Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
  • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
  • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
  • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
  • B01D53/9445—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC]
  • B01D53/9454—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC] characterised by a specific device
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
  • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
  • F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
  • F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
  • F01N3/033—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices
  • F01N3/035—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices with catalytic reactors
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
  • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
  • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
  • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
  • B01D53/9445—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC]
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
  • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
  • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
  • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
  • B01D53/9445—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC]
  • B01D53/945—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC] characterised by a specific catalyst
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
  • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
  • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
  • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
  • B01D53/9459—Removing one or more of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, or hydrocarbons by multiple successive catalytic functions; systems with more than one different function, e.g. zone coated catalysts
  • B01D53/9463—Removing one or more of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, or hydrocarbons by multiple successive catalytic functions; systems with more than one different function, e.g. zone coated catalysts with catalysts positioned on one brick
  • B01D53/9472—Removing one or more of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, or hydrocarbons by multiple successive catalytic functions; systems with more than one different function, e.g. zone coated catalysts with catalysts positioned on one brick in different zones
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
  • B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
  • B01J23/46—Ruthenium, rhodium, osmium or iridium
  • B01J23/464—Rhodium
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
  • B01J23/54—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
  • B01J23/56—Platinum group metals
  • B01J23/63—Platinum group metals with rare earths or actinides
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/19—Catalysts containing parts with different compositions
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  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
  • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
  • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
  • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
  • F01N3/101—Three-way catalysts
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
  • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
  • F02B5/00—Engines characterised by positive ignition
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2255/00—Catalysts
  • B01D2255/10—Noble metals or compounds thereof
  • B01D2255/102—Platinum group metals
  • B01D2255/1021—Platinum
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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  • B01D2255/10—Noble metals or compounds thereof
  • B01D2255/102—Platinum group metals
  • B01D2255/1023—Palladium
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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  • B01D2255/10—Noble metals or compounds thereof
  • B01D2255/102—Platinum group metals
  • B01D2255/1025—Rhodium
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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  • B01D2255/90—Physical characteristics of catalysts
  • B01D2255/903—Multi-zoned catalysts
  • B01D2255/9032—Two zones
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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  • B01D2255/90—Physical characteristics of catalysts
  • B01D2255/908—O2-storage component incorporated in the catalyst
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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  • B01D2255/00—Catalysts
  • B01D2255/90—Physical characteristics of catalysts
  • B01D2255/915—Catalyst supported on particulate filters
  • B01D2255/9155—Wall flow filters
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2258/00—Sources of waste gases
  • B01D2258/01—Engine exhaust gases
  • B01D2258/014—Stoichiometric gasoline engines
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/50—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their shape or configuration
  • B01J35/56—Foraminous structures having flow-through passages or channels, e.g. grids or three-dimensional monoliths
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
  • B01J35/63—Pore volume
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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  • B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
  • B01J35/64—Pore diameter
  • B01J35/657—Pore diameter larger than 1000 nm
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/0009—Use of binding agents; Moulding; Pressing; Powdering; Granulating; Addition of materials ameliorating the mechanical properties of the product catalyst
  • B01J37/0027—Powdering
  • B01J37/0036—Grinding
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
  • B01J37/024—Multiple impregnation or coating
  • B01J37/0248—Coatings comprising impregnated particles
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
  • F01N2250/00—Combinations of different methods of purification
  • F01N2250/02—Combinations of different methods of purification filtering and catalytic conversion
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
  • F01N2330/00—Structure of catalyst support or particle filter
  • F01N2330/30—Honeycomb supports characterised by their structural details
  • F01N2330/48—Honeycomb supports characterised by their structural details characterised by the number of flow passages, e.g. cell density
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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  • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
  • F01N2510/00—Surface coverings
  • F01N2510/06—Surface coverings for exhaust purification, e.g. catalytic reaction
  • F01N2510/068—Surface coverings for exhaust purification, e.g. catalytic reaction characterised by the distribution of the catalytic coatings
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
  • F01N2510/00—Surface coverings
  • F01N2510/06—Surface coverings for exhaust purification, e.g. catalytic reaction
  • F01N2510/068—Surface coverings for exhaust purification, e.g. catalytic reaction characterised by the distribution of the catalytic coatings
  • F01N2510/0682—Surface coverings for exhaust purification, e.g. catalytic reaction characterised by the distribution of the catalytic coatings having a discontinuous, uneven or partially overlapping coating of catalytic material, e.g. higher amount of material upstream than downstream or vice versa
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
  • F01N2570/00—Exhaust treating apparatus eliminating, absorbing or adsorbing specific elements or compounds
  • F01N2570/10—Carbon or carbon oxides
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
  • F01N2570/00—Exhaust treating apparatus eliminating, absorbing or adsorbing specific elements or compounds
  • F01N2570/12—Hydrocarbons
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
  • F01N2570/00—Exhaust treating apparatus eliminating, absorbing or adsorbing specific elements or compounds
  • F01N2570/14—Nitrogen oxides
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
  • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
  • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
  • Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a filter catalysed with a three-way catalyst for filtering particulate matter from exhaust gas emitted from a positive ignition internal combustion engine.
