alkyl group or alkenyl group having 4 to 30 carbon atoms is heated and melted. It is preferably carried out by extruding into a sheet form through a T die or the like and cooling to a temperature sufficiently lower than the crystallization temperature of the resin.
- the sheet is stretched by heating the sheet and using a tenter method, a roll method, a rolling method or a combination of these methods. Simultaneous biaxial stretching using a tenter is preferred.
- the stretching temperature is a temperature between the crystal dispersion temperature and the crystal melting point of the polyethylene mixture used.
- the temperature is preferably 90 to 140 ° C, more preferably 100 to 140 ° C.
- the draw ratio has a possible range depending on the polyethylene to be used, but is preferably as high as possible within a range where film breakage does not occur during stretching. Higher magnification stretching is preferable because the film thickness of the microporous film becomes thinner.
- the plasticizer is extracted from the stretched product by immersing the stretched product in an extraction solvent.
- the extraction solvent is preferably a solvent that has high plasticizer solubility and does not dissolve polyethylene. Moreover, since it is necessary to dry the solvent, the boiling point of the extraction solvent is preferably lower than the melting point of the polyethylene used, and more preferably 100 ° C. or less.
- extraction solvents include hydrocarbons such as n-hexane and cyclohexane, halogenated hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride and 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and non-chlorine-based solvents such as hydrofluoroether and hydrofluorocarbon.
- Examples thereof include halogenated solvents, alcohols such as ethanol and isopropanol, ethers such as diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran, and ketones such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone.
- a stretching operation can be performed at least once in at least a uniaxial direction.
- the stretching ratio of the stretching after extraction can be set to an arbitrary ratio, but it is preferably within 5 times in the uniaxial direction and within 20 times in the area ratio in the biaxial direction.
- heat setting can be performed in the temperature range from the crystal dispersion temperature to the crystal melting point.
- the modified cellulose nanofiber-containing polyethylene microporous membrane of the present invention can be used as a separator as it is, and can be particularly suitably used for a lithium ion battery.
- the acid value indicates the weight (mg) of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize 1 g of the polyester resin, and the unit is mgKOH / g.
- the polyester resin was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and titrated with a 0.1 N potassium hydroxide methanol solution.
- the hydroxyl value indicates the weight (mg) of potassium hydroxide having the same number of moles as the number of moles of OH groups in 1 g of the polyester resin, and the unit is mgKOH / g. It was determined from the area value of the peak derived from the hydroxyl group in the 13C-NMR spectrum.
- JNM-LA300 manufactured by JEOL Ltd. was used, 10 mg of Cr (acac) 3 was added as a relaxation reagent to a 10 wt% deuterated chloroform solution of the sample, and 13C-NMR was quantitatively measured by a gate decoupling method. Integration was performed 4000 times.
- Defibration condition beads Zirconia beads (diameter: 1 mm) Vessel capacity: 2 liters Bead filling amount: 1216 ml (4612 g) Rotation speed: 2000rpm Vessel temperature: 20 ° C Discharge amount: 600 ml / min
- the obtained CNF slurry was freeze-dried, and the refined state of cellulose was confirmed with a scanning electron microscope. In most celluloses, the length in the minor axis direction of the fibers is finer than 100 nm, which indicates that the cellulose is finely refined.
- the obtained CNF slurry was subjected to suction filtration to obtain a CNF slurry having a solid content concentration of 12.5% by mass.
- ASA alkenyl succinic anhydride modified CNF>
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
- the mixture was added to Trimix TX-5 (Inoue Seisakusho Co., Ltd.), and stirring was started. And dehydrated under reduced pressure at 40-50 ° C.
- 99.1 g of T-NS135 ASA having 16 carbon atoms other than succinic anhydride, manufactured by Seiko PMC Co., Ltd.
- 2.3 g of dimethylaminopyridine 10.57 g of potassium carbonate, and 50 g of NMP were added.
- the reaction was carried out at 0 ° C for 1.5 hours. After the reaction, acetone and ethanol were washed in this order, and suction filtration was performed to obtain ASA-modified CNF slurry 1 having a solid content of 20.0%.
- substitution degree (DS) of ASA-modified CNF was measured by the back titration method, it was 0.40.
- Production Example 2 Production of Mixture 1 of Resin and Cellulose Nanofibers 600 g of polyester resin 1 synthesized in Synthesis Example 1 and 400 g of cellulose powder product “KC Flock W-50GK” manufactured by Nippon Paper Chemical Co., Ltd. Pressurized by Moriyama Seisakusho The mixture was put into a kneader (DS1-5GHH-H) and subjected to pressure kneading at 60 rpm for 600 minutes while applying pressure to carry out finer processing of cellulose to obtain a mixture 1 of resin and cellulose nanofibers.
- a kneader DS1-5GHH-H
- 0.1 g of the obtained mixture 1 is weighed, suspended in acetone so as to have a concentration of 0.1%, and subjected to a dispersion treatment at 15000 rpm for 20 minutes using a TK homomixer type A manufactured by Tokki Kikai Kogyo Co., Ltd.
- the acetone was spread out and dried, and the refined state of cellulose was confirmed with a scanning electron microscope. It was found that the fineness of the cellulose was good because there was cellulose in which the length in the minor axis direction of the fiber was more finely understood than 100 nm.
- Production Example 3 Production of alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA) -modified CNF2 60.0 g of the mixture 1 of the resin and cellulose nanofiber obtained in Production Example 2, T-NS135 (ASA having 16 carbon atoms other than succinic anhydride, 67.0 g manufactured by Seiko PMC Co., Ltd. and 200 ml decomposition type kneader manufactured by Yoshida Manufacturing Co., Ltd. were reacted for 6 hours at 60 rpm while setting the jacket temperature at 130 ° C. to obtain an ASA-modified cellulose nanofiber-containing master batch.
- ASA alkenyl succinic anhydride
- the ASA-modified cellulose nanofiber-containing master batch was washed with acetone and subjected to suction filtration to obtain ASA-modified CNF slurry 2 having a solid content of 20.0%.
- the ASA-modified CNF slurry was dried, and the degree of substitution (DS) of the dried ASA-modified cellulose nanofiber was measured by a back titration method and found to be 0.25.
- Production Example 4 Production of succinic anhydride-modified CNF 70.8 g of the mixture 1 of the resin and cellulose nanofiber obtained in Production Example 2, 59.2 g of succinic anhydride (first grade reagent manufactured by Kanto Chemical), and 200 ml of Yoshida Seisakusho The mixture was put into a mold kneader and reacted at 60 rpm for 6 hours while setting the jacket temperature to 100 ° C. to obtain a master batch containing succinic anhydride-modified cellulose nanofibers. The succinic anhydride-modified cellulose nanofiber-containing master batch was washed with acetone and suction filtered to obtain a succinic anhydride CNF slurry having a solid content of 20.0%. The succinic anhydride-modified CNF slurry was dried, and the degree of substitution (DS) of the dried succinic anhydride-modified cellulose nanofiber was measured by a back titration method and found to be 0.35.
- Example 1 Production of ASA-modified CNF composite microporous membrane 269.5 g of ASA-modified CNF slurry 1 having a solid content of 20.0% obtained in Production Example 1 and polyethylene (Flow Beads HE3040 manufactured by Sumitomo Seika Co., Ltd.) 1 g and 684.4 g of ethanol were mixed. After stirring well, suction filtration was performed to obtain an ASA-modified CNF / polyethylene mixture slurry having a solid content of 20%. 200 g of an ASA-modified CNF / polyethylene mixture slurry having a solid content of 20% was charged into a 2 L glass flask equipped with a stirrer. The flask was immersed in an 80 ° C.
