Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/4353—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
  • A61K31/4365—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems the heterocyclic ring system having sulfur as a ring hetero atom, e.g. ticlopidine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D495/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D495/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D495/04—Ortho-condensed systems

Definitions

• the invention relates to 5-acyl-6,7-dihydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridines that are useful for treating pancreatic cancer and other types of cancers that are associated with aberrant expression of Hedgehog proteins.
• Pancreatic cancer is the fourth most common cause of cancer death in the world, and it has a poor prognosis. For all stages combined, the 1- and 5-year relative survival rates are 25% and 6%, respectively; the median survival for locally advanced and for metastatic disease, which collectively represent over 80%> of individuals, is about 10 and 6 months respectively. It is estimated that in the United States in 2012 there will be 43,920 new cases and 37,390 deaths.
• Hedgehog and Sonic Hedgehog are signaling proteins that mediate growth and patterning during embryonic development. These proteins act as morphogens to form long and short range signaling gradients. Hh is expressed in flies, while vertebrates express 3 family members: Sonic, Indian and Desert, of which Shh is the best studied. Shh regulates limb development, cell proliferation and differentiation. In adult tissues, aberrant Shh expression or signaling is implicated in the biogenesis of multiple human cancers, including medulloblastoma, basal cell carcinoma, liver, pancreatic and urogenital tumors [See Pasca di Magliano, M., and Hebrok, M. (2003) Hedgehog signalling in cancer formation and maintenance, Nat Rev Cancer 3, 903-911.]
• Hedgehog proteins undergo a unique set of post-translational processing reactions.
• Shh is synthesized as a 45kDa precursor that traffics through the secretory pathway. After the signal sequence is removed, Shh undergoes autocleavage to generate a 19 kDa N- terminal signaling molecule, ShhN. During this reaction, cholesterol is attached to the C- terminus of ShhN.
• the N-terminal cysteine residue of ShhN is modified by palmitoylation. Unlike nearly all other known palmitoylated proteins, palmitate is attached via an amide bond to the N-terminus of ShhN. Palmitoylation of Hh and Shh is critical for effective long- and short-range signaling.
• Hhat Hethog acyltransferase
• MBOAT membrane -bound O-acyl transferase
• Most MBOAT family members catalyze transfer of long chain fatty acids to hydroxyl groups of lipids; however, Hhat is one of three MBOAT proteins that transfer fatty acids to protein substrates. In each case, fatty acid modification of the substrate protein is essential for its signaling function.
• the compounds of the invention are useful as anticancer agents, particularly in treatment of Shh-driven cancers such as pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, osteosarcoma and small cell lung cancer.
• Shh-driven cancers such as pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, osteosarcoma and small cell lung cancer.
• the invention relates to a compound of formula I
• R and R" are independently selected from H, halogen, (Ci-C4)hydrocarbyl, (Ci-C4)alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, cyano and nitro;
• R is selected from (Ci-Cio)hydrocarbyl, (Ci-Ce)oxaalkyl and heterocyclylalkyl; and R 4 is selected from H, methyl, halomethyl, dihalomethyl, and trihalomethyl.
• the invention in another aspect, relates to a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound of formula I.
• the invention in another aspect, relates to a method for treating an Shh-driven cancer comprising administering to a patient having such a cancer a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I.
• Figure 1 depicts a graph of tumor volume versus time comparing cells in which Shh and Hhat have been suppressed with control cells.
• Figure 2 depicts a bar graph showing counts per minute of radiolabeled palmitate residue incorporated into Shh peptide with controls and in the presence and absence of compounds 13 and 14.
• Figure 3 depicts a bar graph showing cell counts of human pancreatic cancer cells in the presence and absence of compound 13.
• the invention relates to a compound of formula I
• A is chosen from pyrrolidine, furan, thiophene
• R may be H and R may be H or methyl.
• A is phenyl.
• R 1 may be ortho relative to the point of attachment of phenyl to the thieno[3,2-c]pyridine and R may be para to the point of attachment of phenyl to the thieno[3,2-c]pyridine.
