WO2013065207A1 - 防食性能劣化検知センサー並びに給湯暖房システム及び設備機器 - Google Patents
防食性能劣化検知センサー並びに給湯暖房システム及び設備機器 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013065207A1 WO2013065207A1 PCT/JP2012/002386 JP2012002386W WO2013065207A1 WO 2013065207 A1 WO2013065207 A1 WO 2013065207A1 JP 2012002386 W JP2012002386 W JP 2012002386W WO 2013065207 A1 WO2013065207 A1 WO 2013065207A1
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- electrode
- corrosion
- detection sensor
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- anticorrosion performance
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N17/00—Investigating resistance of materials to the weather, to corrosion, or to light
- G01N17/02—Electrochemical measuring systems for weathering, corrosion or corrosion-protection measurement
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
- F24H1/00—Water heaters, e.g. boilers, continuous-flow heaters or water-storage heaters
- F24H1/10—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium
- F24H1/101—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium using electric energy supply
- F24H1/106—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium using electric energy supply with electrodes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/68—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by addition of specified substances, e.g. trace elements, for ameliorating potable water
- C02F1/685—Devices for dosing the additives
- C02F1/686—Devices for dosing liquid additives
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
- C23F11/00—Inhibiting corrosion of metallic material by applying inhibitors to the surface in danger of corrosion or adding them to the corrosive agent
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
- C23F11/00—Inhibiting corrosion of metallic material by applying inhibitors to the surface in danger of corrosion or adding them to the corrosive agent
- C23F11/08—Inhibiting corrosion of metallic material by applying inhibitors to the surface in danger of corrosion or adding them to the corrosive agent in other liquids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
- C23F11/00—Inhibiting corrosion of metallic material by applying inhibitors to the surface in danger of corrosion or adding them to the corrosive agent
- C23F11/08—Inhibiting corrosion of metallic material by applying inhibitors to the surface in danger of corrosion or adding them to the corrosive agent in other liquids
- C23F11/18—Inhibiting corrosion of metallic material by applying inhibitors to the surface in danger of corrosion or adding them to the corrosive agent in other liquids using inorganic inhibitors
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
- F24D19/00—Details
- F24D19/0092—Devices for preventing or removing corrosion, slime or scale
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
- F24H9/00—Details
- F24H9/40—Arrangements for preventing corrosion
- F24H9/45—Arrangements for preventing corrosion for preventing galvanic corrosion, e.g. cathodic or electrolytic means
- F24H9/455—Arrangements for preventing corrosion for preventing galvanic corrosion, e.g. cathodic or electrolytic means for water heaters
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
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- G01N17/04—Corrosion probes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
- C02F2303/08—Corrosion inhibition
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
- Y10T137/8593—Systems
- Y10T137/85978—With pump
- Y10T137/85986—Pumped fluid control
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor and a hot water supply heating system for detecting deterioration of anticorrosion performance of a coolant (solvent) to which a corrosion inhibitor that suppresses corrosion of an anticorrosion target material used in an atmosphere containing moisture is added. And equipment.
- a simulated electrode made of the same material as the electronic equipment material is installed, and the corrosion rate of the simulated electrode is measured by measuring its impedance.
- the corrosion monitoring apparatus which monitors the corrosion condition of an electronic device is proposed (for example, refer patent document 1).
- cooling is performed by measuring the impedance of electrodes provided on the electronic equipment substrate in the refrigerant circuit.
- a corrosive environment quantification apparatus for quantifying the corrosive environment of the apparatus has been proposed, and the liquid quality of the refrigerant is easily quantified with high accuracy and high sensitivity (see, for example, Patent Document 2).
- Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2-291951 (Claim 1, page 3, lower left column to page 4, lower left column, FIG. 1) Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 5-126767 (paragraphs [0019] to [0025])
- Patent Document 1 evaluates the corrosion rate by performing electrochemical impedance measurement on the target electrode.
- the technique described in Patent Document 1 requires a certain amount of reaction to proceed on the electrode surface, that is, to be corroded in order to detect and grasp the magnitude of the reaction resistance of the electrode.
- the amount of corrosion damage also increases, so re-addition of a corrosion inhibitor cannot cope with it, and corrosion of the system cannot be suppressed in advance.
- Patent Document 2 can detect that the anticorrosion performance has deteriorated because the decrease in the anticorrosion performance of the highly electrically insulating refrigerant having a large resistance largely changes as a form of resistance reduction.
- the change in the resistance value corresponding to the decrease in the concentration of the corrosion inhibitor is also small. Therefore, it is difficult to detect a decrease in anticorrosion performance.
- the resistance value of the coolant to which salt such as a corrosion inhibitor is added has temperature dependence. Specifically, even in the same concentration of coolant, the resistance of the coolant decreases as the temperature rises, and the resistance increases as the temperature decreases. Therefore, when managing anti-corrosion performance while detecting changes in the resistance of the coolant, it is necessary to install a resistance compensation function corresponding to the temperature of the coolant, and the cost and installation space associated with the installation must be taken into account. There wasn't.
- the present invention has been made to solve at least one of the above-described problems, and detects deterioration (decrease in concentration) of the corrosion inhibitor with high accuracy and high sensitivity by changing the impedance of the electrode surface coating.
- the first object is to provide a corrosion prevention performance deterioration detection sensor.
- a second object of the present invention is to provide a hot water supply / heating system and equipment having an anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor that appropriately controls the timing of adding a corrosion inhibitor to the coolant and suppresses corrosion of the piping. Yes.
- the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor according to the present invention is an anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor that detects a change in the concentration of the corrosion inhibitor contained in a solvent to which a corrosion inhibitor that suppresses corrosion of an anticorrosion target material is added.
- a detection electrode that reacts with the corrosion inhibitor dissolved in a solvent and forms an electrode surface coating that suppresses corrosion on the surface, a counter electrode that is disposed to face the detection electrode at a predetermined interval, the detection electrode, and the detection electrode
- An AC power source that applies an AC voltage of a predetermined frequency and a predetermined voltage between the counter electrode, and the AC voltage of a predetermined frequency and a predetermined voltage is applied between the detection electrode and the counter electrode, Based on a change in impedance of the electrode surface coating formed on the detection electrode surface, a change in the concentration of the corrosion inhibitor in the solvent is detected.
- the present invention detects the change in the concentration of the corrosion inhibitor in the solvent based on the change in the impedance of the electrode surface coating formed on the detection electrode surface, the deterioration (decrease in the concentration) of the corrosion inhibitor is highly accurate and It can be detected with high sensitivity. Moreover, the timing which adds a corrosion inhibitor to a cooling fluid can be controlled appropriately, and corrosion of piping which comprises a hot-water supply heating system and equipment can be suppressed beforehand.
- FIG. 1 It is a figure which shows an example of schematic structure of the hot-water supply heating system provided with the anti-corrosion performance degradation detection sensor which concerns on Embodiment 1 of this invention. It is a figure which shows an example of schematic structure of the anticorrosion performance degradation detection sensor and controller shown in FIG. It is a figure which shows the electrical equivalent circuit showing the electrode surface which concerns on Embodiment 1 of this invention. It is a figure which shows the electrode surface film formed in the electrode surface which concerns on this Embodiment 1 as a simple model. It is a figure which shows the impedance response with respect to the film form of the detection electrode of the anticorrosion performance degradation detection sensor shown in FIG.
- the anticorrosion performance degradation detection sensor which concerns on Embodiment 3 of this invention, it is a figure which shows the frequency dependence of the impedance with respect to the alternating voltage applied. It is a figure which shows the impedance response with respect to the alternating voltage applied in the anticorrosion performance degradation detection sensor which concerns on Embodiment 4 of this invention. It is a figure which shows the resistance value of the electrode surface film with respect to the electrode size of the anticorrosion performance degradation detection sensor which concerns on Embodiment 5 of this invention. It is a figure which shows the impedance response with respect to the distance between electrodes of the anticorrosion performance degradation detection sensor which concerns on Embodiment 6 of this invention. It is a figure which shows an example of schematic structure of the anticorrosion performance degradation detection sensor which concerns on Embodiment 7 of this invention.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a schematic configuration of a hot water supply / heating system 100 including a corrosion prevention performance deterioration detection sensor 7 according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a schematic configuration of the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor and the controller illustrated in FIG. 1. 2 corresponds to the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 shown in FIG. 1, and the part surrounded by the alternate long and short dash line corresponds to the controller 12 shown in FIG.
- the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 is provided in equipment such as the hot water supply / heating system 100, for example. And the density
- the hot water supply and heating system 100 is capable of, for example, supplying hot water to a bath, a washroom, and a kitchen, heating a room, and the like using heat generated by a heat source machine. As shown in FIG. 1, the hot water supply / heating system 100 detects the concentration of the corrosion inhibitor contained in the cooling target material 15, the circulating pump 8 that conveys the cooling liquid 5, and the cooling liquid 5, which are configured by a heat exchanger or the like.
- the circulation pump 8, the circulation path 9, the bypass paths 10 and 11, and the cooling target material 15 constituting the circulation circuit of the coolant 5 are corrosion protection objects (corrosion protection target materials). That is, what is likely to come into contact with the coolant 5 is an anticorrosion object.
- the anticorrosion performance corresponds to the concentration of the corrosion inhibitor contained in the coolant 5.
- the cooling target material 15 includes an indoor and outdoor heat exchanger that efficiently transfers heat between a high-temperature object and a low-temperature object, a fan coil that adjusts temperature and humidity and blows air to an air-conditioned place, and excessive generated It corresponds to a radiator for dissipating heat and a hot water supply tank for storing the coolant 5 for circulation supply.
- One of the cooling target materials 15 is connected to the suction side of the circulation pump 8, and the other is connected to the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 via the discharge side of the circulation pump 8 and the bypass path 11.
- the circulation pump 8 circulates the coolant 5 flowing through the circulation path 9, the bypass path 10 and the bypass path 11.
- the circulation pump 8 has a suction side connected to the outflow side of the cooling target material 15, and a discharge side connected to the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 via the inflow side of the cooling target material 15 and the bypass 10.
- the circulation pump 8 may be constituted by a capacity controllable pump, for example.
