WO2013133264A1 - 多重量子井戸型太陽電池及び多重量子井戸型太陽電池の製造方法 - Google Patents
多重量子井戸型太陽電池及び多重量子井戸型太陽電池の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2013133264A1 WO2013133264A1 PCT/JP2013/055973 JP2013055973W WO2013133264A1 WO 2013133264 A1 WO2013133264 A1 WO 2013133264A1 JP 2013055973 W JP2013055973 W JP 2013055973W WO 2013133264 A1 WO2013133264 A1 WO 2013133264A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- solar cell
- well
- quantum well
- type semiconductor
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 31
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 95
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 91
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052984 zinc sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 86
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 43
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 37
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 31
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 230000001427 coherent effect Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000006798 recombination Effects 0.000 abstract description 26
- 238000005215 recombination Methods 0.000 abstract description 26
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 abstract description 19
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 17
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 abstract description 15
- 230000031700 light absorption Effects 0.000 abstract description 8
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 5
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 70
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 35
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 25
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 15
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 14
- 230000005428 wave function Effects 0.000 description 11
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 229910001218 Gallium arsenide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910000530 Gallium indium arsenide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000001451 molecular beam epitaxy Methods 0.000 description 5
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 5
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 5
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002248 hydride vapour-phase epitaxy Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004807 localization Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005477 sputtering target Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000005566 electron beam evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000313 electron-beam-induced deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052594 sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010980 sapphire Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 2
- XCZXGTMEAKBVPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylgallium Chemical compound C[Ga](C)C XCZXGTMEAKBVPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- MHYQBXJRURFKIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N C1(C=CC=C1)[Mg] Chemical compound C1(C=CC=C1)[Mg] MHYQBXJRURFKIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002601 GaN Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- -1 ITO Chemical compound 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001882 dioxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005421 electrostatic potential Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- NJWNEWQMQCGRDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium zinc Chemical compound [Zn].[In] NJWNEWQMQCGRDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940110728 nitrogen / oxygen Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen(.) Chemical compound [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/0248—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies
- H01L31/0352—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their shape or by the shapes, relative sizes or disposition of the semiconductor regions
- H01L31/035236—Superlattices; Multiple quantum well structures
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/0248—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies
- H01L31/036—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their crystalline structure or particular orientation of the crystalline planes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/06—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers
- H01L31/072—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers the potential barriers being only of the PN heterojunction type
- H01L31/073—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers the potential barriers being only of the PN heterojunction type comprising only AIIBVI compound semiconductors, e.g. CdS/CdTe solar cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/06—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers
- H01L31/075—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers the potential barriers being only of the PIN type, e.g. amorphous silicon PIN solar cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/18—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof
- H01L31/1828—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof the active layers comprising only AIIBVI compounds, e.g. CdS, ZnS, CdTe
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/543—Solar cells from Group II-VI materials
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/548—Amorphous silicon PV cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a solar cell, and more particularly to a multiple quantum well solar cell and a method for manufacturing a multiple quantum well solar cell.
- This tandem solar cell structure is made by laminating solar cells of a wide bandgap material in order from the light-receiving surface side, and light in a wide range of wavelengths corresponding to the bandgap of each solar cell. Can be used.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing an example thereof.
- a multiple quantum well solar cell includes an i-type semiconductor as an intermediate layer in a semiconductor pn junction region between a p-type semiconductor layer 2 and an n-type semiconductor layer 3 provided on a substrate 1.
- Layer 4 is introduced, and electrode 7 is provided on n-type semiconductor layer 3 and electrode 8 is provided on p-type semiconductor layer 2.
- the i-type semiconductor layer 4 includes a barrier layer 5 made of a semiconductor material that forms the p-type semiconductor layer 2 and the n-type semiconductor layer 3, and a well made of a semiconductor material having a narrow band gap than the semiconductor material. It is formed from layer 6.
- light corresponding to between subbands formed in the well layer can also be used for photoelectric conversion. Therefore, since sunlight on the longer wavelength side contributes to the photoelectric effect, it is expected that the spectral sensitivity characteristic is improved and a high-output solar cell can be obtained.
- the multiple quantum well structure described above has a large overlap between the electron wave function 11 and the hole wave function 12 in the well layer, and is an electron (e) that is a carrier generated by light absorption.
- e electron
- h holes
- its recombination average lifetime is as short as 200 psec at a temperature of 125 K (see Non-Patent Document 2), and is generated by light absorption.
- More than 70% of the carriers are recombined in the well layer before desorbing to the barrier layer. This high recombination probability is a factor that greatly reduces the efficiency of the multiple quantum well solar cell.
- Wave function localization due to non-uniformity of quantum well size In order to prevent the localization of the wave function, it is necessary to suppress variation in the quantum well size within 10%.
- a quantum well having a well width of 2 to 5 nm and a barrier layer width of 10 nm or less In order to form the intermediate band, a quantum well having a well width of 2 to 5 nm and a barrier layer width of 10 nm or less is required. However, in order to form these well uniformly, a very advanced fabrication technique is required.
- a III-V compound semiconductor is mainly used as a constituent material. Since these are produced by a metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method or a molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) method, there is a problem that the manufacturing cost is high.
- MOCVD metal organic chemical vapor deposition
- MBE molecular beam epitaxy
- an oxynitride semiconductor mainly composed of Zn which is an element other than the III-V compound, has high environmental stability and light receiving sensitivity in the visible light region.
- a headline and a patent application are filed (see Patent Document 1).
- the inventors of the present invention have found that in a multi-quantum well solar cell, the metal oxynitride constituting the barrier layer and the well layer is made of a crystal having a wurtzite atomic arrangement, and By generating a piezo electric field, carriers (electrons, holes) generated by light absorption in the quantum well can be desorbed from the well layer to the barrier layer before recombination, and the length of carriers in the well layer can be increased. It has been newly found that the lifetime can be improved, and that the multi-quantum well solar cell having a high photoelectric conversion efficiency can be manufactured by extending the lifetime of the carriers to contribute to power generation.
- an object of the present invention is to suppress the recombination of carriers generated by light absorption in a multiple quantum well solar cell, to have a high photoelectric conversion efficiency and a low cost, and to the multiple quantum well solar cell. It is providing the manufacturing method of a well type solar cell.
