WO2013005349A1 - 高純度イットリウム、高純度イットリウムの製造方法、高純度イットリウムスパッタリングターゲット、高純度イットリウムスパッタリングターゲットを用いて成膜したメタルゲート膜並びに該メタルゲート膜を備える半導体素子及びデバイス - Google Patents
高純度イットリウム、高純度イットリウムの製造方法、高純度イットリウムスパッタリングターゲット、高純度イットリウムスパッタリングターゲットを用いて成膜したメタルゲート膜並びに該メタルゲート膜を備える半導体素子及びデバイス Download PDFInfo
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- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B59/00—Obtaining rare earth metals
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C28/00—Alloys based on a metal not provided for in groups C22C5/00 - C22C27/00
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B9/00—General processes of refining or remelting of metals; Apparatus for electroslag or arc remelting of metals
- C22B9/02—Refining by liquating, filtering, centrifuging, distilling, or supersonic wave action including acoustic waves
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/34—Sputtering
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/34—Sputtering
- C23C14/3407—Cathode assembly for sputtering apparatus, e.g. Target
- C23C14/3414—Metallurgical or chemical aspects of target preparation, e.g. casting, powder metallurgy
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
- C25C3/34—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of metals not provided for in groups C25C3/02 - C25C3/32
Definitions
- the present invention relates to high-purity yttrium, a method for producing high-purity yttrium, a sputtering target manufactured using high-purity yttrium, a metal gate film containing high-purity yttrium as a main component, and a semiconductor element and a device including the metal gate film.
- Yttrium is one of rare earth elements. Yttrium has an atomic number of 39 and an atomic weight of 88.91 and is a blackish black metal having a hexagonal close-packed structure. The melting point is 1520 ° C., the boiling point is 3300 ° C., and the density is 4.47 g / cm 3. The surface is easily oxidized in air and is soluble in acid, but is insoluble in alkali. Reacts with hot water. It is poor in ductility and malleability (see Riken).
- yttrium is a metal that is attracting attention because of research and development as an electronic material such as a metal gate material and a high dielectric constant material (High-k). Since yttrium metal has a problem of being easily oxidized during refining, it is a material that is difficult to achieve high purity, and there has been no high-purity product. Further, when yttrium metal is left in the air, it is oxidized in a short time (Y 2 O 3 ) and turns black. Recently, thinning is required as a gate insulating film in next-generation MOSFETs, but in SiO 2 that has been used as a gate insulating film so far, leakage current due to a tunnel effect increases and normal operation has become difficult. .
- HfO 2 , ZrO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , La 2 O 3 having a high dielectric constant, high thermal stability, and a high energy barrier against holes and electrons in silicon are proposed.
- La 2 O 3 is highly evaluated, electrical characteristics have been investigated, and research reports as a gate insulating film in next-generation MOSFETs have been made (see Non-Patent Document 1).
- the object of research is the La 2 O 3 film, and the characteristics and behavior of the yttrium (Y) element are not particularly mentioned.
- lanthanum is a material that is attracting attention as a recent technological trend, but yttrium, which is a metal having the same physical properties as a rare earth metal, has been mostly studied for use as an electronic component material. There is no situation. If such an electronic component (for example, a gate insulating film in a next-generation MOSFET) is used, other impurities may be used in order to utilize the characteristics of yttrium itself, which is a metal having physical properties as a rare earth metal. The presence of elements is not preferred and it is easily assumed that the purity needs to be increased.
- yttrium yttrium oxide
- yttrium oxide yttrium oxide
- yttrium metal itself exists as a sputtering target material
- yttrium is a material that is difficult to purify, in addition to the above-mentioned Al, Fe, Cu, and carbon (graphite), in order to make use of the characteristics of yttrium, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and transition metal elements Further, refractory metal elements and radioactive elements also affect the characteristics of semiconductors, so that reduction is required. For this reason, it is desirable that the purity of yttrium is 5N or higher.
- lanthanoids other than yttrium are extremely difficult to remove. Fortunately, lanthanoids other than yttrium are similar in nature, so some contamination is not a problem. In addition, some mixing of gas components does not cause a big problem. In addition, since the gas component is generally difficult to remove, it is common to exclude this gas component in the purity display.
- Patent Document 1 describes a molten salt electrolysis apparatus that can be installed in a vacuum distillation apparatus as an apparatus for producing high-purity yttrium.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a method in which the arrangement of a molten salt electrolysis apparatus and a vacuum distillation apparatus is devised as a method for producing high-purity yttrium. Further, after that, it has been proposed to perform electron beam melting. And the example which reduced Fe, Cr, Ni, U, and Th to less than 1 ppm as an impurity of interest is shown, respectively. However, it is not described clearly how much impurities can be reduced in each step, what happens to other impurities, and how much purity can be achieved overall.
- Patent Document 3 a molten salt electrolysis apparatus is described as a method for producing high-purity yttrium, and a method for producing the crucible structure is described. And the example which reduced Fe, Cr, Ni, Cu, U, and Th to less than 1 ppm as an impurity of interest is shown, respectively. However, in this case, it is unclear how much high-purity yttrium can be produced and the contents of removal of impurities other than those described above contained in yttrium.
- Patent Document 4 a molten salt electrolysis apparatus is described as a method for producing high-purity yttrium, and a production method in which the structure of the anode and the crucible is devised is described. And the example which reduced Fe, Cr, Ni, Cu, U, and Th to less than 1 ppm as an impurity of interest is shown, respectively.
- Patent Document 5 a vacuum distillation apparatus for anhydrous yttrium chloride is described as a method for producing high-purity yttrium, and an apparatus in which the arrangement structure of the distillation vessel and the condenser is devised is described. And the example which reduced Fe, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mg, and Mn to less than 1 ppm as an impurity of interest is shown, respectively. However, in this case, it is unclear how much high-purity yttrium can be finally produced, and the contents of removal of impurities other than those described above contained in yttrium.
- Patent Document 6 describes that a YAG thin film used as a solid-state laser oscillation material is formed using an amorphous yttrium film. Perhaps high purity yttrium is used, but there is no disclosure of its purity and techniques for producing high purity yttrium.
- Patent Document 7 describes a solvent extraction method as a method for separating high-purity yttrium. As a result, the obtained purity is supposed to reach 99.0% to 99.996% (wt%) as the Y compound in all rare earth compounds. However, it is not clearly described what happens to other impurities such as transition metals, and how much purity can be achieved overall.
- JP-A-4-176886 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 4-17687 JP-A-4-176888 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 4-17689 JP-A-5-17134 JP-A-7-126634 JP 2004-36003 A
- the present invention relates to a method for producing high-purity yttrium, high-purity yttrium, a sputtering target produced using this high-purity yttrium, a metal gate film formed using the sputtering target, and a semiconductor device comprising the metal gate film, and It is an object to provide a technology capable of stably providing a device.
- the present invention provides high-purity yttrium, a high-purity yttrium having a purity of 5N or higher excluding rare earth elements and gas components, and Al, Fe, and Cu of 1 wtppm or less, and the same high-purity yttrium sputtering target.
- the total amount of W, Mo, Ta is 10 wtppm or less
- U and Th are 50 wtppb or less
- carbon is 150 wtppm or less, respectively.
- a high-purity yttrium and high-purity yttrium target it is possible to provide high-purity yttrium and a high-purity yttrium sputtering target whose radiation dose ( ⁇ dose) is less than 0.001 cph / cm 2 .
- the raw yttrium oxide raw material having a purity of 4N or less excluding gas components is subjected to molten salt electrolysis at a bath temperature of 500 to 800 ° C. to obtain yttrium crystals.
- molten salt electrolysis As the molten salt electrolytic bath, potassium chloride (KCl), lithium chloride (LiCl), or yttrium chloride (YCl 3 ) is used.
- an anode made of Ta or Sunless (SUS) can be used.
- the heating is performed in a vacuum at a temperature of 1000 ° C. or lower, and the metal and the salt are separated by a difference in vapor pressure, or the salt is dissolved and separated by an acid to remove the salt. It is effective to perform a salt treatment.
- the purity excluding rare earth elements and gas components is 5N (99.999 wt%) or more, and aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu) in yttrium are each 1 wtppm or less, and W,
- a high-purity yttrium and a high-purity yttrium sputtering target in which the total amount of Mo and Ta is 10 wtppm or less, U and Th are each 50 wtppb or less, and carbon is 150 wtppm or less can be obtained.
- the above process and the production conditions in each process are important. Under the conditions deviating from these, the object of the present application cannot be achieved.
- High-purity yttrium obtained by the above manufacturing method is a novel substance, and the present invention includes this.
- a YOx film is mainly formed.
- an arbitrary film is formed in order to increase the degree of freedom of film formation.
- High purity yttrium metal is required.
- the present invention can provide a material suitable for this.
- the rare earth elements contained in yttrium include La, Sc, Y, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu.
- Y yttrium
- the yttrium of the present invention is allowed to contain this level of rare earth elements.