- the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 detects the change in the state of the electrode surface film formed on the detection electrode 1 described later accompanying the deterioration of the anticorrosion performance using electrochemical impedance measurement, and suppresses the corrosion contained in the coolant 5. The concentration of the agent is detected.
- One of the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensors 7 is connected to the discharge side of the circulation pump 8 via the bypass passage 10, and the other is connected to the inflow side of the material to be cooled 15 via the bypass passage 11. Details of the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 are described in [Configuration of the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 and the controller 12] described later.
- the circulation path 9 is a pipe that connects various devices.
- the circulation path 9 is connected to the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 via the bypass path 10 and the bypass path 11, and is connected to the liquid feed pump 14. Furthermore, a cooling target material 15 and a liquid feed pump 14 are connected to the circulation path 9.
- One of the bypass path 10 and the bypass path 11 is connected to the circulation path 9, and the other is connected to the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7, and is a pipe that bypasses a part of the circulation path 9.
- the detection electrode 1 of the anticorrosion performance degradation detection sensor 7 mentioned later is comprised with the same material as the metal material used for piping etc. which comprise said anticorrosion object. For example, copper, aluminum, stainless steel, or the like may be employed as the metal material for these anticorrosion objects.
- the controller 12 receives information related to the anticorrosion performance of the coolant 5 from the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 and controls the operation (operation or stop) of the liquid feed pump 14 based on the information related to the anticorrosion performance. A detailed description of the control is described in [Configuration of anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 and controller 12] described later.
- the corrosion inhibitor charging control unit 13 is connected to the circulation path 9 via the liquid feed pump 14 and supplies the corrosion inhibitor to the solvent (coolant 5) flowing through the circulation path 9.
- the controller 12 and the corrosion inhibitor injection control unit 13 have been described as separate configurations as illustrated in FIG. 1, either of them may be configured to have both.
- the liquid feed pump 14 is connected to the circulation path 9, and supplies (adds) the corrosion inhibitor supplied from the corrosion inhibitor charging controller 13 to the circulation path 9. The operation of the liquid feed pump 14 is controlled by the controller 12.
- the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 includes an AC power source 3, a lead wire 4 that connects the AC power source 3 and the electrode 22, and a housing 6 that houses a part of the electrode 22 and the lead wire 4. have.
- This anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 has a pair of electrodes 22, and the coolant 5 flowing through the circulation path 9 of the hot water supply / heating system 100 can flow in.
- the anticorrosion performance degradation detection sensor 7 applies the alternating voltage with respect to this electrode 22, and utilizes the electrochemical impedance measurement which extracts a resistance component (impedance) from the electric current response,
- the electrode surface accompanying anticorrosion performance degradation Detects changes in the state of the coating. By detecting the change in the state of the electrode surface coating, the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 can detect the concentration of the corrosion inhibitor.
- the electrode 22 is an electrode that measures impedance between electrodes including itself.
- the electrode 22 has a detection electrode 1 made of the same material as the circulation path 9 of the hot water supply / heating system 100, and a counter electrode 2 that energizes the detection electrode 1.
- the detection electrode 1 is comprised from the metal material used for the piping which comprises the circulation circuit (corrosion prevention object) of the cooling fluid 5 of the hot-water supply heating system 100, and the same material.
- the detection electrode 1 may be made of copper, aluminum, stainless steel, or the like depending on the metal material used for the piping that forms the circulation circuit of the coolant 5.
- the detection electrode 1 is covered with an electrode surface coating (electrode surface coating) having a thickness of about several tens to several hundreds of nanometers by being immersed in the coolant 5 to which a corrosion inhibitor is added.
- the counter electrode 2 is an electrode for allowing a current to flow through the detection electrode 1 via the coolant 5.
- the counter electrode 2 is disposed opposite to the detection electrode 1 at a predetermined interval.
- the counter electrode 2 is made of a metal that has high chemical stability and hardly corrodes even when a current flows.
- the counter electrode 2 is preferably composed of an electrochemically noble metal (which hardly causes a chemical reaction itself) such as gold, platinum, titanium, copper, and stainless steel.
- the AC power supply 3 applies an AC voltage to the electrode 22.
- the AC power supply 3 is connected to the electrode 22 via the lead wire 4.
- the applied voltage is preferably 10 mV to 100 mV.
- the lead wire 4 connects the AC power source 3 and the electrode 22.
- the housing 6 accommodates a part of the electrode 22 and the lead wire 4 and keeps a sealed space so that disturbance factors such as an increase in conductivity due to carbon dioxide penetration from the surroundings can be prevented. Thereby, the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 can perform more accurate impedance measurement.
- the controller 12 includes an applied voltage detection unit 23, a current detection unit 24, a calculation unit 25, a threshold setting unit 26, a control unit 27, and a display unit 28.
- the applied voltage detection unit 23 detects the AC voltage applied to the electrode 22 by the AC power supply 3 and transmits the voltage value to the calculation unit 25.
- the current detection unit 24 detects a current response to the AC voltage and transmits the current value to the calculation unit 25.
- the calculation unit 25 derives the impedance of the electrode 22 using the voltage value and the current value transmitted from the applied voltage detection unit 23 and the current detection unit 24.
- the threshold value setting unit 26 sets an upper limit value and a lower limit value as impedance threshold values related to the anticorrosion performance deterioration.
- the control unit 27 compares and determines the impedance derived by the calculation unit 25 and the impedance threshold value related to the anticorrosion performance degradation transmitted from the threshold setting unit 26, and outputs an ON / OFF control output 29 according to the comparison result to the pump 14. Send. That is, the control unit 27 transmits an ON output as the ON / OFF control output 29 to the pump 14 when the impedance falls below the threshold, and outputs an OFF as the ON / OFF control output 29 when the impedance exceeds the threshold. To the pump 14. As a result, the control unit 27 controls the opportunity to stop the addition of the corrosion inhibitor from the corrosion inhibitor introduction control unit 13.
- the display unit 28 displays the impedance value derived by the calculation unit 25. The display unit 28 may be omitted.
- the control unit 27 determines the timing of supplying the corrosion inhibitor, but it can also be handled manually. That is, since the impedance value output from the calculation unit 25 is displayed on the display unit 28, the impedance threshold value related to the anticorrosion performance deterioration is compared with the derived impedance value from this display, and the derived impedance value sets the threshold value.
- the pump 14 may be manually turned on when it falls below, and turned off manually when the threshold value is exceeded.
- the circulation pump 8 is connected to the circulation path 9 that is a circulation path (pipe) for flowing the coolant 5, and the coolant 5 is circulated.
- a part of the coolant 5 fed from the discharge side of the circulation pump 8 flows into the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 connected by bypassing a part of the circulation path 9 via the bypass path 10, and then passes through the bypass path 11. It flows into the circulation path 9 again.
- the other part flows through the circulation path 9 and merges with the coolant 5 flowing from the bypass path 11.
- the anti-corrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 detects the anti-corrosion performance of the coolant 5 that has flowed through the bypass 10 from the impedance measurement. Details of this impedance measurement will be described later in [Explanation of operation of anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7].
- the controller 12 receives the detection result of the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7. Then, the controller 12 controls the operation of the liquid feed pump 14 based on the detection result. Here, the controller 12 controls the operation (operation or stop) of the liquid feeding pump 14 based on the upper limit value and the lower limit value of the resistance value (impedance) detected by the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7. That is, when the anticorrosion performance of the coolant 5 is reduced and the electrode surface coating formed on the detection electrode 1 of the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 is destroyed, the electrolytic solution (coolant 5) penetrates into the destruction location. As a result, the resistance value when the resistance (impedance) decreases is set as the resistance lower limit value (impedance lower limit value).
- the controller 12 When this lower limit value is reached, the controller 12 operates the liquid feed pump 14 to supply the corrosion inhibitor to the coolant 5. In addition, the corrosion inhibitor is supplied to the coolant 5 to repair the electrode surface film destruction portion, and the resistance detected by the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 increases. Since this increase in resistance continues until the electrode surface coating is completely repaired, the resistance value when the increase in resistance stops is taken as the resistance upper limit value (impedance upper limit value). When the resistance upper limit is exceeded, the controller 12 stops the liquid feed pump 14 and stops the supply of the corrosion inhibitor to the coolant 5.
- the coolant 5 supplied with the corrosion inhibitor from the liquid feed pump 14 and controlled to have an appropriate anticorrosion performance flows through the circulation path 9 and into the material to be cooled 15. Then, the coolant 5 that has flowed through the cooling target material 15 is sent to the suction side of the circulation pump 8.
- the hot water supply and heating system 100 can appropriately manage the concentration of the corrosion inhibitor in the coolant 5 and maintain the anticorrosion performance from the impedance response of the electrode 22 of the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7.
- the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 measures the electrochemical impedance that extracts the resistance component from the current response by applying an alternating voltage to the detection electrode 1 and its counter electrode 2, and the anticorrosion performance deterioration is determined from the measurement result. A change in the state of the electrode surface coating is detected. That is, by detecting a change in the state of the electrode surface, the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 can detect the concentration of the corrosion inhibitor. The magnitude of the resistance component extracted from the current response varies depending on the frequency of the applied AC voltage.
- the high frequency region represents a region higher than 1 kHz
- the low frequency region represents less than 1 Hz
- the middle frequency region represents a region between them.
- the resistance component extracted from the current response in the high frequency region is an electrical resistance component (solution resistance) that does not involve the exchange of electrons.
- the resistance component extracted from the current response is the resistance component of the electrode reaction (charge transfer resistance) that involves the transfer of electrons and the chemistry that depends on the diffusion of the reactant that reaches the electrode surface.
- the resistance component (Warburg impedance) of the reaction appears.
- the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 applies a voltage of a predetermined frequency to the electrode 22 in order to detect deterioration of the electrode surface coating as a resistance change. Since an electrode reaction such as a corrosion reaction is prevented from occurring on the surface of the electrode 22 by the amount of the applied AC voltage being higher, the electrical resistance of the electrode surface coating can be detected, but at the same time the influence of the solution resistance It is also necessary to consider. Therefore, it is necessary to set the optimum value for the frequency. The relationship between the frequency and the resistance change will be described in [Frequency dependence of detected impedance] described later.