- a multiple quantum well solar cell having a substrate, a p-type semiconductor layer, a barrier layer, a well layer, an n-type semiconductor layer, and an electrode
- the barrier layer and the well layer are made of a crystal having a wurtzite-type atomic arrangement, and the well layer is made of a metal oxynitride containing at least one element selected from In, Ga, and Al and a Zn element;
- a multi-quantum well solar cell wherein a piezoelectric field is generated in the well layer.
- the multiple quantum well solar cell according to (1), wherein the piezoelectric field is 1 MV / cm or more.
- a ZnO buffer layer formed using a nitrogen addition crystallization method is provided between the substrate and the p-type semiconductor layer.
- a method for producing a multiple quantum well solar cell including: The step of laminating the barrier layer uses a material in which the layer after lamination becomes a layer having a wurtzite atomic arrangement, In the step of laminating the well layer, a material containing at least one element selected from In, Ga, and Al and a Zn element is coherently grown to a thickness that generates a piezoelectric field, thereby forming a wurtzite atomic arrangement.
- a method for producing a multiple quantum well solar cell characterized in that the layer has a strain having a strain.
- the step of laminating the barrier layer and the well layer includes a step in which a lattice constant difference between a material forming the barrier layer (lattice constant a) and a material forming the well layer (lattice constant b) [(b ⁇ a / A) ⁇ 100] is carried out using a material having a content of 0.5 to 20%,
- a piezoelectric electric field is generated in a well layer of an i-type semiconductor layer of a solar cell having a pin structure, thereby extending the life of carriers in the well layer and contributing to power generation without recombination of carriers. Therefore, a multiple quantum well solar cell having high photoelectric conversion efficiency can be provided.
- a well-type solar cell can be provided.
- a material containing at least one element selected from In, Ga, and Al and a Zn element is used for forming a quantum well structure, thereby generating a large piezoelectric field compared to a conventional material, and A layer can be formed by a sputtering method excellent in mass productivity, and a multi-quantum well solar cell can be provided at low cost.
- the crystallinity of the film forming the barrier layer can be improved and the critical film thickness can be increased.
- the coherent growth criticality of the well layer can be increased.
- the film thickness increases and the recombination rate can be greatly reduced.
- the p-type semiconducting layer and the barrier layer are formed of ZnO, the p-type semiconducting layer and the barrier layer can also be formed by a sputtering method, so that the process cost can be further reduced.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram schematically illustrating a conventional multiple quantum well solar cell.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an outline of carrier recombination in a well layer of a conventional multiple quantum well solar cell.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing an outline of a multiple quantum well solar cell of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an outline of carrier recombination in the well layer of the multiple quantum well solar cell of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the procedure of the nitrogen addition crystallization method.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the recombination rate in the well layer.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing an X-ray diffraction (105) plane reciprocal lattice map of a ZnInON film that is a well layer of the multiple quantum well solar cell of the present invention.
- the metal oxynitride constituting the quantum well is made of a crystal having a wurtzite atomic arrangement, and generates a piezo electric field in the well layer.
- carriers electrospray, holes
- the life of the carriers in the well layer is extended, and the carriers contribute to power generation.
- a high photoelectric conversion efficiency can be achieved.
- the multiple quantum well solar cell and the method for producing the multiple quantum well solar cell of the present invention will be described more specifically.
- quantum well structure means a structure including a barrier layer and a well layer
- quantum well means a well portion of a well-type potential
- well layer means Means a layer constituting a well portion in the well-type potential
- FIG. 3 shows an example of the multiple quantum well solar cell of the present invention.
- the substrate 1, the p-type semiconductor layer 2, the n-type semiconductor layer 3, and the p-type semiconductor layer 2 provided on the substrate 1 are shown.
- an i-type semiconductor layer 4 is introduced as an intermediate layer into a semiconductor pn junction region between the n-type semiconductor layer 3 and an electrode 7 on the n-type semiconductor layer 3 and an electrode 8 on the p-type semiconductor layer.
- the i-type semiconductor layer 4 includes a barrier layer 5 formed of a semiconductor material that forms the p-type semiconductor layer 2 and the n-type semiconductor layer 3, and a well formed of a semiconductor material having a narrow band gap than the semiconductor material.
- the well layer 6 is formed from the layer 6, and a piezoelectric field is generated due to the strain 9.
- Examples of the material of the substrate 1 include sapphire, GaN, ZnO, Si, SiC, ScAlMgO 4 (SCAM), and Y-added stabilized ZrO 2 (YSZ) that are generally used for wurtzite crystal growth.
- Examples of the material of the p-type semiconductor layer 2 include GaN, ZnInON, Si, ZnO, SiC, AlN, InN, and mixed crystals thereof. If necessary, a dopant such as magnesium, nitrogen, antimony, phosphorus, or boron may be added as appropriate depending on the material to be used.
- Examples of the material of the n-type semiconductor layer 3 include GaN, ZnInON, Si, ZnO, SiC, AlN, InN, and mixed crystals thereof. If necessary, a dopant such as aluminum, gallium, boron, silicon, or phosphorus may be added as appropriate depending on the material to be used.
- Examples of the material of the barrier layer 5 include GaN, ZnInON, ZnO, SiC, AlN, InN, and mixed crystals thereof.
- the electrode 7 provided on the n-type semiconductor layer 3 is not particularly limited as long as it is used in the field, and examples thereof include aluminum, zinc oxide doped with aluminum, zinc oxide doped with gallium, and titanium / gold. It is done.
- the electrode 8 provided on the p-type semiconductor layer 2 is not particularly limited as long as it is used in the field, and examples thereof include Au-nickel, platinum, ITO, silver and the like.
- the well layer 6 of the present invention generates a piezo electric field due to the strain 9 as described above.
- strain 9 By applying strain 9 to the well layer 6, as shown in FIG. 4, electrons (e) and holes (h) generated by absorbing light move in the direction of spatial separation by the piezoelectric field 13.
- the electron wave function 11 and the hole wave function 12 are shifted from each other, and the electrons (e) and the holes (h) are hardly recombined. As a result, the photoelectric conversion efficiency is improved.
- the well layer 6 is (1) a film formed of a material having a wurtzite crystal structure, (2) strain is applied, and (3) the piezo electric field is generated. It is necessary to make the generated film thickness.