- ASA-modified CNF / polyethylene mixture 1 16.0 g of the ASA-modified CNF / polyethylene mixture 1 and 32.0 g of polyethylene (Hi-Zex 5000S manufactured by Prime Polymer) were mixed and heated and mixed in a laboratory plast mill manufactured by Toyo Seiki Seisakusho. In the heating and mixing, the heating temperature was set to 180 ° C., and heating and mixing were performed at a rotation speed of 100 rpm for 5 minutes. The molten mixture is taken out and cooled.
- the obtained solidified product is sandwiched between metal plates via a polyimide film, compressed at 10 MPa using a hot press set at 180 ° C., and ASA-modified CNF composite polyethylene having a thickness of about 500 ⁇ m.
- Sheet 1 was produced. This sheet was cut into small pieces so as to be about 5 mm square.
- an ASA-modified CNF composite polyethylene sheet 1 of about 5 mm square 1.0 g of polyethylene (Flow Beads HE3040 manufactured by Sumitomo Seika Co., Ltd.), 15.0 g of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (manufactured by Kanto Chemical), flowing 15.0 g of paraffin (manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.) was mixed and heated and mixed in a laboratory plast mill manufactured by Toyo Seiki Seisakusho. In the heat mixing, the heating temperature was set to 200 ° C., and the heat mixing was performed for 10 minutes at a rotation speed of 50 rpm. The molten mixture was taken out and cooled.
- the obtained solidified product was sandwiched between metal plates via a polyimide film and compressed at 10 MPa using a hot press set at 200 ° C. to produce a sheet having an average thickness of 290 ⁇ m.
- This sheet was cut into a 9.5 cm square and biaxially stretched at 120 ° C. at a magnification of 2 times in the machine direction and 2 times in the transverse direction at 120 ° C.
- the stretched film was immersed in methylene chloride, and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate and liquid paraffin were extracted. Thereafter, the sheet was dried at room temperature to obtain an ASA-modified CNF composite polyethylene microporous membrane 1.
- the average film thickness of the ASA-modified CNF composite polyethylene microporous membrane 1 was 55 ⁇ m.
- Example 2 224.6 g of ASA-modified CNF slurry 2 having a solid content of 20.0% obtained in Production Example 3 was mixed with 55.1 g of polyethylene (Flow Beads HE3040 manufactured by Sumitomo Seika Co., Ltd.) and 722.6 g of acetone. After stirring well, suction filtration was performed to obtain an ASA-modified CNF / polyethylene mixture slurry having a shape of 20%. 200 g of an ASA-modified CNF / polyethylene mixture slurry having a solid content of 20% was charged into a 2 L glass flask equipped with a stirrer.
- polyethylene Flow Beads HE3040 manufactured by Sumitomo Seika Co., Ltd.
- the flask was immersed in an oil bath at 80 ° C., and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure while stirring to obtain an ASA-modified CNF / polyethylene mixture 2.
- 16.0 g of the ASA-modified CNF / polyethylene mixture 2 and 32.0 g of polyethylene (Hi-Zex 5000S manufactured by Prime Polymer) were mixed and heated and mixed in a laboratory plast mill manufactured by Toyo Seiki Seisakusho. In the heating and mixing, the heating temperature was set to 180 ° C., and heating and mixing were performed at a rotation speed of 100 rpm for 5 minutes. The molten mixture is taken out and cooled.
- the obtained solidified product is sandwiched between metal plates via a polyimide film, compressed at 10 MPa using a hot press set at 180 ° C., and ASA-modified CNF composite polyethylene having a thickness of about 500 ⁇ m.
- Sheet 2 was produced. This sheet was cut into small pieces so as to be about 5 mm square.
- an ASA-modified CNF composite polyethylene sheet 2 of about 5 mm square 1.0 g of polyethylene (Flow Beads HE3040 manufactured by Sumitomo Seika Co., Ltd.), 15.0 g of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (manufactured by Kanto Chemical), flowing 15.0 g of paraffin (manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.) was mixed and heated and mixed in a laboratory plast mill manufactured by Toyo Seiki Seisakusho. In the heating and mixing, the heating temperature was set to 200 ° C., and heating and mixing were performed at a rotation speed of 50 rpm for 10 minutes. The molten mixture was taken out and cooled.
- the obtained solidified product was sandwiched between metal plates via a polyimide film and compressed at 10 MPa using a hot press set at 200 ° C. to produce a sheet having an average thickness of 290 ⁇ m.
- This sheet was cut into a 9.5 cm square and biaxially stretched at 120 ° C. at a magnification of 2 times in the machine direction and 2 times in the transverse direction at 120 ° C.
- the stretched film was immersed in methylene chloride, and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate and liquid paraffin were extracted. Thereafter, the sheet was dried at room temperature to obtain an ASA-modified CNF composite polyethylene microporous membrane 2.
- the average film thickness of the ASA-modified CNF composite polyethylene microporous membrane 2 was 55 ⁇ m.
- Comparative Example 1 3.9 g of polyethylene (Sumitomo Seika Co., Ltd. Flow Beads HE3040), 16.1 g of polyethylene (Hi-Zex 5000S made of prime polymer), 15.0 g of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (manufactured by Kanto Chemical), liquid paraffin (manufactured by Kanto Kagaku) ) 15.0 g was mixed and heated and mixed in a laboratory plast mill manufactured by Toyo Seiki Seisakusho. In the heating and mixing, the heating temperature was set to 200 ° C., and heating and mixing were performed at a rotation speed of 50 rpm for 10 minutes. The molten mixture was taken out and cooled.
- the obtained solidified product was sandwiched between metal plates via a polyimide film and compressed at 10 MPa using a hot press set at 200 ° C. to produce a sheet having an average thickness of 286 ⁇ m.
- This sheet was cut into a 10 cm square, and biaxially stretched at 120 ° C. at a magnification of 2 times in the machine direction and 2 times in the transverse direction using a biaxial stretching test apparatus manufactured by Toyo Seiki Seisakusho.
- the stretched film was immersed in methylene chloride, and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate and liquid paraffin were extracted. Thereafter, the sheet was dried at room temperature to obtain a polyethylene microporous membrane.
- the average film thickness of the polyethylene microporous film was 60 ⁇ m.
- Comparative Example 2 100 g of ethanol was added to 100 g of “Cerish KY-100G” manufactured by Daicel Finechem Co., Ltd. as cellulose nanofibers, followed by suction filtration after stirring. Ethanol was added to the obtained cellulose nanofiber wet cake to adjust the solid content to 5%.
- 600 g of an ethanol suspension (5% solid content) of the cellulose nanofiber and 70.0 g of polyethylene (Flow Beads HE3040 manufactured by Sumitomo Seika Co., Ltd.) were added. The flask was immersed in an oil bath at 80 ° C., and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure while stirring to obtain a CNF / polyethylene mixture 1.
- a CNF composite polyethylene sheet of about 5 mm square 1.0 g of polyethylene (Flow Beads HE3040 manufactured by Sumitomo Seika Co., Ltd.), 15.0 g of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (manufactured by Kanto Chemical), liquid paraffin (Kanto Chemical) 15.0 g) was mixed and heated and mixed in a laboratory plast mill manufactured by Toyo Seiki Seisakusho. In the heating and mixing, the heating temperature was set to 200 ° C., and heating and mixing were performed at a rotation speed of 50 rpm for 10 minutes. The molten mixture was taken out and cooled.