- the AC power supply 3 sets the voltage value to a predetermined value as described above. By setting the application frequency of the alternating voltage and the alternating voltage to predetermined values, the extracted resistance value corresponds to the state of the electrode surface.
- the resistance value becomes high at the time when the corrosion inhibitor is kept at an appropriate concentration and the electrode surface coating that suppresses the corrosion of the core material of the detection electrode 1 is formed (corrosion suppression time).
- the electrode surface coating having a resistance higher than the solution resistance. Since the material is destroyed, the resistance value is reduced compared to the corrosion inhibition period. The resistance reduction due to the deterioration of the electrode surface coating will be described later in [Reduction of impedance due to electrode surface coating deterioration].
- the core material under the electrode surface coating of the detection electrode 1 comes into contact with the coolant 5, so that the resistance is higher than that of the coolant 5.
- the resistance value is further reduced by the influence of the resistance of the metal core material having a small size compared to the pitting corrosion germination period.
- the electrode surface film is destroyed and a corrosion region where pitting corrosion occurs, the electrode surface film is supplied even if the corrosion inhibitor is supplied and the concentration of the corrosion inhibitor contained in the coolant 5 is controlled to an appropriate value. Will not be repaired and corrosion will proceed. The reason is as follows. In the pitting corrosion germination period, although the electrode surface coating is broken, the broken portion is repaired if the anticorrosion performance of the cooling liquid 5 is appropriate because it is in contact with the cooling liquid 5. On the other hand, once pitting corrosion is formed, the anodic reaction proceeds without reaching the coolant 5 containing the corrosion inhibitor inside the pitting corrosion, and the acidic conditions due to hydrogen ions generated by water hydrolysis. This is because the corrosion reaction proceeds underneath, so that the addition of a corrosion inhibitor cannot suppress the occurrence of pitting corrosion.
- the controller 12 sets the detection point of the anticorrosion performance deterioration as the pitting corrosion sprouting time. That is, the controller 12 acquires in advance the resistance value (impedance) when the electrode surface coating is pitting sprouting time (pitting corrosion sprouting state) as a lower limit value, and the resistance value (impedance) detected by the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 is the lower limit value. If it falls below the value, the liquid feed pump 14 is operated to supply the coolant 5 with the corrosion inhibitor. That is, since the hot water supply / heating system 100 can appropriately control the time when the corrosion inhibitor is added to the coolant 5, the corrosion of the anticorrosion object can be suppressed in advance.
- the controller 12 assumes that the detection point at which the anticorrosion performance has completely recovered is when the resistance increase stops. That is, the controller 12 acquires in advance the saturation value of the resistance (impedance) increase of the electrode surface coating as the upper limit value in a state where the liquid feed pump is operated and the supply of the corrosion inhibitor is continued. Then, when the resistance value detected by the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 reaches the upper limit value, the controller 12 stops the liquid feeding pump 14 and stops the supply of the corrosion inhibitor to the coolant 5. That is, the hot water supply and heating system 100 can suppress the excessive addition of the corrosion inhibitor to the coolant 5.
- the liquid feed pump 14 is controlled based on the upper limit value and the lower limit value described above.
- the response time of the liquid feed pump 14 and the time lag of the concentration change of the corrosion inhibitor are taken into consideration.
- the operation of the liquid feed pump 14 may be started before the resistance value falls below the lower limit value, or the operation of the liquid feed pump 14 may be stopped before reaching the upper limit value.
- FIG. 3 shows a general electrical equivalent circuit that simulates an electrode reaction on the electrode surface.
- the impedance Ztotal of the entire electrical equivalent circuit in FIG. 3 includes C, Rs, Rct, and Zw described below.
- C is a capacity relating to the formation of the electric double layer and takes into consideration the influence of the electric charge stored in the surface film.
- Rs is a solution resistance, which takes into account the electrolyte resistance, copper electrode resistance, and surface film resistance.
- Rct is a charge transfer resistance and is a resistance component related to electron transfer in the electrode reaction.
- Zw Warburg impedance, and is a resistance component related to mass transfer / diffusion transfer among electrode reactions.
- An AC voltage is applied to the electrical equivalent circuit of FIG. 3, and the impedance is detected from the current response. With respect to the detected impedance, the following expression is established depending on the applied angular frequency ⁇ .
- the coolant 5 that flows between the detection electrode 1 and the counter electrode 2 is an aqueous solvent that flows in the circulation path that forms the hot water supply and heating system 100.
- the corrosion inhibitor which suppresses corrosion of the metal which comprises the said anti-corrosion target object and the detection electrode 1 is added to this cooling fluid 5.
- antifreeze may be added so that the coolant 5 does not freeze.
- Corrosion inhibitors include precipitation film type corrosion inhibitors such as benzotriazole and 8-quinolinol, adsorption film type corrosion inhibitors such as tetraalkylammonium, and oxide film type corrosion such as sodium nitrite, sodium molybdate, and sodium polyphosphate. Inhibitors are employed.
- As the corrosion inhibitor it is preferable to use an optimum corrosion inhibitor depending on the material constituting the anticorrosion object. That is, when the anticorrosion object is made of copper, a precipitation film type such as benzotriazole is adopted as a corrosion inhibitor, and when the anticorrosion object is made of iron, sodium nitrite or the like is adopted.
- An oxide film type corrosion inhibitor may be employed.
- the metal constituting the detection electrode 1 is eluted into the coolant 5 and reacts with the corrosion inhibitor, whereby an electrode surface film is formed on the surface of the detection electrode 1.
- the detection electrode 1 is covered with the electrode surface coating, so that further dissolution (elution) of the detection electrode 1 is suppressed.
- the dissolution reaction and the generation reaction of the detection electrode 1 are repeated. While these reactions are in an equilibrium state, metal elution from the detection electrode 1 is suppressed, so that the detection electrode 1 can exist stably.
- the reaction of the surface of the detection electrode 1 by the corrosion inhibitor will be specifically described.
- the pipe constituting the anticorrosion object is made of copper
- the detection electrode 1 of the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 is also made of copper.
- the coolant 5 circulating in the hot water supply / heating system 100 is an aqueous solvent, and the coolant 5 is added with propylene glycol as an antifreeze and benzotriazole (BTAH) as a copper corrosion inhibitor.
- BTAH benzotriazole
- Benzotriazole is dissociated in the coolant 5 by the following reaction to become an anion BTA ⁇ .
- the correlation between the electrode surface coating formed by the corrosion inhibitor and the impedance will be described using a simple model of the electrode on which the electrode surface coating shown in FIG. 4 is formed.
- the simple model shown in FIG. 4 is composed of an electrode surface coating represented by a dielectric having a dielectric constant ⁇ and a thickness l for an electrode having an electrode area A, and an electrolyte having a larger ⁇ value than the electrode surface coating. .
- the resistance change of the electrode surface coating in the impedance measurement can be well expressed by its capacitance component (capacitance), and the following equation holds for the capacitance of this system.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing an impedance response to the coating form of the detection electrode 1 of the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 shown in FIG.
- FIG. 5 confirms the correlation between the coating form of the electrode surface coating and the impedance response of the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7. Note that an AC voltage having an applied voltage of 10 mV and a frequency of 100 Hz is applied to the electrode 22, and the impedance response is detected.
- the impedance response value is expressed as a value when the impedance response to the electrode surface coating A (described later) is 1.
- the coolant 5 filling the housing 6 of the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7, the coolant 5A added with benzotriazole so as to have a concentration sufficient for preventing corrosion of copper, and the concentration at which the destruction of the copper electrode surface coating starts.
- Three types of cooling liquids 5B were prepared, namely, a cooling liquid 5B to which benzotriazole was added and a cooling liquid 5C to which benzotriazole was added so that the copper electrode surface coating was destroyed and the copper electrode core material was exposed.
- the forms of the electrode surface coatings A to C correspond to the respective cooling liquids 5A to 5C.
- FIG. 5 shows that an impedance response corresponding to the form of the electrode surface coating is detected, and the resistance value of the electrode decreases as the concentration of benzotriazole in the coolant 5 decreases and the destruction of the electrode surface coating proceeds.
- the resistance value was the resistance of the electrode surface in the coolant 5A. Rose to the value.
- the electrode surface resistance of the coolant 5C remained low. From this, it was confirmed that when the pitting corrosion progresses until the destruction of the electrode surface coating proceeds and the copper core material is exposed, the electrode surface coating is not repaired even when benzotriazole as a corrosion inhibitor is added. That is, if the corrosion protection object corrodes and the copper core material is exposed, it cannot be repaired even if a corrosion inhibitor is added.
- the concentration of benzotriazole in the cooling liquid 5 was lowered and the electrode surface coating progressed. It was found that the electrode potential dropped as the value was increased.
- This electrode potential indicates the destruction state of the electrode surface coating. That is, when the electrode surface is covered with a complete electrode surface coating, the electrode potential is high due to the influence of the electrode surface coating with a high potential, whereas the benzotriazole concentration decreases and the electrode surface coating is destroyed. When started, the influence of the underlying copper core material appears and the potential drops. When the electrode surface coating is destroyed until the copper core material is exposed, the electrode potential becomes as close as possible to the same potential.
- the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 applies an AC voltage having a predetermined frequency and a predetermined voltage to the detection electrode 1 and the counter electrode 2 on which the electrode surface coating is formed, and resistance is determined from the current response.
- the component (impedance) is extracted.
- the resistance component becomes an electrical resistance component (solution resistance) that is not mainly accompanied by the transfer of electrons, so the deterioration of the corrosion inhibitor (reduction in concentration). ) Can be detected as a change in electrode film resistance with high accuracy and high sensitivity. Therefore, it goes without saying that the deterioration of the anticorrosion performance can be detected even in the coolant 5 in which, for example, antifreeze or the like is added to reduce the resistance.