- the material that becomes the wurtzite type crystal structure is not particularly limited as long as it becomes the wurtzite type crystal structure, but from the viewpoint that the manufacturing cost can be kept low and a wide band gap can be obtained.
- a material containing Zn and at least one element selected from In, Ga, and Al is preferable, and examples thereof include ZnInON, ZnGaON, ZnAlON, and InGaZnON.
- the band gap can be adjusted by changing the composition of the material. For example, in the case of indium zinc oxynitride (ZnInON), the band gap is reduced when the ratio of In and nitrogen is increased, and the band gap is increased when the ratio of oxygen and Zn is increased. Specifically, a wide band gap modulation of about 1.3 to 3.0 eV is possible. Therefore, when the above material is used for the multiple quantum well solar cell of the present invention, light of a wide wavelength can be absorbed by controlling the band gap of the well layer 6 and the barrier layer 5. When the band gap of the well layer 6 is changed for each well layer 6, the layer closer to the sunlight incident surface is formed of a material having a larger band gap so that the incident light of sunlight reaches the lower well layer 6.
- ZnInON indium zinc oxynitride
- the piezo electric field is generated by piezoelectric polarization generated by the strain 9 of the crystal structure.
- the strain 9 is applied to the well layer 6 by coherent growth using a material having a lattice constant larger than that of the barrier layer 5.
- the coherent growth means that the atomic arrangement of the semiconductor expands and contracts due to a small difference in lattice constant between the materials forming the first layer and the second layer, and the crystal grows without causing crystal defects.
- the crystal plane is not interrupted at the interface between the first layer and the second layer, or there is no lattice relaxation between them or only slight lattice relaxation is performed. Means.
- coherent growth means a state in which a crystal grows as described above, and in such a crystal growth, sputtering method, pulse laser deposition method, MOCVD method, MBE method, HVPE method, electron beam deposition method.
- a known method may be used for supplying the material for forming the layer, such as a vapor phase method of the above, or a combination thereof. That is, for example, in a normal sputtering method, the crystal grows with the lattice constant of the material, but the well layer 6 is coherently formed on the barrier layer 5 using a material larger than the lattice constant of the barrier layer 5.
- the well layer 6 When grown, the well layer 6 grows with the lattice constant of the material of the barrier layer 5 or a slightly relaxed value, and as a result, the well layer 6 grows with a compressive strain in the in-plane direction. .
- the difference in lattice constant [(ba ⁇ a / a) ⁇ 100] between the material forming the barrier layer 5 (lattice constant a) and the material forming the well layer 6 (lattice constant b) is about 0.5 to 20%. Preferably, it is 1 to 10%. If it is larger than 20%, coherent growth does not occur, and if it is smaller than 0.5%, the piezo electric field becomes 1 MV or less, the recombination suppressing effect is reduced, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency is deteriorated.
- the critical film thickness of the well layer 6 where the piezoelectric field is generated depends on the difference in the lattice constant between the barrier layer 5 and the well layer 6. For example, when the difference in lattice constant is 20%, the thickness of the well layer 6 may be about 5 nm or less, and when it is 10%, it may be about 30 nm or less, and when 0.5%, the thickness is 100 nm or less. You can do it.
- the piezoelectric field increases as the difference in lattice constant between the barrier layer 5 and the well layer 6 increases.
- the critical film thickness decreases and the light cannot be absorbed sufficiently. Therefore, in order to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency, the lattice constant and the critical film thickness may be set as appropriate within a suitable range.
- the material for forming the well layer 6 of the present invention can change the lattice constant by about 10% by changing the composition ratio of the material. Therefore, when the barrier layer 5 and the well layer 6 are stacked in the c-axis direction, the elements constituting the material can be changed by adjusting the composition ratio of the material forming each well layer 6 to form the quantum well. In addition, it is possible to adjust the strength of the piezoelectric field generated by the distortion of the crystal lattice.
- the present invention generates a piezo electric field, thereby moving the generated electrons (e) and holes (h) in a spatially dissociating direction and making recombination less likely to occur. If the piezo electric field is larger than 0, the photoelectric conversion efficiency is improved. However, as the piezo electric field is increased, the photoelectric conversion efficiency is further improved. Accordingly, the piezo electric field is preferably 1 MV / cm or more, more preferably 2 MV / cm or more, and particularly preferably 3 MV / cm or more.
- the p-type semiconducting layer 2 and the barrier layer 5 of the present invention are preferably formed of the same material.
- the crystallinity of the film forming the barrier layer 5 can be improved and the critical film thickness can be increased.
- the coherent growth critical film thickness of the well layer 6 is increased and the recombination rate is increased.
- the p-type semiconducting layer 2 and the barrier layer 5 can be formed of the same material as described above to obtain more preferable characteristics.
- ZnO can be formed by a sputtering method, from the viewpoint of reducing process costs, Of the exemplified materials, the combination of ZnO is particularly preferred.
- the quantum well structure of the present invention is applied to the i-type semiconductor layer of the solar cell having the pin structure as described above, and also applied to the p-type semiconductor layer or the n-type semiconductor layer of the solar cell having the pn structure. Also good.
- the p-type semiconductor layer 2 is stacked on the substrate 1 using a known method such as a sputtering method, a pulse laser deposition method, an MOCVD method, an MBE method, an HVPE method, a vapor phase method of an electron beam evaporation method, or a combination thereof.
- a buffer layer of ZnO film having excellent crystallinity is formed on the substrate 1 by using a nitrogen-added crystallization method.
- the high-quality p-type semiconductor layer 2 can be formed also by a sputtering method that is low in temperature and excellent in mass productivity.
- FIG. 5 shows the procedure of the nitrogen addition crystallization method.
- step (1) the formation of crystal nuclei is suppressed by adding N, which is an impurity, to Zn, O, which are raw materials of the film, to form a ZnON film.
- N which is an impurity
- Zn, O which are raw materials of the film
- argon gas and nitrogen gas are introduced into the sputtering apparatus while adjusting the gas flow rate.
- nitrogen molecules are dissociated in the apparatus to generate nitrogen atoms, and a ZnON film is formed on the substrate.
- the pressure in the apparatus is preferably 0.3 to 2.7 Pa, and 0.3 Pa to 1. 33 Pa is more preferable, and 0.3 Pa to 0.6 Pa is particularly preferable.