- the obtained solidified product was sandwiched between metal plates via a polyimide film and compressed at 10 MPa using a hot press set at 200 ° C. to produce a sheet having an average thickness of 290 ⁇ m.
- This sheet was cut into a 9.5 cm square and biaxially stretched at 120 ° C. at a magnification of 2 times in the machine direction and 2 times in the transverse direction at 120 ° C.
- the stretched film was immersed in methylene chloride, and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate and liquid paraffin were extracted. Thereafter, the sheet was dried at room temperature to obtain a CNF composite polyethylene microporous membrane.
- the average film thickness of the CNF composite polyethylene microporous film was 50 ⁇ m.
- Comparative Example 3 Production of CNF Composite Microporous Membrane 12.5 g of the mixture of resin and cellulose nanofiber obtained in Production Example 2 and 37.5 g of polyethylene (Hyzex 5000S made by Prime Polymer) were mixed, and a laboratory manufactured by Toyo Seiki Seisakusho Co., Ltd. The mixture was heated and mixed with a plast mill. In the heating and mixing, the heating temperature was set to 180 ° C., and heating and mixing were performed at a rotation speed of 100 rpm for 5 minutes.
- the melted mixture was taken out and cooled, and the obtained solidified product was sandwiched between metal plates via a polyimide film, and compressed at 10 MPa using a hot press set at 180 ° C., and a CNF composite polyethylene sheet having a thickness of about 500 ⁇ m was obtained. Produced. This sheet was cut into small pieces so as to be about 5 mm square.
- the obtained solidified product was sandwiched between metal plates via a polyimide film and compressed at 10 MPa using a hot press set at 200 ° C. to produce a sheet having an average thickness of 290 ⁇ m.
- This sheet was cut into a 9.5 cm square and biaxially stretched at 120 ° C. at a magnification of 2 times in the machine direction and 2 times in the transverse direction at 120 ° C.
- the stretched film was immersed in methylene chloride, and polyester resin 1, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, and liquid paraffin were extracted. Thereafter, the sheet was dried at room temperature to obtain a CNF composite polyethylene microporous membrane.
- the average film thickness of the CNF composite polyethylene microporous film was 50 ⁇ m.
- Comparative Example 4 182.4 g of anhydrous succinated CNF slurry having a solid content of 20.0% obtained in Production Example 4, 63.5 g of polyethylene (Flow Beads HE3040 manufactured by Sumitomo Seika Co., Ltd.), and 754.1 g of acetone were mixed. After stirring well, suction filtration was performed to obtain an anhydrous succinic modified CNF / polyethylene mixture slurry having a solid content of 20%. 200 g of an anhydrous succinylated CNF / polyethylene mixture slurry having a solid content of 20% was charged into a 2 L glass flask equipped with a stirrer.
- the flask was immersed in an oil bath at 80 ° C., and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure while stirring to obtain an anhydrous succinic modified CNF / polyethylene mixture.
- 16.0 g of an anhydrous succinic modified CNF / polyethylene mixture and 32.0 g of polyethylene (Hi-Zex 5000S manufactured by Prime Polymer Co., Ltd.) were mixed and heated and mixed in a laboratory plast mill manufactured by Toyo Seiki Seisakusho.
- the heating temperature was set to 180 ° C., and heating and mixing were performed at a rotation speed of 100 rpm for 5 minutes.
- the melted mixture is taken out and cooled, and the resulting solidified product is sandwiched between metal plates through a polyimide film, compressed at 10 MPa using a hot press set at 180 ° C., and an anhydrous succinic modified CNF composite having a thickness of about 500 ⁇ m.
