WO2013058758A2 - Compounds, compositions, and methods for reducing or eliminating bitter taste - Google Patents

Compounds, compositions, and methods for reducing or eliminating bitter taste Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013058758A2
WO2013058758A2 PCT/US2011/057146 US2011057146W WO2013058758A2 WO 2013058758 A2 WO2013058758 A2 WO 2013058758A2 US 2011057146 W US2011057146 W US 2011057146W WO 2013058758 A2 WO2013058758 A2 WO 2013058758A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
formula
composition
edible composition
amount
bitter
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US2011/057146
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
WO2013058758A3 (en
Inventor
Francis Xavier Brennan
William P. Jones
Jane V. Leland
David Hayashi
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Chromocell Corp
Intercontinental Great Brands LLC
Original Assignee
Chromocell Corp
Kraft Foods Global Brands LLC
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Chromocell Corp, Kraft Foods Global Brands LLC filed Critical Chromocell Corp
Priority to KR1020147012996A priority Critical patent/KR20140076629A/ko
Priority to PH1/2014/500798A priority patent/PH12014500798A1/en
Priority to UAA201405129A priority patent/UA115318C2/uk
Priority to US14/352,632 priority patent/US9706790B2/en
Priority to BR112014009047A priority patent/BR112014009047A2/pt
Priority to PCT/US2011/057146 priority patent/WO2013058758A2/en
Priority to EP11874364.0A priority patent/EP2768492B1/en
Priority to IN651MUN2014 priority patent/IN2014MN00651A/en
Priority to MX2014004656A priority patent/MX355775B/es
Priority to HK15101639.8A priority patent/HK1201177A1/xx
Priority to AU2011379360A priority patent/AU2011379360B2/en
Priority to CN201180075684.6A priority patent/CN103998028B/zh
Priority to CA2852380A priority patent/CA2852380A1/en
Priority to NZ623729A priority patent/NZ623729A/en
Priority to JP2014537040A priority patent/JP5978309B2/ja
Priority to RU2014116395A priority patent/RU2614776C2/ru
Priority to MYPI2014001107A priority patent/MY167212A/en
Publication of WO2013058758A2 publication Critical patent/WO2013058758A2/en
Publication of WO2013058758A3 publication Critical patent/WO2013058758A3/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
    • A23L27/00—Spices; Flavouring agents or condiments; Artificial sweetening agents; Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L27/40—Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
    • A23L27/00—Spices; Flavouring agents or condiments; Artificial sweetening agents; Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L27/86—Addition of bitterness inhibitors
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
    • A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to flavor in edible compositions. Background , of thejiweniion
  • the sense of taste e.g., in human, can detect at least five traditional tastes: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami (savory).
  • Many nutritious substances including vegetables, foods, food ingredients and nutrients comprise bitter tastants and/or have a bitter taste
  • many pharmaceutical substances important to maintain or improve health comprise bitter tastants and/or have a bitter taste.
  • certain food products and consumer products have desirable bitter tastes, including coffee, beer and dark chocolate, in many contexts, consumers dislike such bitter tastes.
  • bitter tastants and/or bitter taste For example, many consumers dislike the perception of certain bitter tastants and/or bitter taste and will avoid food or pharmaceutical products with an undesirable bitter tastant or bitter taste in favor of food and pharmaceutical products that have reduced levels of undesirable bitter tastants or that have reduced or that completely lack bitter taste.
  • This aversion to products containing undesirable bitter tastants and/ or haying undesirable bitter taste may be caused by perception of bitter tastants and/or bitter taste mediated by activation of bitter receptors present in the oral cavity and/or in the gastrointestinal tract.
  • bitter iastants and/or bitter taste prevents or hampers improvement of the nutritive quality and safety of foods as desired levels of nutrients or preservatives comprising bitter tastants and/or having bitter taste cannot be used.
  • dislike of or aversion to the bitter tastants or bitter taste of some pharmaceutical agents negatively impacts compliance with prescribed regimens for their use.
  • additives, preservatives, emulsifiers and foodstuffs used in the production of food products comprise bitter tastants and/or have a bitter taste. While these additives, preservatives, emulsifiers and foodstuffs may affect the taste of a food product, they may also be important for improving the shelf life, nutritive qualisy, or texture of the food product. For example, the increasing trend of hypertension and cardiovascular disease has been attributed, in part, to the high sodium intake of the Western diet. Accordingly, substitution of sodium chloride with another salty tasting compound is desirable.
  • the most common sodium chloride substitute is potassium chloride, which, to a portion of the population, is perceived as possessing a bitter taste in addition to its salty taste.
  • the bitter taste of potassium chloride limits the extent to which, it may be used to replace sodium chloride in foods without causing undesired bitter taste for the portion of the population sensitive to it.
  • sodium lactate has a broad antimicrobial action, is effective at inhibiting spoilage, and growth of pathogenic bacteria, and is commonly used in food products (e.g., meat and poultry products) to extend shelf life and increase food safety. Due to its sodium content, however, sodium lactate, can be undesirable as a preservative. Potassium lactate, which has similar antimicrobial properties, has been used in lieu of sodium lactate. However, potassium lactate is also associated with a bitter taste which limits the extent to which it may be used to replace sodium lactate in foods without causing undesired bitter taste.
  • bitter, sweet, and umami tastants and compounds typically elicit a taste response via G-protein coupled receptors, while salty and sour tastants and compounds are typically hypothesized to elicit a taste response via ion channels.
  • Bitter taste receptors belong to the T2R (also referred to as TAS2R) family of G-protein coupled receptors that induce intracellular calcium concentration changes in response to a bitter tastant.
  • T2R receptors act via gustducin, a taste-specific G-protein. There are at least twenty-five different members of the T2R family, suggesting that the perception of bitter teste is complex, involving several different tastant-receptor interactions.
  • Compounds capable of modulating the activation and/or signaling of bitter taste receptors in the oral cavity and/or the gastrointestinal tract could be effective to allow desired usage levels of bitter tastants or bitter tasting substances in food and pharmaceutical products without resulting in consumer dislike of such products due to perception of the increased le vels of bitter tastants or bitter tastes.
  • blockers or modulators of bitter taste receptors and bitter taste may reduce the perception of bitter tastants and/or bitter taste via the bitter taste receptors and/or taste transduction signaling machinery present in the oral cavity and/or the gastrointestinal tract.
  • bitter taste was masked using sweeteners and other tastants, including salt, in some cases, however, this is undesirable or insufficient because it can alter, mask, or interfere with other tastes/flavors/impressions (e.g., non bitter tastes or desired bitter tastes) in the food product. Additionally, this approach has rarely been able to completely mask the bitter taste present in such food products or pharmaceuticals. For that reason, compounds which reduce bitter taste instead of, or in addition to, masking agents are preferred,
  • compounds thai may be added io food products, consumer products and pharmaceuticals comprising bitter tastants or having a bitter taste to eliminate, modulate or reduce the perception of the bitter tastants or bitter taste or to reduce the corresponding activation of the bitter receptors in the oral cavity and/or the gastrointestin l tract.
  • the present invention provides compounds that modulate bitter taste, edible compositions comprising such compounds, and methods of preparing such edible compositions.
  • the present invention also provides methods of reducing the amount of sodium or sugar in an edible composition and methods of reducing bitter taste of an edible composition.
  • the present invention further provides a method of reducing, modulating or eliminating the bitter taste of a food, consumer or pharmaceutical product in a subject.
  • the present invention also provides a method of modulating, particularly reducing the activation of a bitter taste receptor.
  • the edible composition comprises a branched alkene compound.
  • the branched alkene compound is a compound having a molecular weight less than about 3000, 500, or 300 daltons.
  • the branched alkene compound is a compound of Formula (I), or Compounds 1-5 or a comestibly or biologically acceptable salt or derivative thereof, or an enantiomer or diastereomer thereof.
  • the compound of Formula (I) is phytol or a comestibly or biologically acceptable salt or derivative thereof, or an enantiomer or diastereomer thereof.
  • the edible composition comprises a cyclohexadiene -based compound.
  • the cye!ohexadiene-based compound is a compound having a molecular weight less than about 3000, 500, or 300 daltons.
  • the cyclohexadiene-based compound is a compound of Formula (II), or Compound 6 or a comestibly or biologically acceptable salt or derivative thereof, or an enantiomer or diastereomer thereof.
  • the compound of Formula (II) is damascenone or a comestibly or biologically acceptable salt or derivative thereof, or an enantiomer or diastereomer thereof.
  • the edible composition comprises a branched alkene ester compound
  • the branched alkene ester compound is a compound having a molecular weight less than about 1000, 500, or 300 daltons.
  • the branched alkene ester compound is a compound of Formula (ill), or Compound 7 or a comestibly or biologically acceptable salt or derivative thereof, or an enantiomer or diastereomer thereof.
  • the compound of Formula (III) is citronellyl tiglate or a comestibly or biologically acceptable salt or derivative thereof, or an enantiomer or diastereomer thereof.
  • the edible composition comprises a beozodioxole-based compound.
  • the benzodioxole -based compound is a compound having a molecular weight less than about 1000, 500, or 300 daltons.
  • the benzodioxole -based compound is a compound of Formula (TV), or Compound 8 or a comestibly or biologically acceptable salt or derivative thereof, or an enantiomer or diastereomer thereof.
  • the compound of Formula (TV) is 2-Methy1-3-(3,4- methylenedioxyphenyl)-propanal or a comestibly or biologically acceptable salt or derivative thereof, or an enantiomer or diastereomer thereof.
  • the edible composition comprises (a) a compound of the invention; and (b) a bitter tastant.
  • the compound of the invention is a compound having a molecular weight less than about 1000, 500, or 300 daltons.
  • the compound of the invention is a compound of Formula (1), Formula (H), Formula (III), or
  • the edible composition comprises (a) any one of Compounds 1-8, as described herein, or combinations thereof; and (b) a bitter tastant.
  • the bitter tastant can be inherent in, e.g. , a food product (such as coffee or chocolate) or can be a component of an edible composition (such as a bitter tasting preservative).
  • the bitter tastant present in the edible composition is a bitter tasting salt.
  • the bitter tastant present in the edible composition is a potassium salt, a magnesium salt, or a calcium salt, in some embodiments, the bitter tastant is a potassium salt.
  • the bitter tastant present in the edible compositions is KC1. In other embodiments, the bitter tastant present in the edible composition is potassium lactate.
  • the edible composition further comprises a sodium salt. In some embodiments, the edible composition further comprises NaCi. In other embodiments, the edible composition further comprises sodium lactate. In some embodiments, the edible composition further comprises sugar.
  • the edible composition is a food product compriing at least one compound of the invention.
  • the compound of the invention is a compound of Formula (T), Formula (II), Formula (III), or Formula (TV), as described herein, or combinations thereof.
  • the compound of the invention is any one of Compounds 1-8, as described herein, or combinations thereof.
  • the edible composition is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a bitter tasting pharmaceutically active ingredient and a compound of Formula (I), Formula (II), Formula (III), or Formula (IV), as described herein, or combinations thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises a bitter tasting pharmaceutically active ingredient and any one of Compounds 1 -8, as described herein, or combinations thereof.
  • the edible composition is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acti e ingredi eat, a bitter tastant, and a compound of Formul (I), Formula ( ⁇ ), Formula (III), or Formul (IV), as described herein, or combinations thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises a pharmaceutically active ingredient, a bitter tastant, and any one of Compounds 1-8, as described herein, or combinations thereof.
  • the edible composition is a consumer product comprising a bitter tastant and a compound of Formula (I), Formula (II), Formula (III), or Formula (IV), as described herein, or combinations thereof.
  • the consumer product comprises a bitter tastant and any one of Compounds 1-8, as described herein, or combinations thereof.
  • Yet another embodiment of the present invention provides a consumer product for reducing bitter taste of a bitter tastant, wherein said consumer product comprises a compound of Formula (I), Formula ( ⁇ ), Formula (III), or Formula (IV), as described herein, or combinations thereof.
  • the consumer product for reducing bitter taste of a bitter tastant comprises any one of Compounds 1-8, as described herein, or combinations thereof.
  • the present invention provides a method of preparing an edible composition comprising:
  • the method of preparing an edible composition comprises:
  • the edible composition is a food product, a consumer product or a pharmaceutical composition.
  • the comestibly acceptable carrier is a foodstuff, a food product, or a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the comestibly acceptable carrier in (a) is inherently bitter.
  • the comestibly acceptable carrier may inherently contain a bitter tastant (i.e., the comestibly acceptable carrier is bitter without addition of a bitter tastant).
  • the inherent bitter iastant is a bitter tasting sait.
  • the inherently bitter foodstuff comprises a potassium salt, a magnesium salt, or a calcium salt, in some embodiments, the inherently bitter foodstuff comprises a potassium salt, such as KCi.
  • the method of preparing an edible composition further comprises: (c) adding a bitter tastant,
  • the bitter i astant used in the methods of preparing an edibie composition is a bitter tasting salt
  • the bitter tastant used in the methods of preparing an edible composition is a potassium salt a magnesium salt, or a calcium salt.
  • the bitter tastant used in the methods of preparing an edible composition is a pota ssium salt
  • the bitter tastant used in the methods of preparing an edible composition is KCI. in other embodiments, the bitter tastant used in the methods of preparing an edible composition is potassium lactate.
  • the edibie composition further comprises a sodium salt. In some embodiments, the edibie composition further comprises NaCl. In some embodiments, the edible composition further comprises sodium lactate. In some embodiments, the edible composition further comprises sugar.
  • the present invention also provides a method of reducing the amount of sodium in an edible composition, in some embodiments, such methods comprise:
  • the method of reducing the amount of sodium in an edible composition comprises:
  • the edible composition is a food product, a consumer product or a pharmaceutical composition.
  • the method of reducing the amount of sodium in an edible composition comprises incorporating into the edible composition an amount of the compound sufficient to permit replacement of up to 25% of the sodium present in an edible composition with potassium, in other embodiments, the amount of the compound incorporated into the edibie composition is sufficient to permit replacement of up to 50% of the sodium present in an edible composition with potassium, in yet other embodiments, the amount of the compound incorporated into the edibie composition is sufficient to permit replacement of up to 75% of the sodium present in an edible composition with potassium. In other embodiments, the amount of the compound incorporated into the edible composition is sufficient to permit replacement of up to 100% of the sodium present in an edible composition with potassium, in some embodiments, the edible composition maintains a salty flavor.