• Positive ignition engines cause combustion of a hydrocarbon and air mixture using spark ignition. Contrastingly, compression ignition engines cause combustion of a hydrocarbon by injecting the hydrocarbon into compressed air. Positive ignition engines can be fuelled by gasoline fuel, gasoline fuel blended with oxygenates including methanol and/or ethanol, liquid petroleum gas or compressed natural gas.
• a three-way catalyst typically contains one or more platinum group metals, particularly those selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium and rhodium.
• TWCs are intended to catalyse three simultaneous reactions: (i) oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide, (ii) oxidation of unburned hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water; and (iii) reduction of nitrogen oxides to nitrogen and oxygen. These three reactions occur most efficiently when the TWC receives exhaust gas from an engine running at or about the stoichiometric point.
• the quantity of carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NO x ) emitted when gasoline fuel is combusted in a positive ignition (e.g. spark-ignited) internal combustion engine is influenced predominantly by the air-to-fuel ratio in the combustion cylinder.
• An exhaust gas having a stoichiometrically balanced composition is one in which the concentrations of oxidising gases ( ⁇ and 0 2 ) and reducing gases (HC and CO) are substantially matched.
• the air-to-fuel ratio that produces this stoichiometrically balanced exhaust gas composition is typically given as 14.7: 1.
• the engine should be operated in such a way that the air-to-fuel ratio of the combustion mixture produces the stoichiometrically balanced exhaust gas composition.
• a way of defining the compositional balance between oxidising gases and reducing gases of the exhaust gas is the lambda ( ⁇ ) value of the exhaust gas, which can be defined according to equation (1) as: Actual engine air-to-fuel ratio/Stoichiometric engine air-to-fuel ratio, (1) wherein a lambda value of 1 represents a stoichiometrically balanced (or stoichiometric) exhaust gas composition, wherein a lambda value of >1 represents an excess of O2 and NO x and the composition is described as "lean” and wherein a lambda value of ⁇ 1 represents an excess of HC and CO and the composition is described as "rich”.
• the air-to-fuel ratio is controlled by an engine control unit, which receives information about the exhaust gas composition from an exhaust gas oxygen (EGO) (or lambda) sensor: a so-called closed loop feedback system.
• EGO exhaust gas oxygen
• lambda lambda
• a feature of such a system is that the air-to-fuel ratio oscillates (or perturbates) between slightly rich of the stoichiometric (or control set) point and slightly lean, because there is a time lag associated with adjusting air-to-fuel ratio.
• This perturbation is characterised by the amplitude of the air-to-fuel ratio and the response frequency (Hz).
• the active components in a typical TWC comprise one or both of platinum and palladium in combination with rhodium, or even palladium only (no rhodium), supported on a high surface area oxide, and an oxygen storage component.
• the exhaust gas composition is slightly rich of the set point, there is a need for a small amount of oxygen to consume the unreacted CO and HC, i.e.
• the most commonly used oxygen storage component (OSC) in modern TWCs is cerium oxide (CeC ⁇ ) or a mixed oxide containing cerium, e.g. a Ce/Zr mixed oxide.
• Ambient PM is divided by most authors into the following categories based on their aerodynamic diameter (the aerodynamic diameter is defined as the diameter of a 1 g/cm 3 density sphere of the same settling velocity in air as the measured particle):
• Nanoparticles characterised by diameters of less than 50 nm.