- a polyethylene sheet was prepared. This sheet was cut into small pieces so as to be about 5 mm square.
- an ASA-modified CNF composite polyethylene sheet of about 5 mm square 1.0 g of polyethylene (Flow Beads HE3040 manufactured by Sumitomo Seika Co., Ltd.), 15.0 g of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (manufactured by Kanto Chemical), liquid paraffin ( 15.0 g (manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.) was mixed and heated and mixed in a laboratory plast mill manufactured by Toyo Seiki Seisakusho. In the heating and mixing, the heating temperature was set to 200 ° C., and heating and mixing were performed at a rotation speed of 50 rpm for 10 minutes. The molten mixture was taken out and cooled.
- polyethylene Flow Beads HE3040 manufactured by Sumitomo Seika Co., Ltd.
- 15.0 g of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate manufactured by Kanto Chemical
- liquid paraffin 15.0 g (manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co.
- the obtained solidified product was sandwiched between metal plates via a polyimide film and compressed at 10 MPa using a hot press set at 200 ° C. to produce a sheet having an average thickness of 290 ⁇ m.
- This sheet was cut into a 9.5 cm square and biaxially stretched at 120 ° C. at a magnification of 2 times in the machine direction and 2 times in the transverse direction at 120 ° C.
- the stretched film was immersed in methylene chloride, and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate and liquid paraffin were extracted. Thereafter, the sheet was dried at room temperature to obtain an anhydrous succinic modified CNF composite polyethylene microporous membrane.
- the average film thickness of the anhydrous succinic modified CNF composite polyethylene microporous film was 50 ⁇ m.
- the microporous membrane of the present invention is excellent in heat resistance and has a shutdown function, and thus can be suitably used as a separator for a lithium ion battery.
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Abstract
Description
リチウムイオン電池に用いるセパレーターには、シャットダウン性はもちろん、耐熱性、薄膜化、そして強度が求められる。これらの要求を満たす為、無機フィラーの添加や超高分子ポリエチレンの使用、耐熱層のコートや複層構造のセパレーター化など、様々な方法が試みられており、例えば、特許文献2においては、ポリエチレン繊維と極細繊維とを貼りあわせたセパレーターが開示されている。
しかし、製造方法が複雑であったり薄膜化が難しいなどの課題はいまだ解決されていなかった。
本発明における変性セルロースナノファイバーとは、セルロースまたはセルロースナノファイバーに炭素数4~30のアルキル基又はアルケニル基を有する変性セルロースナノファイバーである。
セルロースナノファイバーは、上記セルロースまたはパルプを微細化することで得られる。上記セルロースまたはパルプの微細化は、公知慣用の方法で行えばよく、一般的には水または水性媒体中で、リファイナー、高圧ホモジナイザー、媒体攪拌ミル、石臼、グラインダー、二軸押し出し機、ビーズミル等により磨砕及び/又は叩解することによって解繊又は微細化して製造されるが、特開2005-42283号公報に記載の方法等の公知の方法で製造することもできる。また、微生物(例えば酢酸菌(アセトバクター))を利用して製造することもできる。水または水性媒体を用いず、解繊樹脂中で上記セルロースまたはパルプを解繊することで、得ることもできる。
前記解繊樹脂は、本発明の効果を損ねない範囲であれば公知慣用の樹脂を用いることができるが、具体的にはポリエステル系樹脂(A)、ビニル樹脂(B)、変性エポキシ樹脂(C)等が挙げられる。これらは単独でも2種類以上の混合物で用いても構わない。
前記ポリエステル系樹脂(A)とは、下記一般式(2)で表される1種若しくは2種以上のポリオールと、下記一般式(3)で表される1種若しくは2種以上のポリカルボン酸とを反応させて得られる、ポリエステル樹脂である。
A-(OH)m・・・(2)
[式中、Aは酸素原子を含んでいても良い炭素数1~20の脂肪族炭化水素基、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族基またはヘテロ環芳香族基を表す。mは2~4の整数を表す。]
B-(COOH)n・・・(3)
[式中、Bは炭素数1~20の脂肪族炭化水素基、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族基またはヘテロ環芳香族基を表す。nは2~4の整数を表す。]
1価アルコールとしては、メタノール、エタノール、プロパノール、イソプロパノール、ブタノール、イソブタノール、2-ブタノール、3-ブタノール、n-アミルアルコール、n-ヘキサノール、イソヘキサノール、n-ヘプタノール、イソヘプタノール、n-オクタノール、2-エチルヘキサノール、イソオクタノール、n-ノナノール、イソノナノール、n-デカノール、イソデカノール、イソウンデカノール、ラウリルアルコール、セチルアルコール、デシルアルコール、ウンデシルアルコール、トリデシルアルコール、ベンジルアルコールステアリルアルコール等が挙げられ、これらを1種または2種以上を用いても良い。
1価カルボン酸としては、安息香酸、ヘプタン酸、ノナン酸、カプリル酸、ノナン酸、カプリン酸、ウンデシル酸、ラウリル酸等が挙げられ、これらを1種または2種以上を用いても良い。
ヒドロキシカルボン酸としては、乳酸、グリコール酸、2-ヒドロキシ-n-酪酸、2-ヒドロキシカプロン酸、2-ヒドロキシ3,3-ジメチル酪酸、2-ヒドロキシ-3-メチル酪酸、2-ヒドロキシイソカプロン酸、p―ヒドロキシ安息香酸挙げられ、これらを1種または2種以上を用いても良い。