- the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 detects the deterioration (decrease in concentration) of the corrosion inhibitor with high accuracy and high sensitivity from the change in the formation state of the electrode surface coating formed on the detection electrode 1. And the controller 12 makes the detection point of anticorrosion performance fall the pitting corrosion germination time. That is, since the hot water supply and heating system 100 according to the first embodiment can appropriately control the time when the corrosion inhibitor is added to the coolant 5, the corrosion of the corrosion protection object can be suppressed in advance.
- Embodiment 2 The water quality (environment) of the coolant 5 flowing in the housing 6 of the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 and the water quality of the coolant 5 circulating in the hot water heating / heating system 100 are bypasses connected to the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7. It changes according to the size size of the path 10, the bypass path 11, the circulation pump 8, and the housing 6. Thus, if the water quality (environment) of the coolant 5 flowing in the casing 6 of the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 does not correspond to the water quality of the coolant 5 circulating in the hot water supply / heating system 100, the detection electrode 1. Corrosion of the circulation path constituting the hot water supply and heating system 100 does not correspond.
- the hot water supply and heating system 100 takes into consideration that the environment to which the detection electrode 1 is exposed and the environment to which the anticorrosive object of the hot water supply and heating system 100 is exposed are substantially the same.
- Factors that affect the corrosion of the anticorrosive objects of the detection electrode 1 and the hot water supply / heating system 100 include the temperature of the coolant 5, the flow velocity, the dissolved oxygen concentration, the corrosion ions, and the concentration of the corrosion inhibitor.
- the corrosion inhibitor added to the coolant 5 benzotriazole was adopted as in the first embodiment.
- the temperature and flow rate of the coolant 5 are set so as to be the same as the environment where the anticorrosion object is exposed by adjusting the heat retention method, the pump flow rate, and the dimensional design. Furthermore, with respect to the dissolved oxygen concentration (solubility) depending on the temperature and flow rate of the coolant 5, the temperature and flow rate of the coolant 5 are adjusted as described above so as to be the same as the environment where the anticorrosive object is exposed. It is set.
- the concentration of the corrosion ions and the corrosion inhibitor in both the environment where the detection electrode 1 is exposed and the environment in the circulation path of the hot water supply / heating system 100 were measured.
- the sample of the coolant 5 was collected during the operation of the hot water supply / heating system 100.
- the hot water supply / heating system 100 according to the second embodiment can reliably function the detection electrode 1 of the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 as a simulation electrode. Thereby, the hot water supply and heating system 100 according to the second embodiment can appropriately control the time when the corrosion inhibitor is added to the coolant 5, so that the corrosion of the anticorrosion object of the hot water supply and heating system 100 is obviated. Can be suppressed.
- the resistance component (impedance) of the electrode surface coating of the anticorrosion performance degradation detection sensor 7 increases as the frequency of the applied AC voltage decreases.
- the detected impedance includes not only a resistance corresponding to electrical conduction (including solution resistance and resistance of conduction in the electrode) but also the electrode. Resistance in response to the speed of electron transfer (charge transfer resistance), impedance due to the electric double layer capacitance formed by the charge stored on the electrode surface, and diffusion resistance in response to the diffusion rate of reactants reaching the electrode interface ( This is because the (Warburg impedance) appears.
- the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 in the high frequency region, not only the change of the electrode surface coating but also the design of the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7, that is, the distance between the electrodes of the detection electrode 1 and the counter electrode 2, the electrode area, and the solution interposed between the electrodes (coolant 5) Since the impedance changes depending on the liquid property, it is difficult to extract only the resistance change of the electrode surface coating. Furthermore, in the low frequency region, in addition to the resistance change of the electrode surface coating, the impedance is greatly influenced by the diffusion rate of the reactive substance in the solution. Therefore, it is difficult to extract only the resistance change of the electrode surface coating as in the high frequency region. Therefore, in order to appropriately detect the resistance change of the electrode surface coating, it is necessary to optimize the frequency of the applied AC voltage. Therefore, the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 according to the third embodiment and the hot water supply / heating system 100 including the same take into account the frequency of the AC voltage applied from the AC power supply 3.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the frequency dependence of impedance with respect to the applied AC voltage in the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 according to Embodiment 3 of the present invention.
- the impedance response varies according to the electrode area (surface area) even when the same material is used. Therefore, in FIG. 6, the magnitude of the impedance response detected when the electrode area (surface area) of the detection electrode 1 is normalized is 1, and the resistance value at each frequency is calculated.
- the cooling fluid 5A and 5B mentioned above were used.
- the difference from the first and second embodiments will be mainly described.
- the resistance component in any coolant shows a substantially constant value, whereas the resistance component increases from around 1 kHz. It was confirmed that the coolant 5B was smaller. In the high frequency region of 1 kHz or higher, the difference in electrode surface coating deterioration is caused by the influence of solution resistance and other resistance factors related to cell design despite the fact that the concentrations of the corrosion inhibitors in the coolant 5A and the coolant 5B are different. Seems to be difficult to appear.
- the upper frequency limit of the AC voltage to be applied is set to 1 kHz or less, preferably 100 Hz or less.
- the degree of increase in the coolant 5B was increased, and it was confirmed that the difference from the coolant 5A was reduced again (not shown). It is considered that the difference between the two was reduced by the influence of the diffusion resistance representing the diffusion rate of the reactant in the coolant rather than the resistance change of the electrode surface coating. Specifically, it is preferable to set the lower frequency limit of the AC voltage to be applied to 1 Hz or more.
- the frequency upper limit of the applied AC voltage is set to 1 kHz or less, preferably 100 Hz or less, and the frequency lower limit is set to 1 Hz or more, and the impedance response of the electrode surface is monitored at the set frequency, the anticorrosion performance deteriorates.
- the impedance response of the detection sensor 7 can be made to correspond to the resistance change of the electrode surface coating due to the deterioration of the anticorrosion performance. That is, since the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 according to the third embodiment can set the frequency of the alternating voltage to be applied as described above, the impedance response can correspond to the resistance change of the electrode surface coating, A change in the state of the electrode surface coating formed on the detection electrode 1 can be detected with high accuracy and high sensitivity.
- the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 detects the deterioration (decrease in concentration) of the corrosion inhibitor with high accuracy and high sensitivity from the change in the state of the electrode surface coating formed on the detection electrode 1 as described above. And the controller 12 makes the detection point of anticorrosion performance fall the pitting corrosion germination time. That is, since the hot water supply and heating system 100 according to the third embodiment can appropriately control the time when the corrosion inhibitor is added to the coolant 5, the corrosion of the anticorrosive object can be suppressed in advance.
- Embodiment 4 FIG.
- the impedance detected by the anticorrosion performance degradation detection sensor 7 hardly changes until the value of the AC voltage to be applied reaches a predetermined value, but changes when the value becomes larger than that.
- the applied voltage generates a driving force that draws the reactant in the electrolyte in contact with the electrode surface (in this embodiment, the coolant) to the electrode surface.
- this driving force is increased, so that an electrode reaction easily occurs, and as a result, the reaction resistance is decreased. Therefore, it is necessary to provide an upper limit for the voltage value of the AC voltage to be applied.
- the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 according to the fourth embodiment and the hot water supply / heating system 100 including the same take into consideration the range of the upper limit value and the lower limit value of the voltage value of the AC voltage to be applied.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an impedance response with respect to a voltage value of an AC voltage to be applied in the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 according to Embodiment 4 of the present invention.
- the impedance response decreases as the voltage value of the applied AC voltage increases.
- the impedance response detected at an AC voltage of 1 mV is assumed to be 100%, and the impedance at each voltage value is calculated and plotted.
- the above-described coolant 5A was used.
- the frequency of the applied AC voltage was 100 Hz.
- the difference from the first to third embodiments will be mainly described.
- the responsive impedance value when the voltage value is large, the responsive impedance value is reduced.
- the voltage value when the voltage value is 150 mV or more, it does not match the impedance response when AC voltage 1 mV is applied (at 99% or less).
- the upper limit of the voltage value is preferably less than 150 mV, more preferably 100 mV or less, an accurate impedance response can be obtained.
- the lower limit of the voltage value is less than 10 mV, the detection current becomes small as described above, and sometimes it may be necessary to detect a current of the order of ⁇ A or less.
- the lower limit of the voltage value for realizing a high-accuracy detection sensor as a device is 10 mV or more.
- Embodiment 5 The resistance value of the electrode surface coating of the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 changes according to the surface area of the detection electrode 1 with respect to the counter electrode 2. That is, by optimizing the electrode area in the detection electrode 1 of the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7, the electrode surface resistance change can be detected with higher accuracy and sensitivity. Therefore, the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 according to the fifth embodiment and the hot water supply / heating system 100 including the same take into consideration the surface area of the detection electrode 1 with respect to the counter electrode 2.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating the resistance value of the electrode surface coating with respect to the electrode size of the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 according to Embodiment 5 of the present invention.
- the detection electrodes 1 of the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 described in FIG. 1 the following five types were prepared, and the resistance values of the respective electrode surface coatings were measured. Size 1. A sensing electrode 1 having a 110% larger surface area than the counter electrode 2. Size 2. A sensing electrode 1 having a 105% larger surface area than the counter electrode 2. Size 3. A sensing electrode 1 having the same surface area as the counter electrode 2. Size 4. A detection electrode 1 having a surface area 95% smaller than that of the counter electrode 2. Size 5. A detection electrode 1 having a surface area 90% smaller than that of the counter electrode 2.
- the solution resistance of the coolant 5 between the detection electrode 1 and the counter electrode 2 is controlled to be constant by designing the distance to the counter electrode 2 and the temperature of the coolant 5 to be constant. And in the state controlled in this way, the alternating voltage was applied to five types of electrodes, and the resistance value of the electrode surface film was derived
- the surface area (electrode size) of the detection electrode 1 in FIG. 8 is a value when the surface area of the counter electrode 2 is 100, and the electrode surface resistance is a value when the resistance of the detection electrode 1 of size 1 is 1. To express.
- differences from the first to fourth embodiments will be mainly described.
- the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 makes the surface area of the detection electrode 1 smaller than the surface area of the counter electrode 2, and preferably makes the surface area of the detection electrode 1 95% or less of the surface area of the counter electrode 2. .
- the change of the state of the electrode surface film formed in the detection electrode 1 can be detected with high precision and high sensitivity.