- step (3) ZnO crystals are grown by supplying Zn and O as materials, and a buffer layer of the ZnO film is formed.
- step (3) N may be supplied. At this time, there is an effect that the migration of the raw material elements Zn and O is promoted by the N atoms adsorbed on the film growth surface.
- the barrier layer 5 is stacked by sputtering, pulse laser deposition, MOCVD, MBE, HVPE, electron beam deposition, or a combination thereof. Is done.
- the film thickness of the well layer 6 needs to be equal to or less than the above critical film thickness, and the film thickness can be adjusted by controlling the film formation time.
- the substrate temperature when forming the well layer 6 can be set as appropriate.
- the energy of the particles incident on the film growth surface is high, so migration on the film growth surface is promoted, and a high-quality metal oxynitride film can be formed even at low temperatures. is there.
- the film forming speed is low, the above effect becomes remarkable.
- the film forming rate is set to 10 nm / min or less, a metal oxynitride crystal having excellent crystallinity can be formed even when the substrate temperature when forming the well layer 6 is 300 ° C. or less.
- the sputtering method is cheaper in apparatus and running cost than other film forming methods.
- the well layer 6 can be formed by a sputtering method, and there is an advantage that the solar cell of the present invention can be provided at low cost.
- a source gas containing N atoms in the gas phase for example, N 2 , NH 3 , NO, etc.
- N 2 , NH 3 , NO, etc. is introduced according to the desired nitrogen concentration in the film.
- irradiation with N radicals using a radical source or the like is also effective when it is desired to increase the nitrogen concentration in the film.
- the barrier layer 5 is stacked on the well layer 6 in the same manner as the barrier layer 5 is stacked on the p-type semiconductor layer 2.
- the well layer 6 is coherently grown on the barrier layer 5 by the above-described method, and the quantum well structure can be formed by repeating this procedure.
- the difference in the composition ratio of the material forming each well layer 6 and the lattice constant of the material forming the barrier layer 5 may be adjusted as appropriate so that a desired piezoelectric field strength can be obtained.
- the composition ratio of the material forming each well layer 6 may be modulated for each layer. In this case, it is preferable to adjust so that a band gap becomes large toward the sunlight incident side. Thereby, light corresponding to the band gap of each well layer 6 can be efficiently absorbed.
- the n-type semiconductor layer 3 is laminated on the barrier layer 5 by sputtering or the like.
- mold solar cell of this invention is produced by providing the electrode 7 and the electrode 8 by an electron beam vapor deposition method or sputtering method. As described above, the electrode 8 may be provided after the p-type semiconductor layer 2 is stacked.
- Example 1 ⁇ ZnInON multiple quantum well solar cell>
- a ZnO buffer film was formed on a sapphire substrate 1 having a thickness of 450 ⁇ m by using a nitrogen addition crystallization method.
- a sputtering method was used to form the film, and argon gas and nitrogen gas were introduced into the sputtering apparatus while adjusting the gas flow rate so that the pressure was 0.3 Pa.
- nitrogen molecules were dissociated in the apparatus to generate nitrogen atoms, and a ZnON film was formed on the substrate.
- the substrate temperature was 700 ° C.
- p-type semiconductor layer 2 was formed by stacking GaN having a lattice constant of 0.319 nm by MOCVD. Magnesium was used as the p-type dopant.
- the substrate temperature was set to 1150 ° C., trimethyl gallium (TMG) as a Ga raw material, ammonia as an N raw material, cyclopentadienyl magnesium (Cp 2 Mg) as a magnesium raw material, and a GaN layer having a thickness of 5 ⁇ m were laminated.
- TMG trimethyl gallium
- Cp 2 Mg cyclopentadienyl magnesium
- GaN layer having a thickness of 5 ⁇ m were laminated.
- annealing was performed at 800 ° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere for the purpose of activating magnesium.
- the barrier layer 5 was formed by stacking ZnO having a lattice constant of 0.325 nm by a sputtering method.
- the film thickness of the barrier layer 5 was 12 nm.
- the well layer 6 was coherently grown until it was. This film thickness is sufficiently smaller than the critical film thickness at which lattice relaxation occurs.
- a sputtering target material source
- a 2-inch sintered body having a ZnO composition and a 2-inch sintered body having an In composition each having a purity of 99.9%
- the distance between the target and the substrate was about 12 cm
- the substrate temperature during film formation was 300 ° C.
- the stacking of the barrier layer 5 and the well layer 6 was repeated by the above procedure until the barrier layer 5 became 30 layers.
- the n-type semiconductor layer 3 was formed on the barrier layer 5 by laminating ZnO by a sputtering method.
- Aluminum was used for the n-type dopant.
- a sputtering target material source
- a 2-inch sintered body purity 99.9%
- the substrate temperature during film formation was 300 ° C.
- FIG. 6 shows the recombination rate in the quantum well (ZION).
- the recombination rate showed a lower value than Comparative Example 2 (InGaAs) and Comparative Example 3 (InGaN) described later, and as a result, the photoelectric conversion efficiency was improved.
- the dislocation defect density in the ZnInON film of the well layer 6 was as high as 10 10 cm ⁇ 2 , but the recombination rate was greatly increased by the strong piezoelectric field (3.2 MV / cm) in the well layer 6. It was possible to reduce it.
- Example 2 ⁇ InGaAs multiple quantum well solar cell> GaAs is used for the p-type semiconductor layer 2, GaAs is used for the barrier layer 5, InGaAs is used for the well layer 6, and GaAs is used for the n-type semiconductor layer 3. Since the GaAs and InGaAs cannot be stacked by sputtering, the MBE method is used for fabrication. Except for the above, a multiple quantum well solar cell was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1. When a quantum well having a barrier height of about 0.2 eV, a well width of 3 nm, and a barrier layer width of 12 nm was formed, the recombination rate in the well layer 6 was as shown in FIG.
- Example 3 ⁇ InGaN multiple quantum well solar cell> Example 1 except that GaN is used for the p-type semiconductor layer 2, GaN is used for the barrier layer 5, InGaN is used for the well layer 6, GaN is used for the n-type semiconductor layer 3, and MOCVD is used to fabricate the GaN and InGaN.
- a multi-quantum well solar cell was fabricated.