  • the present invention also provides a method of reducing the amount of NaCl in an edible composition, in some embodiments, such methods comprise:
  • the method of reducing the amount of NaCl in an edible composition comprises:
  • the method of reducing the amount of sodium in an edible composition comprises incorporating into the edible composition an amount of the compound sufficient to permit replacement of up to 25% of th e NaCl present in an edible composition with KCI.
  • the amount of the compound incorporated into the edible composition is sufficient to permit replacement of up to 50% of the NaCl present in an edible composition with KCI.
  • the amount of the compound incorporated into the edible composition is sufficient to permit replacement of up to 75% of the NaCl present in an edible composition with KCI.
  • the amount of the compound incorporated into the edible composition is sufficient to permit replacement of up to 100% of the NaCl present in an edible composition with KCI.
  • the edible composition maintains a salty flavor.
  • the invention provides a method of reducing the amount of sodium lactate in an edible composition comprising:
  • the edibie composition is a food product, a consumer product or a pharmaceutical composition.
  • the method of reducing the amount of sodium lactate in an edible composition comprises incorporating into the edible composition an amount of the compound sufficient to permit replacement of up to 25% of the sodium lactate present in an edible composition with potassium lactate.
  • the amount of the compound incorporated into the edible composition is sufficient to permit replacement of up to 50% of the sodium lactate present in an edible composition with potassium lactate
  • the amount of the compound incorporated into the edible composition is sufficient to permit replacement of up to 75% of the sodium lactate present in an edible composition with potassium lactate.
  • the amount of the compound incorporated into the edible composition is sufficient to permit replacement of up to 100% of the sodium lactate present in an edible composition with potassium lactate, in some embodiments, the edibie composition has the same shelf life as an edible composition comprising sodium, lactate.
  • the invention provides a method of reducing the amount of sugar in an edible composition comprising:
  • the invention provides a method of reducing the amount of sugar in an edible composition comprising:
  • the edibie composition is a food product, a consumer product or a pharmaceutical composition.
  • the method of reducing the amount of sugar in an edible composition comprises incorporating into the edible composition an amount of the compound sufficient to permit replacement of up to 25% of the sugar present in an edible composition with Acesulfame K, In other embodiments, the amount of the compound incorporated into the edible composition is sufficient to permit replacement of up to 50% of the sugar present in an edible composition with Acesulfame K. In yet other embodiments, the amount of the compound incorporated into the edible composition is sufficient to permit replacement of up to 75% of the sugar present in an edible composition with Acesulfame K. In other embodiments, the amount of the compound incorporated into the edible composition is sufficient to permit replacement of up to 100% of the sugar present in an edible composition with Acesulfame . in some embodiments, the edible composition maintains a sweet flavor.
  • the present invention also provides a method of reducing the sodium intake of a subject. Such method comprises:
  • the method of reducing the sodium intake of a subject comprises:
  • the method of reducing the sodium intake of a subject comprises:
  • the method of reducing the sodium intake of a subject comprises:
  • the edible composition is a food product, a consumer product or a pharmaceutical composition.
  • the methods of reducing the sodium intake of a subject further comprise (c) identifying a subject in need thereof.
  • the methods of reducing the sodium intake of a subject comprise incorporating into the edible composition an amount of the compound sufficient to reduce sodium intake by up to 25% using potassium replacement, in other embodiments, the amount of compound added in (b) is sufficient to reduce sodium intake by up to 50% using potassium replacement, in yet other embodiments, the amount of compound added in (b) is sufficient to reduce sodium intake by up to 75% using potassium replacement, in other embodiments, the amount of compound added in (b) is sufficient to reduce sodium intake by up to 100% using potassium replacement.
  • the present invention also provides a method of reducing sugar intake of a subject comprising:
  • the method of reducing the sugar intake of a subject comprises:
  • the edibie composition is a food product, a consumer product or a pharmaceutical composition.
  • the methods of reducing the sugar intake of a subject further comprise (c) identifying a subject in need thereof.
  • the methods of reducing the sugar intake of a subject comprise incorporating into the edible composition an amount of the compound sufficient to reduce sugar intake by up to 25% using Acesuifame K replacement, in other embodiments, the amount of compound added in (b) is sufficient to reduce sugar intake by up to 50% using Acesuifame K replacement, in yet other embodiments, the amount of compound added in (b) is sufficient to reduce sugar intake by up to 75% using Acesuifame replacement. In other embodiments, the amount of compound added in (b) is sufficient to reduce sugar intake by up to 100% using Acesuifame K replacement.
  • the present invention also provides a method of reducing the bitter taste attributed to a bitter tastant in an edibie composition comprising adding an effective amount of a compound according to Formula (I), Formula (ii), Formula (Hi), or Formula (IV), as described herein, or combinations thereof, to the edibie composition such that any bitter taste induced by the bitter tastant is reduced.
  • the compound added to the edible composition is any one of Compounds 1-8, as described herein, or combinations thereof.
  • the present invention further provides a method of reducing the bitter taste attributed to a bitter tastant in an edible composition compri ing ingesting an effective amount of a compound according to Formula (I), Formula (II), Formula (III), or Formula (IV), as described herein, or combinations thereof, before, along with, or after the edible composition such that any bitter taste induced by the bitter tastant is reduced.
  • the compound ingested with the edible composition is any one of Compounds 1-8, as described herein, or combinations thereof.
  • the edibie composition is a food product, a consumer product or a ph arm ac eutical co mpo sition.
  • the method reduces she bitter iaste induced by the bitter tastant by up to 25%. in some embodiments, the method reduces the bitter tasie induced by the bitter tastant by up to 50%. in other embodiments, the bitter taste induced by the bitter tastant is reduced by up to 75%.
  • the bitter taste induced by the bitter tastant is reduced by up to 100%
  • the bitter tastant present in the edible composition is a bitter tasting salt
  • the bitter tastant present in the edible composition is a potassium salt, a magnesium salt, or a calcium salt
  • the bitter tastant present in the edible compositions is KCl.
  • the present invention provides a method of preserving an edible composition comprising:
  • the method of preserving an edible composition comprises:
  • Th e present in vention also provides a method of reducing the amount of sodium in an edible composition while preserving the edible composition, in some embodiments, such method comprises:
  • the present invention also provides a method of reducing the amount of sodium in an edible composition while preserving the edible composition, in some embodiments, such method comprises:
  • the edible composition is a food product. In some embodiments, the edible composition is a consumer product. In some embodiments, the edible composition is a pharmaceutical composition.
  • the present invention also provides a method of reducing or eliminating bitter taste in a subject utilizing an edible composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), Formula (II), Formula (HI), or Formula (IV), as described herein, or combinations thereof.
  • the composition that reduces or eliminates a bitter taste in a subject comprises any one of Compounds 1-8, as described herein, or combinations thereof.
  • the bitter taste is inherent, in some embodiments, the bitter taste is due to a bitter tasting salt, in some embodiments, the bitter taste is due to a potassium salt, a magnesium salt, or a calcium salt, in some embodiments, the bitter taste is due to KC1. In other embodiments, the bitter taste is due to potassium lactate.
  • the present invention also provides a method of inhibiting or reducing the activation and/or signaling of a bitter taste receptor, wherein the method comprises contacting a bitter taste receptor with a compound of Formula (I), Formula (II), Formula (III), or Formula (TV), as described herein, or combinations thereof, in other embodiments, the method comprises contacting a bitter taste receptor with any one of Compounds 1 -8, as described herein, or combinations thereof.
  • the bitter taste receptor is in the oral cavity.
  • the bitter taste receptor is in the gastrointestinal tract, for example, in the stomach.
  • the bitter taste receptor is in an in vitro assay.
  • composition comprising a compound according to Formula (I):
  • X is S or O
  • each R is independently H, C[-C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, or C Cg alkynyl;
  • composition wherein the dotted bond indicates an optional carbon-carbon double bond; and wherein the composition is edible and capable of reducing bitter taste of a bitter tastant.
  • X is S or O
  • each R is independently H, C1-C3 alkyl, (1 ⁇ 4-(1 ⁇ 4 alkenyl, or C2-C3 alkynyl; and wherein the dotted bond indicates an optional carbon- carbon double bond.
  • X is O
  • each R is independently H, Q -Cj alkyl, C 2 -C : i alkenyl, or C 2 -C : i alkynyl; and wherein the doited bond indicates an optional carbon- carbon double bond.
  • X is S or O
  • each R is independently H or C
  • X is O
  • each R is independently H or CpCi alkyl
  • a composition comprising a compound according to Formula (ii):
  • each Rj is independently H, C;-C 6 alkyl, C 2 ⁇ 6 alkenyl, or C 2 ⁇ C 6 alkynyl;
  • R 2 is H, Ci -Ce alkyl, C 2 -Ce alkenyl, or CS -Cg alkynyl;
  • the dotted bonds represent optional carbon-carbon double bonds
  • composition is edible and capable of reducing bitter taste of a bitter tastant
  • each R is independently H, C ,-C 3 alkyl, C 2 -C : ; alkenyl, or C2-C3 alkynyl;
  • R 2 is H, CrC 3 alkyl, C 2 -C 3 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 3 alkynyl;
  • the dotted bonds represent optional carbon-carbon double bonds.
  • each ] is independently H or Cj-C 6 alkyl
  • R 2 is H, -C3 alkyl or C2-C3 alkenyl
  • the dotted bonds represent optional carbon-carbon double bonds.
  • each Ri is independently H or C1-C3 alkyl
  • R 2 is H or C2-C3 alkenyl
  • the dotted bonds represent optional carbon-carbon double bonds.
  • each i is independently H or C r C : i alkyl
  • R 2 is H or C2-C3 alkenyl; and each doited line is a carbon-carbon double bond.
  • composition according to paragraph 7, wherein said compound according to Formula (IT) is selected from:
  • composition comprising a compound according to Formula (Til):
  • each Rj is independently H, C r C 6 alkyl, € 2 -C 6 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 6 alkynyl;
  • R> is H, Cj-C] D alkyl, C1 ⁇ 4-Cio alkenyl, or C3 ⁇ 4-Cio alkynyl; and the dotted bond represents an optional carbon-carbon double bond;
  • composition is edible and capable of reducing bitter taste of a bitter tastant.
  • composition according to paragraph 13 wherein as valence and stability permit;
  • each R j is independently H, C;-C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 6 alkynyl;
  • R 2 is H, CpCe alkyl, C 2 -Ce alkenyl, or C 2 -Cg alkynyl;
  • the dotted line represents an optional carbon-carbon double bond.
  • composition according to paragraph 13 wherein as valence and stability permit:
  • each R is independently H, - C 3 alkyl, C2-C3 aikenyl, or C2-C3 alkynyl;
  • R 2 is H, Ci- ' e alkyl, C 2 -C 6 aikenyl, or C 2 -C 6 alkynyl; and the doited line represents an optional carbon-carbon double bond.
  • each R is independently H, C;-C; alkyl, C 2 -C3 aikenyl, or C 2 -C3 alkynyl;
  • R 2 is H, Cj-Cg alkyl, C;-C ⁇ aikenyl, or C -Ce alkynyl; and the dotted line represents an optional carbon-carbon double bond.
  • composition according to paragraph 13 wherein as valence and stability
  • each R] is independently H, C1-C3 alkyl, C2-C3 aikenyl, or C2-C3 alkynyl;
  • R 2 is H, C 1 -C alkyl, C 2 -C aikenyl, or C 2 -C4 alkynyl; and the dotted line represents an optional carbon-carbon double bond.
  • each Rj is independently H, C1-C3 alkyl, C 2 -C 3 aikenyl, or C2-C3 alkynyl;
  • R 2 is H, C 1 -C4 alkyl, C 2 -C 4 aikenyl, or C 2 -C4 alkynyl; and the dotted line represents an optional carbon-carbon double bond.
  • each R is independently H, C ,-C 3 alkyl, C2-C3 aikenyl, or C2-C3 alkynyl;
  • R 2 is H, C r C 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 4 aikenyl, or C 2 -C 4 alkynyl; and the dotted line is a carbon-carbon double bond.
  • a composition comprising a compound according to Formula (IV):
  • each X is independently S or O;
  • R] is H, Ci -Cg alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 6 alkynyl;
  • R 2 is H, Cs-C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 6 alkynyl;
  • composition is edible and capable of reducing bitter taste of a bitter tastant.
  • composition according to paragraph 21 wherein as valence and stability permit:
  • each X is independently S or O:
  • Ri is H, C1-C3 alkyl, C2-C3 alkenyl, or C2-C3 alkynyl;
  • R 2 is H, C1-C3 alkyl, C 2 -C 3 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 3 alkynyl.
  • composition according to paragraph 21 wherein as valence and stability
  • each X is independently S or O:
  • R is H, CrC 3 alkyl, C 2 -C 3 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 3 alkynyl;
  • R 2 is H or C1-C3 alkyl.
  • Ri is H, Ci-C ' 3 alkyl, C2-C3 alkenyl, or C 2 -C3 alkynyl;
  • R 2 is H or C 1 -C3 alkyl.
  • Ri is H or C [-C;i alkyl
  • R> is H or C [-C;i alkyl.
  • Ri is H or C 1 -C3 alkyl
  • R 2 is H.
  • composition according to paragraph 21 wherein said compound according to Formula (I V) is selected from:
  • composition comprising:
  • composition is edible.
  • composition according to paragraph 28, wherein the bitter tastant is a foodstuff.
  • composition according to paragraph 28 wherein the bitter tastant is a bitter tasting salt.
  • the bitter Easting salt is a magnesium salt, a calcium sait, or a potassium salt.
  • composition according to paragraph 31 wherein the potassium containing sait is KC1 or potassium lactate,
  • a food product comprising the compositions of any one of paragraphs 1-33.
  • a method of preparing an edible composition comprising:
  • bitter tasting salt is a magnesium salt, a calcium salt, or a potassium salt
  • the edible composition further comprises one or more components selected from the group consisting of: NaCl, sodium lactate, and sugar.
  • bitter tasting salt is a magnesium salt, a calcium salt, or a potassium salt.
  • the potassium salt is KC1 or potassium Iaciate
  • the edibie composition further comprises one or more components selected from the group consisting of: NaCl, sodium lactate, and sugar.