- degradation (decrease in concentration) of the corrosion inhibitor can be detected with high accuracy and high sensitivity. Therefore, it goes without saying that the deterioration of the anticorrosion performance can be detected even in the cooling liquid in which, for example, the antifreeze liquid is added to reduce the resistance.
- the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 detects the deterioration (decrease in concentration) of the corrosion inhibitor with high accuracy and high sensitivity from the change in the state of the electrode surface coating formed on the detection electrode 1 as described above. And the controller 12 makes the detection point of anticorrosion performance fall the pitting corrosion germination time. That is, since the hot water supply and heating system 100 according to the fifth embodiment can appropriately control the time when the corrosion inhibitor is added to the coolant 5, the corrosion of the corrosion protection object can be suppressed in advance.
- Embodiment 6 The solution resistance of the cooling liquid 5 between the detection electrode 1 and the counter electrode 2 is determined by the surface area of the detection electrode 1, the conductivity of the cooling liquid 5, and the distance between the detection electrode 1 and the counter electrode 2.
- the surface area of the detection electrode 1 and the conductivity of the coolant 5 can be set to predetermined values. Therefore, the solution resistance of the coolant 5 can be controlled by optimizing the distance between the detection electrode 1 and the counter electrode 2. Therefore, the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 according to the sixth embodiment and the hot water supply / heating system 100 provided with the same take into consideration the distance between the detection electrode 1 and the counter electrode 2.
- the equivalent diameter is a representative diameter of the electrode used instead of the diameter of the circle when the shape of the electrode is not a circle, and can be expressed by the following equation.
- De 4A / Lp
- De the equivalent diameter of the electrode
- A the electrode area
- Lp the electrode peripheral length. The distance between the electrodes was controlled by the equivalent diameter De.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing an impedance response with respect to the interelectrode distance of the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 according to Embodiment 6 of the present invention.
- What prepared the distance between the detection electrode 1 and the counter electrode 2 of the anticorrosion performance degradation detection sensor 7 demonstrated in FIG. 1 to the following five types was prepared, and the resistance value of each electrode surface film was measured.
- Distance 1. The distance is set to 110% with respect to the equivalent diameter of the detection electrode 1.
- the distance is set to 105% with respect to the equivalent diameter of the detection electrode 1.
- the distance is set to the same length as the equivalent diameter of the detection electrode 1.
- Distance 4. The distance is set to 95% with respect to the equivalent diameter of the detection electrode 1.
- the distance is set to 90% with respect to the equivalent diameter of the detection electrode 1.
- the surface area of the detection electrode 1 is designed to be larger than that of the counter electrode 2 so that the resistance of the electrode surface coating of the detection electrode 1 is reduced and the change in the solution resistance between the electrodes is more easily detected. did.
- impedances at five distances were measured between the detection electrode 1 and the counter electrode 2.
- the interelectrode distance in FIG. 9 is a value when the equivalent diameter of the detection electrode 1 is 100, and each impedance response value is 1 when the interelectrode distance is the distance 1. Expressed in hour values.
- differences from the first to fifth embodiments will be mainly described.
- the impedance response including the resistance of the electrode surface coating is reduced by reducing the distance between the detection electrode 1 and the counter electrode 2.
- the degree of decrease in the impedance response becomes remarkable.
- the detection accuracy and the detection sensitivity of the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 can be increased as the resistance of the coolant 5 between the electrodes 22 is smaller.
- the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 makes the distance between the detection electrode 1 and the counter electrode 2 shorter than the equivalent diameter of the detection electrode 1, preferably the distance between the detection electrode 1 and the counter electrode 2. It is 95% or less of the equivalent diameter of the detection electrode 1.
- the change of the state of the electrode surface film formed in the detection electrode 1 can be detected with high precision and high sensitivity.
- degradation (decrease in concentration) of the corrosion inhibitor can be detected with high accuracy and high sensitivity. Therefore, it goes without saying that the deterioration of the anticorrosion performance can be detected even in the cooling liquid in which, for example, the antifreeze liquid is added to reduce the resistance.
- the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 detects the deterioration (decrease in concentration) of the corrosion inhibitor with high accuracy and high sensitivity from the change in the state of the electrode surface coating formed on the detection electrode 1 as described above. And the controller 12 makes the detection point of anticorrosion performance fall the pitting corrosion germination time. That is, since the hot water supply / heating system 100 according to the sixth embodiment can appropriately control the time when the corrosion inhibitor is added to the coolant 5, the corrosion of the anticorrosion object can be suppressed in advance.