• Such compounds would be represented by formula II:
• R may be H or methyl and R may be chosen from
• R and R may be the same and may be chosen from H and halogen.
• R may be selected from (Ci-Cio)alkyl, (Ci-Ce)oxaalkyl and heterocyclylalkyl.
• R may be chosen from (C 3 -C6)alkyl, (C 3 - C6)alkenyl, (C 3 -Ce)cycloalkyl, (Ci-Ce)oxaalkyl, furanyl(Ci-C4)alkyl, thienyl(Ci-C4)alkyl, pyrrolyl(Ci-C4)alkyl, pyrrolidinyl(Ci-C4)alkyl and tetrahydrofuranyl(Ci-C4)alkyl.
• R is methoxyethyl, methoxypropyl, ethoxypropyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, allyl or furanylmethyl.
• R 4 is hydrogen
• Alkyl is intended to include linear or branched saturated hydrocarbon structures.
• alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, s-and t-butyl, 1- methyl-3-ethyloctyl and the like.
• Preferred alkyl groups are those of C 2 o or below.
• Cycloalkyl is for the purposes herein distinguished from alkyl and includes cyclic hydrocarbon groups of from 3 to 10 carbon atoms. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include c-propyl, c-butyl, c-pentyl, norbornyl, decahydronaphthyl and the like.
• Alkoxy or alkoxyl refers to groups of from 1 to 8 carbon atoms of a straight or branched configuration attached to the parent structure through an oxygen. Examples include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy and the like.
• Aryl and heteroaryl generally refer to a 5- or 6-membered aromatic or
• heteroaromatic ring containing 0-3 heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S; a bicyclic 9- or 10-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system containing 0-3 heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S; or a tricyclic 13- or 14-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system containing 0-3 heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S.
• the ring A is limited to 5- or 6-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic rings such as benzene, pyrrole, imidazole, pyridine, thiophene, thiazole, isothiazole, oxazole, isoxazole, furan, pyrimidine, pyrazine, tetrazole and pyrazole.
• Arylalkyl means an aryl ring attached to an alkyl residue in which the point of attachment to the parent structure is through the alkyl. Examples are benzyl, phenethyl and the like. Heteroarylalkyl means an alkyl residue attached to a heteroaryl ring. Examples include, e.g., pyridinylmethyl, pyrimidinylethyl and the like.
• Ci to Cio hydrocarbon means a linear, branched, or cyclic residue comprised of hydrogen and carbon as the only elemental constituents.
• the term includes alkyl, cycloalkyl, polycycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl and combinations thereof. Examples include benzyl, phenethyl, cyclohexylmethyl,
• Oxaalkyl refers to alkyl residues in which one or more carbons (and their associated hydrogens) have been replaced by oxygen. Examples include methoxypropoxy, 3,6,9-trioxadecyl and the like.
• the term oxaalkyl is intended as it is understood in the art [see Naming and Indexing of Chemical Substances for Chemical Abstracts, published by the American Chemical Society, 196, but without the restriction of 127(a)], i.e. it refers to compounds in which the oxygen is bonded via a single bond to its adjacent atoms (forming ether bonds); it does not refer to doubly bonded oxygen, as would be found in carbonyl groups.
• carbocycle is intended to include ring systems in which the ring atoms are all carbon but of any oxidation state.
• C 3 -C 10 carbocycle refers to both non-aromatic and aromatic systems, including such systems as cyclopropane, benzene and cyclohexene;
• C 8 -C 12 carbopolycycle refers to such systems as norbornane, decalin, indane and naphthalene.
• Carbocycle if not otherwise limited, refers to monocycles, bicycles and polycycles.
• Heterocycle means a cycloalkyl or aryl residue in which one to two of the carbons is replaced by a heteroatom such as oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur. Heteroaryls form a subset of heterocycles.
• heterocycles include pyrrolidine, pyrazole, pyrrole, imidazole, indole, quinoline, isoquinoline, tetrahydroisoquinoline, benzofuran, benzodioxan, benzodioxole (commonly referred to as methylenedioxyphenyl, when occurring as a substituent), tetrazole, morpholine, thiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, thiophene, furan, oxazole, oxazoline, isoxazole, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran and the like.
• substituted refers to the replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms in a specified group with a specified radical. Substituted alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl etc.
• alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl wherein one or more H atoms in each residue are replaced with halogen, haloalkyl, alkyl, acyl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyloweralkyl, hydroxy, loweralkoxy, haloalkoxy, oxaalkyl, carboxy, nitro, amino, alkylamino, and/or dialkylamino.
• 1, 2 or 3 hydrogen atoms are replaced with a specified radical.
• more than three hydrogen atoms can be replaced by fluorine; indeed, all available hydrogen atoms could be replaced by fluorine.
• the compounds described herein may contain, in a substituent R x , double bonds and may also contain other centers of geometric asymmetry; unless specified otherwise, it is intended that the compounds include both E and Z geometric isomers. Likewise, all tautomeric forms are also intended to be included.
• the present invention is meant to include all such possible isomers, as well as their racemic and optically pure forms.
• Optically active (R)- and (S)- isomers may be prepared using chiral synthons or chiral reagents, or resolved using conventional techniques.
• the recitation of "a compound” - unless expressly further limited - is intended to include salts of that compound.
• the term "compound of formula I" refers to the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to salts whose counter ion (anion) derives from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids including inorganic acids and organic acids.
• suitable pharmaceutically acceptable acids for salts of the compounds of the present invention include, for example, acetic, adipic, alginic, ascorbic, aspartic, benzenesulfonic (besylate), benzoic, boric, butyric, camphoric, camphorsulfonic, carbonic, citric, ethanedisulfonic, ethanesulfonic, ethylenediaminetetraacetic, formic, fumaric, glucoheptonic, gluconic, glutamic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, hydroiodic,
• the compounds of this invention can exist in radiolabeled form, i.e., the compounds may contain one or more atoms containing an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature.
• a plurality of molecules of a single structure may include at least one atom that occurs in an isotopic ratio that is different from the isotopic ratio found in nature.
• Radioisotopes of hydrogen, carbon, phosphorous, fluorine, chlorine and iodine include H, 3 H, U C, 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 35 S, 18 F, 36 C1, 125 1, 124 I and 131 I respectively.
• Compounds that contain those radioisotopes and/or other radioisotopes of other atoms are within the scope of this invention.
• Tritiated, i.e. 3 H, and carbon-14, i.e., 14 C, radioisotopes are particularly preferred for their ease in preparation and detectability.
• Radiolabeled compounds of formula I of this invention and prodrugs thereof can generally be prepared by methods well known to those skilled in the art. Conveniently, such radiolabeled compounds can be prepared by carrying out the procedures disclosed in Schemes 1 and 2 by substituting a readily available radiolabeled reagent for a non-radiolabeled reagent.
• the invention relates to compounds; in a second aspect the invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions; in a third aspect, the invention relates to methods. Both the second aspect of the invention and the third aspect envision the use of any and all compounds of the formula I in the method of treatment. However, due to the peculiarities of patent law, and having nothing whatever to do with the scope of the inventors' conception of the invention, certain compounds appear from a preliminary search of the literature ineligible to be claimed as compounds.
• R is cyclopropyl
• R 4 is H and A is 4-t-butylphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 2- methylphenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, phenyl, 4-fluorophenyl or 2,4-dichlorophenyl
• R 3 is cyclohexyl
• R 4 is H and A is 2-methylphenyl or 2,4-dichlorophenyl
• the compounds are disclosed in Chemical Abstracts only as members of a library, with no disclosed utility. Therefore, while these compounds are part of the inventive concept, they have been excluded from the claims to compounds, per se.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, together with one or more pharmaceutically carriers thereof and optionally one or more other therapeutic ingredients.
• the carrier(s) must be "acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.