  • A. method of reducing the amount of NaCl in an edible composition comprising;
  • a method of reducing the amount of sodium iaciate in an edible composition comprising:
  • a method of reducing the amount of sugar in an edible composition comprising:
  • a method of reducing the sugar intake of a subject comprising:
  • a method of reducing bitter taste attributed to a bitter tastant in an edible composition comprising:
  • a method of reducing bitter taste attributed to a bitter tastant in an edible composition comprising:
  • bitter tasting salt is a magnesium salt, a calcium salt, or a potassium salt.
  • a method of preserving an edible composition comprising:
  • a method of reducing the amount of sodium in an edible composition while preserving the edible composition comprising:
  • a method of inhibiting, reducing, or eliminating a bitter taste in a subject comprising: (a) placing a compound according to Formula (i), Formula (II), Formula ( i l l , or Formula (IV), as described herein, or combinations thereof, or any one of Compounds 1-8, as described herein, or combinations thereof in the oral cavity of the subject.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • a consumer product comprising:
  • a consumer product for reducing bitter taste of a bitter tastant comprising:
  • a method of inhibiting a bitter taste receptor comprising:
  • aliphatic refers to straight chain or branched hydrocarbons that are completely saturated or that contain one or snore units of unsaturation.
  • aliphatic groups include substituted or unsubstituted linear or branched alkyl, aSkenyl and alkynyl groups. Unless indicated otherwise, the term “aliphatic” encompasses bot substituted and unsubstituted hydrocarbons.
  • aikoxy refers to O-alkyl substituent, wherein the alkyl portion may be optionally substituted.
  • alkyl portion may be optionally substituted.
  • aikoxy substituents include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy and n-butoxy.
  • O-alkenyl or O-alkynyi groups are also explicitly included within the scope of the term “aikoxy” that are O-alkenyl or O-alkynyi groups, in all cases, the alkyl, aikene and alkyne portions may be optionally substituted.
  • alkyl refers to both straight and branched saturated chains containing, for example, 1 -3, 1-6, 1 -9, or 1-12 carbon atoms. An alkyl group may be optionally substituted.
  • alkylthio refers to an S-alkyl substituent, wherein the alkyl portion may be optionally substituted.
  • alkylthio substituents include, but are not limited to, methylthio, ethylthio and isopropylthio. Also explicitly included within the scope of the term
  • alkylthio are S-alkenyl or S-alkynyl groups, in all cases, the alkyl, aikene and alkyne portions may be optionally substituted.
  • alkenyl refers to both straight and branched saturated chains containing, for example, 2-3, 2-6, 2-9, or 2-12 carbon atoms, and at least one carbon-carbon double bond. An alkenyl group may be optionally substituted.
  • alkynyl refers to both straight and branched saturated chains containing, for example, 2-3, 2-6, 2-9, or 2- i 2 carbon atoms, and at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
  • An alkynyl group may be optionally substituted.
  • artificial sweetener and "sugar substitute” refer to a food additive that confers a sweet taste but has less caloric energy than sugar. In some instances, the caloric energy of the "artificial sweetener” or “sugar substitute” is negligible.
  • bitter or “bitter taste” as used herein refers to the perception or gustatory sensation resulting following the detection of a bitter tastant
  • bitter taste astringent, bitter-astringent, metallic, bitter-metallic, as well as off-tastes, aftertastes and undesirable tastes including but not limited to freezer-burn and card-board taste, and/or any combinations of these.
  • off-taste is often synonymous with “bitter taste.”
  • the diversify of bitter tastes may reflect the large number of bitter receptors and the differential detection of bitter tastants by these receptors.
  • Bitter taste as used herein includes activation of a bitter taste receptor by a bitter tastant.
  • Bitter taste as used herein also includes activation of a bitter taste receptor by a bitter tastant followed by downstream signaling.
  • Bitter taste as used herein also includes activation of a signaling pathway after stimulation by a bitter tastant.
  • Bitter taste as used herein further includes perception resulting from signaling following the detection of a bitter tastant by a bitter taste receptor.
  • Bitter taste as used herein further includes perception resulting from signaling following contacting a bitter taste receptor with a bitter tastant.
  • Bitter taste can be perceived in the brain.
  • bitter taste receptor refers to a receptor, typically a cell surface receptor, to which a bitter iastant can bind.
  • Bitter taste receptors may be present in the oral cavity, and/or extra- oral tissues, e.g., in taste-like, hormone producing cells throughout the gastrointestinal tract, including the stomach, intestines, and colon.
  • Bitter receptors can aiso be present in vitro, such as in an assay, including but not limited to a cell based assay or a binding assay.
  • bitter tastant refers to a compound that activates or that can be detected by a bitter taste receptor and/or confers the perception of a bitter taste in a subject.
  • bitter tastant also refers to a multiplicity of compounds that combine to activate or be detected by a bitter taste receptor and/or confer the perception of a bitter taste in a subject.
  • bitter tastant further refers to a compound that is enzymaticaliy modified upon ingestion by a subject to activate or be detected by a bitter taste receptor and/or confer the perception of a bitter taste in a subject.
  • bitter tastant Because the perception of bitter taste may vary from individual to individual, some individuals may describe a "bitter tastant" as a compound which confers a different kind of bitter taste compared to the kind of bitter taste perceived for the same compound by other individuals.
  • bitter tastant also refers to a compound which confers a bitter taste. Those of skill in the art can readily identify and understand what is meant by a bitter tastant.
  • Non-limiting examples of bitter tastants or substances including foods that comprise a bitter tastani and taste bitter include coffee, unsweetened cocoa, marmalade, bitter melon, beer, bitters, citrus peel, dandelion greens, escaroie, quinine, magnesium salts, calcium salts, potassium salts, KC1, potassium lactate, Acesolfame K, Brussels sprouts, asparagus, bitter gourd, wild cucumber, celery, hops, kohlrabi, radish leaf, ginseng, pumpkin, collard greens, kale, sparteine, caffeine, atropine, nicotine, urea and strychnine.
  • bitter tastants include pharmaceuticals.
  • pharmaceuticals as bitter tastants include acetaminophen, ampicillin, azithromycin,
  • compositions of the present invention refers to any comestibly or biologically acceptable salt, ester, or salt of such ester, of a compound of the present invention, which, upon ingestion, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) a compound of the present invention, or a metabolite, residue or portion thereof, characterized by the ability to reduce the perception of a bitter taste attributed to a bitter tastant
  • pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable derivative refers to any comestibly or biologically acceptable derivative of a compound of the present invention, which, upon ingestion, is capabie of providing (directly or indirectly) a compound of the present invention, or a metabolite, residue or portion thereof, characterized by the ability to reduce the perception of a bitter taste attributed to a bitter tastant.
  • a “comestible product” is a product suitable for oral use, such as eating or drinking. Therefore, a comestibly acceptable compound is an edible compound,
  • consumer product refers to health and beauty products for the personal use and/or consumption by a subject.
  • Consumer products may be present in any form including, but not limited to, liquids, solids, semi-solids, tablets, capsules, lozenges, strips, powders, gels, gums, pastes, slurries, syrups, aerosols and sprays.
  • Non-limiting examples of consumer products include nutriceuticals, nutritional supplements, lipsticks, lip balms, soaps, shampoos, gums, adhesives (e.g., dental adhesives), toothpastes, oral analgesics, breath fresheners, mouthwashes, tooth whiteners, and other dentifrices.
  • diet collectively refers to the food products and/or beverages consumed by a subject.
  • a subject's “diet” also includes any consumer products or pharmaceutical compositions the subject ingests,
  • edible composition refers to a composition suitable for consumption, typicall via the oral cavity (although consumption may occur via non-oral means such as inhalation). Edible compositions may be present in any form including, but not limited to, liquids, solids, semi-solids, tablets, lozenges, powders, gels, gums, pastes, slurries, syrups, aerosols and sprays.
  • edible compositions include food products, pharmaceutical compositions, and consumer products.
  • edible compositions also refers to, for example, dietary and nutritional supplements.
  • edible compositions also include compositions that are placed within the oral cavity but not swallowed, including professional dental products, such as dental treatments, fillings, packing materials, molds and polishes.
  • professional dental products such as dental treatments, fillings, packing materials, molds and polishes.
  • dental treatments such as dental treatments, fillings, packing materials, molds and polishes.
  • edible refers to similar compositions and is generally used as a synonym to the term "edible.”
  • an effective amount refers to an amount sufficient to produce a desired property or result.
  • an effective amount of a compound of the present invention is an amount capable of reducing the perceptio of bitter taste associated with a bitter tastant.
  • an “effective amount” of a compound of the invention also refers to an amount which, when added to an edible composition, reduces the bitter taste of, e.g., a aCl substitute, thereby allowing for the maintenance of the perception of a desired sally flavor of a said edible composition.
  • the term "effective amount of a compound” also refers to an amount which, when added to an edible composition, allows for the preservation, of a food product, while reducing or eliminating bitter taste associated with a bitter tastant in the preservative.
  • the term "effective amount” also refers to the amount of a compound of the present invention capable or reducing or eliminating the perceptio of a bitter taste or aftertaste associated with either a bitter tastant in a food product or an inherently bitter food product.
  • flavor modifies' refers to a compound or a mixture of compounds that, when added to an edible composition, such as a food product, modifies (e.g., masks, eliminates, decreases, reduces, or enhances the perception of) a flavor (e.g., sweet, salty, umami, sour, or bitter taste) present in the edible composition,
  • a flavor e.g., sweet, salty, umami, sour, or bitter taste
  • food product refers to any composition comprising one or more processed foodstuff.
  • Food products include, but are not limited to, confectioneries, bakery products
  • ice creams including but not limited to impulse ice cream, take-home ice cream, frozen yogurt, gelato, sorbet, sherbet and soy, oat, bean and rice-based ice cream
  • dairy products including, but not limited to, drinking milk, cheese, yogurt, and sour milk drinks
  • hot and cold beverages including, but not limited to, beverages, beverage mixes, concentrates, juices, carbonated beverages, non-carbonated beverages, alcoholic beverages, non-alcoholic beverages, soft drinks, sports drinks, isotonic drinks, coffees, teas, bottled waters, and beverages prepared from botanicals and botanical extracts (including cold beverages that are prepared with botanical or fungi extracts as ingredients, and drinks that are prepared in various ways, such as infusions, decoctions, or other means of extraction or distillation of various plant parts, including, but not limited to leaves, flowers, stems, fruits, roots, rhizomes, stems, bark, volatile oils, or even the whole plant)), snack bars (including, but not limited to granola bars, muesli bars, protein bars, breakfast bars, energ
  • the food product is animal feed.
  • the food product may be a pet food product, i.e. a food product for consumption by a household pet.
  • the food product is a livestock food product, i.e. a food product for consumption by livestock.
  • foodstuff refers to an unprocessed ingredient or a basic nutrient or flavor containing element used to prepare a food product.
  • foodstuffs include: fruits, vegetables, meats, fishes, grains, milks, eggs, tubers, sugars, sweeteners, oils, herbs, snacks, sauces, spices and salts.
  • halo or halogen refers to a fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine substifuent.
  • ppm parts per million
  • ppm concentration of a solution.
  • one gram of solute in 1000 ml of solvent has a concentration of i OOO ppm and one thousandth of a gram (O.OO lg) of solute in 1000 ml of solvent has a concentration of one ppm.
  • a concentration of one milligram per liter i.e. i mg/L is equal to 1 ppm.
  • the term “pharmaceutically active ingredient” refers to a compound in a pharmaceutical composition which is biologically active.
  • potassium salt refers to a salt wherein potassium is ihe cation.
  • Potassium salts in ihe context of ihe present invention are preferably edible potassium salts including, but not limited to, Acesulfame K (Ace ), aluminum potassium sulfate, dipotassium guanylate, dipotassium inosinate, monopotassium glutamate, potassium acetate, potassium acid tartate, potassium acid tartrate, potassium adipate, potassium alginate, potassium aluminum silicate, potassium ascorbate, potassium aspartate, potassium benzoate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium bisulfate, potassium bisulfite, potassium bromate, potassium carbonate, potassium chloride, potassium citrate, potassium dihydrogen citrate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium ferrocyaoide, potassium fumarate, potassium gibberellate, potassium gluconate, potassium hydroxide, potassium hydrogen sulfite, potassium iodide, potassium lactate, potassium malate, potassium
  • processed foodstuff refers to a foodstuff has been subjected to any process which alters its original state (excluding, e.g., harvesting, slaughtering, and cleaning).
  • methods of processing foods include, but are not limited to, removal of unwanted outer layers, such as potato peeling or the skinning of peaches; chopping or slicing; mincing or macerating;
  • liquefaction such as to produce fruit juice
  • fermentation e.g. beer
  • emulsification cooking, such as boiling, broiling, frying, heating, steaming or grilling; deep frying; baking; mixing; addition of gas such as air entrainment for bread or gasification of soft drinks; proofing; seasoning (with, e.g., herbs, spices, salts); spray drying; pasteurization; packaging (e.g., canning or boxing); extrusion; puffing; blending; and preservation (e.g., adding salt, sugar, potassium lactate or other preservatives).
  • replace refers to substituting one compound for another compound in or in the preparation of, for example, an edible composition, such as food product. It includes complete and partial replacements or substitutions.
  • salty flavor refers to the taste elicited by, for example, ions of alk ali metals salts (e.g., Na * and CI " in. sodium chloride).
  • compositions eliciting a sally flavor include table salt (sodium chloride), sea water, sea salt and potassium chloride.
  • the amount of salty flavor or the saltiness of a composition can be determined by, e.g., taste testing.
  • sodium or “sodium salt” refers to the amount of sodium (i.e., sodium salt) ingested or otherwise consumed by a subject.
  • sodium or a “sodium salt” refers to a salt or compound wherein sodium is the cation.
  • Sodium salts in the context of the present invention include, but are not limited to, aluminum sodium sulfate, calcium disodium EDTA, dioctyi sodium suifosuccinate, disodium 5'-ribooucleotides, disodium ethyl enediaminetetraacetate, disodium guan late, disodium inosinate sodium acetate, monosodium glutamate (MSG), potassium sodium tartrate, sodium acid pyrophosphate, sodium adipate, sodium alginate, sodium aluminosilicate, sodium aluminum phosphate (acidic), sodium aluminum phosphate (basic), sodium ascorbate, sodium benzoate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bisulfate, sodium bisulfite, sodium carbonate, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sodium casemate, sodium chloride, sodium citrate, sodium cyclamaie, sodium dehydroacetate, sodium diacetate, sodium dehydroacetate, sodium dihydrogen citrate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate,
  • hypophosphite sodium tartrate (e.g., sodium L(+) -tartrate), sodium lactate, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium malate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium metaphosphate, sodium methyl parahydroxybenzoate, sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite, sodium O-phenylphenol, sodium phosphate (dibasic), sodium phosphate (monobasic), sodium phosphate (tribasic), sodium polyphosphate, sodium potassium, tartrate, sodium propionate, sodium propyl parahydroxybenzoate, sodium pyrophosphate, sodium, saccharin, sodium sesquicarbonate, sodium stearoyl lactylate, sodium, stearyl fumarate, sodium succinate, sodium sulfate, and starch sodium octenylsuccinate.