• Nuclei mode particles are believed to be composed mostly of volatile condensates (hydrocarbons, sulfuric acid, nitric acid etc.) and contain little solid material, such as ash and carbon.
• Accumulation mode particles are understood to comprise solids (carbon, metallic ash etc.) intermixed with condensates and adsorbed material (heavy hydrocarbons, sulfur species, nitrogen oxide derivatives etc.)
• Coarse mode particles are not believed to be generated in the diesel combustion process and may be formed through mechanisms such as deposition and subsequent re-entrainment of particulate material from the walls of an engine cylinder, exhaust system, or the particulate sampling system. The relationship between these modes is shown in Figure 1.
• the composition of nucleating particles may change with engine operating conditions, environmental condition (particularly temperature and humidity), dilution and sampling system conditions.
• Laboratory work and theory have shown that most of the nuclei mode formation and growth occur in the low dilution ratio range. In this range, gas to particle conversion of volatile particle precursors, like heavy hydrocarbons and sulfuric acid, leads to simultaneous nucleation and growth of the nuclei mode and adsorption onto existing particles in the accumulation mode.
• Laboratory tests see e.g. SAE 980525 and SAE 2001-01-0201 have shown that nuclei mode formation increases strongly with decreasing air dilution temperature but there is conflicting evidence on whether humidity has an influence.
• Diesel filters can be defined as deep-bed filters and/or surface-type filters. In deep-bed filters, the mean pore size of filter media is bigger than the mean diameter of collected particles. The particles are deposited on the media through a combination of depth filtration mechanisms, including diffusional deposition (Brownian motion), inertial deposition (impaction) and flow-line interception (Brownian motion or inertia).
• depth filtration mechanisms including diffusional deposition (Brownian motion), inertial deposition (impaction) and flow-line interception (Brownian motion or inertia).
• the pore diameter of the filter media is less than the diameter of the PM, so PM is separated by sieving. Separation is done by a build-up of collected diesel PM itself, which build-up is commonly referred to as “filtration cake” and the process as “cake filtration”.
• diesel particulate filters such as ceramic wallflow monoliths
• Depth filtration is characterized by somewhat lower filtration efficiency and lower pressure drop than the cake filtration.
• Other techniques suggested in the art for separating gasoline PM from the gas phase include vortex recovery.
• the Euro 6 PM standard will be phased in over a number of years with the standard from the beginning of 2014 being set at 6.0 x 10 12 per km (Euro 6) and the standard set from the beginning of 2017 being 6.0 x 10 11 per km (Euro 6+).
• the new Euro 6 (Euro 6 and Euro 6+) emission standard presents a number of challenging design problems for meeting gasoline emission standards.
• how to design a filter, or an exhaust system including a filter, for reducing the number of PM gasoline (positive ignition) emissions, yet at the same time meeting the emission standards for non-PM pollutants such as one or more of oxides of nitrogen (NO x ), carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbons (HC), all at an acceptable back pressure, e.g. as measured by maximum on-cycle backpressure on the EU drive cycle.
• US 2009/0193796 discloses an emission treatment system downstream of a gasoline direct injection engine for treatment of an exhaust gas comprising hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and particulates, the emission treatment system optionally comprising a particulate trap zone-coated with an oxidation catalyst comprising platinum group metal consisting of platinum and palladium.
• US 2010/0275579 discloses a catalytically active particulate filter comprising a filter element and a catalytically active coating composed of two layers. The first layer is in contact with the in-flowing exhaust gas while the second layer is in contact with the out-flowing exhaust gas. Both layers contain aluminium oxide. The first layer contains palladium, the second layer contains an oxygen-storing mixed cerium/zirconium oxide in addition to rhodium.
• WO 2010/097634 discloses a filter for filtering particulate matter (PM) from exhaust gas emitted from a positive ignition engine, which filter comprising a porous substrate having inlet surfaces and outlet surfaces, wherein the inlet surfaces are separated from the outlet surfaces by a porous structure containing pores of a first mean pore size, wherein the porous substrate is coated with a washcoat comprising a plurality of solid particles wherein the porous structure of the washcoated porous substrate contains pores of a second mean pore size, and wherein the second mean pore size is less than the first mean pore size.
• the washcoat is catalysed and in a particular embodiment the catalyst is a TWC.