• the compositions may be formulated for oral, topical or parenteral administration. For example, they may be given intravenously, intraarterially,
• Formulations include those suitable for oral, parenteral (including subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, intravenous and intraarticular), rectal and topical administration.
• the compounds are preferably administered orally or by injection (intravenous,
• the precise amount of compound administered to a patient will be the responsibility of the attendant physician. However, the dose employed will depend on a number of factors, including the age and sex of the patient, the precise disorder being treated, and its severity. Also, the route of administration may vary depending on the condition and its severity.
• the formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both and then, if necessary, shaping the product into the desired formulation.
• Formulations of the present invention suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a
• the active ingredient may also be presented as a bolus, electuary or paste.
• a tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients.
• Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, lubricating, surface active or dispersing agent.
• Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
• the tablets may optionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide sustained, delayed or controlled release of the active ingredient therein.
• Formulations for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions which may contain anti -oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient.
• Formulations for parenteral administration also include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions, which may include suspending agents and thickening agents.
• the formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of a sterile liquid carrier, for example saline, phosphate -buffered saline (PBS) or the like, immediately prior to use.
• a sterile liquid carrier for example saline, phosphate -buffered saline (PBS) or the like.
• Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described.
• Preferred unit dosage formulations are those containing an effective dose, as herein below recited, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of the active ingredient.
• formulations of this invention may include other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question, for example those suitable for oral administration may include flavoring agents.
• treatment or “treating,” or “palliating” or “ameliorating” are used interchangeably herein. These terms refer to an approach for obtaining beneficial or desired results including but not limited to therapeutic benefit and/or a prophylactic benefit.
• therapeutic benefit is meant eradication or amelioration of the underlying disorder being treated.
• a therapeutic benefit is achieved with the eradication or amelioration of one or more of the physiological symptoms associated with the underlying disorder such that an improvement is observed in the patient, notwithstanding that the patient may still be afflicted with the underlying disorder.
• the compositions may be administered to a patient reporting one or more of the physiological symptoms of a disease, even though a diagnosis of this disease may not have been made.
• an aromatic acid may be reacted with an aminoethylthiophene to provide the amide and the amide reacted under Bischler-Napieralski conditions to provide the 4-aryl-6,7- dihydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine, which is reduced with a borohydride reagent to provide the 4- aryl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine.
• the 4-aryl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine may then be reacted with an activated glycine derivative (the acyl component) by any of the many means well known in the art, particularly in the art of the synthesis of peptides.
• activated glycine derivative the acyl component
• Such agents include
• esters denote esters which are capable of undergoing a substitution reaction with the secondary amine to form an amide.
• the term includes esters "activated" by neighboring electron withdrawing substituents.
• esters of phenols particularly electronegatively substituted phenol esters such as pentafluorophenol esters; O-esters of isourea, such as arise from interaction with carbodiimides; O-esters of N- hydroxyimides and N-hydroxy heterocycles; specific examples include S-t-butyl esters, S- phenyl esters, S-2-pyridyl esters, N-hydroxypiperidine esters, N-hydroxysuccinimide esters, N-hydroxyphthalimide esters and N-hydroxybenzotriazole esters.
• the carboxyl may also be activated by pre -reaction to provide acyl halides, such as acid chlorides and fluorides.
• the activated glycine will usually be protected with one of the common protecting groups, R 10 , known in the peptide art.
• the protecting group when present, will then be cleaved with a suitable cleaving agent to provide the 5-acyl-6,7- dihydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridines of formula I.
• Protecting groups for the amine are discussed in standard textbooks in the field of chemistry, such as Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis by T.W.Greene and P.G.M.Wuts [John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1999], which is incorporated herein by reference. Particular attention is drawn to the chapter entitled "Protection for the Amino Group" (pages 494-614).
• Common protecting groups include, t- Boc, Fmoc and the like. Cleavage of t-Boc is accomplished by treatment with an acid, usually trifluoroacetic acid; cleavage of Fmoc is usually accomplished by treatment with a nucleophile such as piperidine or tetrabutylammonium fluoride.
• a cell based assay was used to monitor Shh palmitoylation.
• COS-1 cells expressing Shh, Fyn, or ShhGFP fusions and Hhat were starved for lhr in DMEM
• Lysates were clarified by ultracentrifugation at 100,000 x g for 15min in a T 100.2 rotor (Beckman, Fullerton, CA). Protein levels were determined by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis. Immunoprecipitations were performed by incubating clarified lysates with 5 ⁇ 1 of the appropriate antibody and 50 ⁇ 1 of protein A/G+ agarose beads (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) at 4° C for 16hrs. The beads were washed twice with 500 ⁇ of RIP A buffer. The final bead pellets were resuspended in 40 ⁇ 1 of 2x SDS-PAGE sample buffer containing 40mM DTT.
• Immunoprecipitated samples were run on a 12.5% SDS-PAGE gel, dried, and exposed by phosphorimaging for 2-3 days. Screens were analyzed on a FLA- 7000 phosphorimager (Fuji). Labelings were performed in duplicate and repeated three times. For hydroxylamine treatment, gels were soaked in either 1M Tris or hydroxylamine, pH 8.0 for lhr, then dried and analyzed as above.
• N-terminally 6X His tagged human Shh 24-197 with an enterokinase cleavage site immediately upstream of residue 24 was amplified using full length Shh as a template.
• the purified PCR product was ligated in Ncol and BamHI cut PET 19b (Novagen).
• C24S and C24A constructs were generated by site directed mutagenesis using the Quick Change mutagenesis kit. All mutations were confirmed by sequencing. His-tagged Shh24-197 constructs were expressed in E.
• HhatHAFlagHis was purified as follows. 20 x 100 mm plates of 293FT cells were transfected with HhatHAFlagHis or pcDNA3.1 empty vector. 48hrs post transfection, the cells were placed on ice, washed twice with 5ml of ice cold STE, and then scraped into 5ml of STE per plate. Cells were pelleted by centrifugation at 1000XG for lOmin. Cell pellets were resuspended in 8ml of cold hypotonic lysis buffer (0.2mM MgC12, lOmM HEPES, pH 7.3).
• the resultant supernatant was combined with the supernatant from the first spin for a total of 20ml SI 00.
• the PI 00 membranes were again resuspended in 10ml hypotonic lysis buffer + .25M sucrose and recentrifuged as above. The supernatant was discarded and the pellets were resuspended in 10ml of wash/solubilization buffer (20mM HEPES, pH 7.3, 350mM NaCl, 1% octylglucoside, 1% glycerol) and incubated on ice for lhr, followed by centrifugation at 100,000Xg.
• wash/solubilization buffer (20mM HEPES, pH 7.3, 350mM NaCl, 1% octylglucoside, 1% glycerol
• the resultant pellet was discarded and the supernatant (detergent soluble fraction) was transferred to a 15ml tube and 500ml of Flag M2 resin (Sigma) was added. Following a lhr incubation, the Flag resin was pelleted by
• HhatHAFlagHis was eluted with 1.5ml of solubilization/wash buffer supplemented with 300ng/ml 3xFlagPeptide.
• the purified sample was concentrated and buffer exchanged to a final volume of 0.5 -1.0 ml in 20mM HEPES, pH 7.3, lOOmM NaCl, 1% octylglucoside, 1% glycerol. Protein concentrations were determined using the DC Protein Assay. The concentration of the final Flag eluate was determined from the absorbance at 280nm using an extinction coefficient of 193045 cm ⁇ M "1 . Samples of the final purified fraction were subjected to SDS-PAGE and silver staining.