また、エステル基濃度が6.0mmol/g以上かつ酸価が10KOHmg/g以上であると、好ましい。
より好ましくは酸価10~100KOHmg/g、更に好ましくは10~200KOHmg/g、特に好ましくは10~300KOHmg/gである。
また、エステル基濃度が6.0mmol/g以上かつ水酸基価が10以上であると、好ましい。
より好ましくは水酸基価10~500KOHmg/g、更に好ましくは10~800KOHmg/g、特に好ましくは10~1000KOHmg/gである。
また、前記ポリエステル系樹脂は、エステル基濃度が6.0mmol/g以上で、酸価が10KOHmg/g以上かつ水酸基価が10KOHmg/g以上であると、特に好ましい。
前記ビニル樹脂(B)とは、ビニルモノマーの重合体もしくは共重合体であり、ビニルモノマーとしては、特に制限されないが、例えば、(メタ)アクリル酸エステル誘導体、ビニルエステル誘導体、マレイン酸ジエステル誘導体、(メタ)アクリルアミド誘導体、スチレン誘導体、ビニルエーテル誘導体、ビニルケトン誘導体、オレフィン誘導体、マレイミド誘導体、(メタ)アクリロニトリルが好適に挙げられる。ビニル樹脂(B)としては、その中でも特に(メタ)アクリル酸エステル誘導体を重合して得られる(メタ)アクリル樹脂が特に好ましい。
フマル酸ジエステル誘導体の例としては、フマル酸ジメチル、フマル酸ジエチル、およびフマル酸ジブチルなどが挙げられる。
イタコン酸ジエステル誘導体の例としては、イタコン酸ジメチル、イタコン酸ジエチル、およびイタコン酸ジブチルなどが挙げられる。
前記ビニル樹脂(B)は、官能基を有することがこのましい。これは、希釈樹脂との相互作用により機械特性など成形体の物性を向上させることが可能となるからである。官能基としては、具体的にはハロゲン基(フッ素、塩素)、水酸基、カルボキシル基、アミノ基、シラノール基、シアノ基等が挙げられ、これらを複数種有していてもかまわない。
また、前記ビニル樹脂(B)は、直鎖型ポリマーであっても分岐型ポリマーであってもよく、分岐型ポリマーの場合くし型でも星型でもかまわない。
前記ビニル樹脂(B)の分子量は、数平均分子量が3000以下であることが好ましい。詳細な理由は不明であるが、数平均分子量が3000以下であれば、セルロース繊維への親和性が高まるためではないかと予想される。
前記ビニル樹脂(B)の数平均分子量が3000以下のとき、酸価が30KOHmg/g以上60KOHmg/g未満であるとより好ましい。
前記ビニル樹脂(B)の数平均分子量が3000以下のとき、水酸価が30KOHmg/g以上であると好ましく、50KOHmg/g以上であるとより好ましい。
前記変性エポキシ樹脂(C)とは、エポキシ基を有し、水酸基価が100mgKOH/g以上である変性エポキシ樹脂である。
該変性エポキシ樹脂(C)は、エポキシ樹脂(D)カルボキシル基又はアミノ基を有する化合物(E)とを反応させることで得ることができる。
前記エポキシ樹脂(D)は、分子内にエポキシ基を有する化合物であって、後述するカルボキシル基又はアミノ基を有する化合物(E)と反応して、水酸基価が100mgKOH/g以上である変性エポキシ樹脂(C)を生成するものであればよく、その構造等に特に制限はない。例えば、ビスフェノールA型エポキシ樹脂、ビスフェノールF型エポキシ樹脂、ビスフェノールAD型エポキシ樹脂、ビスフェノールS型エポキシ樹脂、フェノールノボラック型エポキシ樹脂、クレゾールノボラック型エポキシ樹脂、p-tert-ブチルフェノールノボラック型エポキシ樹脂、ノニルフェノールノボラック型エポキシ樹脂、t-ブチルカテコール型エポキシ樹脂等の多価エポキシ樹脂等が挙げられ、更に1価のエポキシ樹脂としては、ブタノール等の脂肪族アルコール、炭素数11~12の脂肪族アルコール、フェノール、p-エチルフェノール、o-クレゾール、m-クレゾール、p-クレゾール、p-ターシャリブチルフェノール、s-ブチルフェノール、ノニルフェノール、キシレノール等の1価フェノール類とエピハロヒドリンとの縮合物、ネオデカン酸等の1価カルボキシル基とエピハロヒドリンとの縮合物等が挙げられ、グリシジルアミンとしては、ジアミノジフェニルメタンとエピハロヒドリンとの縮合物等、多価脂肪族エポキシ樹脂としては、例えば、大豆油、ヒマシ油等の植物油のポリグリシジルエーテルが挙げられ、多価アルキレングリコール型エポキシ樹脂としては、エチレングリコール、プロピレングリコール、1,4-ブタンジオール、1,6-ヘキサンジオール、グリセリン、エリスリトール、ポリエチレングリコール、ポリプロピレングリコール、ポリテトラメチレンエーテルグリコール、トリメチロールプロパンとエピハロヒドリンとの縮合物等、更には特開2005-239928号公報記載の水性エポキシ樹脂等が挙げられ、これらは1種類で用いても、2種類以上を併用しても良い。
本発明におけるカルボキシル基又はアミノ基を有する化合物(E)は、上記エポキシ樹脂(D)と反応して水酸基価が100mgKOH/g以上である変性エポキシ樹脂(C)を生成するものであればよく、カルボキシル基を有する化合物(E1)と、アミノ基を有する化合物(E2)と、カルボキシル基及びアミノ基を有する化合物(E3)のいずれか1種以上を用いることができる。
また、カルボキシル基又はアミノ基を有する化合物(E)においてさらに水酸基を有するカルボキシル基又はアミノ基を有する化合物(E4)は、エポキシ化合物(D)と反応した際に変性エポキシ樹脂(C)に高い水酸基価を付与できるため、特に好ましい。
本発明におけるカルボキシル基を有する化合物(E1)とは、カルボキシル基を一つ以上有する化合物である。カルボキシル基を一つ有する化合物として、具体的には、ギ酸、酢酸、プロピオン酸、ブタン酸、ペンタン酸、ヘキサン酸、ヘプタン酸、オクタン酸、ノナン酸、デカン酸、クロロ酢酸、トリフルオロ酢酸、イソプロピル酸、イソステアリン酸、ネオデカン酸、などの脂肪酸、安息香酸、メチル安息香酸、ジメチル安息香酸、トリメチル安息香酸、フェニル酢酸、4-イソプロピル安息香酸、2-フェニルプロパン酸、2-フェニルアクリル酸、3-フェニルプロパン酸、ケイ被酸などの芳香族カルボン酸等が挙げられる。カルボキシル基を二つ以上有する化合物として、具体的には、コハク酸、アジピン酸、テレフタレート酸、イソフタル酸、ピロメリット酸などのカルボン酸類、及びこれらの無水物を挙げることができる。さらに、マレイン酸、無水マレイン酸、フマル酸、イタコン酸、シトラコン酸、クロルマレイン酸及びこれらのエステル等があり、ハロゲン化無水マレイン酸等、アコニット酸などのα,β-不飽和二塩基酸やジヒドロムコン酸等のβ,γ-不飽和二塩基酸が挙げられる。また、飽和二塩基酸およびその無水物として、フタル酸、無水フタル酸、ハロゲン化無水フタル酸、イソフタル酸、テレフタル酸、ニトロフタル酸、テトラヒドロフタル酸、テトラヒドロ無水フタル酸、エンドメチレンテトラヒドロ無水フタル酸、ハロゲン化無水フタル酸及びこれらのエステル等があり、ヘキサヒドロフタル酸、ヘキサヒドロ無水フタル酸、ヘキサヒドロテレフタル酸、ヘキサヒドロイソフタル酸、1,4-シクロヘキサンジカルボン酸、1,3-シクロヘキサンジカルボン酸、メチルヘキサヒドロフタル酸、ヘット酸、1,1-シクロブタンジカルボン酸、シュウ酸、コハク酸、コハク酸無水物、マロン酸、グルタル酸、アジピン酸、アゼライン酸、ピメリン酸、スベリン酸、アゼライン酸、セバシン酸、1,12-ドデカン2酸,2,6-ナフタレンジカルボン酸、2,7-ナフタレンジカルボン酸、2,3-ナフタレンジカルボン酸、2,3-ナフタレンジカルボン酸無水物、4,4’-ビフェニルジカルボン酸等が挙げられる。
本発明におけるアミノ基を有する化合物(E2)とは、アミノ基を一つ以上有する化合物である。具体的には、アミノ基を一つ有する化合物として、メチルアミン、エチルアミン、ジメチルアミン、ジエチルアミン、プロピルアミン、ブチルアミン、N,N-ジメチル-2-プロパンアミン、アニリン、トルイジン、2-アミノアントラセンなどをあげることができる。2つ以上のアミノ基を有する化合物としては、エチレンジアミン、1,3-プロパンジアミン、1,4-ブタンジアミン、1,6-ヘキサメチレンジアミン、1,4-シクロヘキサンジアミン、3-アミノメチル-3,5,5-トリメチルシクロヘキシルアミン、ピペラジン、2,5-ジメチルピペラジン、イソホロンジアミン、4,4’-シクロヘキシルメタンジアミン、ノルボルナンジアミン、ヒドラジン、ジエチレントリアミン、トリエチレントリアミン、1,3-ビス(アミノメチル)シクロヘキサン、キシリレンジアミンなどをあげることができる。