  • sodium tartrate e.g., sodium L(+) -tartrate
  • sodium lactate sodium lauryl sulfate
  • sodium malate sodium metabisulfite
  • sodium intake refers to the amount of sodium ingested or otherwise consumed by a subject.
  • stable in the context of a chemical structure refers to the chemical state when a system is in its lowest energy state, or in chemical equilibrium with its environment.
  • a stable compound or, e.g., a compound containing a number of atoms or substitutions that are stable
  • a subject refers to a mammal, in preferred embodiments, the subject is human.
  • a subject is a domestic or laboratory animal, including but not limited to, household pets, such as dogs, cats, pigs, rabbits, rats, mice, gerbils, hamsters, guinea pigs, and ferrets.
  • a subject is a livestock animal.
  • livestock animals include: alpaca, bison, camel, cattle, deer, pigs, horses, llamas, mules, donkeys, sheep, goats, rabbits, reindeer, and yak.
  • sugar refers to a simple carbohydrate, such as a monosaccharide or a disaccharide, that delivers a primary taste sensation of sweetness.
  • sugar include glucose, fructose, galactose, sucrose, lactose, and maltose.
  • sweet flavor refers to the taste elicited by, for example, sugars.
  • compositions eliciting a sweet flavor include glucose, sucrose, fructose, saccharin, cyclamate, aspartame, acesulfame potassium, sucralose, alitame, and neotame.
  • the amount of sweet flavor or the sweetness of a composition can be determined by, e.g., taste testing.
  • An aliphatic group may contain one or more substituents.
  • suitable substituents on a saturated or unsaturated carbon of an aliphatic group include, but are not limited to, halogen, -CF 3 , -R', -OR', -OH, -SH, -SR", protected OH (such as acyloxy), -N0 2 , -CN, -NH 2 , - HR', -N(R%, -NHCOR', -NFiCONH,, -NHCO HR', -NHCON(R') 2 , -NRCOR', -NHC0 2 H, -NHC0 2 R, -CQ 2 R, -C0 2 H, -COR', -CONH,, -CONHR', -CON(R') 2 , -S(0) 2 H, -S(0) 2 R', -S(0) 3 H, -S(0) 3 R', -S(0) 2 .
  • R' is selected from H, aliphatic, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl and each.
  • R' is optionally substituted with one or more halogen, nitro, cyarto, amino, -NH-(uosubstituted aliphatic), -N-(unsubstituted aliphatic) 2 , carboxy, carbamoyl, hydroxy, -O-iunsubsiiiuied aliphatic), -SH, -S-(unsubstituted aliphatic), CF 3 , -S(0) 2 H 2 ' unsubstituted aliphatic, unsubstituted carbocyclyl, unsubstituted heterocyclyl, unsubstituted aryl, un substituted aralkyl, unsubstituted heteroaryl, or unsubstituted heteroaralkyl.
  • suitable substituents is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art,
  • the compounds of the invention are intended to include all stereochemical forms of the compound, including geometric isomers (i.e., E, Z) and optical isomers (i.e., R, S). Single stereochemical isomers as well as enantiomeric and diastereomeric mixtures of the present compounds are within the scope of the invention.
  • formulas depicted herein are also meant to include compounds which differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having the present formulas except for the replacement of a hydrogen by a deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by a I J C- or l C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention.
  • the present invention provides edible compositions comprising a compound of the present invention, including food products, consumer products, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising said compounds, and methods of preparing a such compositions.
  • the present invention also provides methods of reducing the amount of sodium (e.g., NaCl or sodium lactate) or sugar in a food product, a method of reducing the sodium or sugar intake in a diet, a method of reducing bitter taste, and a method of reducing the activity of a bitter taste receptor.
  • the present invention also includes reducing the amount of sodium in a edible composition or diet by replacing a sodium containing compound or composition with a potassium containing compound or composition.
  • the present invention also includes reducing the amount of sugar in a edible composition or diet by replacing sugar with a potassium containing sweetener, such as Acesulfame .
  • the invention provides an edible composition comprising a compound of the invention for reducing bitter taste of a bitter tastant.
  • the present invention provides an edible composition for reducing bitter taste of a bitter tasiant, wherein the composition comprises a branched alkene compound.
  • the branched alkene compounds of this invention are capable of reducing or eliminating bitter taste of a bitter tasiant.
  • the branched alkene compound has a molecular weight less than about 1000, 500, or 300 daltons.
  • the branched alkene compound is a compound of Formula. (I):
  • X is S or O
  • each R is independently H, C[-C 6 alley 1, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, or C?-C 6 alkynyl; and the dotted bond represents an optional carbon-carbon double bonds;
  • composition is edible and capable of reducing bitter taste of a bitter tastant.
  • each R is independently H, C1-C3 alkyl, C2-C3 alkenyl, or C2-C3 alkynyl; and the dotted bond represents an optional carbon- carbon double bond.
  • X is O
  • each R is independently H, C1-C3 alkyl, C2-C3 alkenyl, or C2-C3 alkynyl; and the dotted bond represents an optional carbon- carbo double bond.
  • X is S O
  • each R is independently H or Q-C3 alkyl
  • the dotted bond represents a optional carbon- carbon double bond.
  • X is O
  • each R is independently H or C
  • the dotted bond represents an optional carbon- carbon double bond.
  • the compound of Formula (I) includes an is-double bond where the dotted bond is located, in other embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) includes a Z-double where the dotted bond is located, in further embodiments, the compound of Formula ( ⁇ ) includes a mixture of £ Z-double bonds where the dotted bond is located, in yet additional embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) does not include a double bond where the dotted bond is located.
  • the compound of Formula (i) is:
  • a comestibly or biologically acceptable salt of a compound of the present invention is used, such salt is preferably derived from inorganic or organic acids and bases.
  • examples of such salts include, but are not limited to, those derived from appropriate bases, including alkali metal (e.g., sodium and potassium), alkaline eart metal (e.g., magnesium), ammonium and N " (Ci. aikyi) 4 salts.
  • the present invention provides an edible composition for reducing bitter taste of a bitter tastant, wherein the composition comprises a cyclohexadiene-based compound.
  • the cyclohexadiene-based compounds of this invention are capable of reducing or eliminating bitter taste of a bitter tastant.
  • the cyclohexadiene-based compound has a molecular weight less than about 1000, 500, 300 or 200 daltons.
  • the cyclohexadiene-based compound is a compound of Formula (II):
  • each Rj is independently H, C;-C 6 aikyl, C 2 ⁇ 6 alkenyl, or C 2 ⁇ C 6 alkynyl;
  • R 2 s H, Ci -Ce aikyl, C ' C ' e alkenyl, or CS -Cg alkynyl;
  • the dotted bonds represent optional carbon-carbon double bonds; wherein the composition is edible and capable of reducing bitter taste of a bitter tastant
  • each Rj is independently H, C1-C3 aikyl, C2-C3 alkenyl, or C2-C3 alkynyl;
  • R 2 is H, C 1 -C3 aikyl, C 2 -C 3 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 3 alkynyl;
  • the dotted bonds represent optional carbon-carbon double bonds.
  • each Rj is independently H or C1-C3 aikyl
  • R 2 is H, C r C 3 aikyl or C 3 -C 3 alkenyl
  • the dotted bonds represent optional carbon-carbon double bonds
  • each Rj is independently H or C r C 3 aikyl
  • R 2 is H or C 2 -C;i alkenyl
  • the doited bonds represent optional carbon-carbon double bonds.
  • each R is independently H or C1-C3 aikyl
  • j is H or C 2 -C3 alkenyl
  • each dotted line is a carbon-carbon double bond.
  • the exocyclic double bond is an is-double bond. In other embodiments of the compound of Formula (II), the exocyclic double bond is a Z-double bond. In further embodiments, the compound of Forsnuia (II) includes a mixture of 2s/Z-exocyclic double bonds, in yet additional embodimenis, she compound of Formula (IT) does not include an exocyclic double bond,
  • the compound of Formula (II) is:
  • gma at. o. or a comestibly or biologically acceptable salt or derivative thereof, or an enantiomer or diastereo mer th ereo f .
  • the present invention provides an edible composition for reducing bitter taste of a bitter tastant, wherein the composition comprises a branched alkene ester compound.
  • the branched alkene ester compounds of this invention are capable of reducing or eliminating bitter taste of a bitter tastant.
  • the branched alkene ester compound has a molecular weight less than about 1000, 500 or 300 daltons.
  • the alkene ester compound is a compound of Formula (ill):
  • each is independently H, Ci-Ce alkyl, Cj-Cg alkenyl, or ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4- € 6 alkynyl; R>; is H, €j-C]o alkyl, C1 ⁇ 4-Cio alkenyl, or C3 ⁇ 4-Cio alkynyl; and
  • the doited bond represents an optional carbon-carbon double bond
  • composition is edible and capable of reducing bitter taste of a bitter iastant.
  • each R is independently H, C;-C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 6 alkynyl;
  • R 2 is H, Ci -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 6 alkynyl; and the doited line represents an optional carbon-carbon double bond.
  • each R is independently H, C r -C 3 alkyl, C 2 -C 3 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 3 alkynyl;
  • R 2 is H, Ci -C 6 alkyl, C 2 ⁇ C 6 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 6 alkynyl;
  • the dotted line represents an optional carbon-carbon double bond.
  • each R is independently H, Ci-C 3 alkyl, C 2 -C 3 alkenyl, or C2-C3 alkynyl;
  • - 2 is H, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 6 alkynyl;
  • the dotted line represents an optional carbon-carbon double bond.
  • each R is independently H, C ; ⁇ € 3 alkyl, C 2 -C 3 alkenyl, or C?-C 3 alkynyl;
  • R 2 is H, C,-C 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 4 alkynyl;
  • the dotted line represents an optional carbon-carbon double bond.
  • each R is independently H, C;-C 3 alkyl, CVC 3 alkenyl, or C 2 ⁇ C 3 alkynyl;
  • R 2 is H, Ci-C 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 4 alkynyl;
  • the dotted line represents an optional carbon-carbon double bond.
  • each R is independently H, C ,-C 3 alkyl, C 2 -C 3 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 3 alkynyl;
  • R 2 is H, C r C 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 4 alkynyl;
  • the dotted line is a carbon-carbon double bond.
  • the compound of Formula (III) includes an v-double bond where the dotted bond is located. In other embodiments, the compound of Formula (III) includes a Z-double where the dotted bond is located. In further embodiments, the compound of Formula (III) includes a mixture of is/Z-double bonds where the dotted bond is located. In yet additional embodiments, the compound of Formula (III) does not include a double bond where the dotted bond is located.
  • a comestibly or biologically acceptable salt of a compound of th e present invention is used, such salt is preferably derived from inorganic or organic acids and bases.
  • such salts include, but are not limited to, those derived from appropriate bases, including alkali metal (e.g., sodium and potassium), alkaline earth metal (e.g., magnesium), ammonium and N + (C [ .4 alkyl) 4 salts.
  • the present invention provides an edible composition for reducing bitter taste of a bitter taslant, wherein the composition comprises a benzodioxole-based compound.
  • the benzodioxole-based compounds of ihis invention are capable of reducing or eliminating bitter taste of a bitter tastant.
  • the benzodioxole-based compound has a molecular weight less than about 1000, 500, 300 or 200 dalions.
  • the benzodioxole- S based compound is a compound of Formula (IV):
  • each X is independently S or O;
  • R i is H, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 6 alkynyl; and -2 is H, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 6 alkynyl;
  • composition is edible and capable of reducing bitter taste of a bitter tastant.
  • each X is independently S or O;
  • Ri is H, Ci -C 3 alkyl, C 2 -C 3 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 3 alkynyl; and R 2 is H, Ci -C 3 alkyl, C2-C3 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 3 alkynyl.
  • each X is independently S or O;
  • Ri is H, C1 - C3 alkyl, C2-C3 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 3 alkynyl;
  • R 2 is H or C 1-C3 alkyl.
  • Ri is H, C1-C3 alkyl, C 2 -C 3 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 3 alkynyl;
  • R 2 is H or C C 3 alkyl.
  • Ri is H or Ci-C aikyl
  • R 2 is H or C,-C 3 a1kyl.
  • Ri is H or C] -C 3 alkyl
  • R is H.
  • the compound of Formula (IV) is:
  • a comestibly or biologically acceptable salt of a compound of the present invention is used, such salt is preferably derived from inorganic or organic acids and bases.
  • examples of such salts include, but are not limited to, those derived from appropriate bases, including alkali metal (e.g., sodium and potassium), alkaline earth metal (e.g., magnesium), ammonium and ⁇ (CM aikyl) 4 salts.
  • compositions comprising a) a compound of the invention; and b) a bitter tastant.
  • the compound is a compound having a molecular weight less than about 1000, 500, or 300 daltons.
  • the compound is a compound of Formula (I), Formula (II), Formula (III), or Formula (IV), as described herein, or combinations thereof.
  • the compound of the invention is a compound selected from Compounds 1-8, as described herein, or combinations thereof.
  • the bitter tastant present in the edible composition is a bitter tasting salt.
  • the bitter tastant present in the edible composition is a potassium salt, a magnesium salt, or a calcium salt.
  • the bitter tastant present in the edible composition is a potassium salt.
  • the bitter tastant present in the edible compositions is KC1. In other embodiments, the bitter tastant present in the edible composition is potassium lactate.
  • the edible compositions comprise a) a compound of the invention; and b) a potassium salt.
  • the potassium salt is C1 or potassium lactate.
  • the potassium salt is C1.
  • the compound is a compound of Formula (I), Formula ( ⁇ ), Formula (III), or Formula (IV), as described herein, or combinations thereof.
  • the compound of the invention is a compound selected from Compounds 1-8, as described herein, or combinations thereof.
  • the edible composition further comprises a sodium salt, in some embodiments, the edible compositions further comprise NaCI. In some embodiments, the edible compositions further comprise sodium lactate. In some embodiments, the edible compositions further comprise sugar.