- a piezoelectric field 1.5 MV / cm was generated by making the thickness of the well layer 6 smaller than the critical thickness at which lattice relaxation occurs.
- the recombination rate in the quantum well was higher than that of Example 1 as shown in FIG. It turned out to be high. From this, when coherent growth is performed using the material of the present invention as the material of the well layer 6, a higher piezo electric field can be generated in the well layer 6 compared to the conventional material, and the recombination rate is greatly increased. It was confirmed that it could be reduced.
- the barrier layer 5 was formed by stacking ZnO having a lattice constant of 0.325 nm by a sputtering method.
- the film thickness of the barrier layer 5 was 30 nm.
- the well layer 6 was coherently grown until it was.
- the use of ZnO, which is the same material as the barrier layer 5, for the p-type semiconductor layer 2 is considered to improve the crystallinity of the ZnO film forming the barrier layer 5 and increase the critical film thickness.
- FIG. 7 shows an X-ray diffraction reciprocal lattice map in the ZnInON (105) plane. It was confirmed that the lattice constant in the (100) direction of the ZnInON film completely coincided with ZnO, and coherent growth was achieved.
- the sputtering target (material source) and sputtering conditions were the same as in Example 1. Thereafter, the stacking of the barrier layer 5 and the well layer 6 was repeated in the same procedure as in Example 1, and finally an electrode was provided to produce a multiple quantum well solar cell of Example 2.
- the fabricated quantum well had a barrier height of about 0.2 eV, a well layer thickness of 30 nm, a barrier layer thickness of 30 nm, and a piezoelectric field of 1 MV / cm.
- the maximum recombination rate in the well layer was 10 ⁇ 17 cm ⁇ 3 s ⁇ 1 , which was one digit lower than that in Example 1. This is because the value of the overlap integral of the wave function is lowered by increasing the thickness of the well layer (3 nm ⁇ 30 nm).
- the p-type semiconductor layer 2 and the barrier layer 5 from the same material, the coherent growth critical film thickness of the well layer 6 is increased, and the recombination rate can be significantly reduced. Further, since the ZnO film can be formed by a sputtering method, using ZnO as a combination of materials for the p-type semiconductor layer 2 and the barrier layer 5 is advantageous from the viewpoint of reducing process costs.
- the multiple quantum well solar cell of the present invention can photoelectrically convert light of a wide wavelength with high efficiency, and the production method of the present invention enables mass production of multiple quantum well solar cells at low cost. Useful for becoming popular.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
- Physical Deposition Of Substances That Are Components Of Semiconductor Devices (AREA)
- Recrystallisation Techniques (AREA)
Abstract
Description
(1)量子井戸サイズの不均一性による波動関数局在化:波動関数の局在化を防ぐには量子井戸サイズのばらつきを10%以内に抑える必要がある。中間バンドを形成するためには井戸幅2-5nm、障壁層幅10nm以下の量子井戸が必要であるが、これらを高均一に形成するためには非常に高度な作製技術が要求される。
(2)内蔵電界による波動関数局在化:中間バンドが形成しても太陽電池の内蔵電界が大きい場合、量子井戸間の共鳴トンネル現象が静電ポテンシャルによって破綻し、波動関数が局在化する。量子井戸数を増やし内蔵電界を10kV/cm程度もしくはそれ以下にすることにより中間バンドは維持されるが、量子井戸数増加に伴い再結合確率が増加するという問題がある。
前記障壁層及び井戸層がウルツ鉱型の原子配置を有する結晶からなり、且つ前記井戸層がIn、Ga、Alから選択される少なくとも1つの元素及びZn元素を含む金属酸窒化物から構成され、
前記井戸層においてピエゾ電界が発生していることを特徴とする多重量子井戸型太陽電池。
(2)前記ピエゾ電界が、1MV/cm以上であることを特徴とする上記(1)に記載の多重量子井戸型太陽電池。
(3)前記井戸層が、コヒーレント成長により形成された層であることを特徴とする上記(1)又は(2)に記載の多重量子井戸型太陽電池。
(4)前記障壁層を形成する材料(格子定数a)と前記井戸層を形成する材料(格子定数b)の格子定数差[(b-a/a)×100]が、0.5~20%であることを特徴とする上記(1)~(3)の何れか一に記載の多重量子井戸型太陽電池。
(5)前記障壁層及び前記井戸層が交互に複数層形成され、且つ各井戸層がバンドギャップの異なる材料から形成されることを特徴とする上記(1)~(4)の何れか一に記載の多重量子井戸型太陽電池。
(6)前記井戸層が、太陽光入射側に向かってバンドギャップが順に大きくなる材料から形成されることを特徴とする上記(5)に記載の多重量子井戸型太陽電池。
(7)前記基板と前記p型半導体層の間に、窒素添加結晶化法を用いて形成されたZnOのバッファー層を有することを特徴とする上記(1)~(6)の何れか一に記載の多重量子井戸型太陽電池。
(8)前記p型半導体層及び前記障壁層が、同じ材料で形成されることを特徴とする上記(1)~(7)の何れか一に記載の多重量子井戸型太陽電池。