本発明におけるカルボキシル基及びアミノ基を有する化合物(E3)とは、カルボキシル基とアミノ基を一つずつ以上有する化合物である。代表的にはアミノ酸が挙げられ、さらに水酸基を有しても構わない。具体的には、アラニン、アルギニン、アスパラギン、アスオアラギン酸、システイン、グルタミン、グルタミン酸、グリシン、ヒスチジン、イソロイシン、ロイシン、リシン、メチオニン、フェニルアラニン、プロリン、セリン、トレオニン、トリプトファン、チロシン、バリン、アミノラク酸、テアニン、トリコロミン酸、カイニン酸等が挙げられる。
さらに水酸基を有する、カルボキシル基又はアミノ基を有する化合物(E4)とは、カルボキシル基またはアミノ基を有し、さらに水酸基を一つ以上有する化合物である。具体的には、グリコール酸、グリセリン酸、ヒドロキシプロピオン酸、ヒドロキシラク酸、リンゴ酸、2,3-ジヒドロキシブタン二酸、クエン酸、イソクエン酸、メバロン酸、バントイン酸、リシノール酸、ジメチロールプロピオン酸、ジメチロールブタン酸、ヒドロキシフェニルプロパン酸、マンデル酸、ベンジル酸、ヒドロキシメチルアミン、ヒドロキシエチルアミン、ヒドロキシプロピルアミンなどが挙げられる。
使用する重合溶媒は特に制限はない。例えば、メタノール、エタノール、イソプロパノール、1-ブタノール、第3級ブタノール、イソブタノール、ジアセトンアルコール、アセトン、メチルエチルケトン、ジエチルケトン、メチルイソブチルケトン、シクロヘキサノン、ジブチルエーテル、テトラヒドロフラン、ジオキサン、エチレングリコールモノメチルエーテル、ジエチレングリコールモノメチルエーテル、ジエチレングリコールモノエチルエーテル、ジエチレングリコールジエチルエーテル、ブチルセロソルブ、トルエン、キシレン、酢酸エチル、酢酸イソブチル等が挙げられる。また、これらの溶媒は単独で使用しても良いし、混合して使用しても良い。
具体的には、三フッ化ホウ素、ベンジルトリメチルアンモニウムクロリド、ジメチルアミノピリジン、ピリジン、8-ジアザビシクロ[5.4.0]ウンデカ-7-エン、トリフェニルホスフィンなどが挙げられる。
本発明において、解繊樹脂と上記セルロースまたはパルプの比率は任意に変更が可能であるが、解繊樹脂の比率が少なすぎたり、高すぎたりすると十分な上記セルロースまたはパルプの微細化効果を得ることができない。セルロースと解繊樹脂との組成物中の上記セルロースまたはパルプの比率は10質量%-90質量%、好ましくは30質量%-80質量%、より好ましくは40質量%-70質量%となる事である。
その他、セルロースナノファイバー、または、セルロース、または、パルプを沸点150℃以上の非プロトン性極性溶媒に分散させ蒸留により脱水する方法が挙げられる
100ml三角フラスコに、乾燥した変性セルロースナノファイバー、または、変性セルロース、または、変性パルプを約0.5g、精秤する。
エタノール5ml、蒸留水5mlを加え室温で30分攪拌する。0.5N水酸化ナトリウム溶液10mlを加え、三角フラスコに冷却管を取り付け、80℃の湯浴中で60分攪拌し、セルロースと炭素数4~30のアルキル基又はアルケニル基を持つ修飾基の間のエステル結合を加水分解する。その後、室温になるよう攪拌しながら冷却する。
得られた混合液に85%フェノールフタレインのエタノール溶液を数滴加えた後、0.1N塩酸水溶液で逆滴定する。
以下の計算式より変性セルロースナノファイバーの置換度(DS)を計算する。
DS=X/((Y-Z×(M-18))/162)
X:加水分解時に炭素数4~30のアルキル基又はアルケニル基を持つ修飾基から生じた酸のmol数。以下の式にて算出。
X=(0.5×10-0.1*Y)/L
Y:逆滴定に要した0.1N塩酸水溶液のml
L:加水分解時に炭素数4~30のアルキル基又はアルケニル基を持つ修飾基から生じた酸の価数
M:加水分解時に炭素数4~30のアルキル基又はアルケニル基を持つ修飾基から生じた酸(未中和状態)の分子量
Z:精秤した変性セルロースナノファイバー、または、変性セルロース、または、変性パルプの重量
本発明にける解繊樹脂は、本発明の効果を損ねない範囲であれば公知慣用の樹脂を用いることができるが、具体的には前記ポリエステル系樹脂(A)、ビニル樹脂(B)、変性エポキシ樹脂(C)等が挙げられる。これらは単独でも2種類以上の混合物で用いても構わない。
本発明において、解繊樹脂と上記変性セルロースまたは変性パルプの比率は任意に変更が可能である。
本発明の変性セルロースナノファイバー含有ポリエチレン微多孔膜の製造は、
1)ポリエチレン樹脂と、少なくとも1種類以上の可塑剤と、炭素数4~30のアルキル基又はアルケニル基を有する変性セルロースナノファイバーとを含む樹脂組成物を溶融混練する工程、
2)1)の工程により得られた溶融混練物からシートを成形する工程、
3)2)の工程により得られたシートを、例えば面倍率が4倍以上100倍未満で少なくとも一軸方向に延伸する工程、
4)3)の工程により得られた延伸物から可塑剤を抽出し、微多孔膜を作製する工程を含む。
本発明の変性セルロースナノファイバー含有ポリエチレン微多孔膜は、そのままセパレーターとして使用することができ、リチウムイオン電池用として特に好適に使用できる。
窒素ガス導入管、還流コンデンサ、攪拌機を備えた2Lのガラス製フラスコにジエチレングリコール758.2g(7.14mol、仕込みモル比0.53)、アジピン酸652.6g(4.47mol、仕込みモル比0.33)、無水マレイン酸183.9g(1.88mol、仕込みモル比0.14)を仕込み、窒素気流下に、加熱を開始した。内温200℃にて、常法にて脱水縮合反応を行った。酸価が13KOHmg/gになったところで、直ちに150℃まで冷却し、2,6-ジ-tert-ブチル-p-クレゾールを仕込み原料重量に対し100ppm添加した。さらに室温まで冷却し水酸基価89KOHmg/gのポリエステル系樹脂1を得た。
酸価は、ポリエステル系樹脂1gを中和するのに必要な水酸化カリウムの重量(mg)を示しており、単位はmgKOH/gである。
テトラヒドロフランにポリエステル系樹脂を溶解して、0.1規定の水酸化カリウムメタノール溶液で滴定して求めた。
水酸基価は、ポリエステル系樹脂1g中のOH基のモル数と同じモル数の水酸化カリウムの重量(mg)を示しており、単位はmgKOH/gである。
13C-NMRスペクトルにおける、水酸基に由来するピークの面積値から求めた。測定装置は、日本電子製JNM-LA300を用い、試料の10wt%重クロロホルム溶液に緩和試薬としてCr(acac)3 10mgを加え、ゲートデカップリング法による13C-NMRの定量測定を行なった。積算は4000回行なった。
<ビーズミルによるセルロースナノファイバーの調整)
針葉樹漂白クラフトパルプ(NBKP)のスラリー(スラリー濃度:2質量%)をシングルディスクリファイナー(熊谷理機工業株式会社製)にて、カナディアンスタンダードフリーネスが100ml以下となるまでリファイナー処理を繰り返し、リファイナー処理NBKPスラリーを得た。
次いで、リファイナー処理NBKPスラリーに水を加えて固形分濃度0.75%とし、0.75%リファイナー処理NBKPスラリー10kgをアイメックス株式会社製のビーズミルを用いて、以下の条件にて解繊を行った。
解繊条件
ビーズ:ジルコニアビーズ(直径:1mm)
ベッセル容量:2リットル
ビーズ充填量:1216ml(4612g)
回転数:2000rpm
ベッセル温度:20℃
吐出量:600ml/分
得られたCNFスラリーを凍結乾燥して、走査型電子顕微鏡にてセルロースの微細化状態を確認した。ほとんどのセルロースにおいて、繊維の短軸方向の長さが100nmより細かく解れていることから、セルロースの微細化が良好であることが分かった。
得られたCNFスラリーは吸引ろ過を行い、固形分濃度12.5質量%のCNFスラリーを得た。
<アルケニル無水コハク酸(ASA)変性CNFの調整>
製造例2での固形分濃度12.5質量%のCNFスラリー494gをN-メチルピロリドン(NMP)を247g加え、トリミックスTX-5(株式会社井上製作所製)に投入した後、攪拌を開始し、40~50℃で減圧脱水した。次いで、T-NS135(無水コハク酸以外の炭素数が16のASA、星光PMC株式会社製)を99.1g、ジメチルアミノピリジンを2.3g、炭酸カリウムを10.57g、NMPを50g加え、62℃で1.5時間反応させた。反応後、アセトン、エタノールの順で洗浄し、吸引ろ過を行い、固形分20.0%のASA変性CNFスラリー1を得た。逆滴定法によりASA変性CNFの置換度(DS)を測定したころ、0.40であった。