  • the edible composition further comprises one or more additional components selected from the group consisting of preservatives, nutritives, flavorants or additional flavor modifiers, which may lack an inherent flavor.
  • the edible composition further comprises one or more emulsifiers.
  • emulsifiers Sodium and potassium based emulsifiers are commonly used as emulsifiers in the food art.
  • Sodium-based emulsifiers include, e.g., sodium salts of fatty acids, sodium alginate, sodium aluminum phosphate, sodium casemate, sodium metaphosphate, sodium phosphate (dibasic), sodium phosphate (monobasic), sodium phosphate (tribasic), sodium polyphosphate, sodium pyrophosphate, and sodium stearoyl lactylate.
  • Potassium-based emulsifiers include, e.g., potassium salts of fatly acids, potassium alginate, potassium citrate, potassium phosphate (dibasic), potassium phosphate (monobasic), potassium phosphate (tribasic), potassium polyphosphate, potassium poiymetaphosphate, and potassium pyrophosphate. Accordingly, some embodiments of the present invention include replacing a sodium-based emulsifier with a potassium based emuisifier and adding a compound of the present invention.
  • the edible composition further comprises a surfactant to increase or decrease the effectiveness of the compounds of the present invention.
  • Suitable surfactants include, but are not limited to, non-ionic surfactants (e.g., mono and diglycerides, fatty acid esters, sorbitan esters, propylene glycol esters, and lactylate esters) anionic surfactants (e.g., sulfosuccinates and lecithin) and cationic surfactants (e.g., quaternary ammonium salts).
  • the preservative improves the shelf life of the edible composition.
  • Suitable preservatives include, but are not limited to, ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, butyl p-hydroxybenzoate, calcium benzoate, calcium disodium EDTA, calcium hydrogen sulfite, calcium propionate, calcium sorbate, chitosan, cupric sulfate, dehydroacetic acid, diethyl pyrocarbonate, dimethyl dicarbonate, disodium EDTA, E-polylysine glycine, erythorbic acid, ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate, formic acid, gum guaiac, heptylparaben, hinokitiol, isobutyl paraoxybenzoate, Japanese styrax benzoin extract,
  • methylparaben methylparaben, milt protein extract, natamycin, nisin, peptin extract, 2-phenylphenol, pimaricin, potassium acetate, potassium benzoate, potassium lactate, potassium metabisulfite, potassium nitrate, potassium nitrite, potassium pyrosulfite, potassium sorbate, potassium sulfite, propionic acid, propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, propyl p-oxybenzoate.
  • the preservative has a bitter flavor.
  • the composition may further comprise one or more additional components selected from the group consisting of flow agents, processing agents, sugars, amino acids, other nucleotides, and sodium or potassium salts of organic acids such as citrate and tartarate.
  • additional ingredients may add flavor, or aid in blending, processing or flow properties of the edible composition.
  • the rate of release of the compound of the present invention is regulated.
  • the release rate of the compound of the present invention can be altered by, for example, varying its solubility in water. Rapid release can be achieved by encapsulating the compound of the present invention with a material with high water solubility. Delayed release of the compound of the present invention can be achieved by encapsulating the compound of the present invention with a material with low water solubility.
  • the compound of the present invention can be co-encapsulated with carbohydrates or masking tastants such as sweeteners.
  • the rate of release of the compound of the present invention can also be regulated by the degree of encapsulation, in some embodiments, the compound of the present invention is fully encapsulated. In other embodiments, the compounds of the present invention are partially encapsulated. In some embodiments, the rate of release is regulated so as to release with the bitter tastant.
  • the edible compositions of this invention are prepared according to iechniques well -known in the art.
  • an edible composition of the invention is prepared by mixing a component or ingredient of the edible composition with a compo und of the invention.
  • a compound of the invention can be added directly to the edible composition, in some embodiments, a bitter tastant is added simultaneously or sequentially with a compound of the invention. If sequentially, the bitter tastant may be added before or after the compound of the invention.
  • the edible composition is a food product.
  • the edible composition is a pharmaceutical composition.
  • the edible composition is a consumer product.
  • the amount of both a compound of the present invention and a bitter tastant used in an edible composition depends upon a variety' of factors, including the purpose of the composition and the desired or acceptable perception of bitterness, saltiness, or sweetness. The amount may depend on the nature of the edible composition, the particular compound added, the bitter tastant, other compounds present in the composition, the method of preparation (including amount of heat used), and the pH of the edible composition, it will be understood that those of skill in the art will know how to determine the amounts needed to produce the desired taste(s).
  • a compound of the present invention in an edible composition may be present at a concentration between about 0.001 ppm and 1000 ppm.
  • the edible composition comprises between about 0,005 to 500 ppm; 0.01 to 100 ppm; 0.05 to 50 ppm; 0.1 to 5 ppm; 0, 3 to 10 ppm; 1 to 10 ppm; 1 to 30 ppm; 1 to 50 ppm; 10 to 30 ppm; 10 to 50 ppm; or 30 to 50 ppm of a compound of the present invention.
  • the edible composition comprises about 0.1 to 30 ppm, 1 to 30 ppm or 1 to 50 ppm of a compound of the present invention.
  • the edible composition comprises about 0.1 to 5 ppm; 0.1 to 4 ppm; 0.1 to 3 ppm; 0.1 to 2 ppm; 0.1 to 1 ppm; 0.5 to 5 ppm; 0.5 to 4 ppm; 0.5 to 3 ppm; 0.5 to 2 ppm; 0.5 to 1.5 ppm; 0.5 to 1 ppm; 5 to 15 ppm; 6 to 14 ppm; 7 to 13 ppm; 8 to 12 ppm; 9 to 1 1 ppm; 25 to 35 ppm; 26 to 34 ppm; 27 to 33 ppm; 28 to 32 ppm; or 29 to 31 ppm.
  • the edible composition comprises about 0.1 ppm, about 0.5 ppm, about 1 ppm, about 2 ppm, about 3 ppm, about 4 ppm, about 5 ppm, about 6 ppm, about 7 ppm, about 8 ppm, about 9 ppm, or about 10 ppm of a compound of the present invention.
  • the edible composition comprises about 1 i ppm, about 12 ppm, about 13 ppm, about 14 ppm, about 1 5 ppm, about 1 6 ppm, about 17 ppm, about 18 ppm, about 1 9 ppm, about 20 ppm, about 21 ppm, about 22 ppm, about 23 ppm, about 24 ppm, about 25 ppm, about 26 ppm, about 27 ppm, about 28 ppm about, 29 ppm, or about 30 ppm of a compound of the present invention.
  • the edible composition comprises about 31 ppm, about 32 ppm, about 33 ppm, about 34 ppm, about 35 ppm, about 36 ppm, about 37 ppm, about 38 ppm., about 39 ppm, about 40 ppm, about 41 ppm., about 42 ppm, about 43 ppm, about 44 ppm, about 45 ppm, about 46 ppm, about 47 ppm, about 48 ppm, about 49 ppm, or about 50 ppm of a compound of the present invention.
  • the edible composition comprises more than about 0.5 ppm, 1 ppm, 5 ppm, 10 ppm, 15 ppm, 20 ppm, 25 ppm, or 30 ppm of a compound of the present invention, up to, for example, about 30 ppm or 50 ppm.
  • the edible composition comprises less than about 50 ppm, 30 ppm, 25 ppm, 20 ppm, 15 ppm, 10 ppm, 5 ppm, 1 ppm, or 0.5 ppm of a compound of the present invention.
  • the edible composition comprises less than about 30 ppm, 10 ppm, or 1 ppm of a compound of the present invention.
  • KCI When the edible composition comprises KCi, the amount of KCI will vary depending on the nature of the edible composition, the amount of perceived saltiness desired and the presence of other compounds in the composition. In some embodiments, KCI is present at a concentration between about 0.001 - 15% w/w, 0.001 - 10% w/w , 0.001 -5% w/w; 0.01 -5% w/w; 0. 1 -5% w/w; 1-5% w/w; 0.5-4.8% w/w; 0.5-4% w/w; 0.5-3% w/w; 0.75-3% w/w; 1 -2.5% w/w; or 1-2% w/w. In some embodiments, KCI is present at a concentration of about 0.5% w/w, about 1% w/w, about
  • KCI is present at a concentration of up to about 0.5% w/w, up to about 1% w/w, up to about 1.5% w/w, up to about 2% w/w, up to about 2,5% w/w, up to about 3% w/w, up to about 3,5% w/w, up to about 4% w/w, up to about 4,5% w/w, up to about 5% w/w, up to about 6% w/w, up to about 7% w/w, up to about 8% w/w, up to about 9% w/w, up to about 10% w/w, up to about 1 1% w/w, up to about 12% w/w, up to about 13% w/w, up to about 14% w/w, or up to about 15% w/w. in some embodiments, KCI is present at a concentration of about 2% w/w.
  • KCI is added to the edible composition as a salt substitute in an amount sufficient to replace NaCl
  • the amount of KCI in the edible compositions may range from about 0.5 to about 1.5 times the replaced NaCl depending upon the application, e.g., if about 0,5 mg of NaCl is replaced, about 0.25 to about 0.75 mg of KCI is added.
  • KCI is added in the same weight amount as the NaC ' l being replaced.
  • the amount of potassium lactate added varies depending on the nature of the edible composition, the amount of preservation required and the presence of other compounds in the composition.
  • Potassium lactate may be present at a concentration between about 0.001-5% w/w; 0.01-5% w/w; 0, 1-5% w/w; 0.5-4.8% w/w; 0.5-4% w/w; 0.5-3% w/w; 0.75-3% w/w; 1 -2.5% w/w; or 1 -2% w/w.
  • potassium lactate is added to the edible composition in an amount sufficient to replace sodium lactate.
  • the amount of potassium lactate in the food or beverage after the sodium lactate substitute is added may range from about 0.5 to about 1.5 times the replaced sodium lactate depending upon the application, e.g., if about 0,5 mg of sodium lactate is replaced, about 0.25 to about 0.75 mg of potassium lactate is added.
  • potassium lactate will be added in the same weight amount as the sodium lactate being replaced.
  • an artificial sweetener such as
  • Acesulfame the amount of the sweetener added varies depending on the nature of the edible composition, the amount of sweetness required and the presence of other compounds in the composition.
  • Acesulfame may be present at a concentration between about 1-200 ppm, 10-200 ppm, 50- 50 ppm, 50-125 ppm, 75-125 ppm, and 75-100 ppm, preferably about 75 ppm.
  • an artificial sweetener is added to the edible composition in an amount sufficient to replace sugar.
  • the artificial sweetener has a bitter taste or aftertaste, in some embodiments, the artificial sweetener is Acesulfame K.
  • the amount of Acesulfame K in the edible composition may range from about 0.001 to about 0,01 times the replaced sugar depending upon the application, e.g., if about 100 mg of sugar is replaced, about 0.3 to about 1 mg of Acesulfame K is added. Typically, Acesulfame K will be added in about 0.005 times the amount of sugar being replaced.
  • the edible compositions are included in a package, in some embodiments, the edible composition is packaged in bulk, in which the package contains more of the compositions than would typically be used for a single dish or serving of food or beverage.
  • Such bulk packages can be in the form of paper, plastic, or cloth bags or cardboard boxes or drums.
  • Such bulk packages may be fitted with plastic or metal spouts to facilitate the dispensing of the edible composition.
  • the package contains an edible composition comprising a compound of the present invention and a bitter tastant. in some embodiments, the package contains an edible composition comprising a compound of the present invention and bitter tasting salt. In some embodiments, the package contains an edible composition comprising a compound of the present invention and a potassium salt, a magnesium salt, or a calcium salt. In some embodiments, the package contains an edible composition comprising a compound of the present invention and a potassium salt. In some embodiments, the package contains an edible composition comprising a compound of the present invention and KC1. In other embodiments, the package contains an edible composition comprising a compound of the present invention and potassium lactate.
  • the package contains an edible composition comprising a compound of the present invention a potassium salt, and a sodium salt. In other embodiments, the package contains an edible composition comprising a compound of the present invention, KC1 and NaCl. In yet other embodiments, the package contains an edible composition comprising a compound of the present invention, potassium lactate and sodium lactate. In other embodiments, the package contains an edible composition comprising a compound of the present invention and Acesulfame K and sugar. In other embodiments, the package contains an edible compositio comprising a compound of the present invention, potassium lactate, KG and NaCl.
  • the edible compositions of the present invention are compositions suitable to be used as seasonings, as ingredients in food products or as condiments.
  • the edible compositio may or may not contain a bitter tastant.
  • the edible composition may be used in, e.g., a seasoning which comprises a bitter tastant such as, e.g., KC1.
  • Such seasonings can be used in the place of table salt (i.e., NaCl) to season prepared food products.
  • the edible composition may be used in, e.g., a seasoning which does not contain a bitter tastant.
  • Such seasonings can be used to season prepared food products which contain a.
  • the edible composition is a seasoning comprising KC1 and a compound of the invention. In some embodiments, the edible composition is a seasoning comprising KG, NaCl and a compound of the invention, in some embodiments the seasoning further comprises a spice or a blend of spices.
  • the edible compositions may be used for medicinal or hygienic purposes, for example, in soaps, shampoos, mouthwash., medicines, pharmaceuticals, cough syrup, nasal sprays, toothpaste, dental adhesives, tooth whiteners, glues (e.g., on stamps and envelopes), and toxins used i insect and rodent control.
  • the edible composition is a food product.
  • the food product comprises (a) a food stuff; and (b) a compound of Formula (I), Formula (II), Formula ( ⁇ ), or Formula (IV), as described herein, or combinations thereof, or any one of Compounds 1-8, as described herein, or combinations thereof.
  • the food product further comprises a bitter tastant, as described herein.
  • the bitter tastant is a potassium salt, such as KG or potassium lactate.
  • the potassium salt is KG.
  • the food product further comprises one or more additional flavor modifiers.
  • the food product further comprises one or more additional components selected from the group consisting of preservatives, nutritives, flavorants or additional flavor modifiers, which may lack an inherent flavor.
  • the edible composition is a pharmaceutical composition.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises (a) a bitter testing pharmaceutically active ingredient; and (b) a compound of Formula (I), Formula (II), Formula (III), or Formula (IV), as described herein, or combinations thereof, or any one of Compounds 1-8, as described herein, or combinations thereof,
  • the pharmaceutical composition can comprise any bitter tasting pharmaceutically active ingredient.