(9)前記p型半導体層及び前記障壁層が、ZnOで形成されることを特徴とする上記(8)に記載の多重量子井戸型太陽電池。
(10)基板上に、p型半導体層、障壁層、井戸層、障壁層、n型半導体層の順に各層を積層する工程、
前記p型半導体層上に電極を設ける工程、
前記n型半導体層上に電極を設ける工程、
を含む多重量子井戸型太陽電池の製造方法において、
前記障壁層を積層する工程は、積層後の層がウルツ鉱型の原子配置を有する層となる材料が用いられ、
前記井戸層を積層する工程は、In、Ga、Alから選択される少なくとも1つの元素及びZn元素を含む材料をピエゾ電界が発生する膜厚にコヒーレント成長させることで、ウルツ鉱型の原子配置を有する歪をもった層となることを特徴とする多重量子井戸型太陽電池の製造方法。
(11)前記障壁層の上に前記井戸層を積層する工程が、スパッタリング法により行われることを特徴とする上記(10)に記載の多重量子井戸型太陽電池の製造方法。
(12)前記障壁層及び前記井戸層を積層する工程が、前記障壁層を形成する材料(格子定数a)と前記井戸層を形成する材料(格子定数b)の格子定数差[(b-a/a)×100]が、0.5~20%である材料を用いて行われることを特徴とする上記(10)又は(11)に記載の多重量子井戸型太陽電池の製造方法。
(13)前記障壁層及び前記井戸層を積層する工程が交互に複数回行われ、且つ前記井戸層を積層する各工程が、バンドギャップが異なる材料を用いて行われることを特徴とする上記(10)~(12)の何れか一に記載の多重量子井戸型太陽電池の製造方法。
(14)前記井戸層を積層する工程が、太陽光入射側に向かってバンドギャップが順に大きくなる材料を用いて行われることを特徴とする上記(13)に記載の多重量子井戸型太陽電池の製造方法。
(15)前記基板上に前記p型半導体層を積層する工程の前に、窒素添加結晶化法を用いてZnOのバッファー層を形成する工程を更に有することを特徴とする上記(10)~(14)の何れか一に記載の多重量子井戸型太陽電池の製造方法。
(16)前記p型半導体層及び前記障壁層が、同じ材料で形成されることを特徴とする上記(10)~(15)の何れか一に記載の多重量子井戸型太陽電池の製造方法。
(17)前記p型半導体層及び前記障壁層が、ZnOで形成されることを特徴とする上記(16)に記載の多重量子井戸型太陽電池の製造方法。
<ZnInON多重量子井戸型太陽電池>
厚さ450μmのサファイア基板1の上に、窒素添加結晶化法を用いて、ZnOのバッファー膜を形成した。膜の形成には、スパッタリング法を用い、スパッタリング装置には、圧力が0.3Paとなるように、ガス流量を調整しながらアルゴンガスと窒素ガスを導入した。アルゴンガスと窒素ガスの流量は、[N2]=2sccm、[Ar]=20sccmとした。スパッタリング装置内に窒素を導入することにより、装置内で窒素分子が解離して窒素原子が生じ、ZnON膜が基板上に形成された。基板温度は700℃とした。
<ZnInON多重量子井戸型太陽電池>
井戸層6の材料として、特許文献1に記載されているZnInON(組成比(元素比) Zn:In=O:N=65:35、 Zn+In:O+N=1:1)を用い、井戸層6の膜厚を、ピエゾ電界が発生する臨界膜厚以上の50nmとした以外は、実施例1と同様に多重量子井戸型太陽電池を作製した。井戸層6はピエゾ電界を発生しなかったことから、井戸層6内で殆どの光生成キャリアが再結合した。
<InGaAs多重量子井戸型太陽電池>
p型半導体層2にGaAs、障壁層5にGaAs、井戸層6にInGaAs、n型半導体層3にGaAsを用い、上記GaAsおよびInGaAsはスパッタリング法で積層できないことから、作製にMBE法を用いた以外は、実施例1と同様に多重量子井戸型太陽電池を作製した。障壁高さが約0.2eV、井戸幅3nm、障壁層幅12nmの量子井戸を形成したところ、井戸層6内での再結合レートは図6に示すようになった。このときInGaAs膜中の転位欠陥密度は105cm-2と低い値を示していたが、量子井戸内における電子―正孔波動関数の重なりが大きく、高い再結合レートを示していた。なお、比較例2では、GaAs(001面)の圧電定数が非常に小さいため、井戸層6内に格子定数差による歪みが発生してもピエゾ電界は発生しなかった。
<InGaN多重量子井戸型太陽電池>
p型半導体層2にGaN、障壁層5にGaN、井戸層6にInGaN、n型半導体層3にGaNを用い、上記GaNおよびInGaNの作製にMOCVD法を用いた以外は、実施例1と同様に多重量子井戸型太陽電池を作製した。比較例3のGaN/InGaN量子井戸構造において、井戸層6の膜厚を格子緩和が生じる臨界膜厚より小さくすることで、ピエゾ電界(1.5MV/cm)を発生させた。障壁高さが約0.2eV、井戸幅3nm、障壁層幅12nmの量子井戸を形成したところ、量子井戸内での再結合レートは図6に示すように、実施例1の量子井戸に比べ、高くなることが分かった。このことから、井戸層6の材料として本発明の材料を用いてコヒーレント成長させると、従来の材料と比較して井戸層6内に高いピエゾ電界を発生させることができ、再結合レートを大幅に低下できることが確認された。
<ZnInON多重量子井戸型太陽電池(p型半導体層及び障壁層:ZnO)>
実施例1と同様の手順で、ZnON膜が形成した基板を形成した。次に、格子定数0.325nmのZnOをスパッタリング法で積層してp型半導体層2を形成した。成膜時の基板温度は700℃とした。ZnO膜は、0.3Paのアルゴン窒素酸素混合ガス雰囲気中で成膜され、アルゴンガス、窒素、酸素ガスの流量は、[Ar]=45sccm、[N2]=7sccm、[O2]=2sccmとした。p型ドーパントとして窒素を用い、窒素ガスをラジカル化することによりドープした。
Claims (17)
- 基板、p型半導体層、障壁層、井戸層、n型半導体層及び電極を有する多重量子井戸型太陽電池において、
前記障壁層及び井戸層がウルツ鉱型の原子配置を有する結晶からなり、且つ前記井戸層がIn、Ga、Alから選択される少なくとも1つの元素及びZn元素を含む金属酸窒化物から構成され、
前記井戸層においてピエゾ電界が発生していることを特徴とする多重量子井戸型太陽電池。 - 前記ピエゾ電界が、1MV/cm以上であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の多重量子井戸型太陽電池。
- 前記井戸層が、コヒーレント成長により形成された層であることを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載の多重量子井戸型太陽電池。
- 前記障壁層を形成する材料(格子定数a)と前記井戸層を形成する材料(格子定数b)の格子定数差[(b-a/a)×100]が、0.5~20%であることを特徴とする請求項1~3の何れか一項に記載の多重量子井戸型太陽電池。
- 前記障壁層及び前記井戸層が交互に複数層形成され、且つ各井戸層がバンドギャップの異なる材料から形成されることを特徴とする請求項1~4の何れか一項に記載の多重量子井戸型太陽電池。
- 前記井戸層が、太陽光入射側に向かってバンドギャップが順に大きくなる材料から形成されることを特徴とする請求項5に記載の多重量子井戸型太陽電池。
- 前記基板と前記p型半導体層の間に、窒素添加結晶化法を用いて形成されたZnOのバッファー層を有することを特徴とする請求項1~6の何れか一項に記載の多重量子井戸型太陽電池。
- 前記p型半導体層及び前記障壁層が、同じ材料で形成されることを特徴とする請求項1~7の何れか一項に記載の多重量子井戸型太陽電池。
- 前記p型半導体層及び前記障壁層が、ZnOで形成されることを特徴とする請求項8に記載の多重量子井戸型太陽電池。
- 基板上に、p型半導体層、障壁層、井戸層、障壁層、n型半導体層の順に各層を積層する工程、
前記p型半導体層上に電極を設ける工程、
前記n型半導体層上に電極を設ける工程、
を含む多重量子井戸型太陽電池の製造方法において、
前記障壁層を積層する工程は、積層後の層がウルツ鉱型の原子配置を有する層となる材料が用いられ、
前記井戸層を積層する工程は、In、Ga、Alから選択される少なくとも1つの元素及びZn元素を含む材料をピエゾ電界が発生する膜厚にコヒーレント成長させることで、ウルツ鉱型の原子配置を有する歪をもった層となることを特徴とする多重量子井戸型太陽電池の製造方法。 - 前記障壁層の上に前記井戸層を積層する工程が、スパッタリング法により行われることを特徴とする請求項10に記載の多重量子井戸型太陽電池の製造方法。
- 前記障壁層及び前記井戸層を積層する工程が、前記障壁層を形成する材料(格子定数a)と前記井戸層を形成する材料(格子定数b)の格子定数差[(b-a/a)×100]が、0.5~20%である材料を用いて行われることを特徴とする請求項10又は11に記載の多重量子井戸型太陽電池の製造方法。
- 前記障壁層及び前記井戸層を積層する工程が交互に複数回行われ、且つ前記井戸層を積層する各工程が、バンドギャップが異なる材料を用いて行われることを特徴とする請求項10~12の何れか一項に記載の多重量子井戸型太陽電池の製造方法。
- 前記井戸層を積層する工程が、太陽光入射側に向かってバンドギャップが順に大きくなる材料を用いて行われることを特徴とする請求項13に記載の多重量子井戸型太陽電池の製造方法。