• EP 1136115 Al discloses a three way catalyst for purifying an exhaust gas comprising an upstream side catalyst and a downstream side catalyst.
• the invention provides a catalysed filter for filtering particulate matter from exhaust gas emitted from a positive ignition internal combustion engine, which filter comprising a porous substrate having a total substrate length and having inlet surfaces and outlet surfaces, wherein the inlet surfaces are separated from the outlet surfaces by a porous structure containing pores of a first mean pore size, wherein the porous substrate is coated with a three- way catalyst washcoat composition comprising at least one precious metal selected from the group consisting of (i) platinum and rhodium; (ii) palladium and rhodium; and (iii) platinum, palladium and rhodium, supported on a high surface area oxide, and an oxygen storage component, wherein the porous structure of the washcoated porous substrate contains pores of a second mean pore size, wherein the second mean pore size is less than the first mean pore size, which three-way catalyst washcoat being axially arranged on the porous substrate between a first zone comprising the inlet surfaces of
• such feature is homogeneously applied between the inlet and outlet surfaces. So, for example, since feature (i) defines only the washcoat loading, the total precious metal loading is substantially the same (homogeneous) in both the first zone and the second zone. Similarly, in feature (ii), the total precious metal loading is defined. Therefore, the washcoat loading is homogeneously applied between the first zone and the second zone.
• Mean pore size can be determined by mercury porosimetry.
• the porous substrate is preferably a monolith substrate and can be a metal, such as a sintered metal, or a ceramic, e.g. silicon carbide, cordierite, aluminium nitride, silicon nitride, aluminium titanate, alumina, mullite e.g., acicular mullite (see e.g. WO 01/16050), pollucite, a thermet such as A ⁇ C ⁇ /Fe, AI2O 3 /N1 or B 4 C/Fe, or composites comprising segments of any two or more thereof.
• a metal such as a sintered metal
• a ceramic e.g. silicon carbide, cordierite, aluminium nitride, silicon nitride, aluminium titanate, alumina, mullite e.g., acicular mullite (see e.g. WO 01/16050), pollucite, a thermet such as A ⁇ C ⁇ /Fe, AI2O 3 /
• the filter is a wallflow filter comprising a ceramic porous filter substrate having a plurality of inlet channels and a plurality of outlet channels, wherein each inlet channel and each outlet channel is defined in part by a ceramic wall of porous structure, wherein each inlet channel is separated from an outlet channel by a ceramic wall of porous structure.
• This filter arrangement is also disclosed in SAE 8101 14, and reference can be made to this document for further details.
• the filter can be a foam, or a so-called partial filter, such as those disclosed in EP 1057519 or WO 01/080978. It is a particular feature of the present invention that washcoat loadings used in the first, upstream zone can be higher than the previously regarded highest washcoat loadings, e.g.
• the washcoat loading in the first zone is >1.60 g in -3 , and in preferred embodiments the washcoat loading in the first zone is >2.4 g in -3 . Preferably, however, the washcoat loading in the first zone is ⁇ 3.0 g/in 3 .
• the washcoat loading of the second zone is zero.
• the TWC washcoat composition in the first zone can comprise one or both of platinum and palladium in combination with rhodium, palladium only (no platinum or rhodium) or rhodium only (no platinum or palladium), supported on a high surface area oxide, e.g. gamma alumina, and an oxygen storage component, e.g. comprising a mixed oxide comprising cerium.
• the sum of the substrate length in the first zone and the substrate length in the second zone > 100%, i.e. there is no gap in the axial direction, or there is axial overlap, between the first zone on the inlet surface and the second zone on the outlet surface.
• the length of axial overlap between inlet and outlet surface coatings can be >10%, e.g. 10-30%, i.e. the sum of the substrate length in the first zone and the substrate length in the second zone >1 10%, e.g. 110-130%.
• the substrate length in the first zone can be the same as or different from that of the second zone. So, where the first zone length is the same as the second zone length the porous substrate is coated in a ratio of 1 : 1 between the inlet surface and the outlet surface. However, in one embodiment, the substrate length in the first zone ⁇ the substrate length in the second zone.
• the substrate length in the first zone ⁇ the substrate length in the second zone, e.g. ⁇ 45%. In preferred embodiments, the substrate zone length in the first zone is ⁇ 40%, e.g. ⁇ 35% of the total substrate length.