  • bitter pharmaceutical compounds include: acetaminophen, ampici!lin, azithromycin, chlorpheniramine, cimetidine, dextromethorphan, diphenhydramine, erythromycin, ibuprofen, penicillin, phenylbutazone, psuedoephedrine, ranitidine, spironolactone, statins (including, but not limited to, atorvastatin, vastatin, fluvastatin, iouvastatin, meva statin, pravastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, and simvasiatin) and theophylline.
  • the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising (a) a pharmaceutically active ingredient; (b) a compound of Formula (I), Formula ( ⁇ ),
  • compositions may comprise any pharmaceutically active ingredient,
  • the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising (a) a pharmaceutically active ingredient; (b) a compound of Formuia (I), Formula (II),
  • the potassium salt is KG or potassium lactate, in some embodiments, the potassium salt is KCI.
  • the pharmaceutical composition further comprises one or more additional flavor modifiers,
  • the pharmaceutical composition further comprises one or more additional components selected from the group consisting of preservatives, nutritives, fSavorants or flavor modifiers, which may lack an inherent flavor,
  • the edible compositions is a consumer product.
  • the consumer product comprises (a) a bitter tastant; and (b) a compound of Formula (I), Formula (II), Formula (III), or Formula (IV), as described herein, or combinations thereof, or any one of Compounds 1-8, as described herein, or combinations thereof.
  • the invention provides a consumer product comprising (a) a potassium salt; and (b) a compound of Formula (I), Formula (II), Formuia (III), or Formula (TV), as described herein, or combinations thereof, or any one of Compounds 1-8, as described herein, or combinations thereof.
  • the potassium salt is KG or potassium lactate. In some embodiments, the potassium salt is KG,
  • the invention provides a consumer product for reducing bitter taste of a bitter tastant, wherein said consumer product comprises a compound of Formula (I), Formula (IT), Formuia (iii), or Formuia (TV), as described herein, or combinations thereof, or any one of Compounds 1-8, as described herein, or combinations thereof.
  • the bitter tastant is a potassium salt.
  • the potassium salt is KG or potassium lactate.
  • the bitter tastant is KG.
  • the consumer product further comprises one or snore additional flavor modifiers.
  • the consumer product further comprises one or more additional components selected from the group consisting of preservatives, nutritives, fiavorants or additional flavor modifiers, which may lack an inherent flavor.
  • the invention provides a method of preparing an edible composition.
  • the method comprises: (a) providing a comestibly acceptable carrier; and (b) adding to the comestibly acceptable carrier of (a) a. compound of Formula (I), Formula (II), Formula (III), or Forsnuia (IV), as described herein, or combinations thereof, or any one of Compounds 1 -8, as described herein, or combinations thereof, with the comestibly acceptabie carrier.
  • the compound of the invention has been dissolved in a solventprior to the addition step (b).
  • the comestibly acceptabie carrier in (a) is inherently bitter.
  • the comestibly acceptable carrier may inherently contain a bitter tastant
  • the inherent bitter tastant is a bitter tasting salt.
  • the inherent bitter tastant is a potassium salt, a magnesium salt, or a calcium salt.
  • the inherent bitter tastant is a potassium salt.
  • the inherent bitter tastant is KC1. In other embodiments, the inherent bitter tastant is potassium lactate.
  • the method of preparing a edible composition further comprises: (c) adding a bitter tastant.
  • the bitter tastant is a potassium salt.
  • the potassium salt is KC1 or potassium lactate.
  • the potassium salt is KC1.
  • the bitter tastant is added before the compound of the present invention.
  • the bitter tastant is added after the compound of the present invention.
  • the compounds of the present invention are combined with the bitter tastant and then combined with the comestibly acceptable carrier.
  • the compound of the present invention is combined sequentially with the comestibly acceptable carrier and then the bitter tastant.
  • the compounds of the present invention are combined with a mixture of the bitter tastant and the comestibly acceptable carrier.
  • a compound of the invention and the bitter tastant, if present are mixed with the comestibly acceptable carrier.
  • the compound and the bitter tastant, if present are sprayed onto or coat the comestibly acceptable carrier.
  • the compound of the invention is plated on a carbohydrate or salt, encapsulated on a salt or a carbohydrate (spray dried), or co-crystallized with a potassium salt to create a "topping" salt.
  • the bitter tastant is a bitter tasting salt.
  • the bitter tastant is a potassium salt, a magnesium salt, or a calcium salt
  • the bitter tastant is a potassium salt.
  • the bitter tastant is KC1, In other embodiments, the bitter tastant is potassium lactate.
  • the edibie composition further comprises a sodium salt, in some embodiments, the edibie composition further comprises NaCl. in other embodiments, the edible composition further comprises sodium lactate. In further embodiments, the edible composition further comprises sugar.
  • the methods of preparing an edibie composition further comprise adding one or more additional components selected from the group consisting of preservatives, nutritives, flavorants or flavor modifiers, which, may Sack an inherent flavor.
  • the methods of preparing an edible composition further comprise adding one or more additional flavor modifiers.
  • the edible composition is a consumer product.
  • the invention provides a. method of preparing an edibie composition, wherein the edible composition is a food product.
  • the method comprises: (a) providing a foodstuff; and (b) adding to the foodstuff of (a) a compound of Formula (I),
  • the compound of the invention is added in the form of an edible composition comprising the compound of the invention.
  • the foodstuff in (a) is inherently bitter.
  • the food stuff may inherently contain a bitter tastant.
  • the inherent bitter tastant is a bitter tasting salt.
  • the inherent bitter tastant is a potassium salt, a magnesium salt, or a calcium salt.
  • the inherent bitter tastant is a potassium salt.
  • the inherent bitter tastant is KC1. In other embodiments, the inherent bitter tastant is potassium lactate.
  • the method comprises: (a) providing a food product; and (b) adding to she food product of (a) a compound of Formula (I), Formula ( ⁇ ), Formula (HI), or Formula (IV), as described herein, or combinations thereof, or any one of Compounds 1-8, as described herein, or combinations thereof.
  • the compound of the invention is added in the form of an edible composition comprising the compound of the invention.
  • the food product in (a) comprises a bitter tastant.
  • the bitter tastant is a bitter tasting salt.
  • the bitter tastant is a potassium salt, a magnesium salt, or a calcium salt.
  • the bitter tastant is a potassium salt.
  • the bitter tastant is KC1. In other embodiments, the bitter tastant is potassium lactate.
  • the method of preparing a food product further comprises: (c) adding a bitter tastant.
  • the bitter tastant is a potassium salt, such as KC1 or potassium lactate.
  • the potassium salt is KG,
  • the bitter tastant is added before the compound of the present invention.
  • the bitter tastant is added after the compound of the present invention, in some embodiments, the compound of the invention is added with the bitter tasiant.
  • the compound of the present invention is combined with the bitter tastant and then combined with the foodstuff or food product, in other embodiments, the compound of the present invention is combined sequentially with the foodstuff or food product and then the bitter tastant. in yet other embodiments, the compound of the present invention is combined with a mixture of the bitter tastant and the foodstuff or food product.
  • the compound and the bitter tastant, if present are mixed with the foodstuff.
  • the compound and the bitter tastant, if present are sprayed onto or coat the foodstuff, in some embodiments, the compound of the invention is plated on a carbohydrate or salt, encapsulated on a salt or a carbohydrate (spray dried), or co-crystallized with a potassium salt to create a "topping" salt.
  • the bitter tastant is a bitter tasting salt.
  • the bitter tastant is a potassium salt, a magnesium salt, or a calcium salt, in some embodiments, the bitter tastant is a potassium salt.
  • the bitter tastant is KG. In other embodiments, the bitter tastant is potassium lactate.
  • the food product further comprises a sodium salt, in some embodiments, the food product further comprises NaCl. In other embodiments, the food product further comprises sodium lactate. In further embodiments, the food product further comprises sugar.
  • the methods of preparing a food product further comprise adding one or more additional components selected from the group consisting of preservatives, nutritives, flavorants or flavor modifiers, which may lack an inherent flavor.
  • the invention provides a method of preparing an edible composition, wherein the edible composition is a pharmaceutical composition.
  • the method comprises: (a) providing a pharmaceutically active ingredient; and (b) adding to the
  • the pharmaceutically active ingredient of (a) a compound of Formula (I), Formula ( ⁇ ), Formula (III), or Formula (IV), as described herein, or combinations thereof, or any one of Compounds 1-8, as described herein, or combinations thereof, with the pharmaceutically active ingredient.
  • the compound of the invention is added in the form of an edible composition comprising the compound of the invention.
  • the pharmaceutically active ingredient in (a) is inherently bitter, in such embodiments, the pharmaceutically active ingredient may inherently contain a bitter tastant.
  • the inherent bitter tastant is a bitter tasting salt.
  • the inherent bitter tastant is a potassium salt, a magnesium salt, or a calcium salt.
  • the inherent bitter tastant is a potassium salt.
  • the method of preparing a pharmaceutical composition further comprises: (c) adding a bitter tastant. in some embodiments, the bitter tastant is a potassium salt.
  • the potassium salt is KCl or potassium lactate.
  • the potassium salt is KCl.
  • the bitter tastant is added before the compound of the present invention.
  • the bitter tastant is added after the compound of the present invention.
  • the bitter tastant is added with the compound of the invention.
  • the compound of the present invention is combined with the bitter tastant and then combined with th pharmaceutically active ingredient.
  • the compound of the present invention is combined sequentially with the pharmaceutically active ingredient and then the bitter tastant.
  • the compound of the present invention is combined with a mixture of the bitter tastant and the pharmaceutically active ingredient.
  • the compound and the bitter tastant, if present are mixed with the pharmaceutically active ingredient. In other embodiments, the compound and the bitter tastant, if present, are sprayed onto or coat the pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, the compound of the invention is encapsulated with the pharmaceutically active ingredient In some embodiments, the compound of the invention is in a form such that the rate of release is regulated vis a vis the rate of release of the bitter tastant, which in some embodiments is the pharmaceutically active ingredient.
  • the bitter tastant is a bitter tasting salt.
  • the bitter tastant is a potassium salt, a magnesium salt, or a calcium salt.
  • the bitter tastant is a potassium salt.
  • the bitter tastant is KCl. In other embodiments, the bitter tastant is potassium lactate.
  • the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a sodium salt. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises NaCl. In other embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises sodium lactate. In further embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises sugar.
  • the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a
  • compositions include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins such, as human serum albumin, buffer substances such phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrro!idone, cellulose -based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene glycol and wool fat.
  • the methods of preparing a pharmaceutical composition further comprise adding one or more additional components selected from the group consisting of preservatives, nutritives, flavorants or
  • the invention provides a method of reducing or eliminating the perception of bitter taste in a subject.
  • the method comprises the use of an edible composition comprising a compound according to Formula (I), Formula ( ⁇ ), Formula (III), or Formula (IV), as described herein, or combinations thereof, or any one of Compounds 1-8, as described herein, or co mbinai ions t ereof .
  • the method can be used to reduce or eliminate bitter taste in any edible composition, including a foodstuff, food product, pharmaceutical composition or consumer product.
  • the edible composition may be in any form.
  • the composition is in the form of, for example, a gum, lozenge, sauce, condiment, meat matrix, meat slurry, paste, suspension, spread, coating, a liquid, a gel, an emulsion, granules, or seasoning,
  • the edible composition is utilized by, for example, placement in the oral cavity or by ingestion.
  • the edible composition is placed i the oral cavity or ingested before a bitter food stuff, food product, pharmaceutical composition or consumer product.
  • the edible composition is placed in the oral cavity or ingested concurrently with a bitter food stuff, food product, pharmaceutical composition or consumer product, either as a separate edible composition or by incorporation in the bitter food stuff, food product, pharmaceutical composition or consumer product.
  • the edible composition is placed in the oral cavity or ingested after a bitter food stuff, food product, pharmaceutical composition or con sumer product.
  • a compound of the invention can be combined with foodstuffs or food products to reduce the bitter taste of a food product.
  • a compound of the in vention can be used, for example, in a lozenge or gum for use after exposure to a bitter food stuff, food product, pharmaceutical composition or consumer product (e.g., to reduce or eliminate a bitter aftertaste).
  • the invention provides a method of reducing the amount of sodium in an edible composition, such as a food product, a pharmaceutical composition or a consumer product, in some embodiments, the invention provides a method of reducing the amount of a sodium containing compound in an edible composition, such as a food product, a pharmaceutical composition or a consumer product. In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of reducing the amount of NaCl in an edible composition, such as a food product, a pharmaceutical composition or a consumer product, in another embodiment, the invention provides a method of reducing the amount of sodium lactate in an edible composition, such as a food product, a ph rm ceutical composition or a consumer product.
  • the sodium salt is replaced with a non-sodium salt, in some embodiments, the non-sodium salt is a calcium salt, a magnesium salt, or a potassium salt, in some embodiments, the non-sodium salt is a potassium salt.
  • the method comprises: (a) replacing an amount of a sodium salt used its preparing an edible composition with an amount of a potassium salt; and (b) incorporating into the edible composition an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), Formula ( ⁇ ), Formula (Til), or Formula (IV), as described herein, or combinations thereof, or any one of Compounds 1-8, as described herein, or combinations thereof, in some embodiments, the compound of the invention is added in the form of an edible composition comprising the compound of the invention ,
  • the method of reducing the amount of sodium in an edible composition comprises the steps of: (a) ingesting a first edible composition, in which an amount of a sodium salt has been replaced with an amount of a potassium salt; and (b) ingesting a second edible compound, which comprises a compound of the invention.
  • the first edible composition is ingested before the second edible composition.
  • the first edible composition is ingested after the second edible composition.
  • the first edibie composition is ingested concurrently with the second edibie composition,
  • the edible composition is a food product, in some embodiments, the edibie composition is a pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, the edible composition is a consumer product.
  • the potassium salt is added to the edibie composition prior to addition of an effective amount of a compound of the invention. In some embodiments, the potassium salt is added to the edible composition subsequent to addition of an effective amount of a compound of the invention. In some embodiments, the potassium salt is added to the edible composition concurrent with addition of an effective amount of a compound of the invention.