合成例1で合成したポリエステル系樹脂1を600g、日本製紙ケミカル社製のセルロースパウダー製品「KCフロックW-50GK」を400g、森山製作所製加圧ニーダー(DS1-5GHH-H)に投入し、加圧しながら60rpmで600分間加圧混練を行ってセルロースの微細化処理を行い、樹脂とセルロースナノファイバーの混合物1を得た。得られた混合物1を0.1g量り取り、0.1%の濃度となるようにアセトンに懸濁し、特殊機械工業(株)製TKホモミキサーA型を用いて15000rpm20分間分散処理を行い、ガラス上に広げてアセトンを乾燥し、走査型電子顕微鏡にてセルロースの微細化状態を確認した。繊維の短軸方向の長さが100nmより細かく解れているセルロースが存在したことから、セルロースの微細化が良好であることが分かった。
製造例2で得られた樹脂とセルロースナノファイバーの混合物1を60.0g、T-NS135(無水コハク酸以外の炭素数が16のASA、星光PMC株式会社製)を67.0g、吉田製作所製200ml分解型ニーダーに投入し、ジャケット温度を130℃としながら60rpmで6時間反応を行い、ASA変性セルロースナノファイバー含有マスタバッチを得た。ASA変性セルロースナノファイバー含有マスタバッチをアセトンで、洗浄し、吸引ろ過を行い、固形分20.0%のASA変性CNFスラリー2を得た。ASA変性CNFスラリーを乾燥し、乾燥ASA変性セルロースナノファイバーの置換度(DS)を逆滴定法で測定したところ、0.25であった。
製造例2で得られた樹脂とセルロースナノファイバーの混合物1を70.8g、無水コハク酸(関東化学製一級試薬)を59.2g、吉田製作所製200ml分解型ニーダーに投入し、ジャケット温度を100℃としながら60rpmで6時間反応を行い、無水コハク酸変性セルロースナノファイバー含有マスタバッチを得た。無水コハク酸変性セルロースナノファイバー含有マスタバッチをアセトンで、洗浄し、吸引ろ過を行い、固形分20.0%の無水コハク酸CNFスラリーを得た。無水コハク酸変性CNFスラリーを乾燥し、乾燥無水コハク酸変性セルロースナノファイバーの置換度(DS)を逆滴定法で測定したところ、0.35であった。
製造例1で得られた固形分20.0%のASA変性CNFスラリー1を269.5g、ポリエチレン(住友精化株式会社製フロービーズHE3040)46.1g、エタノール684.4gを混合した。よく攪拌した後、吸引ろ過を行い、固形分20%のASA変性CNF/ポリエチレン混合物スラリーを得た。攪拌機を備えた2Lのガラス製フラスコに、固形分20%のASA変性CNF/ポリエチレン混合物スラリーを200g投入した。フラスコを80℃のオイルバスに浸し、攪拌しながら溶媒を減圧除去し、ASA変性CNF/ポリエチレン混合物1を得た。ASA変性CNF/ポリエチレン混合物1を16.0g、とポリエチレン(プライムポリマー製ハイゼクス5000S)32.0gを混合し、株式会社東洋精機製作所製ラボプラストミルにて加熱混合した。加熱混合は、加熱温度を180℃に設定し、回転数100rpmで5分間加熱混合した。溶融した混合物を取り出して冷却し、得られた固化物をポリイミドフィルムを介して金属板にはさみ、180℃に設定した熱プレス機を用い10MPaで圧縮し、厚さ約500μmのASA変性CNF複合ポリエチレンシート1を作製した。このシートを約5mm角になるように細かく裁断した。
次いで約5mm角のASA変性CNF複合ポリエチレンシート1を19.0g、ポリエチレン(住友精化株式会社製フロービーズHE3040)1.0g、フタル酸ジ-2-エチルヘキシル(関東化学製)15.0g、流動パラフィン(関東化学製)15.0gを混合し、株式会社東洋精機製作所製ラボプラストミルにて加熱混合した。加熱混合は、加熱温度を200℃に設定し、回転数50rpmで10分間加熱混合した。溶融した混合物を取り出して冷却し、得られた固化物をポリイミドフィルムを介して金属板にはさみ、200℃に設定した熱プレス機を用い10MPaで圧縮し、平均厚さ290μmのシートを作製した。このシートを9.5cm角に裁断し、株式会社東洋精機製作所製二軸延伸試験装置を用いて、120℃にて縦方向に2倍、横方向に2倍の倍率で二軸延伸した。延伸したフィルムを塩化メチレンに浸漬し、フタル酸ジ-2-エチルヘキシル、流動パラフィンを抽出した。その後、シートを室温で乾燥しASA変性CNF複合ポリエチレン微多孔膜1を得た。ASA変性CNF複合ポリエチレン微多孔膜1の平均膜厚は55μmであった。
製造例3で得られた固形分20.0%のASA変性CNFスラリー2を224.6g、ポリエチレン(住友精化株式会社製フロービーズHE3040)55.1g、アセトン722.6gを混合した。よく攪拌した後、吸引ろ過を行い、形分20%のASA変性CNF/ポリエチレン混合物スラリーを得た。攪拌機を備えた2Lのガラス製フラスコに、固形分20%のASA変性CNF/ポリエチレン混合物スラリーを200g投入した。フラスコを80℃のオイルバスに浸し、攪拌しながら溶媒を減圧除去し、ASA変性CNF/ポリエチレン混合物2を得た。ASA変性CNF/ポリエチレン混合物2を16.0g、とポリエチレン(プライムポリマー製ハイゼクス5000S)32.0gを混合し、株式会社東洋精機製作所製ラボプラストミルにて加熱混合した。加熱混合は、加熱温度を180℃に設定し、回転数100rpmで5分間加熱混合した。溶融した混合物を取り出して冷却し、得られた固化物をポリイミドフィルムを介して金属板にはさみ、180℃に設定した熱プレス機を用い10MPaで圧縮し、厚さ約500μmのASA変性CNF複合ポリエチレンシート2を作製した。このシートを約5mm角になるように細かく裁断した。
次いで約5mm角のASA変性CNF複合ポリエチレンシート2を19.0g、ポリエチレン(住友精化株式会社製フロービーズHE3040)1.0g、フタル酸ジ-2-エチルヘキシル(関東化学製)15.0g、流動パラフィン(関東化学製)15.0gを混合し、株式会社東洋精機製作所製ラボプラストミルにて加熱混合した。加熱混合は、加熱温度を200℃に設定し、回転数50rpmで10分間加熱混合した。溶融した混合物を取り出して冷却し、得られた固化物をポリイミドフィルムを介して金属板にはさみ、200℃に設定した熱プレス機を用い10MPaで圧縮し、平均厚さ290μmのシートを作製した。このシートを9.5cm角に裁断し、株式会社東洋精機製作所製二軸延伸試験装置を用いて、120℃にて縦方向に2倍、横方向に2倍の倍率で二軸延伸した。延伸したフィルムを塩化メチレンに浸漬し、フタル酸ジ-2-エチルヘキシル、流動パラフィンを抽出した。その後、シートを室温で乾燥しASA変性CNF複合ポリエチレン微多孔膜2を得た。ASA変性CNF複合ポリエチレン微多孔膜2の平均膜厚は55μmであった。
ポリエチレン(住友精化株式会社製フロービーズHE3040)3.9g、ポリエチレン(プライムポリマー製ハイゼクス5000S)16.1g、フタル酸ジ-2-エチルヘキシル(関東化学製)15.0g、流動パラフィン(関東科学製)15.0gを混合し、株式会社東洋精機製作所製ラボプラストミルにて加熱混合した。加熱混合は、加熱温度を200℃に設定し、回転数50rpmで10分間加熱混合した。溶融した混合物を取り出して冷却し、得られた固化物をポリイミドフィルムを介して金属板にはさみ、200℃に設定した熱プレス機を用い10MPaで圧縮し、平均厚さ286μmのシートを作製した。このシートを10cm角に裁断し、株式会社東洋精機製作所製二軸延伸試験装置を用いて、120℃にて縦方向に2倍、横方向に2倍の倍率で二軸延伸した。延伸したフィルムを塩化メチレンに浸漬し、フタル酸ジ-2-エチルヘキシル、流動パラフィンを抽出した。その後、シートを室温で乾燥しポリエチレン微多孔膜を得た。ポリエチレン微多孔膜の平均膜厚は60μmであった。