• the total precious metal loading in the first zone > the total precious metal loading in the second zone. In particularly preferred embodiments, the total precious metal loading in the first zone is >50gft "3 , but is preferably between 60-250gft "3 , and is typically from 70-150gft "3 .
• Total precious metal loadings in the second zone can be e.g. ⁇ 50gft "3 , e.g. ⁇ 30gft "3 such as ⁇ 20gft "3 .
• the first and second zones comprise a surface washcoat, wherein a washcoat layer substantially covers surface pores of the porous structure and the pores of the washcoated porous substrate are defined in part by spaces between the particles (interparticle pores) in the washcoat.
• Methods of making surface coated porous filter substrates include introducing a polymer, e.g. poly vinyl alcohol (PVA), into the porous structure, applying a washcoat to the porous filter substrate including the polymer and drying, then calcining the coated substrate to burn out the polymer.
• PVA poly vinyl alcohol
• Methods of coating porous filter substrates include, without limitation, the method disclosed in WO 99/47260, i.e. a method of coating a monolithic support, comprising the steps of (a) locating a containment means on top of a support, (b) dosing a pre-determined quantity of a liquid component into said containment means, either in the order (a) then (b) or (b) then (a), and (c) by applying pressure or vacuum, drawing said liquid component into at least a portion of the support, and retaining substantially all of said quantity within the support.
• Such process steps can be repeated from another end of the monolithic support following drying of the first coating with optional firing/calcination.
• the method disclosed in WO 2011/080525 can be used, i.e. comprising the steps of: (i) holding a honeycomb monolith substrate substantially vertically; (ii) introducing a pre-determined volume of the liquid into the substrate via open ends of the channels at a lower end of the substrate; (iii) sealingly retaining the introduced liquid within the substrate; (iv) inverting the substrate containing the retained liquid; and (v) applying a vacuum to open ends of the channels of the substrate at the inverted, lower end of the substrate to draw the liquid along the channels of the substrate.
• a mean interparticle pore size of the porous washcoat is 5.0nm to 5.0 ⁇ , such as 0.1-1.0 ⁇ .
• TWC composition for use in the first aspect of the present invention generally comprises one or both of platinum and palladium in combination with rhodium supported on a high surface area oxide, e.g. gamma alumina, and an oxygen storage component, e.g. comprising a mixed oxide comprising cerium.
• a high surface area oxide e.g. gamma alumina
• an oxygen storage component e.g. comprising a mixed oxide comprising cerium.
• the mean size (D50) of the solid washcoat particles is in the range 1 to 40 ⁇ .
• the oxygen storage components may have a different particle size from the high surface area oxide. So, an OSC may have a D50 between 1-10 ⁇ , such as from 4 and 6 ⁇ ; and a high surface area oxide may have a D50 of between 1-10 ⁇ , such as from 4 and 6 ⁇ .
• the D90 of solid washcoat particles is in the range of from 0.1 to 20 ⁇ .
• the D90 of the OSC may be different from that of the high surface area oxide. So, the D90 of the OSC can be ⁇ 18 ⁇ and the D90 of the high surface area oxide can be ⁇ 20 ⁇ .
• D50 and D90 measurements were obtained by Laser Diffraction Particle Size Analysis using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000, which is a volume-based technique (i.e. D50 and D90 may also be referred to as D v 50 and D v 90 (or D(v,0.50) and D(v,0.90)) and applies a mathematical Mie theory model to determine a particle size distribution.
• Diluted washcoat samples were prepared by sonication in distilled water without surfactant for 30 seconds at 35 watts.
• the porous substrate is a monolith substrate.
• the porous substrate for use in the present invention is a ceramic wall flow filter made from e.g. cordierite, or silicon carbide or any of the other materials described hereinabove.
• substrate monoliths other than flow-through monoliths can be used as desired, e.g. partial filters (see e.g. WO 01/080978 or EP 1057519), metal foam substrates etc.