- Embodiment 7 FIG.
- a suitable material is prepared for the counter electrode 2 with respect to the detection electrode 1 and the anticorrosion performance deterioration is detected by impedance measurement.
- a part of the existing piping is used as the counter electrode 2. That is, the circulation path 9 or the bypass paths 10 and 11 can be used.
- the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 according to the seventh embodiment evaluates the impedance response when a part of the bypass path 10 is used as the counter electrode 2 with respect to the detection electrode 1.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing an example of a schematic configuration of the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 according to the seventh embodiment.
- the detection electrode 1 uses a cylindrical electrode rod so as to be equidistant with respect to the bypass path 10 formed of a circular tube functioning as the counter electrode 2. Since the counter electrode 2 using a part of the bypass 10 is on the outside of the detection electrode 1 made of an electrode rod, the counter electrode area is larger than the detection electrode, and the degree increases as the distance between the electrodes increases. The distance between the electrodes was set to 95% with respect to the equivalent diameter of the electrode rod serving as the detection electrode 1.
- the coolant 5 flows between the detection electrode 1 and the counter electrode 2 (bypass path 10).
- the lead wire 4 connected to the detection electrode 1 and the detection electrode 1 side is electrically insulated from the bypass 10 that functions as the counter electrode 2, and is designed so as not to be short-circuited.
- the hot water heating / heating system 100 is configured to notify the user by voice or the like when the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 detects that the anticorrosion performance of the coolant 5 has decreased. Needless to say. Further, in the hot water supply / heating system 100, the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 detects deterioration (decrease in concentration) of the corrosion inhibitor with high accuracy and high sensitivity from a change in the state of the electrode surface coating formed on the detection electrode 1. Therefore, it is not necessary to manage the anticorrosion performance while detecting the resistance change of the coolant 5 or separately install a resistance compensation function corresponding to the temperature of the coolant 5. That is, the cost is not increased by managing the anticorrosion performance or attaching a resistance compensation function corresponding to the temperature of the coolant 5 separately.
- the bypass passage 10 and the bypass passage 11 connected to the anticorrosion performance deterioration detection sensor 7 by bypassing a part of the circulation passage 9 are provided. It is good also as a structure which arrange
- Embodiments 1 to 7 may be combined as appropriate.
- the present invention can also be applied to other equipment that circulates a solvent such as cooling water.
- the present invention may be applied to equipment such as an air conditioning system having a refrigeration cycle in which a compressor, a condenser, an expansion unit, an evaporator, and the like are connected by piping and a refrigerant is circulated.
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Abstract
Description
したがって、このような設備機器における冷却液漏れによる熱交性能の低下を防止するためには、システムを構成する配管などの金属材料の腐食を抑制する、もしくは冷却液の防食性能が低下しないように腐食抑制剤の濃度を適正に制御する必要がある。
また、高電気絶縁性冷媒を用いた冷却装置の電子機器に使用される金属材料の腐食を抑制するために、冷媒循環路中の電子機器基板上に設けた電極のインピーダンスを測定することで冷却装置の腐食環境を定量化する腐食環境定量装置が提案され、冷媒の液質を容易に高精度高感度で定量化している(たとえば、特許文献2参照)。
また、冷却液に腐食抑制剤を添加する時期を適切に制御し、配管の腐食を未然に抑制する防食性能劣化検知センサーを備えた給湯暖房システム及び設備機器を提供することを第2の目的としている。
また、冷却液に腐食抑制剤を添加する時期を適切に制御し、給湯暖房システム及び設備機器を構成する配管の腐食を未然に抑制することができる。
図1は、本発明の実施の形態1に係る防食性能劣化検知センサー7を備えた給湯暖房システム100の概要構成の一例を示す図である。図2は、図1に示す防食性能劣化検知センサー及びコントローラーの概要構成の一例を示す図である。なお、図2における点線で囲われた部分は、図1に示す防食性能劣化検知センサー7に、一点鎖線で囲われた部分は図1に示すコントローラー12に対応している。
防食性能劣化検知センサー7は、たとえば給湯暖房システム100のような設備機器に備えられるものである。そして、この設備機器の配管を循環する冷却液5(溶媒)に含まれる腐食抑制剤の濃度を検知するものである。
給湯暖房システム100とは、熱源機で生成される熱を利用して、たとえば風呂、洗面室、及び台所などへの給湯や、部屋の暖房などをすることができるものである。
図1に示すように、給湯暖房システム100は、熱交換器などで構成される冷却対象材15、冷却液5を搬送する循環ポンプ8、冷却液5に含まれる腐食抑制剤の濃度を検知する防食性能劣化検知センサー7、冷却液5が循環する循環路9、循環路9の一部をバイパスして防食性能劣化検知センサー7に接続されるバイパス路10及びバイパス路11、防食性能劣化検知センサー7から冷却液5の防食性能に関わる情報を受け取るコントローラー12、後述の送液ポンプ14に腐食抑制剤を供給する腐食抑制剤投入制御部13、循環路9に腐食抑制剤を供給する送液ポンプ14を有している。これらのうち、冷却液5の循環回路を構成している循環ポンプ8、循環路9、バイパス路10、11及び冷却対象材15は、防食対象物(防食対象材料)である。つまり、冷却液5と接触する可能性があるものが、防食対象物である。
なお、防食性能は、冷却液5に含まれる腐食抑制剤の濃度に対応する。
循環ポンプ8は、循環路9、バイパス路10及びバイパス路11に流れる冷却液5を循環させるものである。循環ポンプ8は、その吸引側が冷却対象材15の流出側に接続され、その吐出側が冷却対象材15の流入側及びバイパス路10を介して防食性能劣化検知センサー7に接続されている。この循環ポンプ8は、たとえば容量制御可能なポンプなどで構成するとよい。
循環路9は、各種機器を接続する配管である。この循環路9は、バイパス路10及びバイパス路11を介して防食性能劣化検知センサー7に接続され、また、送液ポンプ14に接続されている。さらに、循環路9には、冷却対象材15及び送液ポンプ14が接続されている。
バイパス路10及びバイパス路11は、一方が循環路9に接続され、他方が防食性能劣化検知センサー7に接続されており、循環路9の一部をバイパスする配管である。
そして、後述の防食性能劣化検知センサー7の検知電極1は、上記の防食対象物を構成する配管などに使用される金属材料と同材料で構成される。これらの防食対象物の金属材料としては、たとえば銅、アルミ、ステンレス鋼などを採用するとよい。
腐食抑制剤投入制御部13は、循環路9に送液ポンプ14を介して接続され、循環路9内を流れる溶媒(冷却液5)に腐食抑制剤を供給するものである。なお、コントローラー12と腐食抑制剤投入制御部13とは、図1に図示されるように、それぞれ別々の構成として説明したが、いずれかが両方を兼ね備える構成としてもよい。
送液ポンプ14は、循環路9に接続されており、腐食抑制剤投入制御部13から供給される腐食抑制剤を、循環路9に供給(添加)するものである。この送液ポンプ14の運転は、コントローラー12によって制御される。
図2に示すように、防食性能劣化検知センサー7は、交流電源3、交流電源3と電極22を接続するリード線4、及び電極22とリード線4の一部を収納している筐体6を有している。この防食性能劣化検知センサー7は、一対の電極22を有し、給湯暖房システム100の循環路9を流れる冷却液5が流入可能となっている。そして、防食性能劣化検知センサー7は、この電極22に対して交流電圧を印加させ、その電流応答から抵抗成分(インピーダンス)を抽出する電気化学インピーダンス測定を利用して、防食性能劣化に伴う電極表面被膜の状態の変化を検知する。この電極表面被膜の状態の変化を検知することによって、防食性能劣化検知センサー7は腐食抑制剤の濃度を検知できるものである。
検知電極1は、給湯暖房システム100の冷却液5の循環回路(防食対象物)を構成する配管に使用される金属材料と同材料から構成されている。検知電極1は、冷却液5の循環回路を構成する配管に使用される金属材料に応じて銅、アルミ、ステンレス鋼などで構成するとよい。検知電極1は、腐食抑制剤が添加された冷却液5に浸されることにより、表面に厚さ数十nmから数百nm程度の電極表面被膜(電極表面被膜)で覆われる。
対極2は、冷却液5を介して検知電極1に電流を流すための電極である。この対極2は、検知電極1から所定の間隔を隔てて、対向配置されている。また、対極2は、化学的安定性が高く電流が流れても腐食しにくい金属から構成されている。具体的には、対極2は、金、白金、チタン、銅、ステンレス鋼など電気化学的に貴な(自身で化学反応を起こしにくい)金属で構成するとよい。