• the in vitro assay was performed by incubating 10 ⁇ of HhatHAFlagHis in 20mM HEPES,pH 7.3, lOOmM NaCl, 1% octylglucoside, 1% glycerol with ⁇ of recombinant Shh (0.2-0.4mg/mL in 20mM MES, pH 6.5, ImM EDTA, ImM DTT), followed by the addition of 30 ⁇ of reaction buffer (167mM MES, pH 6.5, 1.7mM DTT, 0.083% Triton X-100, 167 ⁇ 125 I-iodo-palmitate CoA). The reaction was stopped by the addition of 50 ⁇ of 2x sample buffer with 40mM DTT. Samples were electrophoresed on 12.5% SDS-PAGE gels, which were stained with Coomassie Blue, dried and exposed to phosphorimager forl2-18hrs. After
• C-terminally biotinylated peptides corresponding to the first 10 amino acids of Shh CGPGPvGFGKPv
• N-terminal acetylated Shh Acetyl-CGPGRGFGKR
• C24A Shh AGPGPRGFGKR
• Purified peptides were palmitoylated in vitro as outlined above except that the final Shh peptide concentration was ⁇ .
• 400 ⁇ of RIPA buffer and 50 ⁇ 1 of Streptavidin-agarose beads were added, and the mixture was incubated for lhr at 4° C with continuous mixing.
• Biotinylated peptides were pelleted by centrifugation at lOOOx g for 5
• shRNAs directed against human Shh or Hhat were cloned into the pLKOl vector.
• Human pancreatic cancer cell lines Panel and AsPCl were transfected and selected for 10-14 days in puromycin.
• Analyses of Shh and Hhat mRNA levels were performed by RT-qPCR. The results established that knockdown of either Shh or Hhat inhibits both anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent cell growth.
• Xenograft experiments were performed under Animal Protocol #1 1 -02-003.
• Panc- 1 cells were transfected with pLKO. l encoding shRNAs directed against Shh, Hhat, or a scrambled (Scr) control.
• pLKO.1 is a lentivirus-based vector (Open Biosystems) that does not replicate, is self-inactivating, and is designed to deliver silencing shRNAs to tissue culture cells. Cells were grown in tissue culture for 10 days to allow for knockdown of the designated gene. Aliquots of cells were analyzed by RT-qPCR analysis to verify that >80% knockdown of Shh or Hhat had been achieved.
• Pane- 1 cells that were not treated (Untr) with pLKO.1 were maintained as a control for any effect of pLKO.1 on tumor growth.
• Fifteen million Panc-1 cells were injected into the flanks of athymic (nude) female mice. Tumor measurements were taken with a caliper twice a week and plotted. The results are shown in Figure 1. At the end of 71 days, tumor mass in the Shh or Hhat- depleted cells was less than 30% of control, showing that inhibition of Shh or Hhat correlates with tumor suppression.
• Hhat activity assay Five ⁇ of lOmM MES, pH 6.5 buffer was dispensed within each well of a 384-well white/clear-bottom plate (Greiner Bio-One, Kremsmuenster, Austria) using a Thermo Multi-Drop Combi dispenser. Compounds (12.5 ⁇ final concentration) were dispensed using a Janus "Varispan” automated syringe pipette. Next, 3 of PI 00 membranes from HA-Hhat transfected 293FT cells were dispensed with the Thermo Multi-Drop Combi dispenser, and incubated for 20 min at room temperature.
• reaction buffer 167mM MES, pH 6.5, 2mM DTT, 0.083% Triton X-100, 8.3 ⁇ 125-I-iodo-palmitoylCoA, 5.21 ⁇ Shh biotinylated peptide.
• reaction buffer 167mM MES, pH 6.5, 2mM DTT, 0.083% Triton X-100, 8.3 ⁇ 125-I-iodo-palmitoylCoA, 5.21 ⁇ Shh biotinylated peptide.
• ⁇ ⁇ SPA beads solution 7.14mg/mL in RIPA buffer
• IC50 values were generated for compound 13 (RU-SKI 101) and compound 14 (RU-SKI 201) in an in vitro Hhat activity assay at saturating substrate concentrations, using purified enzyme, 0.7 ⁇ ShhN recombinant protein and 18 ⁇ 125 I-iodo-palmitoylCoA. The samples were incubated and incorporation into ShhN protein was quantified. Each experiment was repeated twice.
• the IC50 value for compound 13 was 2.05 ⁇ and for compound 14 was 0.68 ⁇ .

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