• the cell density of diesel wallfiow filters in practical use can be different from wallflow filters for use in the present invention in that the cell density of diesel wallflow filters is generally 300 cells per square inch (cpsi) or less, e.g. 100 or 200 cpsi, so that the relatively larger diesel PM components can enter inlet channels of the filter without becoming impacted on the solid frontal area of the diesel particulate filter, thereby caking and fouling access to the open channels, whereas wallflow filters for use in the present invention can be up to 300 cpsi or greater, such as 350 cpsi, 400, cpsi, 600 cpsi, 900 cpsi or even 1200 cpsi.
• An advantage of using higher cell densities is that the filter can have a reduced cross- section, e.g. diameter, than diesel particulate filters, which is a useful practical advantage that increases design options for locating exhaust systems on a vehicle.
• the benefit of filters for use in the invention is substantially independent of the porosity of the uncoated porous substrate.
• Porosity is a measure of the percentage of void space in a porous substrate and is related to backpressure in an exhaust system: generally, the lower the porosity, the higher the backpressure.
• the porosity of filters for use in the present invention are typically >40% or >50% and porosities of 45-75% such as 50-65% or 55-60% can be used with advantage.
• the mean pore size of the washcoated porous substrate is important for filtration. So, it is possible to have a porous substrate of relatively high porosity that is a poor filter because the mean pore size is also relatively high.
• the first mean pore size e.g. of surface pores of the porous structure of the porous filter substrate is from 8 to 45 ⁇ , for example 8 to 25 ⁇ , 10 to 20 ⁇ or 10 to 15 ⁇ .
• the first mean pore size is >18 ⁇ such as from 15 to 45 ⁇ , 20 to 45 ⁇ ⁇ . ⁇ . 20 ⁇ 30 ⁇ , ⁇ 25 ⁇ 45 ⁇ .
• the present invention provides an exhaust system for a positive ignition internal combustion engine comprising a catalysed filter according to the first aspect of the present invention, wherein the first zone is disposed upstream of the second zone.
• the exhaust system comprises a flow through monolith substrate comprising a three-way catalyst composition disposed upstream of the catalysed filter.
• the invention provides a positive ignition engine comprising an exhaust system according to the second aspect of the present invention.
• Positive ignition internal combustion engines such as spark ignition internal combustion engines, for use in this aspect of the invention can be fuelled by gasoline fuel, gasoline fuel blended with oxygenates including methanol and/or ethanol, liquid petroleum gas or compressed natural gas.
• the filter according to the invention could obviously be used in combination with other exhaust system aftertreatment components to provide a full exhaust system aftertreatment apparatus, e.g. a low thermal mass TWC upstream of the filter and/or downstream catalytic elements, e.g. NO x trap or SCR catalyst, according to specific requirements.
• a low thermal mass TWC disposed upstream of the filter according to the invention.
• a filter according to the invention upstream or downstream of a NO x trap.
• the filter according to the present invention can be used as a standalone catalytic exhaust system aftertreatment component. That is, in certain applications the filter according to the present invention is adjacent and in direct fluid communication with the engine without intervening catalysts therebetween; and/or an exit to atmosphere from an exhaust gas aftertreatment system is adjacent to and in direct fluid communication with the filter according to the present invention without intervening catalysts therebetween.
• An additional requirement of a TWC is a need to provide a diagnosis function for its useful life, so called "on-board diagnostics" or OBD.
• OBD on-board diagnostics
• a problem in OBD arises where there is insufficient oxygen storage capacity in the TWC, because OBD processes for TWCs use remaining oxygen storage capacity to diagnose remaining catalyst function.
• the invention provides a method of simultaneously converting carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen and particulate matter in the exhaust gas of a positive ignition internal combustion engine, which method comprising the step of contacting the gas with a catalysed filter according to the first aspect of the present invention.
• Figure 1 is a graph showing the size distributions of PM in the exhaust gas of a diesel engine. For comparison, a gasoline size distribution is shown at Figure 4 of SAE 1999-01-3530;
• Figure 2 is a schematic drawing of an embodiment of a washcoated porous filter substrate according to the invention
• Figure 3 is a schematic drawing of an embodiment of an exhaust system according to the invention.
• Figure 2 shows a cross-section through a porous filter substrate 10 comprising a surface pore 12.
• Figure 2 shows an embodiment, featuring a porous surface washcoat layer 14 comprised of solid washcoat particles, the spaces between which particles define pores (interparticle pores). It can be seen that the washcoat layer 14 substantially covers the pore 12 of the porous structure and that a mean pore size of the interparticle pores 16 is less than the mean pore size 12 of the porous filter substrate 10.
• Figure 3 shows an apparatus 11 according to the invention comprising a vehicular positive ignition engine 13 and an exhaust system 15 therefor.
• Exhaust system 15 comprises a conduit 17 linking catalytic aftertreatment components, namely a Pd-Rh-based TWC coated onto an inert cordierite flowthrough substrate 18 disposed close to the exhaust manifold of the engine (the so-called close coupled position). Downstream of the close-coupled catalyst 18 in turn is a zoned Pd-Rh-based TWC coated onto a cordierite wall-flow filter 20 having a total length and comprising inlet channels coated to a length of one third of the total length measured from an upstream or inlet end of the wall-flow filter with a washcoat loading of 2.8 gin "3 comprising a relatively high precious metal loading of 85 gft "3 (80Pd:5Rh), which coating defining a first zone 22.
• catalytic aftertreatment components namely a Pd-Rh-based TWC coated onto an inert cordierite flowthrough substrate 18 disposed close to the exhaust manifold of the engine (the so-called close coupled position).
• the outlet channels are coated with a Pd-Rh-based TWC coated on two thirds of the total length of the wall-flow filter measured from the downstream or outlet end of the wall-flow filter with a washcoat loading of 1.0 gin "3 comprising a relatively low precious metal loading of 18 gft " 3 (16Pd:2Rh), which coating defining a second zone 24.
• a washcoat loading of 1.0 gin "3 comprising a relatively low precious metal loading of 18 gft " 3 (16Pd:2Rh), which coating defining a second zone 24.
• Two cordierite wall-flow filters of dimensions 4.66 x 5.5 inches, 300 cells per square inch, wall thickness 12 thousandths of an inch and having a mean pore size of 20 ⁇ and a porosity of 65% were each coated with a TWC composition in a different configuration from the other.
• the TWC composition was milled to a d90 ⁇ 17 ⁇ ) so that the coating when applied would be expected preferentially to locate more at the surface of a wallflow filter wall ("on-wall").
• a first filter (referred to in Table 1 as having a "Homogeneous" washcoat loading) was coated in channels intended for the inlet side of the filter with a TWC washcoat zone extending for a targeted 33.3% of the total length of the filter substrate measured from the open channel ends with a washcoat comprising a precious metal loading of 85 g/ft 3 (80Pd:5Rh) and at a washcoat loading of 2.4 g/in 3 .
• the outlet channels were coated to a length of 66.6% of the total length of the filter substrate measured from the open channel ends with a washcoat comprising a precious metal loading of 18 g/ft 3 (16Pd:2Rh) at a washcoat loading also of 2.4 g/in 3 .
• the washcoat loading was homogeneous between the first and second zones, but the platinum group metal loading in the first zone > second zone. That is, the first filter is according to claim 1 , feature (ii).
• a second filter (referred to in Table 1 as having a "Zoned" washcoat loading) was coated in the inlet channels with a TWC washcoat zone extending for a targeted 33.33% of the total length of the filter substrate measured from the open channel ends with a washcoat comprising a precious metal loading of 85 g/ft 3 (80Pd:5Rh) and at a washcoat loading of 2.8 g/in 3 .
• the outlet channels were coated to a length of 66.66% of the total length of the filter substrate measured from the open channel ends with a washcoat comprising a precious metal loading of 18 g/ft 3 (16Pd:2Rh) at a washcoat loading of 1.0 g/in 3 .
• the second filter is according to claim 1, feature (iii).
• the total precious metal content of the first and second filters was identical.
• Each filter was hydrothermally oven-aged at 1100°C for 4 hours and installed in a close- coupled position on a Euro 5 passenger car with a 2.0L direct injection gasoline engine.
• Each filter was evaluated over a minimum of three MVEG-B drive cycles, measuring the reduction in particle number emissions relative to a reference catalyst.
• the reference catalyst was a TWC coated homogeneously onto a 600 cells per square inch cordierite flowthrough substrate monolith having the same dimensions as the first and second filters and at a washcoat loading of 3gin "3 and a precious metal loading of 33gft "3 (30Pd:3Rh).
• the backpressure differential was determined between sensors mounted upstream and downstream of the filter (or reference catalyst).