リード線4は、交流電源3と電極22とを接続するものである。
筐体6は、電極22とリード線4の一部を収納し、かつ密閉空間を保つことにより、周囲から二酸化炭素溶け込みによる導電率上昇等、外乱因子の入らないようにするものである。これにより、防食性能劣化検知センサー7がより正確なインピーダンス測定を行えるようになっている。
印加電圧検出部23は、交流電源3が電極22に印加した交流電圧を検出し、その電圧値を演算部25に送信する。
電流検出部24は、交流電圧に対する電流応答を検出し、その電流値を演算部25に送信する。
演算部25は、印加電圧検出部23および電流検出部24から送信された電圧値および電流値を用いて、電極22のインピーダンスを導出する。
閾値設定部26は、防食性能劣化に関するインピーダンス閾値として上限値および下限値を設定する。防食性能劣化に関する閾値については後述の「防食性能劣化検知センサー7及びコントローラー12の動作説明」に記載する。
制御部27は、演算部25により導出されたインピーダンスと、閾値設定部26から送信された防食性能劣化に関するインピーダンス閾値とを比較判断し、比較結果に応じたON/OFF制御出力29をポンプ14へ送信する。すなわち、制御部27は、インピーダンスが閾値を下回った際に、ON/OFF制御出力29としてON出力をポンプ14へ送信し、インピーダンスが閾値を上回った際に、ON/OFF制御出力29としてOFF出力をポンプ14へ送信する。これにより、制御部27は、腐食抑制剤投入制御部13からの腐食抑制剤の投入停止機会を制御する。
表示部28は、演算部25により導出されたインピーダンスの値を表示する。なお、表示部28は省略しても良い。
給湯暖房システム100には、上記のように、冷却液5を流すための循環路(配管)である循環路9に循環ポンプ8が接続されており、冷却液5が循環している。循環ポンプ8の吐出側から送り込まれる冷却液5の一部は、循環路9の一部をバイパスして接続される防食性能劣化検知センサー7にバイパス路10を介して流れ込み、その後バイパス路11を介して循環路9に再び流れ込む。また、他の一部は、循環路9を流れて、バイパス路11から流れ込む冷却液5と合流する。
防食性能劣化検知センサー7は、このバイパス路10を介して流れ込んだ冷却液5の防食性能をインピーダンス測定から検出している。このインピーダンス測定の詳細については、後述の[防食性能劣化検知センサー7の動作説明]に記載する。
すなわち、冷却液5の防食性能が低下し、防食性能劣化検知センサー7の検知電極1に形成された電極表面被膜が破壊されると、該破壊箇所に電解液(冷却液5)が浸透する。
これにより、抵抗(インピーダンス)が減少したときの抵抗値を抵抗下限値(インピーダンス下限値)とする。この下限値になるとコントローラー12は、送液ポンプ14を運転させて、腐食抑制剤を冷却液5に供給させる。
また、冷却液5に腐食抑制剤が供給されることにより電極表面被膜破壊箇所が修復され、防食性能劣化検知センサー7が検出する抵抗が上昇する。この抵抗上昇は電極表面被膜が完全に修復されるまで継続するので、抵抗上昇が停止したときの抵抗値を抵抗上限値(インピーダンス上限値)とする。抵抗上限値を上回ると、コントローラー12は、送液ポンプ14を停止させて、冷却液5への腐食抑制剤の供給を停止させる。
以上のサイクルにより、給湯暖房システム100は、防食性能劣化検知センサー7の電極22のインピーダンス応答から、冷却液5における腐食抑制剤の濃度を適正に管理し、防食性能を維持することができる。
防食性能劣化検知センサー7は、検知電極1及びその対極2に対して交流電圧を印加させることにより、その電流応答から抵抗成分を抽出する電気化学インピーダンスを測定し、その測定結果から防食性能劣化に伴う電極表面被膜の状態の変化を検知する。すなわち、電極表面の状態の変化を検知することによって、防食性能劣化検知センサー7は腐食抑制剤の濃度を検知できるものである。
電流応答から抽出される抵抗成分は、その印加する交流電圧の周波数の高低によって、その大きさが変化する。ここで言う高周波数領域とは1kHzより高い領域、低周波数領域とは1Hz未満を表し、中周波数領域とはこれらの間を表す。高周波数領域における電流応答から抽出される抵抗成分は、電子の授受を伴わない電気的抵抗成分(溶液抵抗)が検出される。
一方、低周波数領域に移行するにつれ、電流応答から抽出される抵抗成分として、電子の授受を伴う電極反応の抵抗成分(電荷移動抵抗)や、電極表面に到達する反応物質の拡散に依存する化学反応の抵抗成分(ワールブルグインピーダンス)が現れるようになる。
この周波数と抵抗変化の関係については後述の[検出インピーダンスの周波数依存性について]に記載する。
なお、交流電源3は、前述のようにその電圧値を所定の値とする。交流電圧の印加周波数及び交流電圧を所定の値にすることにより、抽出される抵抗値が電極表面の状態に対応する。
一方、腐食抑制剤濃度が低下し電極表面被膜が徐々に破壊され、冷却液5が破壊箇所に侵入する段階(孔食萌芽時期、孔食萌芽状態)では、溶液抵抗より抵抗の大きい電極表面被膜が破壊されているので、腐食抑制時期と比較すると抵抗値が減少する。電極表面被膜の劣化による抵抗減少については後述の[電極表面被膜劣化によるインピーダンス減少について]に記載する。
さらに、電極表面被膜の破壊が進行し孔食が生成する段階(腐食領域)では、検知電極1の電極表面被膜下の芯材が冷却液5に接するようになるため、冷却液5よりも抵抗の小さい金属芯材の抵抗の影響により、孔食萌芽時期と比較すると抵抗値がさらに減少する。
また、コントローラー12は、防食性能が完全に回復した検知ポイントを、抵抗上昇の停止したときとしている。つまり、コントローラー12は、送液ポンプが運転して腐食抑制剤の供給が継続する状態において電極表面被膜の抵抗(インピーダンス)上昇の飽和値を上限値として予め取得する。そして、コントローラー12は、防食性能劣化検知センサー7が検知する抵抗値が上限値となると、送液ポンプ14を停止させて、冷却液5への腐食抑制剤の供給を停止させる。つまり、給湯暖房システム100は、冷却液5に腐食抑制剤が過剰に添加されることを抑制することができる。
電気化学インピーダンス測定では、電極界面を模擬させた電気的等価回路モデルを組み立てて電極の表面状態・電極反応を評価する。電極表面における電極反応を模擬させた一般的な電気的等価回路を図3に示す。図3における電気的等価回路全体のインピーダンスZtotalは、以下に説明する、C、Rs、Rct、Zwが含まれる。Cは電気二重層形成に関する容量であり、表面被膜に蓄えられる電荷の影響を考慮したものである。Rsは溶液抵抗であり、電解液抵抗、銅電極抵抗及び表面被膜抵抗を考慮したものである。Rctは電荷移動抵抗であり、電極反応のうち電子授受に関わる抵抗成分である。Zwはワールブルグインピーダンスであり、電極反応のうち物質移動・拡散移動に関わる抵抗成分である。図3の電気的等価回路に対して交流電圧を印加し、その電流応答からインピーダンスを検出する。この検出したインピーダンスについて、印加する角周波数ωに依存した以下の式が成立する。
検知電極1と対極2の間に流れる冷却液5は、給湯暖房システム100を構成する循環路内を流れる水系溶媒である。そしてこの冷却液5には、上記防食対象物及び検知電極1を構成する金属の腐食を抑制する腐食抑制剤が添加されている。なお、寒冷地では冷却液5が凍らないよう、不凍液が添加される場合がある。
腐食抑制剤には、ベンゾトリアゾール、8-キノリノールなどの沈殿被膜型腐食抑制剤、テトラアルキルアンモニウムなどの吸着被膜型腐食抑制剤、亜硝酸ナトリウム、モリブデン酸ナトリウム、ポリ燐酸ナトリウムなどの酸化被膜型腐食抑制剤が採用される。
腐食抑制剤は、防食対象物を構成する材料に応じて最適な腐食抑制剤を用いることが好ましい。つまり、防食対象物が銅で構成されている際には、腐食抑制剤としてベンゾトリアゾールなどの沈殿被膜型を採用し、防食対象物が鉄で構成されている際には、亜硝酸ナトリウムなどの酸化被膜型の腐食抑制剤を採用するとよい。
そして、検知電極1の表面の電極表面被膜では、検知電極1の溶解反応と生成反応が繰り返されている。これらの反応が平衡状態にある間は、検知電極1からの金属溶出が抑制されるので、検知電極1は安定に存在できる。一方、冷却液5に含まれる腐食抑制剤が分解などによりその濃度が減少する、もしくは検知電極1を腐食させる腐食イオンが混入するなどが生じた場合には、平衡状態が崩れて溶解反応が支配的になり、結果として腐食反応が進行する。
たとえば、防食対象物を構成する配管は銅で構成されており、また、防食性能劣化検知センサー7の検知電極1も、銅で構成しているものとする。さらに、給湯暖房システム100を循環する冷却液5は水系溶媒であり、また冷却液5には不凍液としてのプロピレングリコールと、銅の腐食抑制剤としてのベンゾトリアゾール(BTAH)が添加されているものとする。
ベンゾトリアゾールは、以下の反応により冷却液5中で解離し、陰イオンBTA-となる。そして、冷却液5中に溶解した銅イオンCu+と錯体を形成し、銅表面に無電荷の高分子錯体の沈殿被膜[Cu-BTA]nを形成する。
BTAH → BTA- +H+
nCu+ +nBTA- → -[Cu-BTA]n-
この沈殿被膜が、電極表面被膜となり給湯暖房システムを構成する金属である銅の腐食を抑制する。
腐食抑制剤により形成された電極表面被膜とインピーダンスの相関について、図4に示す電極表面被膜が形成された電極の簡易モデルを用いて説明する。図4に示す簡易モデルは、電極面積Aの電極に対して、誘電率ε、厚みlの誘電体で表される電極表面被膜及び電極表面被膜よりもε値の大きい電解液で構成されている。インピーダンス測定における電極表面被膜の抵抗変化はその容量成分(キャパシタンス)でよく表すことができ、この系のキャパシタンスについては以下の式が成り立つ。
膜厚が減少すると電極表面被膜を表す誘電体の厚みlが減少する。また、被膜多孔化のために表面積が増加する、誘電率の大きい電解液が空孔に浸透すると考えられる。この場合、ε、A共に増大する。いずれにしても、式(4)において系のキャパシタンスCは増大することがわかる。Cが増大すると、式(2)、(3)においてZc、Ztotalは減少する。
すなわち、冷却液の防食性能が低下し電極表面被膜が劣化すると検出インピーダンスは減少することがわかる。
図5は、図2に示す防食性能劣化検知センサー7の検知電極1の被膜形態に対するインピーダンス応答を示す図である。そして、図5は電極表面被膜の被膜形態と、防食性能劣化検知センサー7のインピーダンス応答との相関を確認したものである。なお、電極22には、印加電圧10mV、周波数100Hzの交流電圧を印加し、そのインピーダンス応答を検出している。また、図5では、インピーダンス応答の値について、電極表面被膜A(後述)に対するインピーダンス応答を1とした時の値で表している。
すなわち、腐食抑制剤濃度の高い冷却液5Aに対して電極表面被膜が緻密な電極表面被膜A、濃度の低下した冷却液5Bに対して表面被膜の破壊が開始した状態の電極表面被膜B、さらに濃度の低下した冷却液5Cに対して表面被膜の下から電極芯材が露出した状態の電極表面被膜Cが形成される。
図5から電極表面被膜の形態に対応したインピーダンス応答が検出され、冷却液5中のベンゾトリアゾール濃度が低下して電極表面被膜の破壊が進行するほど電極の抵抗値が減少することがわかる。
防食性能劣化検知センサー7の筐体6内に流れる冷却液5の水質(環境)と、給湯暖房システム100内を循環する冷却液5の水質とは、防食性能劣化検知センサー7に接続されるバイパス路10、バイパス路11、循環ポンプ8、及び筐体6の寸法サイズに応じて変化する。このように、防食性能劣化検知センサー7の筐体6内に流れる冷却液5の水質(環境)と、給湯暖房システム100内を循環する冷却液5の水質とが対応しなくなると、検知電極1の腐食と給湯暖房システム100を構成する循環路の腐食が対応しなくなる。これにより、給湯暖房システム100の循環路に腐食抑制剤を添加する時期を適切に制御し、腐食を未然に抑制することができなくなる恐れがある。
そこで、本実施の形態2に係る給湯暖房システム100は、検知電極1がさらされる環境と、給湯暖房システム100の防食対象物がさらされる環境とを略同様にすることを考慮したものである。
さらに、冷却液5の温度並びに流速に依存する溶存酸素濃度(溶解度)に関しては、上記のように冷却液5の温度並びに流速を調整して、防食対象物がさらされる環境と同様になるように設定している。
冷却液5に含まれる腐食抑制剤の濃度に関しては、紫外吸収スペクトル分析により測定した。
これより、防食性能劣化検知センサー7に接続されるバイパス路10、バイパス路11、循環ポンプ8、及び筐体6の寸法サイズについて、検知電極1と防食対象物を流れる冷却液5の温度及び流れが同じになるよう設定することにより、検知電極1がさらされる環境と、給湯暖房システム100の循環路内の環境とを略同様とすることができる。
上述したように、印加される交流電圧の周波数が低くなるほど、防食性能劣化検知センサー7の電極表面被膜の抵抗成分(インピーダンス)は増加するようになる。印加する交流電圧の周波数が高周波数側から低周波数側に移行するにつれて、検出されるインピーダンスには、電気伝導に対応する抵抗(溶液抵抗、電極内の電導の抵抗を含む)だけでなく、電極における電子授受の速度に応答する電気抵抗(電荷移動抵抗)、電極表面に蓄えられる電荷によって形成される電気二重層容量によるインピーダンス、及び電極界面に到達する反応物質の拡散速度に応答する拡散抵抗(ワールブルグインピーダンス)が現れるからである。このうち、高周波数領域では、電極表面被膜の変化のみならず防食性能劣化検知センサー7の設計すなわち検知電極1と対極2の電極間距離、電極面積、電極間に介在する溶液(冷却液5)の液性によってインピーダンスが変化するため、電極表面被膜の抵抗変化のみの抽出が難しい。さらに、低周波数領域では、電極表面被膜の抵抗変化の他に溶液内の反応物質の拡散速度によってインピーダンスが大きく影響されるため、高周波数領域同様に電極表面被膜の抵抗変化のみの抽出が難しい。これらより、電極表面被膜の抵抗変化を適切に検出するためには、印加する交流電圧の周波数を最適化する必要がある。