  • the amount of sodium replaced in the edible composition in step (a) is an amount sufficient to maintain or restore the health of a subject. In some embodiments, the amount of sodium replaced in the edible composition is an amount sufficient to decrease hypertension in a subject. In some embodiments, the amount of sodium replaced by potassium in the edibie composition is an amount sufficient to change the texture or freezing point of the edibie composition. In some embodiments, the amount of sodium replaced is up to 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%), 95% or 100%. These amounts are not meant to be limiting, and increments between the recited percentages are spec ifically envisioned as part of the invention ,
  • the amount of compound added in step (b) reduces the perception of bitter taste in the subject.
  • the bitter taste is completely reduced or partially reduced.
  • the perception of salty taste is maintained.
  • the amount of compound added in step (b) is sufficient to permit replacement of up to I %, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, I 5%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% of the amount of sodium present in the edible composition with potassium.
  • the amount of compound added in step (b) is sufficient to permit replacement of up to 25% of the amount of sodium present in the edible composition with potassium.
  • the amount of compound added in step (b) is sufficient to permit replacement of up to 50% of the amount of sodium present in the edible composition with potassium. In other embodiments, the amount of compound added in step (b) is sufficient to permit replacement of up to 75% of the amount of sodium present in the edible composition with potassium. In yet other embodiments, the amount of compound added in step (b) is sufficient to permit replacement of up to 100% of the amount of sodium present in the edible composition with potassium.
  • the method of reducing the amount of sodium in an edible composition further comprises adding one or more additional components selected from the group consisting of preservatives, nutritives, flavorants or flavor modifiers, which may lack an inherent flavor.
  • the method comprises: (a) replacing an amount of NaCl used in preparing an edible composition with an amount of KCI; and (b) incorporating into the edible composition an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), Formula (H), Formula (111), or Formula (IV), as described herein, or combinations thereof, or any one of Compounds 1 -8, as described herein, or combinations thereof,
  • the method of reducing the amount of sodium in an edible composition comprises the steps of: (a) ingesting a first edible composition, in which an amount of NaCl has been replaced with an amount of KCI; and (b) ingesting a second edible compound, which comprises a compound of the invention, in some embodiments, the first edible composition is ingested before the second edible composition, in some embodiments, the first edible composition is ingested after the second edible composition, in some embodiments, the first edible composition is ingested concurrently with the second edible composition.
  • the edible composition is a food product. In some embodiments, the edible composition is a pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, the edible composition is a consumer product.
  • the KCI is added to the edible composition prior to addition of an effective amount of a compound of the invention, in some embodiments, the KCI is added to the edible composition subsequent to addition of an effective amount of a compound of the invention. In some embodiments, the KCI is added to the edible composition concurrent with addition of an effective amount of a compound of the invention.
  • the amount of NaCl replaced by KCI in the edible composition in step (a) is an amount sufficient to maintain or restore the health of a subject.
  • the amount of NaCl replaced by KCI in the edible composition is an amount sufficient to decrease hypertension in a subject
  • she amount ofNaCi replaced by KCI in the edible composition is an amount sufficient to change the texture or freezing point of the edible composition
  • the amount of NaCl replaced by KCI is up to 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100%, These amounts are not meant to be limiting, and increments between the recited percentages are specifically envisioned as part of the invention.
  • the amount of compound added in. step (b) reduces the perception of bitter taste in the subject.
  • the bitter taste is completely reduced or partially reduced.
  • the perception of salty taste is maintained,
  • the amount of compound added in step (b) is sufficient to permit replacement of up to 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% of the amount of NaCl present in the edible composition with KCI.
  • the amount of compound added in step (b) is sufficient to permit replacement of up to 25% of the amount of NaCl present in the edible composition with KCI.
  • the amount of compound added i step (b) is sufficient to permit replacement of up to 50% of the amount of NaCl present in the edible composition with KCI. In other embodiments, the amount of compound added in step (b) is sufficient to permit replacement of up to 75% of the amount of NaCl present in the edible composition with KCi. In yet other embodiments, the amount of compound added in step (b) is sufficient to permit replacement of up to 100% of the amount of NaCl present in the edible composition with KCI.
  • the method of reducing the amount of NaCl in an edible composition or food product comprises maintaining a salty flavor.
  • the method of reducing the amount of NaCl in an edible composition further comprises adding one or more additional components selected from the group consisting of preservatives, nutritives, flavorants or flavor modifiers, which may lack an inherent flavor.
  • the method of reducing the amount of sodium in an edible composition comprises: (a) replacing an amount of sodium lactate present in the edible composition with an amount of potassium lactate; and b) incorporating into the edible composition an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), Formula (II), Formula (III), or Formula (IV), as described herein, or combinations thereof, or any one of Compounds 1 -8, as described herein, or co mbinations th ereof .
  • the method of reducing the amount of sodium in an edible composition comprises the steps of: (a) ingesting a first edible composition, in which an amount of sodium lactate ha s been replaced with an amount of potassium lactate; and (b) ingesting a second edible compound, which comprises a compound of the invention.
  • the first edible composition is ingested before the second edible composition.
  • the first edible composition is ingested after the second edible composition, in some embodiments, the first edible composition is ingested concurrently with the second edible composition.
  • the edibie composition is a food product.
  • the edible composition is a pharmaceutical composition, in some embodiments, the edible composition is a consumer product.
  • the potassram lactate is added to the edibie composition prior to addition of an effective amount of a compound of the invention, in some embodiments, the potassium lactate is added to the edible composition subsequent to addition of an effective amount of a compound of the invention, in some embodiments, the potassium lactate is added to the edible composition concurrent with addition of an effective amount of a compound of the invention.
  • the amount of sodium lactate replaced by potassium lactate in the edible composition in step (a) is an amount sufficient to maintain or restore the health of a subject. In some embodiments, the amount of sodium lactate replaced by potassium lactate in the edible composition is an amount sufficient to decrease hypertension in a subject, in some embodiments, the amount of sodium lactate replaced by potassium lactate in the edible composition is an amount sufficient to change the texture or freezing point of the edible composition.
  • the amount of sodium lactate replaced by potassium lactate is up to 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100%. These amounts are not meant to be limiting, and increments between the recited percentages are specifically envisioned as part of the invention.
  • the amount of compound added in step (b) reduces the perception of bitter taste in the subject.
  • the bitter taste is completely reduced or partially reduced, in some embodiments, the perception of salty taste is maintained.
  • the amount of compound added in step (b) is sufficient to permit replacement of up to 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% of the amount of sodium lactate present in the edible composition with potassium lactate.
  • the amount of compound added in step (b) is sufficient to permit replacement of up to 25% of the amount of sodium lactate present in the edible composition with potassium lactate, in other embodiments, the amount of compound added in step (b) is sufficient to permit replacement of up to 50% of the amount of sodium lactate present in the edible composition with potassium lactate, in other embodiments, the amount of compound added in step (b) is sufficient to permit replacement of up to 75% of the amount of sodium lactate present in the edible composition with potassium lactate, in yet other embodiments, the amount of compound added in step (b) is sufficient to permit replacement of up to 100% of the amount of sodium lactate present in the edible composition with potassium lactate,
  • the method of reducing the amount of sodium lactate in a edibie composition or food product comprises maintaining the preservation of the food product.
  • the method of reducing ihe amount of sodium iaciate in an edible composition further comprises adding one or more additional components selected from the group consisting of preservatives, nutritives, fiavorants or flavor modifiers, which may lack an inherent flavor.
  • the invention provides a method of reducing the amount of sugar in an edible composition.
  • the method comprises: (a) replacing an amount of sugar used in preparing an edible composition with an amount of
  • Acesulfame K and (b) incorporating into the edible composition an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), Formula (II), Formula (III), or Formula (TV), as described herein, or combinations thereof, or any one of Compounds 1 -8, as described herein, or combinations thereof.
  • the edible composition is a food product. In some embodiments, the edible composition is a pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, the edible composition is a consumer product.
  • the Acesulfame K is added to the edible composition prior to addition of an effective amount of a compound of the invention, in some embodiments, the Acesulfame K is added to the edible composition subsequent to addition of an effective amount of a compound of the invention. In some embodiments, the Acesulfame K is added to the edible composition concurrent with addition of an effective amount of a compound of the invention,
  • the amount of sugar replaced in the edible composition in (a) is an amount sufficient to maintain or restore the health of a subject. In some embodiments, the amount of sugar replaced in the edible composition is an amount sufficient to result in weight loss in a subject. In some embodiments, the amount of sugar replaced by Acesulfame K in the edible composition is an amount sufficient to alleviate the effects of, or treat, a disease associated with sugar consumption or excessive weight of the subject (e.g., diabetes).
  • the amount of sugar replaced by Acesulfame is up to 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100%. These amounts are not meant to be limiting, and increments between the recited percentages are specifically envisioned as part of the invention.
  • the amount of compound added in (b) reduces the perception of bitter taste in the subject.
  • the bitter taste is completely reduced or partially reduced.
  • the perception of sweet taste is maintained.
  • the amount of compound added in step (b) is sufficient to permit replacement of up to 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% of the amount of sugar present in the edible composition with Acesulfame K. These amounts are not meant to be limiting, and increments between the recited percentages are specifically envisioned as part of the invention. In some embodiments, the amount of compound added in step (b) is sufficient to permit replacement of up to 25% of the amount of sugar present in the edible composition with
  • the amount of compound added in step (b) is sufficient to permit replacement of up to 50% of the amount of sugar present in the edible composition with Acesulfame . in other embodiments, the amount of compound added in step (b) is sufficient to permit replacement of up to 75% of the amount of sugar present in the edible composition with
  • the amount of compound added in step (b) is sufficient to permit replacement of up to 100% of the amount of sugar present in the edible composition with Acesulfame K,
  • the method of reducing the amount of sugar in an edible composition comprises maintaining a sweet flavor
  • the method of reducing the amount of sugar in an edible composition or food product further comprises adding one or more additional components selected from the group consisting of preservatives, nutritives, flavorants or flavor modifiers, which may lack an inherent flavor. Mettod reto
  • the invention provides a method of reducing sodium, intake of a subject.
  • the method comprises the step of providing an edible composition of the present invention to the subject, wherein all or a portion of the sodium salts in the edible composition is replaced with one or more non-sodium salts, and wherein the edible composition comprises a compound of the present invention, in some embodiments, the non- sodium salt is a calcium salt, a magnesium salt, or a potassium salt. In some embodiments, the non- sodium salt is a potassium salt.
  • the edible composition is a food product, in some embodiments, the edible composition is a pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, the edible composition is a consumer product.
  • the sodium salt is NaCl and the potassium salt is KC1.
  • the sodium salt is sodium lactate and the potassium salt is potassium lactate.
  • the methods of reducing sodium intake of a subject further comprise the step of identifying a subject in need thereof.
  • the skilled worker would be able to identify a subject in need of reducing sodium intake.
  • Non-limiting examples of such subjects include subjects that suffer from any one or more of the following disorders: Hypernatremia, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, edema, seizures due to cerebral edema, dehydration (due to excess sweating, diarrhea, urinary tract disorders or diuretics), diabetes insipidus. Conn's syndrome, and Cushing's syndrome.
  • the amount of the sodium salt replaced by a potassium salt in the edible composition is an amount sufficient to maintain or restore the health of a subject. In some embodiments, the amount of the sodium salt replaced by a potassium salt in the edible composition is an amount sufficient to decrease hypertension in a subject. In some embodiments, the amount of the sodium salt replaced by a potassium salt in the edible composition is up to 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%> or 100%.
  • a subject's daily sodium intake is less than 2500 mg/day, less than 2000 mg/day, less than 1500 mg/day, less than 1000 mg/day, or less than 500 mg/day, where desirable.
  • the amount of the compound of the invention added to the edible composition is sufficient to permit reduction of subject's sodium intake by up to 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100%.
  • the amount of compound of the invention added to the edible composition is sufficient to permit reduction of the subject's sodium intake by up to 25%.
  • the amount of compound of the invention added to the edible composition is sufficient to permit reduction of the subject's sodium, intake by up to 50%. In other embodiments, the amount of compound of the invention added to the edible composition is sufficient to permit reduction of the subject's sodium intake by up to 75%. In yet other embodiments, the amount of compound of the invention added to the edibie composition is sufficient to permit reduction of the subject's sodium intake by up to 100%.
  • the method of reducing sodium intake of a subject further comprises adding one or more additional components selected from the group consisting of preservatives, nutritives, flavorants or flavor modifiers, which may lack an inherent flavor.
  • th e invention provides a method of reducing sugar intake of a subject, in some embodiments, the method comprises the step of providing an edibie composition of the present invention to the subject, wherein all or a portion of the sugar in the edible composition is replaced with Acesulfame K, and wherein the edible composition comprises a compound of the present invention, in some embodiments, the edible composition is a food product, in some embodiments, the edible composition is a pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, the edibie composition is a consumer product.
  • the methods of reducing sugar intake of a subject further comprise the step of identifying a subject in need thereof.
  • the skilled worker would be able to identify a subject in need of reducing sugar intake.
  • Non-limiting examples of such subjects include subjects that suffer from any one or more of the following disorders: diabetes, pre-diabetes, insulin resistance, obesity, excessive weight, and hyperglycemia.
  • the amount of sugar replaced by Acesulfame K in the edible composition is an amount sufficient to maintain or restore the health of a subject. In some embodiments, the amount of sugar replaced by Acesulfame K in the edible composition is an amount sufficient to result in weight loss in a subject.
  • the amount of sugar replaced by Acesidfame K in the edible composition is an amount sufficient to alleviate the effects of, or treat, a disease associated with sugar consumption or excessive weight of the subject (e.g., diabetes ), in some embodiments, the amount of sugar replaced by Acesidfame K in the edible composition is up to 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100%, These amounts are not meant to be limiting, and increments between the recited percentages are specifically envisioned as part of the invention, in some embodiments, the subject's daily sugar intake is less than 250 g/day, less than 200 g/day, less than 175 g/day, less than 150 g/day, less than 125 g/day, less than 100 g/day, less than 75 g
  • the amount of compound of the invention added to the edible composition is sufficient to permit reduction of subject's sugar intake by up to 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100%.
  • the amount of compound of the invention added to the edible composition is sufficient to permit reduction of a subject's sugar intake by up to 25%.
  • the amount of compound of the invention added to the edible composition is sufficient to permit reduction of a subject's sugar intake by up to 50%. in other embodiments, the amount of compound of the invention added to the edible composition is sufficient to permit reduction of a subject's sugar intake by up to 75%. in yet other embodiments, the amount of compound of the invention added to the edible composition is sufficient to permit reduction of a subject's sugar intake by up to 100%.