- 前記基板上に前記p型半導体層を積層する工程の前に、窒素添加結晶化法を用いてZnOのバッファー層を形成する工程を更に有することを特徴とする請求項10~14の何れか一項に記載の多重量子井戸型太陽電池の製造方法。
- 前記p型半導体層及び前記障壁層が、同じ材料で形成されることを特徴とする請求項10~15の何れか一項に記載の多重量子井戸型太陽電池の製造方法。
- 前記p型半導体層及び前記障壁層が、ZnOで形成されることを特徴とする請求項16に記載の多重量子井戸型太陽電池の製造方法。
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
KR1020147003978A KR101399441B1 (ko) | 2012-03-06 | 2013-03-05 | 다중 양자 우물형 태양 전지 및 다중 양자 우물형 태양 전지의 제조 방법 |
EP13757910.8A EP2768029B1 (en) | 2012-03-06 | 2013-03-05 | Multi-quantum well solar cell and method of manufacturing multi-quantum well solar cell |
US14/350,579 US20150303334A1 (en) | 2012-03-06 | 2013-03-05 | Multi-quantum well solar cell and method of manufacturing multi-quantum well solar cell |
CN201380004255.9A CN103999232B (zh) | 2012-03-06 | 2013-03-05 | 多量子阱太阳能电池及多量子阱太阳能电池的制造方法 |
JP2013530437A JP5366279B1 (ja) | 2012-03-06 | 2013-03-05 | 多重量子井戸型太陽電池及び多重量子井戸型太陽電池の製造方法 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2012-049805 | 2012-03-06 | ||
JP2012049805 | 2012-03-06 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2013133264A1 true WO2013133264A1 (ja) | 2013-09-12 |
Family
ID=49116739
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP2013/055973 WO2013133264A1 (ja) | 2012-03-06 | 2013-03-05 | 多重量子井戸型太陽電池及び多重量子井戸型太陽電池の製造方法 |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20150303334A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP2768029B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5366279B1 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR101399441B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN103999232B (ja) |
TW (1) | TWI506802B (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2013133264A1 (ja) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2015079870A (ja) * | 2013-10-17 | 2015-04-23 | 京セラ株式会社 | 太陽電池 |
JP2018012876A (ja) * | 2016-07-22 | 2018-01-25 | 株式会社アルバック | 酸化亜鉛化合物膜の成膜方法、および、酸化亜鉛化合物膜 |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2021518671A (ja) * | 2018-03-19 | 2021-08-02 | キング・アブドゥッラー・ユニバーシティ・オブ・サイエンス・アンド・テクノロジー | Iii族窒化物光電子デバイスおよび製造方法 |
JP2021034497A (ja) * | 2019-08-22 | 2021-03-01 | 株式会社東芝 | 半導体発光デバイス |
CN114203327A (zh) * | 2021-12-13 | 2022-03-18 | 中国核动力研究设计院 | 一种p-i-n结及制备方法、二极管和β核电池 |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2008277865A (ja) * | 2008-08-18 | 2008-11-13 | Sony Corp | 発光ダイオードの駆動方法、表示装置の駆動方法、電子機器の駆動方法および光通信装置の駆動方法 |
JP2009275236A (ja) | 2007-04-25 | 2009-11-26 | Canon Inc | 酸窒化物半導体 |
JP2010186915A (ja) * | 2009-02-13 | 2010-08-26 | Panasonic Corp | 太陽電池 |
JP2011187591A (ja) * | 2010-03-08 | 2011-09-22 | Uv Craftory Co Ltd | 窒化物半導体紫外線発光素子 |
JP2011238661A (ja) * | 2010-05-06 | 2011-11-24 | Sumitomo Bakelite Co Ltd | 複合粒子、組成物、波長変換層および光起電装置。 |
Family Cites Families (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5665977A (en) * | 1994-02-16 | 1997-09-09 | Sony Corporation | Semiconductor light emitting device with defect decomposing and blocking layers |
US6057561A (en) * | 1997-03-07 | 2000-05-02 | Japan Science And Technology Corporation | Optical semiconductor element |
GB0118150D0 (en) * | 2001-07-25 | 2001-09-19 | Imperial College | Thermophotovoltaic device |
US6716479B2 (en) * | 2002-01-04 | 2004-04-06 | Rutgers, The State University Of New Jersey | Tailoring piezoelectric properties using MgxZn1-xO/ZnO material and MgxZn1-xO/ZnO structures |
US7217882B2 (en) * | 2002-05-24 | 2007-05-15 | Cornell Research Foundation, Inc. | Broad spectrum solar cell |
US7172813B2 (en) * | 2003-05-20 | 2007-02-06 | Burgener Ii Robert H | Zinc oxide crystal growth substrate |
CN1929153A (zh) * | 2005-09-07 | 2007-03-14 | 中国科学院物理研究所 | 一种含有多量子阱结构的InGaN系宽谱太阳能电池 |
JP4435123B2 (ja) * | 2006-08-11 | 2010-03-17 | ソニー株式会社 | 表示装置の駆動方法 |
US7629532B2 (en) * | 2006-12-29 | 2009-12-08 | Sundiode, Inc. | Solar cell having active region with nanostructures having energy wells |
DE102009022900A1 (de) * | 2009-04-30 | 2010-11-18 | Osram Opto Semiconductors Gmbh | Optoelektronisches Bauelement und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung |
-
2013
- 2013-03-05 KR KR1020147003978A patent/KR101399441B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2013-03-05 CN CN201380004255.9A patent/CN103999232B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2013-03-05 US US14/350,579 patent/US20150303334A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2013-03-05 EP EP13757910.8A patent/EP2768029B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2013-03-05 JP JP2013530437A patent/JP5366279B1/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2013-03-05 WO PCT/JP2013/055973 patent/WO2013133264A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2013-03-06 TW TW102107763A patent/TWI506802B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2009275236A (ja) | 2007-04-25 | 2009-11-26 | Canon Inc | 酸窒化物半導体 |
JP2008277865A (ja) * | 2008-08-18 | 2008-11-13 | Sony Corp | 発光ダイオードの駆動方法、表示装置の駆動方法、電子機器の駆動方法および光通信装置の駆動方法 |
JP2010186915A (ja) * | 2009-02-13 | 2010-08-26 | Panasonic Corp | 太陽電池 |
JP2011187591A (ja) * | 2010-03-08 | 2011-09-22 | Uv Craftory Co Ltd | 窒化物半導体紫外線発光素子 |
JP2011238661A (ja) * | 2010-05-06 | 2011-11-24 | Sumitomo Bakelite Co Ltd | 複合粒子、組成物、波長変換層および光起電装置。 |
Non-Patent Citations (4)
Title |
---|
A. LUQUE; A. MARTI, PHYS. REV. LETT., vol. 78, 1997, pages 5014 |
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 67, 1990, pages 3490 |
P. MICHLER ET AL., PHYS. REV. B, vol. 46, 1992, pages 7280 |
See also references of EP2768029A4 * |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2015079870A (ja) * | 2013-10-17 | 2015-04-23 | 京セラ株式会社 | 太陽電池 |
JP2018012876A (ja) * | 2016-07-22 | 2018-01-25 | 株式会社アルバック | 酸化亜鉛化合物膜の成膜方法、および、酸化亜鉛化合物膜 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2768029B1 (en) | 2016-10-19 |
JP5366279B1 (ja) | 2013-12-11 |
EP2768029A1 (en) | 2014-08-20 |
TW201347211A (zh) | 2013-11-16 |
JPWO2013133264A1 (ja) | 2015-07-30 |
TWI506802B (zh) | 2015-11-01 |
KR101399441B1 (ko) | 2014-05-28 |
KR20140032499A (ko) | 2014-03-14 |
US20150303334A1 (en) | 2015-10-22 |
EP2768029A4 (en) | 2015-07-01 |
CN103999232A (zh) | 2014-08-20 |
CN103999232B (zh) | 2015-10-14 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
KR101431658B1 (ko) | 양자 점 구조물들을 이용한 반도체 구조물 및 소자들의 제조 방법들 및 관련된 구조물들 | |
WO2011048809A1 (ja) | 太陽電池およびその製造方法 | |
JP5366279B1 (ja) | 多重量子井戸型太陽電池及び多重量子井戸型太陽電池の製造方法 | |
US9324911B2 (en) | Methods of fabricating dilute nitride semiconductor materials for use in photoactive devices and related structures | |
US8420431B2 (en) | Solar cell | |
CN109065679A (zh) | 一种发光二极管外延片及其制造方法 | |
JP3589301B2 (ja) | 量子層の構造 | |
US9245748B2 (en) | Methods for growing III-V materials on a non III-V material substrate | |
CN109065682B (zh) | 一种发光二极管外延片及其制造方法 | |
JP6335784B2 (ja) | 可変バンドギャップ太陽電池 | |
JP5742069B2 (ja) | 太陽電池及びその製造方法 | |
CN102185071B (zh) | 一种非极性ZnO基发光器件及其制备方法 | |
JP2013172072A (ja) | 2接合太陽電池 | |
CN108269866B (zh) | 一种混合极性InGaN太阳能电池结构 | |
US8653501B2 (en) | Emitting device and manufacturing method therefor | |
JP2014120666A (ja) | 窒化物半導体太陽電池、窒化物光−電気変換素子、窒化物半導体太陽電池を作製する方法 | |
TW201305398A (zh) | 以iii族氮化物為基礎的多層堆疊結構、帶有該多層堆疊結構的部件以及該多層堆疊結構的製造方法 | |
CN114725778A (zh) | 量子点激光器的制作方法 | |
CN114914332A (zh) | 半导体外延结构及其制备方法、半导体光电器件 | |
Kawaguchi et al. | Radial InP/InAsP quantum wells with high arsenic compositions on wurtzite-InP nanowires in the 1.3-µm region | |
CN108269877A (zh) | 一种InGaN太阳能电池结构 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2013530437 Country of ref document: JP Kind code of ref document: A |
|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 13757910 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 20147003978 Country of ref document: KR Kind code of ref document: A |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 14350579 Country of ref document: US |
|
REEP | Request for entry into the european phase |
Ref document number: 2013757910 Country of ref document: EP |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2013757910 Country of ref document: EP |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |