WO2013035741A1 - 電極触媒の分散液の製造方法、電極触媒の分散液、電極触媒の製造方法、電極触媒、電極構造体、膜電極接合体、燃料電池および空気電池 - Google Patents
電極触媒の分散液の製造方法、電極触媒の分散液、電極触媒の製造方法、電極触媒、電極構造体、膜電極接合体、燃料電池および空気電池 Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/925—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
- H01M4/926—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8803—Supports for the deposition of the catalytic active composition
- H01M4/8807—Gas diffusion layers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8825—Methods for deposition of the catalytic active composition
- H01M4/8853—Electrodeposition
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8878—Treatment steps after deposition of the catalytic active composition or after shaping of the electrode being free-standing body
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9041—Metals or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/925—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing an electrode catalyst dispersion, an electrode catalyst dispersion, an electrode catalyst production method, an electrode catalyst, an electrode structure, a membrane electrode assembly, a fuel cell, and an air cell.
- the present application claims priority based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2011-193846 filed in Japan on September 6, 2011 and Japanese Patent Application No. 2012-142054 filed on Japan on June 25, 2012. And the contents thereof are incorporated herein.
- Electrocatalysts are solid catalysts supported on electrodes, particularly electrode surface parts, and are used, for example, in electrochemical systems such as fuel cells, primary batteries and secondary batteries in addition to water electrolysis and organic matter electrolysis. Yes.
- a noble metal particularly platinum, is widely used because of its high catalytic activity.
- a catalyst in which platinum is supported on carbon or the like is known.
- the electrode catalyst carrying platinum is usually mixed with pure water, a catalyst carrier and chloroplatinic acid, and after the chloroplatinic acid is well dispersed in this mixed solution, a reducing agent such as hydrazine or sodium thiosulfate is used.
- a reducing agent such as hydrazine or sodium thiosulfate is used.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and includes a method for producing a dispersion of an electrode catalyst, a dispersion of an electrode catalyst, a method for producing an electrode catalyst, a potential including a high potential in an acidic electrolyte or an alkaline electrolyte.
- a method for producing an electrode catalyst a potential including a high potential in an acidic electrolyte or an alkaline electrolyte.
- an electrode catalyst whose performance is not easily deteriorated even after cycling, an electrode structure having the electrode catalyst, a membrane electrode assembly having the electrode structure, a fuel cell having the membrane electrode assembly, and an air battery. Let it be an issue.
- one embodiment of the present invention is an electrodeposition method using a raw material mixed solution in which a particulate carrier is dispersed in a solvent and a compound containing a noble metal element is dissolved in the solvent.
- a process for supporting a noble metal on the surface of the electrode catalyst, and the carrier provides a method for producing a dispersion of an electrocatalyst that is a substance that has an oxygen reducing ability and does not contain a noble metal element.
- the electrodeposition method is preferably photodeposition.
- the noble metal element is preferably a noble metal element selected from the group consisting of Pt, Pd, Au, Ir, and Ru.
- One embodiment of the present invention provides an electrode catalyst dispersion obtained by the method for producing an electrode catalyst dispersion.
- One embodiment of the present invention provides a method for producing an electrode catalyst that obtains an electrode catalyst by removing the solvent from the dispersion of the electrode catalyst.
- One embodiment of the present invention provides an electrode catalyst obtained by the above method for producing an electrode catalyst.
- One embodiment of the present invention is a particulate carrier having oxygen reduction ability and containing no noble metal element, Noble metal particles supported on the surface of the carrier,
- the carrier provides an electrode catalyst in which nitrogen atoms are present at least on the surface, and the nitrogen atoms and the noble metal elements constituting the noble metal particles are chemically bonded.
- the noble metal element constituting the noble metal particles is preferably Pt.
- One embodiment of the present invention provides an electrode structure having the above electrode catalyst.
- One embodiment of the present invention provides a membrane electrode assembly having the above electrode structure.
- One aspect of the present invention provides a fuel cell having the above membrane electrode assembly.
- One embodiment of the present invention provides an air battery having the membrane electrode assembly.
- the present invention relates to the following.
- a method for producing a dispersion of an electrode catalyst A method for producing a dispersion of an electrode catalyst, wherein the carrier is a compound having oxygen reducing ability and not containing a noble metal element.
- a membrane electrode assembly having the electrode structure according to [9].
- the performance deteriorates even when a potential cycle including a high potential is performed in a method for producing an electrode catalyst dispersion, an electrode catalyst dispersion, an electrode catalyst production method, an acidic electrolyte, or an alkaline electrolyte. It is possible to provide a difficult electrode catalyst, an electrode structure having the electrode catalyst, a membrane electrode assembly having the electrode structure, a fuel cell and an air cell having the membrane electrode assembly.
- FIG. 2 is a TEM photograph of the particulate carrier obtained in Example 1.
- 2 is an EF-TEF photograph (white is carbon) of the particulate carrier obtained in Example 1.
- FIG. 2 is a TEM photograph of an electrode catalyst in which a noble metal is supported on the surface of a particulate carrier obtained in Example 1.
- the method for producing a dispersion of an electrocatalyst comprises mixing a raw material in which a particulate carrier (B) is dispersed in a solvent (A) and a compound (C) containing a noble metal element is dissolved.
- the particulate carrier (B) is dispersed in the solvent (A) and the compound (C) containing a noble metal element is dissolved. Adjusting the raw material mixture solution, A process for supporting a noble metal on the surface of the carrier in the raw material mixed solution by an electrodeposition method,
- the carrier include a method for producing a dispersion of an electrode catalyst, which is a substance that has an oxygen reducing ability and does not contain a noble metal element.
- a dispersion of an electrode catalyst in which a noble metal is supported on a particulate carrier (B) by using an electrodeposition method can be obtained.
- the electrocatalyst in the dispersion of the electrocatalyst according to an embodiment of the present invention is, for example, 0.8V or more in an acidic electrolyte in an oxygen-saturated atmosphere, or in an alkaline electrolyte, as compared with a conventional electrocatalyst. Even if a potential cycle including a high potential of 0.1 V or higher is performed, the performance is not easily deteriorated.
- “having oxygen reducing ability” means ⁇ 0 .0 at 0.8 V when the evaluation method of “(4) Oxygen reducing ability evaluation” described in Examples described later is used. It means having an oxygen reduction current density of 001 mA / cm 2 or less. A relatively small value of the oxygen reduction current density is used as an index indicating that the oxygen reduction ability is higher.
- carrier (B) may be referred to as “carrier (B)”.
- compound (C) containing a noble metal element may be referred to as “compound (C)”.
- each potential value described in the specification such as the potential at the time of evaluation in “(4) Oxygen reducing ability evaluation” described in the examples described later, is converted into a reversible hydrogen electrode potential. It is a value by.
- a compound having an oxygen reducing ability and not containing a noble metal element constituting the particulate carrier (A) a compound obtained by partial oxidation treatment of an oxynitride or carbonitride of a group 4 metal element and a group 5 metal element in the long-period periodic table; (B) a compound obtained by firing Fe phthalocyanine or Co phthalocyanine or the like and a carbon source containing nitrogen, boron or oxygen in an inert atmosphere or ammonia atmosphere; and (c) 4 in the long-period periodic table Hydrothermal reaction treatment of hydroxides containing group 1 metal elements and group 5 metal elements, hydroxides containing one or more metal elements selected from the lanthanoid group, carbon precursors, nitrogen-containing compounds and conductive materials And a compound obtained by firing in an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen after the subcritical or supercritical treatment.
- examples of the “oxynitride of group 4 metal element and group 5 metal element in the long-period periodic table” include TiON, ZrON, NbON, TaON, and the like.
- examples of the “carbonitrides of Group 4 metal elements and Group 5 metal elements in the long-period periodic table” include TiCN, ZrCN, NbCN, TaCN, and the like.
- partial oxidation treatment refers to increasing the oxygen content of an object to be processed by oxidizing the object to be processed.
- examples of the “oxygen-containing carbon source” include saccharides such as glucose, fructose, sucrose, cellulose, and hydropropyl cellulose; alcohols such as polyvinyl alcohol; polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol Glycols such as polyethylene terephthalate, etc .; Collagen, keratin, ferritin, various proteins such as hormones, hemoglobin and albumin; biological substances containing various amino acids such as glycine, alanine and methionine; ascorbic acid, citric acid, stearic acid Organic acids such as isoxazole, morpholine, acetamide, hydroxylamine and the like.
- “sintering” refers to heat treatment of an object to be processed in an oxygen-free atmosphere at 600 to 1400 ° C.
- the supercritical point of water is 374 ° C. and 22 MPa.
- “supercritical treatment” means a treatment in which an object to be treated is placed in supercritical water and subjected to a hydrothermal reaction.
- “Supercritical water” means water under conditions where the temperature is 374 ° C. or higher and the pressure is 22 MPa or higher.
- “subcritical treatment” means a treatment in which an object to be treated is placed in subcritical water and subjected to a hydrothermal reaction.
- “Subcritical water” means water under conditions where the temperature is 200 ° C. or higher, the pressure is atmospheric pressure or higher, and at least one of temperature and pressure is less than the critical point.
- the water in the subcritical state preferably has a pressure of 20 MPa or more and a temperature of 200 ° C. or more and less than 373 ° C., or a temperature of 200 ° C. or more and a pressure of 20 MPa or more and less than 22 MPa.
- “hydrothermal reaction treatment” refers to, for example, reacting an object to be treated at a temperature of 100 to 200 ° C. and a pressure of 0.1 to 20 MPa.
- “calcination” means, for example, that the object to be treated is heat-treated at 600 to 1600 ° C., preferably 700 to 1400 ° C. in an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen. Part or all of the object to be treated is carbonized.
- examples of the “hydroxide containing a Group 4 metal element or Group 5 metal element” include zirconium hydroxide, hafnium hydroxide, metatitanic acid, niobic acid, tantalate, and the like. Is mentioned.
- examples of the “hydroxide containing one or more metal elements selected from the lanthanoid group” include cerium hydroxide and lanthanum hydroxide.
- the “carbon precursor” refers to a compound that generates carbon by firing.
- sugars such as glucose, fructose, sucrose, cellulose, hydropropyl cellulose; alcohols such as polyvinyl alcohol; glycols such as polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol; polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate; acrylonitrile, polyacrylonitrile, etc. Nitriles; various proteins such as collagen, keratin, ferritin, hormone, hemoglobin, and albumin; biological substances containing various amino acids such as glycine, alanine, and methionine; organic acids such as ascorbic acid, citric acid, and stearic acid.
- the “nitrogen-containing compound” means, for example, heterocyclic compounds such as pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, isoxazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, piperidine, piperazine, morpholine, and the like. Derivatives thereof; amide compounds such as acetamide and cyanamide; hydroxylamines such as hydroxylamine and hydroxylamine sulfate; ammonia and urea. Of these, ammonia or urea is preferable as the nitrogen-containing compound.
- examples of the “conductive material” include carbon fiber, carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber, conductive oxide, conductive oxide fiber, or conductive resin.
- the particulate carrier (B) used as a raw material does not contain a noble metal element. Specifically, gold (Au), silver (Ag), ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd ), Osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), and platinum (Pt). That is, in the present invention, the noble metal element is not detected in the particulate carrier used as a raw material.
- the elemental analysis can be performed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) emission analysis.
- the primary particle size of the carrier (B) used as a raw material and the primary particle size of the carrier (B) in the dispersion are preferably 1 nm or more in order to make the noble metal to be supported highly dispersed. 100 nm or less, more preferably 2 nm or more and 50 nm or less.
- the BET specific surface area of the support (B) used as a raw material and the BET specific surface area of the support (B) in the dispersion are preferably 50 m in order to make the supported noble metal highly dispersed. It is 2 / g or more and 1000 m 2 / g or less, more preferably 70 m 2 / g or more and 500 m 2 / g or less.
- the carrier (B) used in one embodiment of the present invention is long when the compound obtained by partial oxidation treatment of carbonitride or the compound (c) is used among the compounds (a).
- the metal elements of Group 4 and Group 5 in the periodic periodic table are covered with a carbon compound layer.
- the carbon compound contained in the layer covering the metal element preferably contains nitrogen in order to enhance the oxygen reducing ability of the carrier (B).
- the content is preferably 0.1% by mass or more and 20% by mass or less, more preferably 0.5% by mass. % To 15% by mass.
- the noble metal element contained in the compound (C) used in one embodiment of the present invention Pt, Pd, Au, Ir or Ru is preferable.
- the compound (C) include sulfides, chlorides, nitrates and oxo ions of the noble metals.
- the amount of the compound (C) mixed in the dispersion in which the carrier (B) is dispersed in the solvent (A) is 0.1 to 60 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the carrier (B) in terms of noble metal element. It is 1 part by mass or more, preferably 1 part by mass or more and 30 parts by mass or less, more preferably 2 parts by mass or more and 15 parts by mass or less.
- Examples of the compound (C) containing Pt as a noble metal element include platinum chloride (PtCl 2 , PtCl 4 ), platinum bromide (PtBr 2 , PtBr 4 ), platinum iodide (PtI 2 , PtI 4 ), and platinum potassium chloride.
- Examples of the compound (C) containing Pd as a noble metal element include palladium acetate ((CH 3 COO) 2 Pd), palladium chloride (PdCl 2 ), palladium bromide (PdBr 2 ), palladium iodide (PdI 2 ), Palladium hydroxide (Pd (OH) 2 ), palladium nitrate (Pd (NO 3 ) 2 ), palladium sulfate (PdSO 4 ), potassium tetrachloropalladate (K 2 (PdCl 4 )), potassium tetrabromopalladate (K 2 (PdBr 4 )), tetraammine palladium chloride (Pd (NH 3 ) 4 Cl 2 ), tetraammine palladium bromide (Pd (NH 3 ) 4 Br 2 ), tetraammine palladium nitrate (Pd (NH 3 ) 4 (NO 3 ) 2 ), tetra
- Examples of the compound (C) containing Au as a noble metal element include gold chloride (AuCl), gold bromide (AuBr), gold iodide (AuI), gold hydroxide (Au (OH) 2), and tetrachloroauric acid. (HAuCl 4 ), potassium tetrachloroaurate (KAuCl 4 ), potassium tetrabromoaurate (KAuBr 4 ) and the like.
- Examples of the compound (C) containing Ir as a noble metal element include iridium chloride (IrCl 3 ), iridium bromide (IrBr 4 ), iridium iodide (IrI 4 ), and the like.
- Examples of the compound (C) containing Ru as a noble metal element include ruthenium bromide (RuBr 3 ), ruthenium chloride (RuCl 3 ), ruthenium iodide (RuI 3 ), and nitrosyl ruthenium chloride hydrate (Ru (NO) Cl. 3 ⁇ H 2 O), ruthenium nitrosyl nitrate (Ru (NO) (NO 3 ) 3 , ruthenium porphyrin complex (C 57 H 52 N 4 ORu), and the like.
- RuBr 3 ruthenium bromide
- RuCl 3 ruthenium chloride
- RuI 3 ruthenium iodide
- Ru (NO) Cl. 3 ⁇ H 2 O nitrosyl ruthenium chloride hydrate
- Ru (NO) Cl. 3 ⁇ H 2 O ruthenium nitrosyl nitrate
- Ru (NO) (NO 3 ) 3 ruthenium porphyrin complex
- the compound (C) described above may be used as one compound alone or as two or more compounds.
- the solvent (A) used in one embodiment of the present invention is ion-exchanged water; alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, butanol, isopropyl alcohol, and normal propanol; glycols such as polypropylene glycol; ketones such as acetone; And the like.
- Solvents other than the above-described ion-exchanged water as the solvent (A) also function as a sacrificial agent for photodeposition.
- the organic substance dissociated from the compound (C) also functions as a sacrificial agent.
- a raw material mixed solution can be obtained by dispersing the carrier (B) in such a solvent (A) and further dissolving the compound (C).
- Examples of the method used for dispersing the carrier (B) in the solvent (A) include an ultrasonic disperser, a bead mill, a sand grinder, a homogenizer, a wet jet mill, a ball mill, and a stirrer.
- the electrode catalyst obtained by the method for producing an electrode catalyst according to one embodiment of the present invention is used.
- a dispersant can be used as long as the function is not impaired.
- the amount of the dispersant is 0.01 parts by mass or more and 10 parts by mass or less, preferably 0.1 parts by mass or more and 7 parts by mass or less, more preferably 0 with respect to 100 parts by mass of the carrier (B) used as a raw material. .5 parts by mass or more and 5 parts by mass or less.
- dispersant examples include inorganic acids such as nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid; organic acids such as oxalic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, malic acid and lactic acid; water-soluble zirconium salts such as zirconium oxychloride; ammonium polycarboxylate, poly Surfactants such as sodium carboxylate; catechins such as epicatechin, epigallocatechin and epigallocatechin galade; fluorine-based ion exchange resins such as Nafion (registered trademark of DuPont); sulfonated phenol formaldehyde resins, etc. And hydrocarbon ion exchange resins.
- inorganic acids such as nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid
- organic acids such as oxalic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, malic acid and lactic acid
- water-soluble zirconium salts such as zirconium oxychloride
- compound (C) is dissolved in a dispersion in which carrier (B) is dispersed in solvent (A) to obtain a raw material mixed solution.
- the solid content concentration of the raw material mixed solution is from 0.1% by mass to 50% by mass, and preferably from 1% by mass to 30% by mass. If the solid content concentration in the raw material mixed solution is low, the electrodeposition efficiency may be reduced. On the other hand, when the solid content concentration in the raw material mixed solution is too high, the viscosity of the raw material mixed solution is increased, which may make electrodeposition difficult.
- the carrier (B) is first dispersed in the solvent (A) and then the compound (C) is dissolved, but the dispersion of the carrier (B) in the solvent (A)
- the order of dissolution of the compound (C) may be reversed. That is, first, a solution in which the compound (C) is dissolved in the solvent (A) is prepared, and then the carrier (B) is dispersed in the obtained solution to obtain a raw material mixed solution.
- the above-described method and the above-described dispersant can be used.
- a noble metal is supported on the surface of the carrier (B) by an electrodeposition method using the obtained raw material mixed solution.
- the electrodeposition method used include electrolytic reduction and photodeposition, and photodeposition is preferred.
- the “electrodeposition method” in the present invention specifically refers to the method of electrically exciting the electrons in the carrier and reducing the noble metal element ions using the excited electrons on the surface of the carrier. A technique for supporting a noble metal element.
- photodeposition means that the electrons in the carrier are excited by irradiating the carrier with light, and the noble metal element ions are reduced by using the excited electrons, so that the noble metal on the surface of the carrier.
- a light source used for photo-deposition emits photoelectrons from the carrier (B), reduces noble metal element ions, and irradiates light having energy capable of supporting the noble metal element on the surface of the carrier (B).
- the light source include germicidal lamps, mercury lamps, light emitting diodes, fluorescent lamps, halogen lamps, xenon lamps, and sunlight.
- the wavelength of light emitted from the light source is preferably 180 to 500 nm. You may perform irradiation of light, stirring a raw material mixed solution. Irradiation from inside and outside of the tube may be performed while the raw material mixed solution is passed through a transparent glass or plastic tube, or this may be repeated.
- the time for performing the light irradiation is preferably 10 minutes to 24 hours, more preferably 30 minutes to 6 hours.
- the noble metal reduced by the electrodeposition method is deposited in the form of particles on the surface of the carrier (B).
- the primary particle size of the noble metal particles is preferably 0.1 nm to 50 nm, more preferably 1 nm to 10 nm. Further, the supported noble metal particles are preferably uniformly dispersed on the surface of the carrier (B).
- the noble metal particles have a chemical bond with nitrogen atoms present on the surface of the carrier (B). Since the noble metal element (noble metal particle) supported on the surface of the carrier (B) and the nitrogen atom of the carrier (B) have a chemical bond, the electron density of the noble metal element is improved. Further, on the surface of the noble metal particles, formation of an oxide film is suppressed, and durability and activity are improved.
- the noble metal element that is, noble metal particles supported on the surface of the carrier (B) in the raw material mixed solution and the nitrogen atom of the carrier (B) in the raw material mixed solution have a chemical bond.
- the XPS analysis was performed using an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analyzer (ULVAC-PHI, Quantera SXM) and an Al-K ⁇ ray (1486.6 eV) as an X-ray, and an X-ray photoelectron spectrum (XPS spectrum) was measured. Do it by asking.
- the XPS spectrum is obtained by graphing the measurement results with the photoelectron energy and the vertical axis (Y axis) as the number of photoelectrons when the X-ray irradiated on the horizontal axis (X axis) is used as a reference.
- the peak corresponding to the bond between the noble metal element and the nitrogen atom appears in the vicinity of the peak corresponding to the bond between the carbon atom and the nitrogen atom (around 400 eV). As an example, the peak corresponding to the Pt—N bond appears at 395 eV.
- the dispersion of the electrode catalyst that is one embodiment of the present invention may contain a conductive material as long as the function of the electrode catalyst obtained by the method for producing an electrode catalyst that is one embodiment of the present invention is not impaired.
- the amount of the conductive agent is 0.1 parts by mass or more and 100 parts by mass or less, preferably 1 part by mass or more and 70 parts by mass or less, more preferably 5 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the carrier (B) used as a raw material.
- the amount is 50 parts by mass or less.
- the conductive material include carbon fiber, carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber, conductive oxide, conductive oxide fiber, and conductive resin.
- the electrode catalyst which is one embodiment of the present invention can be obtained by removing the solvent from the dispersion of the electrode catalyst produced as described above.
- An electrode catalyst according to an embodiment of the present invention has a support (B) having oxygen reduction ability and not containing a noble metal element; and noble metal particles supported on the surface of the support (B). .
- the carrier (B) has at least a nitrogen atom on the surface, and the nitrogen atom and the noble metal element constituting the noble metal particle are chemically bonded.
- the noble metal element constituting the noble metal particles is preferably Pt.
- the electrocatalyst according to an embodiment of the present invention is manufactured by using an electrodeposition method as described above, or has a structure as described above, so that it is compared with a conventional electrocatalyst.
- the performance is unlikely to deteriorate.
- the electrode catalyst according to an embodiment of the present invention performs a potential cycle including a high potential of 0.8 V or higher in an acidic electrolyte or ⁇ 0.1 V or higher in an alkaline electrolyte in an oxygen saturated atmosphere.
- the performance is unlikely to deteriorate.
- Electrode structure The dispersion of the electrode catalyst according to one embodiment of the present invention is applied to an electrode such as carbon cloth or carbon paper using a die coater or a spray, and is dried to remove the solvent (A). It can be set as the electrode structure which laminated
- the electrode structure which is one Embodiment of this invention applies the above-mentioned raw material mixed solution on an electrode, and after making it electrodeposit (photodeposit) of the said raw material mixed solution on the said electrode, it is made to dry. It can also be obtained by removing the solvent (A).
- the electrode structure which is one embodiment of the present invention can also be used for electrolysis of water in an acidic electrolyte or alkaline electrolyte, electrolysis of organic matter, an electrode of an air battery, and the like.
- the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) in one embodiment of the present invention can be obtained by pressure-bonding the electrode structure in one embodiment of the present invention to an ion exchange membrane.
- the “ion exchange membrane” refers to a membrane obtained by molding an ion exchange resin into a membrane, and examples thereof include a proton conductive membrane and an anion exchange membrane.
- the obtained membrane electrode assembly can also be used for polymer electrolyte fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, direct methanol fuel cells, direct ethanol fuel cells, alkaline fuel cells, air cells, and the like.
- FIG. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view of a cell of a fuel cell according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a longitudinal sectional view of a membrane electrode assembly which is a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- a fuel cell 80 includes a membrane electrode assembly 70 (that is, one embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 2) composed of an electrolyte membrane 72 (proton conducting membrane) and a pair of catalyst layers 74a and 74b sandwiching the membrane.
- the membrane electrode assembly which is an embodiment
- gas diffusion layers 86a and 86b and separators 88a and 88b are sandwiched between both sides of the membrane electrode assembly 70 (the separators 88a and 88b flow toward the catalyst layers 74a and 74b). It is preferable that a groove (not shown) to be a path is formed in order.
- the structure including the electrolyte membrane 72, the catalyst layers 74a and 74b, and the gas diffusion layers 86a and 86b may be generally called a membrane electrode gas diffusion layer assembly (MEGA).
- MEGA membrane electrode gas diffusion layer assembly
- the catalyst layers 74a and 74b are layers that function as electrode layers in the fuel cell, and one of them is an anode electrode layer and the other is a cathode electrode layer.
- the catalyst layers 74a and 74b include the above-described electrode catalyst according to an embodiment of the present invention and an electrolyte having proton conductivity typified by Nafion (registered trademark).
- electrolyte membrane 72 proto conductive membrane
- electrolyte membrane 72 proto conductive membrane
- examples of the electrolyte membrane 72 include Nafion NRE 211, Nafion NRE 212, Nafion 112, Nafion 1135, Nafion 115, Nafion 117 (all manufactured by DuPont), Flemion (manufactured by Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.), Aciplex (manufactured by Asahi Kasei Co., Ltd.) ( In either case, a trade name, a registered trademark) or the like can be used.
- the gas diffusion layers 86a and 86b are layers having a function of promoting the diffusion of the raw material gas into the catalyst layers 74a and 74b.
- the gas diffusion layers 86a and 86b are preferably made of a porous material having electronic conductivity.
- porous material porous carbon nonwoven fabric and carbon paper are preferable because the raw material gas can be efficiently transported to the catalyst layers 74a and 74b.
- the separators 88a and 88b are formed of a material having electronic conductivity.
- Examples of the material having electron conductivity include carbon, resin mold carbon, titanium, and stainless steel.
- the dispersion of the electrode catalyst according to one embodiment of the present invention is applied onto a carbon non-woven fabric or carbon paper by spraying or screen printing, and the solvent or the like is evaporated, so that the gas diffusion layers 86a and 86b are evaporated.
- a laminated body in which the catalyst layers 74a and 74b are formed is obtained. After forming a pair of such laminates, the obtained pair of laminates are arranged so that the catalyst layers 74a and 74b face each other, and the electrolyte membrane 72 is arranged therebetween.
- the MEGA is obtained by pressure-bonding the pair of laminates and the electrolyte membrane 72.
- the fuel cell 80 is obtained by sandwiching the MEGA with a pair of separators 88a and 88b and joining them.
- the fuel cell 80 can be sealed with a gas seal or the like.
- the catalyst layers 74a and 74b are formed on the gas diffusion layers 86a and 86b by, for example, applying a dispersion of an electrode catalyst on a base material such as polyimide or poly (tetrafluoroethylene) and drying it. It can also be performed by forming a catalyst layer and then transferring it to the gas diffusion layer by hot pressing.
- the fuel cell 80 is the minimum unit of the polymer electrolyte fuel cell, but the output of the single fuel cell 80 (cell) is limited. Therefore, it is preferable to use a fuel cell stack by connecting a plurality of fuel cells 80 in series so that the required output can be obtained.
- the fuel cell according to an embodiment of the present invention can be operated as a polymer electrolyte fuel cell when the fuel is hydrogen, and can be operated as a direct methanol fuel cell when the fuel is methanol. Can do.
- the electrode catalyst according to an embodiment of the present invention can be used as a fuel cell electrode catalyst or a water electrolysis catalyst, but is preferably used as a fuel cell electrode catalyst.
- a fuel cell using an electrode catalyst and a membrane electrode assembly according to an embodiment of the present invention is useful as a small power source for mobile devices such as an automobile power source, a household power source, a mobile phone, and a portable personal computer.
- Air battery means a battery using oxygen in the air as the positive electrode active material and metal as the negative electrode active material.
- a porous carbon material having a catalytic action, a porous metal material, or a composite material of both of them is used for the air electrode (positive electrode).
- Various metals are used for the electrolyte, and an aqueous solution such as an aqueous potassium hydroxide solution is used for the electrolyte.
- oxygen (O 2 ) in the air dissolves in the electrolyte as OH ⁇ by the catalytic action of the air electrode (anode), and reacts with the negative electrode active material to generate an electromotive force.
- the electrode structure and membrane electrode assembly according to one embodiment of the present invention described above can be used as a negative electrode of an air battery.
- An air battery using an electrode structure and a membrane electrode assembly according to an embodiment of the present invention is useful as a small power source for mobile devices such as an automobile power source, a household power source, a mobile phone, and a portable personal computer. .
- Example 1 The evaluation methods in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 are as follows.
- the BET specific surface area (m 2 / g) was determined by a nitrogen adsorption method using an apparatus of a BET specific surface area measuring device (manufactured by Mountaintech, model name: Macsorb HB1208).
- Crystal structure is a powder X-ray diffractometer (manufactured by PANalytical, apparatus name: X'Pert), a target is a Cu tube, voltage: 45 kV, current: 40 mA, measurement range measurement range: 10 to 90 ° went.
- Oxygen reducing ability evaluation 10 mL of pure water, 10 mL of isopropyl alcohol, and 0.6 g of a solution of Nafion (registered trademark of DuPont) (solid content of 5% by mass) were mixed to prepare a mixed solvent. 0.5 mL of this mixed solvent was sampled, 0.01 g of an electrode catalyst was mixed therewith, and ultrasonic waves were applied to form a suspension.
- the obtained modified electrode was immersed in an aqueous sulfuric acid solution having a concentration of 0.1 mol / L, and an RRDE speed controller (manufactured by Nisshin Keiki Co., Ltd., model name: SC-5) and an electrochemical analyzer (BSS) Evaluation was performed at room temperature (about 25 ° C.) and atmospheric pressure at an electrode rotation speed of 600 rpm using a model name of Model 701C.
- an RRDE speed controller manufactured by Nisshin Keiki Co., Ltd., model name: SC-5
- BSS electrochemical analyzer
- the potential was changed while increasing the voltage at a rate of 50 mV / sec in a potential range of greater than 0V to less than 1.0V in a nitrogen atmosphere, and then turned back, from less than 1.0V to 0V.
- the potential was changed while stepping down at a rate of 50 mV / sec over a large potential range. This step-up and step-down were combined into one cycle and repeated 10 cycles.
- the potential was changed at a rate of 5 mV / second in a potential range of less than 1.0 V to greater than 0 V in a nitrogen atmosphere and an oxygen atmosphere, and current values in a nitrogen atmosphere and an oxygen atmosphere were obtained.
- the oxygen reduction current in the potential range of greater than 0V to less than 1.0V is calculated, and the potential range of greater than 0V to less than 1.0V is calculated.
- the oxygen reduction current density was determined by dividing the current value at 0.8 V out of the oxygen reduction current in, by the electrode area (28.3 mm 2 ).
- Oxygen reduction current density evaluation of electrode catalyst A dispersion of an electrode catalyst obtained according to Examples and Comparative Examples described later was applied to a glassy carbon electrode (manufactured by Nisshin Keiki Co., Ltd., 6 mm diameter, electrode area 28.3 mm 2 ), dried, and then a vacuum dryer. The modified electrode which carried the electrode catalyst on the glassy carbon electrode was obtained by processing for 1 hour. The coating amount of the dispersion was controlled so that the amount of electrode catalyst supported on the modified electrode was 2.8 mg / cm 2 . Using this modified electrode, the same operation as in “(4) Oxygen reduction ability evaluation” was performed, and the oxygen reduction current density of the electrode catalyst was determined.
- oxygen reduction current density at 0.8 V after 1000 cycles was measured and evaluated using the ratio (oxygen reduction current density ratio) to the oxygen reduction current density at 0.8 V before the cycle treatment.
- this evaluation method is a durability evaluation in an acidic electrolyte.
- an acidic electrolyte since deterioration of an electrode is generally promoted more than in an alkaline electrolyte, durability in an alkaline electrolyte is not performed. With durability evaluation in the electrolyte, durability in an alkaline electrolyte and an acidic electrolyte was judged.
- Work function value is calculated from the energy value at the time of current detection obtained by using a photoelectron spectrometer “AC-2” manufactured by Riken Keiki Co., Ltd. and measuring with a light amount of 500 nW and a measurement energy of 4.2 eV to 6.2 eV. did.
- FIG. 3 is a view showing a flow-type reaction apparatus used in Example 1 for continuously performing a hydrothermal reaction.
- Water tanks 1 and 8b are tanks for supplying water.
- the mixture slurry tank 8a is a tank for supplying the mixture slurry.
- the mixture slurry used will be described later.
- Liquid is supplied from these tanks using the liquid feed pumps 2, 9a, 9b.
- the liquid feed pump 9a By driving the liquid feed pump 9a, the liquid is sent from the mixture slurry tank 8a to the heating unit 12 through the pipe 10a.
- the liquid feed pump 9b the liquid is sent from the water 8b to the heating unit 12 through the pipe 10b.
- the liquid feed pump 2 By driving the liquid feed pump 2, the liquid is sent from the water tank 1 to the heating unit 11 through the pipe 3.
- the sent liquids are mixed in the mixing unit 14 and hydrothermally react in the reaction unit 4 mainly through the pipe 13.
- the generated slurry is cooled by the cooling unit 5 and then transferred toward the flow direction switched by the direction control valve 15.
- the slurry is primarily recovered by the recovery cylinder 6a or the recovery cylinder 6b in accordance with the direction switched by the direction control valve 15, and finally recovered by the recovery tank 7a or the recovery tank 7b.
- the recovery cylinder 6a includes a recovery chamber 17a for recovering a product, a movable partition wall 18a, and a pressure adjustment chamber 19a adjacent to the recovery chamber 17a with the partition wall 18a interposed therebetween.
- the recovery cylinder 6a uses a pump 20a connected to the pressure adjustment chamber 19a to send the fluid from the storage tank 21a in which a fluid such as water is stored to the pressure adjustment chamber 19a, thereby moving the movable partition wall 18a to the recovery chamber 17a side. It is possible to pressurize the recovery chamber 17a.
- the recovery cylinder 6b has a recovery chamber 17b, a partition wall 18b, and a pressure adjustment chamber 19b, and the recovery chamber 17b can be pressurized using a pump 20b and a storage tank 21b.
- the pressure in the recovery cylinders 6a and 6b by the functions of the recovery cylinders 6a and 6b, the pressure in the pipes from the liquid feed pumps 2, 9a and 9b to the back pressure valves 16a and 16b can be adjusted.
- the temperatures of the heating units 11 and 12 and the reaction unit 4 water in a supercritical state or a subcritical state can be obtained.
- the liquid feeding pumps 2, 9a, 9b are driven, and the pressure in the pipe from the liquid feeding pumps 2, 9a, 9b to the back pressure valves 16a, 16b is adjusted using the back pressure valves 16a, 16b. Adjust accordingly. Furthermore, the water in the reaction unit 4 is adjusted to be in a supercritical state or a subcritical state by appropriately adjusting the temperatures of the heating units 11 and 12 and the reaction unit 4.
- the mixture slurry is supplied from the mixture slurry tank 8a
- the raw material in the mixture slurry is hydrothermally reacted in the piping after the mixing unit 14, mainly in the reaction unit 4, to generate a hydrothermal reactant.
- the generated slurry is first recovered by the recovery cylinders 6a and 6b, then transferred from the recovery cylinders 6a and 6b to the recovery tanks 7a and 7b, and recovered by the recovery tanks 7a and 7b.
- the heating unit 11 was adjusted to 400 ° C.
- the heating unit 12 was adjusted to 250 ° C.
- the temperature of the reaction unit 4 was adjusted to 350 ° C.
- the liquid temperature of the mixing part 14 in a steady state was measured, it was 380 ° C., and it was confirmed that the water was in a supercritical state.
- the liquid feed pump 9b is stopped and the liquid feed pump 9a is operated to supply the mixture slurry from the mixture slurry tank 8a to perform a hydrothermal reaction, and to the recovery cylinders 6a and 6b and the recovery tanks 7a and 7b.
- the product slurry was recovered.
- the recovered product slurry was separated into solid and liquid by filtration and dried at room temperature in vacuo for about 1 day to obtain a mixed precursor.
- the mixed precursor is placed in a carbon crucible and evacuated before raising the temperature in a box-type electric furnace [model number: NP-15S, manufactured by Nemus Co., Ltd.] under atmospheric pressure, and then nitrogen gas is added to While circulating at a flow rate of 0 L / min, the temperature was raised from room temperature (about 25 ° C.) to 800 ° C. at a temperature rising rate of 300 ° C./hour, held at 800 ° C. for 1 hour, and then room temperature (about 24 ° C.) to 300 ° C. / A particulate carrier was obtained by lowering the temperature over time.
- a box-type electric furnace model number: NP-15S, manufactured by Nemus Co., Ltd.
- FIG. 4 shows a TEM (transmission electron microscope) photograph of the obtained carrier
- FIG. 5 shows an EF-TEM (energy filtering transmission electron microscope) photograph of the particles of the same compound.
- the white part indicates carbon.
- the obtained support was a zirconium oxide coated with carbon and having primary particles of about 10 nm. Moreover, it confirmed that nitrogen was contained in the carbon which coat
- the obtained carrier had a BET specific surface area of 170 m 2 / g, a crystal form of tetragonal crystal, and a carbon content of 28.1% by mass. Further, the obtained carrier has an oxygen reduction current density value at 0.8 V of ⁇ 0.384 mA / cm 2 and is ⁇ 0.001 mA / cm 2 or less, so that it has an oxygen reducing ability, and has a work function value.
- 4.9 eV was 4.9 eV.
- the mixed solution was put into an experimental apparatus for photochemical reaction (light source cooling tube: quartz type, manufactured by USHIO INC.), And a pen-type low-pressure mercury lamp (model: L937, manufactured by Hamamatsu Photonics Co., Ltd.) was used as the light source.
- the electrode catalyst dispersion was obtained by irradiating for 90 minutes under bubbling.
- FIG. 6 shows a TEM photograph of the obtained electrode catalyst.
- the primary particles of the supported platinum particles As confirmed by the TEM photograph shown in FIG. 5, it was confirmed that Pt particles having primary particles of 2 to 5 nm were supported on the surface of the particulate carrier.
- the count number of 395 eV value was 500, it was evaluated that there was a chemical bond between the supported Pt and N contained in the support.
- the value of current density in the oxygen reduction current density evaluation of the obtained electrode catalyst was ⁇ 2.80 mA / cm 2 .
- the ratio of oxygen reduction current density values before and after the cycle was 1.08.
- the current density value in the evaluation of the oxygen reduction current density of the electrode catalyst was ⁇ 2.76 mA / cm 2 , and the oxygen reduction current density ratio before and after the cycle was 0.76. Further, as a result of XPS analysis, since the count number of the 395 eV value was 200, it could not be evaluated that there was a chemical bond between Pt and N.
- the value of the current density in the oxygen reduction current density evaluation of the obtained electrode catalyst was ⁇ 2.24 mA / cm 2 .
- the ratio of oxygen reduction current density values before and after the cycle was 0.15.
- the performance of the electrode catalyst produced using the method for producing the dispersion of the electrode catalyst of the present invention is not easily deteriorated even when an electric potential cycle including a high potential is performed in an acidic electrolyte or an alkaline electrolyte. It was confirmed.
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a dispersion, a dispersion of an electrode catalyst, a method for producing an electrode catalyst, an electrode of an electrode catalyst that is less likely to deteriorate in performance even when a potential cycle including a high potential is performed in an acidic electrolyte or an alkaline electrolyte. Since a catalyst, an electrode structure having the electrode catalyst, a membrane electrode assembly having the electrode structure, a fuel cell and an air cell having the membrane electrode assembly can be provided, it is extremely useful industrially.
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Abstract
Description
本願は、2011年9月6日に、日本国に出願された特願2011-193846号、及び2012年6月25日に日本国に出願された特願2012-142054号に基づき優先権を主張し、その内容をここに援用する。
本発明の一態様に係る電極触媒の分散液の製造方法において、前記貴金属元素が、Pt、Pd、Au、IrおよびRuからなる群より選ばれる貴金属元素であることが好ましい。
本発明の一態様は、上記の電極触媒の分散液から溶媒を除去することで電極触媒を得る電極触媒の製造方法を提供する。
本発明の一態様は、上記の電極触媒の製造方法で得られる電極触媒を提供する。
前記担体の表面に担持された貴金属粒子と、を有し、
前記担体は、少なくとも表面に窒素原子が存在し、前記窒素原子と前記貴金属粒子を構成する貴金属元素とが化学結合している電極触媒を提供する。
本発明の一態様は、上記の電極構造体を有する膜電極接合体を提供する。
本発明の一態様は、上記の膜電極接合体を有する燃料電池を提供する。
本発明の一態様は、上記の膜電極接合体を有する空気電池を提供する。
〔1〕 溶媒中に粒子状の担体が分散し、且つ前記溶媒中に貴金属元素を含む化合物が溶解した原料混合溶液を用いて、電着法により前記担体の表面に貴金属を担持させる工程を有する電極触媒の分散液の製造方法であって、
前記担体は、酸素還元能を有し、且つ貴金属元素を含まない化合物である電極触媒の分散液の製造方法。
〔2〕 前記電着法が、光電着である〔1〕に記載の電極触媒の分散液の製造方法。
〔3〕 前記貴金属元素が、Pt、Pd、Au、IrおよびRuからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1つの貴金属元素である〔1〕または〔2〕に記載の電極触媒の分散液の製造方法。
〔4〕〔1〕から〔3〕のいずれか1つに記載の電極触媒の分散液の製造方法で得られる電極触媒の分散液。
〔5〕〔4〕に記載の電極触媒の分散液から溶媒を除去することで電極触媒を得る電極触媒の製造方法。
〔6〕〔5〕に記載の電極触媒の製造方法で得られる電極触媒。
〔7〕 酸素還元能を有し、且つ貴金属元素を含まない粒子状の担体と、
前記担体の表面に担持された貴金属粒子と、を有する電極触媒であって、
前記担体は、少なくとも表面に窒素原子が存在し、前記窒素原子と前記貴金属粒子を構成する貴金属元素とが化学結合している電極触媒。
〔8〕 前記貴金属粒子を構成する貴金属元素がPtである〔7〕に記載の電極触媒。
〔9〕〔6〕から〔8〕のいずれか1つに記載の電極触媒を有する電極構造体。
〔10〕〔9〕に記載の電極構造体を有する膜電極接合体。
〔11〕〔10〕に記載の膜電極接合体を有する燃料電池。
〔12〕〔11〕に記載の膜電極接合体を有する空気電池。
本発明の一実施形態である電極触媒の分散液の製造方法は、溶媒(A)中に、粒子状の担体(B)が分散し、且つ貴金属元素を含む化合物(C)が溶解した原料混合溶液を用いて、電着法により前記担体の表面に貴金属を担持させる工程を有する電極触媒の分散液の製造方法であって、前記担体は、酸素還元能を有し、且つ貴金属元素を含まない物質である。
電着法により前記原料混合溶液中の前記担体の表面に貴金属を担持させる工程と、を有する電極触媒の分散液の製造方法であって、
前記担体は、酸素還元能を有し、且つ貴金属元素を含まない物質である電極触媒の分散液の製造方法が挙げられる。
本発明の一実施形態である電極触媒の分散液中の電極触媒は、従来の電極触媒と比較し、例えば酸素飽和雰囲気下において酸性電解質中では、0.8V以上、またはアルカリ電解質中では、-0.1V以上という高電位を含む電位サイクルを行っても性能が劣化しにくい。
また、「貴金属元素を含む化合物(C)」を、「化合物(C)」と称することがある。
(a)長周期型周期表における4族の金属元素および5族の金属元素の酸窒化物または炭窒化物の部分酸化処理により得られる化合物;
(b)FeフタロシアニンまたはCoフタロシアニン等と、窒素、硼素または酸素を含有する炭素源とを、不活性雰囲気またはアンモニア雰囲気下で焼成して得られる化合物;および
(c)長周期型周期表における4族の金属元素および5族の金属元素を含む水酸化物、ランタノイド族より選択される1種以上の金属元素を含む水酸化物、カーボン前駆体、窒素含有化合物ならびに導電材を、水熱反応処理、亜臨界処理または超臨界処理した後、窒素等の不活性雰囲気下で焼成することで得られる化合物;が挙げられる。
また、「長周期型周期表における4族の金属元素および5族の金属元素の炭窒化物」とは、たとえば、TiCN、ZrCN、NbCN、TaCN等が挙げられる。
上記(a)の化合物の説明において、「部分酸化処理」とは被処理物を酸化処理することにより被処理物の酸素含有量を増加させることをいう。
上記(b)の化合物の説明において、「焼成」とは、被処理物を無酸素雰囲気下で、600~1400℃の条件で熱処理することをいう。
「超臨界状態の水」とは、温度374℃以上、且つ圧力22MPa以上である条件下の水のことを意味する。
また、上記(c)の化合物の説明において、「亜臨界処理」とは、被処理物を亜臨界状態の水中に入れて、水熱反応させる処理のことを意味する。
「亜臨界状態の水」とは、温度200℃以上、且つ圧力が大気圧以上であり、なおかつ温度及び圧力のうち少なくとも一方が臨界点未満である条件下の水のことを意味する。、前記亜臨界状態の水は、圧力20MPa以上、かつ温度200℃以上373℃未満、または温度200℃以上、かつ圧力が20MPa以上22MPa未満であることが好ましい。
また、上記(c)の化合物の説明において、「水熱反応処理」とは、例えば、被処理物を温度100~200℃で、圧力0.1~20MPaで、反応させることをいう。
上記(c)の化合物の説明において、「焼成」とは、例えば、被処理物を窒素等の不活性雰囲気下で600~1600℃、好ましくは700~1400℃熱処理を行うことをいい、これにより、被処理物の一部または全部が炭化される。
溶媒(A)中に担体(B)を分散させた分散液に混合される化合物(C)の量は、貴金属元素換算で、担体(B)100質量部に対して0.1質量部以上60質量部以下であり、好ましくは1質量部以上30質量部以下、より好ましくは2質量部以上15質量部以下である。貴金属元素量が多いと製造コストが上昇し、また貴金属元素の添加量が少ないと、得られる電極触媒の分散液ならびに電極触媒としての効果が小さくなる。
前記分散剤の量は、原料として用いる担体(B)100質量部に対して0.01質量部以上10質量部以下であり、好ましくは0.1質量部以上7質量部以下、より好ましくは0.5質量部以上5質量部以下である。
分散剤としては、例えば、硝酸、塩酸、硫酸等の無機酸;シュウ酸、クエン酸、酢酸、リンゴ酸、乳酸等の有機酸;オキシ塩化ジルコニウム等の水溶性ジルコニウム塩;ポリカルボン酸アンモニウム、ポリカルボン酸ナトリウム等の界面活性剤;エピカテキン、エピガロカテキン、エピガロカテキンガレード等のカテキン類;ナフィオン(デュポン社の登録商標)等のフッ素系イオン交換樹脂;スルホン酸化されたフェノールホルムアルデヒド樹脂等の炭化水素系イオン交換樹脂等が挙げられる。
前記原料混合溶液の固形分濃度は、0.1質量%以上50質量%以下であり、好ましくは1質量%以上30質量%以下である。原料混合溶液中の固形分濃度が低いと、電着の効率が低下する場合がある。一方、原料混合溶液中の固形分濃度が高すぎると、原料混合溶液の粘度が上昇するために電着が困難になる場合がある。
用いられる電着法としては、電解還元や光電着等が挙げられ、好ましくは光電着である。
なお、本発明における「電着法」とは、具体的には、電気的に担体中の電子を励起させ、その励起させた電子を用いて貴金属元素イオンを還元させることで、担体の表面に貴金属元素を担持させる手法をいう。
光電着の際に用いる光源は、担体(B)から光電子を放出させ、貴金属元素イオンを還元し、担体(B)の表面に前記貴金属元素を担持させることが可能なエネルギーを有する光を照射することが可能であれば特に制限はない。光源の具体例としては、殺菌灯、水銀灯、発光ダイオード、蛍光灯、ハロゲンランプ、キセノンランプ、太陽光等を挙げることができる。
光照射を行う時間は、好ましくは10分間以上24時間以下、より好ましくは30分間以上6時間以下である。
前記導電剤の量は、原料として用いる担体(B)100質量部に対して0.1質量部以上100質量部以下であり、好ましくは1質量部以上70質量部以下、より好ましくは5質量部以上50質量部以下である。
導電材としてはカーボンファイバー、カーボンナノチューブ、カーボンナノファイバー、導電性酸化物、導電性酸化物繊維および導電性樹脂等が挙げられる。
上述のように製造した電極触媒の分散液から、溶媒を除去することにより、本発明の一実施形態である電極触媒を得ることができる。
本発明の一実施形態である電極触媒の分散液を、カーボンクロス、カーボンペーパー等の電極上にダイコーターやスプレーを用いて塗工し、乾燥させて溶媒(A)を除去することにより、前記電極上に電極触媒を積層させた電極構造体とすることができる。ここで、電極構造体における電極触媒に対する溶媒の含有量は、0.01~1.0質量%程度である。
なお、本発明の一実施形態である電極構造体は、上記した原料混合溶液を電極上に塗工し、前記電極上で前記原料混合溶液の電着(光電着)を行った後に乾燥させて溶媒(A)を除去することでも得ることができる。 本発明の一実施形態である電極構造体は、酸性電解質中またはアルカリ電解質中での水の電気分解、有機物の電気分解、空気電池の電極等に用いることもできる。
本発明の一実施形態における膜電極接合体(MEA:Membrane Electrode Assembly)は、上記した本発明の一実施形態における電極構造体をイオン交換膜に圧着させることで得ることができる。「イオン交換膜」とは、イオン交換樹脂を膜状に成型したものをいい、たとえば、プロトン伝導膜、アニオン交換膜等が挙げられる。得られた膜電極接合体は、固体高分子形燃料電池、リン酸形燃料電池、直接メタノール型燃料電池、直接エタノール型燃料電池、アルカリ型燃料電池または空気電池等に用いることもできる。
次に、上記本発明の膜電極接合体を備えた燃料電池の好ましい一実施態様について、添付の図面に基づいて説明する。
図1は、本発明の好適な一実施態様に係る燃料電池のセルについての縦断面図である。図2は、本発明の好適な一実施態様である膜電極接合体の縦断面図である。図1では、燃料電池80は、電解質膜72(プロトン伝導膜)と、これを挟む一対の触媒層74a,74bとから構成された膜電極接合体70(すなわち、図2に示す本発明の一実施形態である膜電極接合体)を備えている。燃料電池80は、膜電極接合体70の両側に、これを挟むようにガス拡散層86a,86b及びセパレータ88a,88b(セパレータ88a,88bは、触媒層74a,74b側に、燃料ガス等の流路となる溝(図示せず)が形成されていると好ましい)を順に備えている。なお、電解質膜72、触媒層74a,74b及びガス拡散層86a,86bとからなる構造体は、一般的に、膜電極ガス拡散層接合体(MEGA)と呼ばれることがある。
まず、本発明の一実施形態である電極触媒の分散液を、カーボン不織布やカーボンペーパーの上にスプレーやスクリーン印刷法により塗布し、溶媒等を蒸発させることで、ガス拡散層86a,86b上に触媒層74a,74bが形成された積層体が得られる。
このような積層体を一対形成した後、得られた一対の積層体をそれぞれの触媒層74a,74bが対向するように配置し、その間に電解質膜72を配置する。これら一対の積層体および電解質膜72を圧着することにより、MEGAが得られる。
このMEGAを、一対のセパレータ88a,88bで挟み込み、これらを接合させることで、燃料電池80が得られる。この燃料電池80は、ガスシール等で封止することもできる。
上記した本発明の一実施形態である電極構造体および膜電極接合体は、空気電池の電極として用いることもできる。「空気電池」とは、正極活物質として空気中の酸素、負極活物質として金属を用いる電池のことを意味する。空気電池は、通常、空気中の酸素を電池内に取り込むために、空気極(正極)には触媒作用を有する多孔質炭素材料、多孔質金属材料、もしくはこれら両者の複合材料が使用され、負極には各種金属が使用され、電解液には水酸化カリウム水溶液等の水溶液が使用されている。空気電池の放電では、空気中の酸素(O2)は空気極(陽極)の触媒作用でOH-として電解液に溶け込み、負極活物質と反応して起電力を発生する。上記した本発明の一実施形態である電極構造体および膜電極接合体は、空気電池の負極として用いることができる。本発明の一実施形態である電極構造体および膜電極接合体を用いた空気電池は、例えば、自動車用電源、家庭用電源、携帯電話、携帯用パソコン等のモバイル機器用小型電源として有用である。
(1)BET比表面積:
BET比表面積(m2/g)は、BET比表面積測定装置(Mountech社製、型名:Macsorb HB1208)の装置を用い窒素吸着法により求めた。
結晶構造は、粉末X線回折装置(PANalytical製、装置名:X’Pert)を用い、ターゲットにCu管球、電圧:45kV、電流:40mA、測定範囲測定範囲:10~90°の条件にて行った。
炭素量としては、TG/DTA(SII製、型名:EXSTAR6000)を用い、昇温速度10℃/分間、空気流通下の条件で、室温から800℃まで昇温した際の次の式により算出される炭素量の値(イグロス値)を用いた。
炭素量(質量%)=(WI-WA)/WI×100
(ここで、WIは焼成前の電極触媒質量、WAは焼成後の質量である。)
純水10mL、イソプロピルアルコール10mLならびにナフィオン(デュポン社の登録商標)の溶液(固形分5質量%)0.6gを混合し、混合溶媒を作製した。この混合溶媒を0.5mL採取し、これに電極触媒0.01gを混合し、超音波を照射して懸濁液とした。
後述する実施例および比較例に従って得られる電極触媒の分散液を、グラッシーカーボン電極(日厚計測社製、6mm径、電極面積は28.3mm2)に塗布し、乾燥させた後、真空乾燥機にて1時間処理をすることで、電極触媒をグラッシーカーボン電極上に担持させた修飾電極を得た。修飾電極における電極触媒の担持量が、2.8mg/cm2となるように、分散液の塗布量を制御した。この修飾電極を用いて、上記「(4)酸素還元能評価」と同様の操作を行い、電極触媒の酸素還元電流密度を求めた。
上記(5)で作製した修飾電極を濃度0.1モル/Lの硫酸水溶液中に浸漬し、RRDEスピードコントローラ(日厚計測社製、型名:SC-5)、電気化学アナライザー(ビー・エー・エス株式会社製、型名:Model 701C)を用いて、室温(約25℃)、大気圧下、電極回転速度600rpmで、0.6より大きく~1.0V未満の電位範囲で、50mV/秒間の速度で電位を変化させるサイクル処理を、1000回行った。その後、1000回サイクル処理後の0.8Vでの酸素還元電流密度を測定し、サイクル処理前の0.8Vでの酸素還元電流密度との比(酸素還元電流密度比)を用いて評価した。酸素還元電流密度比が大きいほど、サイクル処理前後で酸素還元電流密度の変化が小さく、耐久性が高いことを示している。
仕事関数値は、理研計器株式会社製の光電子分光装置「AC-2」を用い、光量測定500nW、測定エネルギー4.2eV~6.2eVで測定して得られる、電流検出時のエネルギー値から算出した。
日本電子株式会社製の透過型電子顕微鏡「JEM2200FS」を用い、真空条件下、加速電圧200kVの条件下で実施した。格子間距離を測定することで、金属状態のPtが担持されていることを確認した。
(担体の調整に使用した反応装置)
まず、実施例1において、担体の調整に使用した反応装置について説明する。
図3は実施例1で使用した連続的に水熱反応を行うための流通式反応装置を示す図である。
また、加熱部11、12および反応部4の温度を調節することにより、超臨界状態または亜臨界状態の水を得ることができる。
市販の水酸化ジルコニウム(第一稀元素工業株式会社製、品名:R型水酸化ジルコニウム)60gとD-グルコース(和光純薬株式会社製)80gとアンモニア水(pH10.5)160gとケッチェンブラック(品名:EC-300J、ライオン株式会社製)2gとポリビニルピロリドン(和光純薬工業株式会社製)0.2gを、φ0.05mmジルコニアビーズ(東ソー株式会社製)1000gと共にバッチ式レディーミル(アイメックス株式会社製、型番:RMB-08)の容器に投入し、2000rpmの周速で120分間分散した。得られた混合溶液を、粒度分布測定装置(Malvern Instruments社製、型名:Mastersizer2000)を用いて分析したところ(屈折率2.17)、中心粒子径は0.12μmであった。
得られた担体0.25g、溶媒として水24.93g、エタノール19.69g、分散剤としてナフィオン(デュポン社の登録商標)の溶液(固形分5質量%)1.5g、貴金属化合物としてヘキサクロロ白金酸(和光純薬工業株式会社製)をPt金属換算で担体100質量部に対して5質量部になるよう混合した。その混合溶液を光化学反応用実験装置(光源冷却管:石英タイプ、ウシオ電機株式会社製)に投入し、光源にはペン型低圧水銀ランプ(型式:L937、浜松ホトニクス株式会社製)を用い、窒素バブリング下で90分間照射することで電極触媒の分散液を得た。
市販の白金担持カーボン触媒(E-TEK社製;Pt量20質量%、炭素量80%;電着法以外の手法を用いてカーボンへ白金を担持した触媒)の耐久性評価を行った。なお、上記白金担持カーボン触媒に用いられているカーボンブラック(品名:VulcanXC-72、キャボット社製)は、0.8Vでの酸素還元電流密度値が0.00mA/cm2であり、-0.001mA/cm2以上であるため、酸素還元能を有しないと評価できる。
市販の酸化タングステン(日本無機化学工業社製)の粉末0.25g、溶媒として水24.93g、エタノール19.69g、分散剤としてナフィオン(デュポン社の登録商標)の溶液(固形分5質量%)1.5g、貴金属化合物としてヘキサクロロ白金酸(和光純薬工業株式会社製)をPt金属換算で担体100質量部に対して5質量部になるよう混合し、その混合溶液を光化学反応用実験装置(光源冷却管:石英タイプ、ウシオ電機株式会社製)に投入し、光源にはペン型低圧水銀ランプ(型式:L937、浜松ホトニクス株式会社製)を用い、窒素バブリング下で90分間照射することで電極触媒の分散液を得た。
Claims (12)
- 溶媒中に粒子状の担体が分散し、且つ前記溶媒中に貴金属元素を含む化合物が溶解した原料混合溶液を用いて電着法により前記担体の表面に貴金属を担持させる工程を有する電極触媒の分散液の製造方法であって、
前記担体は、酸素還元能を有し、且つ貴金属元素を含まない物質である電極触媒の分散液の製造方法。 - 前記電着法が、光電着である請求項1に記載の電極触媒の分散液の製造方法。
- 前記貴金属元素が、Pt、Pd、Au、IrおよびRuからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1つの貴金属元素である請求項1に記載の電極触媒の分散液の製造方法。
- 請求項1に記載の電極触媒の分散液の製造方法で得られる電極触媒の分散液。
- 請求項4に記載の電極触媒の分散液から溶媒を除去することで電極触媒を得る電極触媒の製造方法。
- 請求項5に記載の電極触媒の製造方法で得られる電極触媒。
- 酸素還元能を有し、且つ貴金属元素を含まない粒子状の担体と、
前記担体の表面に担持された貴金属粒子と、を有する電極触媒であって、
前記担体は、少なくとも表面に窒素原子が存在し、前記窒素原子と前記貴金属粒子を構成する貴金属元素とが化学結合している電極触媒。 - 前記貴金属粒子を構成する貴金属元素がPtである請求項7に記載の電極触媒。
- 請求項6に記載の電極触媒を有する電極構造体。
- 請求項9に記載の電極構造体を有する膜電極接合体。
- 請求項10に記載の膜電極接合体を有する燃料電池。
- 請求項10に記載の膜電極接合体を有する空気電池。
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2012
- 2012-09-05 WO PCT/JP2012/072618 patent/WO2013035741A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2012-09-05 US US14/342,636 patent/US20140308592A1/en not_active Abandoned
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CN105706279A (zh) * | 2013-11-13 | 2016-06-22 | 昭和电工株式会社 | 电极材料、氧化还原液流电池的电极、氧化还原液流电池以及电极材料的制造方法 |
US11043680B2 (en) | 2013-11-13 | 2021-06-22 | Showa Denko K.K. | Electrode material including small diameter, carbon nanotubes bridging large diameter carbon nanotubes, redox flow battery electrode, redox flow battery, and method for producing electrode material |
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JPWO2015146671A1 (ja) * | 2014-03-28 | 2017-04-13 | 日本碍子株式会社 | 金属空気電池用空気極 |
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JP2018170139A (ja) * | 2017-03-29 | 2018-11-01 | 堺化学工業株式会社 | 電極材料及びその用途 |
GB2573931A (en) * | 2017-03-29 | 2019-11-20 | Sakai Chemical Industry Co | Electrode material and application thereof |
WO2018180046A1 (ja) * | 2017-03-29 | 2018-10-04 | 堺化学工業株式会社 | 電極材料及びその用途 |
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GB2573931B (en) * | 2017-03-29 | 2022-01-26 | Sakai Chemical Industry Co | Electrode material and application thereof |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US20140308592A1 (en) | 2014-10-16 |
CN103918112A (zh) | 2014-07-09 |
JP5936201B2 (ja) | 2016-06-22 |
CN103918112B (zh) | 2016-08-31 |
JPWO2013035741A1 (ja) | 2015-03-23 |
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