そこで、本実施の形態3に係る防食性能劣化検知センサー7及びそれを備えた給湯暖房システム100は、交流電源3から印加する交流電圧の周波数について考慮したものである。
さらに周波数が小さくなり、1Hz未満になると冷却液5Bの増加度合いが大きくなり、再び冷却液5Aとの差が小さくなっている様子が確認された(図示省略)。電極表面被膜の抵抗変化よりもむしろ冷却液中の反応物質の拡散速度を表す拡散抵抗の影響により両者の差が小さくなったものと考えられる。具体的には印加する交流電圧の周波数下限を1Hz以上にすることが好ましい。
防食性能劣化検知センサー7が検知するインピーダンスは印加する交流電圧の値はある所定の値まではほとんど変化しないが、それ以上に大きくなると変化する。印加電圧により、電極表面に接する電解質(本実施の形態の場合は冷却液)中の反応物質が電極表面に引き寄せられる駆動力が発生する。印加電圧が大きくなるとこの駆動力が大きくなるために電極反応が起こりやすくなり、結果として反応抵抗が小さくなる。従って、印加する交流電圧の電圧値に上限を設ける必要がある。また、インピーダンスを検知するためには所定の電圧を系に印加し、その電圧値に対して応答する電流を検知することにより、系のインピーダンスを算出する。印加する交流電圧の電圧値が小さいと、インピーダンスは変化しないが、インピーダンスを検知するためのこの電流値が小さくなり、この電流を検知するための増幅器を増設するためにコストがかかる、微小なノイズが混入するために正確な測定が出来ないという不具合が生じる。従って、印加する交流電圧の電圧値に下限を設ける必要がある。
そこで本実施の形態4に係る防食性能劣化検知センサー7及びそれを備えた給湯暖房システム100は、印加する交流電圧の電圧値について上限値及び下限値の範囲について考慮したものである。
なお、本実施の形態4では、実施の形態1~3との相違点を中心に説明するものとする。
一方、電圧値の下限について10mV未満であると、上述のように検知電流が小さくなり、時にはμA以下のオーダーの電流を検出する必要に迫られる可能性がある。μA以下の電流を検知するためには、新たに増幅装置を設置する必要や、微小なノイズを拾う可能性があり、コストのかからない高精度な検知センサーの装置化に関する問題点が発生する。従って、コストのかからない高精度な検知センサーを装置化するための電圧値の下限としては、10mV以上であることが好ましい。
防食性能劣化検知センサー7の電極表面被膜の抵抗値は、対極2に対する検知電極1の表面積に応じて変化する。つまり、防食性能劣化検知センサー7の検知電極1において、電極面積を最適化することで、電極表面抵抗変化をより高精度高感度に検出することができる。
そこで、本実施の形態5に係る防食性能劣化検知センサー7及びそれを備えた給湯暖房システム100は、対極2に対する検知電極1の表面積について考慮したものである。
サイズ1.対極2よりも110%表面積が大きい検知電極1。
サイズ2.対極2よりも105%表面積が大きい検知電極1。
サイズ3.対極2と同表面積の検知電極1。
サイズ4.対極2よりも表面積が95%小さい検知電極1。
サイズ5.対極2よりも表面積が90%小さい検知電極1。
なお、対極2との距離及び冷却液5温度は一定となるように設計することにより、検知電極1と対極2間の冷却液5の溶液抵抗を一定に制御している。そして、このように制御された状態にて、5種類の電極に交流電圧を印加しその電流応答から電極表面被膜の抵抗値を導出した。なお、図8における検知電極1の表面積(電極サイズ)は対極2の表面積を100とした時の値で、また、電極表面抵抗はサイズ1の検知電極1の抵抗を1とした時の値で表す。
なお、本実施の形態5では、実施の形態1~4との相違点を中心に説明するものとする。
このような構成とすることにより、検知電極1に形成される電極表面被膜の状態の変化を、高精度及び高感度で検知することができる。これにより、腐食抑制剤の劣化(濃度の減少)を高精度及び高感度で検知することができる。したがって、たとえば不凍液などが添加されて抵抗が小さくなっている冷却液においても、防食性能の劣化を検知することができることは言うまでもない。
検知電極1と対極2の間の冷却液5の溶液抵抗は、検知電極1の表面積、冷却液5の導電率及び検知電極1と対極2間の距離によって決まる。検知電極1の表面積及び冷却液5の導電率は、所定の値に設定可能である。そこで、検知電極1と対極2間の距離を最適化することにより冷却液5の溶液抵抗を制御することができる。そこで、本実施の形態6に係る防食性能劣化検知センサー7及びそれを備えた給湯暖房システム100は、検知電極1と対極2間の距離について考慮したものである。なお、電極間距離の設定については検知電極の相当直径に対する割合で規格化した。相当直径は電極の形が円でない場合に円の直径の代わりに用いられる電極の代表径であり、以下の式で表すことができる。
ここで、Deは電極の相当直径、Aは電極面積、Lpは電極周辺長さである。この相当直径Deにより電極間距離を制御した。
距離1.検知電極1の相当直径に対して110%の距離に設定。
距離2.検知電極1の相当直径に対して105%の距離に設定。
距離3.検知電極1の相当直径と同長の距離に設定。
距離4.検知電極1の相当直径に対して95%の距離に設定。
距離5.検知電極1の相当直径に対して90%の距離に設定。
なお、測定にあたっては、検知電極1の表面積を対極2よりも大きく設計することにより、検知電極1の電極表面被膜の抵抗を小さくし、電極間の溶液抵抗の変化をより検知しやすくするようにした。この状態において、検知電極1と対極2間について5種の距離におけるインピーダンスを測定した。なお、図9における電極間距離は、検知電極1の相当直径を100とした時の値で、また、各インピーダンス応答の値は、電極間距離を距離1とした時のインピーダンス応答を1とした時の値で表している。なお、本実施の形態6では、実施の形態1~5との相違点を中心に説明するものとする。
このような構成とすることにより、検知電極1に形成される電極表面被膜の状態の変化を、高精度及び高感度で検知することができる。これにより、腐食抑制剤の劣化(濃度の減少)を高精度及び高感度で検知することができる。したがって、たとえば不凍液などが添加されて抵抗が小さくなっている冷却液においても、防食性能の劣化を検知することができることは言うまでもない。
上記実施の形態1~6では、検知電極1に対して、対極2に適当な材料を用意し、インピーダンス測定による防食性能劣化を検知したが、既存の配管の一部を対極2として利用する、すなわち、循環路9もしくはバイパス路10、11を利用することも可能である。
本実施の形態7に係る防食性能劣化検知センサー7では検知電極1に対して対極2としてバイパス路10の一部を用いた場合のインピーダンス応答を評価する。
また、給湯暖房システム100は、防食性能劣化検知センサー7が、検知電極1に形成される電極表面被膜の状態の変化から腐食抑制剤の劣化(濃度の減少)を高精度及び高感度で検知することができるので、冷却液5の抵抗変化を検知しながら防食性能を管理したり、冷却液5の温度に対応した抵抗補償機能を別に取り付けたりする必要がない。つまり、防食性能を管理したり、冷却液5の温度に対応した抵抗補償機能を別に取り付けたりすることによってコストアップをしてしまうことがない。
また、本発明は、冷却水などの溶媒が循環する他の設備機器に適用することもできる。
例えば、圧縮機、凝縮器、膨張手段、蒸発器等を配管で接続し冷媒を循環させる冷凍サイクルを備えた空調システム等の設備機器に適用してもよい。
Claims (13)
- 防食対象材料の腐食を抑制する腐食抑制剤が添加された溶媒に含まれる前記腐食抑制剤の濃度変化を検知する防食性能劣化検知センサーであって、
前記溶媒に溶解した前記腐食抑制剤と反応し、表面に腐食を抑制する電極表面被膜を形成する検知電極と、
前記検知電極から所定の間隔を隔てて対向配置される対極と、
前記検知電極と前記対極との間に、所定周波数及び所定電圧の交流電圧を印加する交流電源とを有し、
前記検知電極と前記対極との間に所定周波数及び所定電圧の交流電圧が印加された際の、前記検知電極表面に形成された前記電極表面被膜のインピーダンスの変化に基づいて、前記溶媒中における前記腐食抑制剤の濃度変化を検知する
ことを特徴とする防食性能劣化検知センサー。 - 前記交流電圧の所定周波数は、上限を1kHz、下限を1Hzとした範囲内の周波数である
ことを特徴とする請求項1記載の防食性能劣化検知センサー。 - 前記交流電圧の所定電圧は、上限を100mV、下限を1mVとした範囲内の電圧である
ことを特徴とする請求項1又は2記載の防食性能劣化検知センサー。 - 前記検知電極は、
その表面積が、前記対極の表面積より小さくなるように構成されている
ことを特徴とする請求項1~3記載の防食性能劣化検知センサー。 - 前記検知電極は、
その表面積が、前記対極の表面積の95%以下となるように構成されている
ことを特徴とする請求項4記載の防食性能劣化検知センサー。 - 前記検知電極と前記対極との電極間距離は、
下記式で表される前記検知電極の相当直径(De)より短い
ことを特徴とする請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の防食性能劣化検知センサー。
De=4A/Lp
ここで、Aは前記検知電極の表面積、Lpは前記検知電極の電極周囲長さである。 - 前記検知電極と前記対極の電極間距離は、
前記検知電極の相当直径(De)の95%以下とした
ことを特徴とする請求項6記載の防食性能劣化検知センサー。 - 請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載の防食性能劣化検知センサーと、
溶媒によって加熱又は冷却される冷却対象材と、
前記溶媒を循環させる循環ポンプと、
前記冷却対象材と前記循環ポンプとが接続され前記溶媒が循環する循環路と、
前記循環路の一部をバイパスして前記防食性能劣化検知センサーに接続されるバイパス路と、
前記循環路及び前記バイパス路を構成している防食対象材料の腐食を抑制する腐食抑制剤を、前記循環路に供給する送液ポンプと、
前記防食性能劣化検知センサーの検知結果に基づいて、前記送液ポンプの動作を制御するコントローラーと
を有することを特徴とする給湯暖房システム。 - 前記コントローラーは、
前記検知電極の電極表面被膜が孔食萌芽状態におけるインピーダンスを下限値として予め取得し、
前記検知電極と前記対極との間に所定周波数及び所定電圧の交流電圧が印加された際の、前記検知電極表面に形成された前記電極表面被膜のインピーダンスが、前記下限値を下回ると、前記送液ポンプを運転させる
ことを特徴とする請求項8記載の給湯暖房システム。 - 前記コントローラーは、
前記送液ポンプが運転状態における前記検知電極の電極表面被膜のインピーダンス上昇の飽和値を上限値として予め取得し、
前記検知電極と前記対極との間に所定周波数及び所定電圧の交流電圧が印加された際の、前記検知電極表面に形成された前記電極表面被膜のインピーダンスが、前記上限値に達すると、前記送液ポンプを停止させる
ことを特徴とする請求項8又は9記載の給湯暖房システム。 - 前記対極は、前記バイパス路の配管の一部により構成され、
前記検知電極は、前記配管内の中央に配置された
ことを特徴とする請求項8~10の何れか一項に記載の給湯暖房システム。 - 請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載の防食性能劣化検知センサーを備えた
ことを特徴とする設備機器。 - 溶媒が循環する循環路と、
前記循環路を構成している防食対象材料の腐食を抑制する腐食抑制剤を、前記循環路に供給する送液ポンプと、
前記溶媒に溶解した前記腐食抑制剤と反応し、表面に腐食を抑制する電極表面被膜を形成する検知電極と、
前記検知電極から所定の間隔を隔てて対向配置される対極と、
前記検知電極と前記対極との間に、所定周波数及び所定電圧の交流電圧を印加する交流電源と、
前記検知電極と前記対極との間に所定周波数及び所定電圧の交流電圧が印加された際の、前記検知電極表面に形成された前記電極表面被膜のインピーダンスの変化に基づいて、前記送液ポンプの動作を制御するコントローラーと
を有することを特徴とする設備機器。
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JPWO2013065207A1 (ja) | 2015-04-02 |
US20140326340A1 (en) | 2014-11-06 |
CN103917863B (zh) | 2016-04-27 |
JP5818907B2 (ja) | 2015-11-18 |
EP2775297A1 (en) | 2014-09-10 |
EP2775297A4 (en) | 2015-06-17 |
US9677992B2 (en) | 2017-06-13 |
EP2775297B1 (en) | 2017-12-20 |
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