• the Euro 5/6 implementing legislation introduces a new PM mass emission measurement method developed by the UN/ECE Particulate Measurement Programme (PMP) which adjusts the PM mass emission limits to account for differences in results using old and the new methods.
• PMP Particulate Measurement Programme
• the Euro 5/6 legislation also introduces a particle number emission limit (PMP method), in addition to the mass-based limits.
• Two cordierite wall-flow filters of dimensions 4.66 x 4.5 inches, 300 cells per square inch, wall thickness 12 thousandths of an inch, mean pore size of 20 ⁇ and a porosity of 65% were each coated with a TWC composition in a different configuration from the other.
• the TWC composition was milled to a d90 ⁇ 17 ⁇ ) so that the coating when applied would be expected preferentially to locate more at the surface of a wallflow filter wall ("on-wall").
• a third filter (referred to in Table 2 as having a "Homogeneous" platinum group metal loading (Comparative Example)) was coated in channels intended for the inlet side of the filter and outlet side of the filter with a TWC washcoat zone extending for a targeted 50% of the total length of the filter substrate measured from the open channel ends with a washcoat comprising a precious metal loading of 60gft "3 (57Pd:3Rh) and at a washcoat loading of 2.4 g/in 3 .
• a fourth filter (referred to in Table 2 as having a "Zoned” PGM loading) was coated in channels intended for the inlet side of the filter with a TWC washcoat zone extending for a targeted 50% of the total length of the filter substrate measured from the open channel ends with a washcoat comprising lOOg/ft "3 precious metal (97Pd:3Rh) at a washcoat loading of 2.4 g/in 3 ; and the outlet channels were coated with a TWC washcoat zone extending for a targeted 50% of the total length of the filter substrate measured from the open channel ends with a washcoat comprising 20 g/ft "3 precious metal (17Pd:3Rh), also at a washcoat loading of 2.4 g/in 3 . That is, the fourth filter is according to claim 1, feature (ii).
• the total precious metal content of the third and fourth filters was identical. Each filter was hydrothermally oven-aged at 1100°C for 4 hours and installed in a close- coupled position on a Euro 5 passenger car with a 1.4L direct injection gasoline engine. Each filter was evaluated over a minimum of three MVEG-B drive cycles, measuring the reduction in particle number emissions relative to a reference catalyst. Peak backpressure (BP) was also evaluated in the same way as described in Example 1.
• Hydrocarbon light-off temperature (the temperature at which the catalyst catalyses the conversion of hydrocarbons in the feed gas at 50% efficiency or greater) was evaluated on a separate engine mounted in a laboratory test cell. This engine was a 2.0 litre turbo charged direct injection gasoline engine. The exhaust gas temperature was carefully regulated and increased from 250-450°C over a given period of time through the use of a combination of a temperature heat sink and increasing throttle position, during which time the conversion efficiency of the catalyst was measured and reported.
• Two cordierite wall-flow filters of dimensions 4.66 x 5.5 inches, 300 cells per square inch, wall thickness 12 thousandths of an inch and having a mean pore size of 20 ⁇ and a porosity of 65% were each coated with a TWC composition in a different configuration from the other.
• a first, reference filter was zone coated homogeneously to a length of 50% of total filter length from the inlet end and to a length of 50% of total filter length from the outlet end with the same three-way catalyst washcoat at 40g/ft 3 total platinum group metals and to a total of 1.6 g/in 3 washcoat loading.
• a second filter was zone coated with an identical three-way catalyst washcoat to that which was used in the reference Example to a length of 50% of total length of the filter from the inlet end.
• the outlet end zone was left bare of any washcoat.
• a total platinum group metal loading in the first, inlet zone was 80g/ft "3 at a washcoat loading of 2.4 g/in "3 , i.e. the platinum group metal loading was identical between the reference Example and the filter according to the present invention.
• the coated filters were each hydrothermally oven aged in 10% water/air for 5 hours at 950°C.
• Cold flow back pressure of each part was measured at room temperature using a SuperFlow ® backpressure laboratory test apparatus drawing air at room temperature and pressure. The results are set out in the following Table, from which it can be seen that the results that for the range of flow rates tested, the back pressure generated by the reference Example is significantly higher than for the filter according to the invention for the same precious metal loading.

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