セルロースナノファイバーとして、ダイセルファインケム株式会社製「セリッシュKY-100G」を100gに対し、エタノールを100g添加し、撹拌後吸引濾過を行った。得られたセルロースナノファイバーのウエットケーキに対し、エタノールを添加して固形分5%に調整した。攪拌機を備えた2Lのガラス製フラスコに、該セルロースナノファイバーのエタノール混濁液(5%固形分)を600gとポリエチレン(住友精化株式会社製フロービーズHE3040)70.0gを投入した。フラスコを80℃のオイルバスに浸し、攪拌しながら溶媒を減圧除去し、CNF/ポリエチレン混合物1を得た。CNF/ポリエチレン混合物1を16.0g、とポリエチレン(プライムポリマー製ハイゼクス5000S)32.0gを混合し、株式会社東洋精機製作所製ラボプラストミルにて加熱混合した。加熱混合は、加熱温度を180℃に設定し、回転数100rpmで5分間加熱混合した。溶融した混合物を取り出して冷却し、得られた固化物をポリイミドフィルムを介して金属板にはさみ、180℃に設定した熱プレス機を用い10MPaで圧縮し、厚さ約500μmのASA変性CNF複合ポリエチレンシートを作製した。このシートを約5mm角になるように細かく裁断した。
次いで約5mm角のCNF複合ポリエチレンシート19.0g、ポリエチレン(住友精化株式会社製フロービーズHE3040)1.0g、フタル酸ジ-2-エチルヘキシル(関東化学製)15.0g、流動パラフィン(関東化学製)15.0gを混合し、株式会社東洋精機製作所製ラボプラストミルにて加熱混合した。加熱混合は、加熱温度を200℃に設定し、回転数50rpmで10分間加熱混合した。溶融した混合物を取り出して冷却し、得られた固化物をポリイミドフィルムを介して金属板にはさみ、200℃に設定した熱プレス機を用い10MPaで圧縮し、平均厚さ290μmのシートを作製した。このシートを9.5cm角に裁断し、株式会社東洋精機製作所製二軸延伸試験装置を用いて、120℃にて縦方向に2倍、横方向に2倍の倍率で二軸延伸した。延伸したフィルムを塩化メチレンに浸漬し、フタル酸ジ-2-エチルヘキシル、流動パラフィンを抽出した。その後、シートを室温で乾燥しCNF複合ポリエチレン微多孔膜を得た。CNF複合ポリエチレン微多孔膜の平均膜厚は50μmであった。
製造例2で得られた樹脂とセルロースナノファイバーの混合物12.5gとポリエチレン(プライムポリマー製ハイゼクス5000S)37.5gを混合し、株式会社東洋精機製作所製ラボプラストミルにて加熱混合した。加熱混合は、加熱温度を180℃に設定し、回転数100rpmで5分間加熱混合した。溶融した混合物を取り出して冷却し、得られた固化物をポリイミドフィルムを介して金属板にはさみ、180℃に設定した熱プレス機を用い10MPaで圧縮し、厚さ約500μmのCNF複合ポリエチレンシートを作製した。このシートを約5mm角になるように細かく裁断した。
次いで約5mm角のCNF複合ポリエチレンシート19.0g、ポリエチレン(住友精化株式会社製フロービーズHE3040)3.4g、ポリエチレン(プライムポリマー製ハイゼクス5000S)0.4g、フタル酸ジ-2-エチルヘキシル(関東化学製)12.2g、流動パラフィン(関東化学製)15.0gを混合し、株式会社東洋精機製作所製ラボプラストミルにて加熱混合した。加熱混合は、加熱温度を200℃に設定し、回転数50rpmで10分間加熱混合した。溶融した混合物を取り出して冷却し、得られた固化物をポリイミドフィルムを介して金属板にはさみ、200℃に設定した熱プレス機を用い10MPaで圧縮し、平均厚さ290μmのシートを作製した。このシートを9.5cm角に裁断し、株式会社東洋精機製作所製二軸延伸試験装置を用いて、120℃にて縦方向に2倍、横方向に2倍の倍率で二軸延伸した。延伸したフィルムを塩化メチレンに浸漬し、ポリエステル系樹脂1、フタル酸ジ-2-エチルヘキシル、流動パラフィンを抽出した。その後、シートを室温で乾燥しCNF複合ポリエチレン微多孔膜を得た。CNF複合ポリエチレン微多孔膜の平均膜厚は50μmであった。
製造例4で得られた固形分20.0%の無水コハク変性CNFスラリー182.4g、ポリエチレン(住友精化株式会社製フロービーズHE3040)63.5g、アセトン754.1gを混合した。よく攪拌した後、吸引ろ過を行い、固形分20%の無水コハク変性CNF/ポリエチレン混合物スラリーを得た。攪拌機を備えた2Lのガラス製フラスコに、固形分20%の無水コハク変性CNF/ポリエチレン混合物スラリーを200g投入した。フラスコを80℃のオイルバスに浸し、攪拌しながら溶媒を減圧除去し、無水コハク変性CNF/ポリエチレン混合物を得た。無水コハク変性CNF/ポリエチレン混合物を16.0g、とポリエチレン(プライムポリマー製ハイゼクス5000S)32.0gを混合し、株式会社東洋精機製作所製ラボプラストミルにて加熱混合した。加熱混合は、加熱温度を180℃に設定し、回転数100rpmで5分間加熱混合した。溶融した混合物を取り出して冷却し、得られた固化物をポリイミドフィルムを介して金属板にはさみ、180℃に設定した熱プレス機を用い10MPaで圧縮し、厚さ約500μmの無水コハク変性CNF複合ポリエチレンシートを作製した。このシートを約5mm角になるように細かく裁断した。
次いで約5mm角のASA変性CNF複合ポリエチレンシート19.0g、ポリエチレン(住友精化株式会社製フロービーズHE3040)1.0g、フタル酸ジ-2-エチルヘキシル(関東化学製)15.0g、流動パラフィン(関東化学製)15.0gを混合し、株式会社東洋精機製作所製ラボプラストミルにて加熱混合した。加熱混合は、加熱温度を200℃に設定し、回転数50rpmで10分間加熱混合した。溶融した混合物を取り出して冷却し、得られた固化物をポリイミドフィルムを介して金属板にはさみ、200℃に設定した熱プレス機を用い10MPaで圧縮し、平均厚さ290μmのシートを作製した。このシートを9.5cm角に裁断し、株式会社東洋精機製作所製二軸延伸試験装置を用いて、120℃にて縦方向に2倍、横方向に2倍の倍率で二軸延伸した。延伸したフィルムを塩化メチレンに浸漬し、フタル酸ジ-2-エチルヘキシル、流動パラフィンを抽出した。その後、シートを室温で乾燥し無水コハク変性CNF複合ポリエチレン微多孔膜を得た。無水コハク変性CNF複合ポリエチレン微多孔膜の平均膜厚は50μmであった。
走査型電子顕微鏡にて、10000倍と30000倍の倍率で開孔を確認した。
閉孔試験(シャットダウン性試験)
微多孔膜を1cm×5cmの大きさに裁断し、ガラス板上に置き短辺の一辺を耐熱テープで固定した。120℃のオーブンで30分間加熱した。冷却後、走査型電子顕微鏡にて、30000倍の倍率で閉孔を確認した。
収縮率
微多孔膜を1cm×5cmの大きさに裁断し、ガラス板上に置き短辺の一辺を耐熱テープで固定した。120℃、130℃、140℃、150℃のオーブンで30分間加熱した。冷却後、長辺の収縮率を測定し、収縮率が5%未満は◎、5%以上10%未満は○、10%以上15%未満は△、15%以上は×とした。
Claims (5)
- 炭素数4~30のアルキル基又はアルケニル基を有する変性セルロースナノファイバーを含有することを特徴とする、変性セルロースナノファイバー含有ポリエチレン微多孔膜。
- 前記変性セルロースナノファイバーが、非水系樹脂中でセルロースを解繊して得られるセルロースナノファイバーを変性して得られる変性セルロースナノファイバーである、請求項1に記載の変性セルロースナノファイバー含有ポリエチレン微多孔膜。
- 前記変性セルロースナノファイバーが、非水系樹脂中で変性セルロースまたは変性パルプを解繊して得られる変性セルロースナノファイバーである、請求項1に記載の変性セルロースナノファイバー含有ポリエチレン微多孔膜。
- セパレーターである、請求項1から3に記載の変性セルロースナノファイバー含有ポリエチレン微多孔膜。
- 請求項4に記載のセパレーターを有することを特徴とする、リチウムイオン電池。
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US14/417,247 US20150171395A1 (en) | 2012-07-27 | 2013-07-16 | Modified-cellulose-nanofiber containing polyethylene fine porous film, separator, and lithium-ion battery including the same |
KR1020147028341A KR101701784B1 (ko) | 2012-07-27 | 2013-07-16 | 변성 셀룰로오스 나노 파이버 함유 폴리에틸렌 미다공막, 세퍼레이터, 및 그것을 사용한 리튬 이온 전지 |
CN201380039777.2A CN104508027A (zh) | 2012-07-27 | 2013-07-16 | 含改性纤维素纳米纤维的聚乙烯微多孔膜、隔膜、以及使用其的锂离子电池 |
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