  • the method of method of reducing sugar intake of a subject further comprises adding one or more additional components selected from the group consisting of preservatives, nutritives, flavorants or flavor modifiers, which may lack an inherent flavor.
  • additional components selected from the group consisting of preservatives, nutritives, flavorants or flavor modifiers, which may lack an inherent flavor.
  • the invention provides methods of reducing the bitter taste in an edible composition
  • the edible composition is a food product
  • the edible composition is a pharmaceutical composition
  • the edible composition is a consumer product.
  • the method comprises: (a) adding an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), Formula (II), Formula (ill), or Formula (IV), as described herein, or combinations thereof, or any one of Compounds 1-8, as described herein, or combinations thereof, to an edible composition such that bitter taste is reduced.
  • the method comprises: (a) ingesting art effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), Formula (II), Formula (ill), or Formula (TV), as described herein, or combinations thereof, or any one of Compounds 1-8, as described herein, or combinations thereof, before, along with, or after the edible composition such that bitter taste is reduced.
  • the bitter tasiant is a bitter tasting salt, in some embodiments, the bitter tastant is a potassium salt, a magnesium salt, or a calcium salt, in some embodiments, the bitter tastant is a potassium salt, in some embodiments, the bitter tasiant is KCl. in other embodiments, the bitter tastant is potassium lactate.
  • the bitter tastant is inherent in the edible composition, such as in an inherently bitter foodstuff.
  • the bitter taste is reduced by up to 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or i 00%, These amounts are not meant to be limiting, and increments between the recited percentages are specifically envisioned as part of the invention, in some embodiments, the bitter taste is reduced by up to 25%. In other embodiments, the bitter taste is reduced by up to 50%. In other embodiments, the bitter taste is reduced by up to 75%. In other embodiments, the bitter taste is reduced by up to 100%.
  • the method of reducing the bitter taste attributed to a bitter tastant in an edible composition further comprises adding one or more additional components selected from the group consisting of preservatives, nutritives, flavorants or flavor modifiers (which lack an inherent flavor).
  • the invention provides a method of preserving an edible composition an edible composition comprising:
  • the method of preserving an edible composition comprises:
  • the preservative can be any bitter- tasting preservative.
  • the preservative in (a) is a potassium salt, in some embodiments, the preservative in (a) is potassium lactate.
  • the edible composition is a food product. In some embodiments, the edible composition is a pharmaceutical composition, in some embodiments, the edible composition is a consumer product.
  • the method of preserving an edible composition further comprises adding one or more additional components selected from the group consisting of preservatives, nutritives, flavorants or flavor modifiers, which may lack an inherent flavor.
  • the invention provides a method of reducing the amount of sodium in an edible composition while preserving the edible composition.
  • the method comprises replacing an amount of sodium containing preservative used in preparing an edible composition with an amount of potassium containing preservative and adding an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), Formula (II), Formula (III), or Formula (IV), as described herein, or combinations thereof, or any one of Compounds 1-8, as described herein, or combinations thereof,
  • the method comprises replacing an amount of sodium lactate used in preparing an edible composition with an amount of potassium lactate and adding an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), Formula (II), Formula (III), or Formula (IV), as described herein, or combinations thereof, or any one of Compounds 1-8, as described herein, or combinations thereof,
  • the edible composition is a food product. In some embodiments, the edible composition is a pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, the edible composition is a consumer product.
  • the effective amount of the compound is sufficient to permit reduction of the amount of sodium lactate typically used in preparing an edible composition by up to 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100%.
  • the effective amount of the compound is sufficient to permit reduction of the amount of sodium lactate typically present in an edible composition by up to 25%, In other embodiments, the effective amount of the compound is sufficient to permit reduction of the amount of sodium lactate typically present in an edible composition by up to 50%. In other embodiments, the effective amount of the compound is sufficient to permit reductio of the amount of sodium lactate typically present in an edible composition by up to 75%. In yet other embodiments, the effective amount of the compound is sufficient to permit reductio of the amount of sodium lactate typically present in an edible composition by up to 100%.
  • the method of reducing the bitter taste attributed to a bitter tastant in an edible composition further comprises adding one or more additional components selected from the group consisting of preservatives, nutritives, flavorants or flavor modifiers, which may lack an inherent flavor.
  • the method of reducing the amount of sodium lactate in an edible composition while preserving the food product further comprises adding one or more additional flavor modifiers.
  • the invention provides a method of inhibiting or reducing activation and/or signaling of a bitter taste receptor, in some embodiments, the method comprises contacting a bitter taste receptor with a compound according to Formula (I),
  • the method comprises contacting a bitter taste receptor with an edible composition comprising a compound according to Formula ( ⁇ ), Formula (ii), Formula (Hi), or Formula (IV), as described herein, or combinations thereof, or any one of Compounds 3 -8, as described herein, or combinations thereof.
  • the edible composition is a food product, in some embodiments, the edible composition is a pharmaceutical composition, in some embodiments, the edible composition is a consumer product.
  • the bitter taste receptor is an ex vivo receptor present in, for example, an assay
  • the bitter taste receptor is an in vitro receptor present in, for example, an assay.
  • the bitter taste receptor is an in vivo receptor present in a subject
  • the bitter taste receptor is present in the oral cavity or gastrointestinal tract of a subject.
  • the bitter receptor is in the oral cavity of a human.
  • the bitter receptor is in the oral cavity of a non-human animal.
  • the bitter receptor is in the oral cavity of an animal model.
  • inhibition of a bitter taste receptor will affect a physiological process or condition.
  • physiological processes and conditions a ffected by inhibition of bitter taste receptors include bitter taste, hypertension, nausea, emesis, effects on the gastrointestinal tract, appetite, nutrition, nutrient absorption, satiety, hunger, diabetes, obesity, blood glucose levels, blood glucose regulation, metabolism, diet, and eating disorders.
  • one or more of the compounds of Formula (I), Formula (II), Formula (III), or Formula (IV) are commercially available, for example from commercial sources such as Sigma-Aldrich® of St. Louis, Missouri, USA; TCi America, Portland, Oregon, USA; and Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium; among others.
  • one or more of the compounds of Formula (i), Formula (II), Formula (HI), or Formula (IV) are prepared from commercially available reagents by routine methods in synthetic organic chemistry.
  • one or more compounds of Formula (I) are prepared by the multi -step sequence described below.
  • One of skill in the art would be able to readily adapt the described conditions for the synthesis of any of the compounds of Formula (i).
  • the synthesis of pkytol can be accomplished beginning with methyiaiumination (AlMe : ;) of alkene Al followed by exposure to to generate iodoalkene A2.
  • A2 may then be coupled with 3-bistenylmagnesium bromide to afford alkene A3.
  • Such couplings may be accomplished using copper catalysts such as, for example, Li 2 CuCl 4 .
  • A3 may be converted to A4 using conditions similar to those used in the Al to A2 conversion - i.e., by methyl aiusnination followed by exposure to h.
  • A4 may be cross-coupled with 4-trimetb.ylsilyl-3-butyn.ylmagTiesium bromide followed by desilylation to yield As, Such cross-couplings may be accomplished using copper catalysts such as, for example, Ls ⁇ CuCL. Such desilylation reactions may be accomplished using, for example, methanolic OH.
  • As may then be converted to phytol via methyiaiumination, complexation with -BuLi, and treatment with (CH 2 0) K (Scheme I):
  • the compounds of Formula ( ⁇ ) may be prepared in general by methods known to those skilled in the art.
  • Scheme ⁇ below illustrates synthetic routes to the compounds of Formula ( ⁇ ).
  • Other equivalent sch.esnes which, will be readily apparent to the ordinary skilled organic chesnist. may alternatively be used to synthesize various portions of the molecules as illustrated by general schemes below.
  • Formula ( ⁇ ) compounds can be accomplished beginning with condensation of A6 and A7 catalyzed by a Zn catalyst, such as zinc chloride, to generate A8, A8 may be converted to A9 via NaBH 4 /CeCS ; mediated reduction followed by treatment of Ac 2 0, A9 to ⁇ 1 ⁇ conversion may be achieved by treatment of A9 with i,8--Diazabicyc!oi5.4.0]undec- 7-ene (DBU).
  • a Zn catalyst such as zinc chloride
  • ⁇ 1 ⁇ may be treated with a lithium reagent, R 2 -Li, to generate compounds of Formula ( ⁇ ), where R 2 is a Ci -Cg alkyl, C Ce alkeoyl, or ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4- ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4 aikynyl group.
  • R 2 is a Ci -Cg alkyl, C Ce alkeoyl, or ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4- ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4 aikynyl group.
  • A10 may be treated with Diisobutylaluminium hy dride (DIBAL-H) to generate compounds of Formula (II), where R 2 is H,
  • DIBAL-H Diisobutylaluminium hy dride
  • one or snore compounds of Formula (II) can be prepared according to Scheme II.
  • one or more compounds of Formula (III) is prepared by acylation of alcohol All with acyi compound A12 bearing leaving group LG to afford product A13 (Scheme
  • Suitable leaving groups include those recognized in the art for acylation reactions, such as halide (e.g., chloro, bromo, iodo), aryloxy, leaving groups associated with activated esters (e.g., ⁇ '-succinamide or that associated with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide), and the like.
  • acyl compound A7 is an acid anhydride; that is LG is -OC(0)R.
  • acylation conditions also employ an inorganic or organic base.
  • Suitable bases include those recognized in the art for such reactions, and include but are not limited to alkaline and alkaline earth metal carbonates (such as Na 2 C0 3 , K 2 C0 3 , CaCO etc.) and bicarbonates (such as NaHC ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4, KHCO 3 , etc.).
  • Other suitable bases include amine bases, such as ammonia, ammonium hydroxide, triethylamine, pyridine, piperidine, pyrrolidine, 2,6-hstidine,
  • DBU 1,8-diazabicycloundec-7-ene
  • DBU 4-(dimethylamino)-pyridine
  • A12 is an acid halide, such as an acid chloride or bromide, and the acylation reaction proceeds in the presence of an amine base, such as triethylamine, pyridine, piperidine, pyrrolidine, 2,6-lutidine, l,8-diazabicycloundec-7-ene (DBU),
  • an amine base such as triethylamine, pyridine, piperidine, pyrrolidine, 2,6-lutidine, l,8-diazabicycloundec-7-ene (DBU)
  • A12 is an activated ester and acylation proceeds under mild conditions that do not result in the generation of strong acids.
  • A12 can be prepared from the corresponding carboxylic acid using routine methods known in the art.
  • the compounds of Formula (TV) may be prepared in general by methods known to those skilled in the art.
  • Scheme IV below illustrates synthetic routes to the compounds of Formula (IV).
  • Other equivalent schemes which will be readily apparent to the ordinary skilled organic chemist, may alternatively be used to synthesize various portions of the molecules as illustrated by general schemes below.
  • A18 may be treated with a lithium cuprate reagent, to generate compounds of Formula TV, where R ? is a CrCe alky], Cj-Ce alkenyl, or C Ce alkynyl group. Alternatively, A18 may be
  • test compounds used in the following examples may be obtained from commercial vendors for synthetic and natural compounds, such as VitasM, ChemDiv, ChemBridge,
  • Two types of marinades containing Prague powder, sugar, EvianTM water, KCl and/or NaCl in water were prepared.
  • One marinade contained 80% C1:20% NaCl (by weight) (i.e., marinade concentration of about 10.9% KCl to give a KCl concentration of about 1.6% in the final food product).
  • a second marinade contained 60% KC1:40% NaCl (by weight) (i.e., marinade concentration of about 8.2% KCl to give a KCl concentration of about 1.2% in the final food product).
  • Compound stock solutions were prepared by dissolving an amount of test compound in ethanol or water (depending on the solubility of the compound) to create a 5mg/mL stock compound solution.
  • Enough ethanol was added to each stock compound solution to generate a final stock compound solution containing 1% ethanol.
  • the marinade, the stock compound solution and ground turkey were added to a mixing bowl, mixed at low-speed for about 2 minutes, and then mixed at high-speed for about 5 minutes.
  • the marinated turkey mixture was divided into one pound aliquots, vacuum sealed into food saver bags, and allowed to marinate for about 2 hours in a refrigerator.
  • the vacuum-sealed turkey was then cooked in an about 86°C water bath for about 30 minutes, if after about 30 minutes, the internal turkey temperature had not reached about 170°F, the vacuum-sealed turkey was cooked for about an additional 5 minutes.
  • the vacuum-sealed turkey was then refrigerated for about two weeks before taste testing.
  • KCl standards were similarl prepared by dissolving KCl in the marinade without adding any test compound during the turkey preparation, NaCl standards were similarly prepared by dissolving NaCl in the marinade without adding any test compound during the turkey preparation (NaCl standards did not contain any KCl), [0302]
  • the panelists tasted portions by chewing and spitting, in order to eliminate any effects of sample order, a complete Latin Square design was employed so that each possible order of sample presentation was utilized across subjects. Each sample was tested in several discrete taste test experiments. Panelists were asked to rinse with Tru SpringTM water, eat a cracker, and wait about 1 0 minutes between samples. In each case, the panelists were asked to choose the sample that tasted less bitter. Illustrative results presented in Table 1.
  • Example 2 Effect of test compounds on the perception of bitter taste of KCl food product in h umans using a Latin Square two -alternative forced choice method (Latin Square-
  • KCl test food product [0304J Edible KCl food products ("KCl test food product”) were prepared according to the following instructions. 6 cups water were boiled in stainless steel pot to a 'rolling' boil. Once a rolling boil was achieved, 166.5 grams of pasta were added to the boiling water. The paste was stirred briefly to prevent the pasta from sticking to the pot. The paste was boiled for 8.5 minutes and drained in a stainless steel colander. The pasta was shaken (approximately 15 times back and forth and twice up and down) to remove excess water. The drained pasta was returned to the stainless steei pot, and 56 grams (4 tablespoons) Land 0'Lakes 'rM unsalted butter was added to the hot pasta.
  • test compound was diluted in 1 ml of propylene glycol (PG; alternatively the test compound may also be diluted in a milk stock solution or butter oil stock solution) and the resulting solution added to 99 ml of milk. 63 ml of the
  • PG/milk solution was poured around cheese powder and gently folded into the pasta with a stainless steel spoon in order to avoid cheese clumping on spoon.
  • KG standards were similarly prepared by adding milk without any test compound.
  • NaCl standards were similarly prepared by adding cheese powder comprising NaCl and milk without any test compound (NaCl standards did not contain any KG).

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