- C, N, O, S, and H exist as gas components. These may exist as a single element, but may exist in the form of a compound (CO, CO 2 , SO 2 etc.) or a compound with a constituent element. Since these gas component elements have a small atomic weight and atomic radius, even if they are present as impurities, they do not significantly affect the properties of the material unless they are contained in large amounts. Therefore, when displaying the purity, it is usual to use the purity excluding the gas component. In this sense, the purity of the yttrium of the present invention is such that the purity excluding gas components is 5N or more.
- the present invention provides high-purity yttrium in which the total amount of W, Mo, and Ta is 10 wtppm or less, U and Th are 50 wtppb or less and carbon is 150 wtppm or less, respectively, but aluminum (Al), iron ( Even if Fe) and copper (Cu) are included, the total amount of these is preferably 10 wtppm or less. Since these are impurities that degrade the semiconductor characteristics, they are desirable elements to be reduced as much as possible.
- the present invention can provide a sputtering target manufactured using the above-described high-purity yttrium, a metal gate film formed using the sputtering target, and a semiconductor element and a device including the metal gate film.
- a YOx film is mainly formed.
- yttrium metal having a high purity is required in order to increase the degree of freedom of film formation in which an arbitrary film is formed.
- the present invention can provide a material suitable for this. Therefore, the high purity yttrium of the present invention includes any combination with other substances at the time of producing the target.
- the high-purity yttrium obtained as described above is dissolved in a vacuum and solidified to form an ingot.
- This ingot is further cut into a predetermined size and made into a high purity yttrium and high purity yttrium sputtering target through a polishing process.
- high purity yttrium and high purity yttrium sputtering target having a purity excluding rare earth elements and gas components of 5 N or more and Al, Fe, and Cu of 1 wtppm or less can be produced.
- the radiation dose ( ⁇ dose) of the high-purity yttrium and high-purity yttrium sputtering target of the present invention can achieve less than 0.001 cph / cm 2 .
- the present invention stably provides high-purity yttrium, a sputtering target produced using the high-purity yttrium, a metal gate film formed using the sputtering target, and a semiconductor element and device including the metal gate film. It has an excellent effect of being able to.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an electrodeposit after molten salt electrolysis shown in Example 1.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an electrodeposit after molten salt electrolysis shown in Example 1.
- a raw material of crude yttrium oxide having a purity excluding gas components and a purity of 4N or less can be used as a high purity yttrium raw material.
- These raw materials include, as main impurities, Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Al, Si, Ti, Fe, Cr, Ni, Mn, Mo, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Ta, W, gas components (N, O, C, H) and the like are contained.
- Aluminum (Al) and copper (Cu) contained in yttrium are often used in alloy materials such as substrates, sources, and drains in semiconductors, and if they are contained in a small amount in the gate material, it may cause malfunction. Moreover, since iron (Fe) contained in yttrium is easily oxidized, it causes spatter failure when used as a target. Further, when oxidized after being sputtered without being oxidized in the target, the volume is increased. This is a particular problem because it swells and easily causes malfunctions such as defective insulation and causes malfunctions. This needs to be reduced.
- the raw material for soot contains a large amount of Fe and Al. Further, Cu is often contaminated by a water-cooled member used when producing a crude metal by reducing it from chloride or fluoride. In the raw material yttrium, these impurity elements often exist in the form of oxides.
- yttrium raw material is often obtained by calcium reduction of yttrium fluoride or yttrium oxide, but since calcium, Fe, Al, and Cu are mixed as impurities in this reducing material, calcium reduction Many impurities are found in the material.
- the present invention performs molten salt electrolysis to increase the purity of the yttrium and achieve a purity of 5N or higher.
- An example of an apparatus for molten salt electrolysis is shown in FIG.
- an anode made of Ta or ferritic stainless steel (SUS) is disposed at the lower part of the apparatus.
- Austenitic stainless steel containing Ni is not suitable because it is highly contaminated with Ni.
- Ta is used for the cathode.
- all the parts that come into contact with the electrolytic bath / deposit are made of Ta or ferritic stainless steel (SUS) in order to prevent contamination.
- SUS ferritic stainless steel
- Ti, Ni, etc. used in molten salt electrolysis of other metals are not suitable because they can easily form an alloy with Y.
- graphite is generally used in rare earth molten salt electrolysis.
- a basket for separating the Y raw material and electrodeposition is arranged at the lower center.
- the upper half is a cooling tower.
- the cooling tower and the electrolytic cell are separated by a gate valve (GV).
- GV gate valve
- KCl potassium chloride
- LiCl lithium chloride
- NaCl sodium chloride
- MgCl 2 magnesium chloride
- CaCl 2 calcium chloride
- YCl 3 yttrium chloride
- Y raw materials are adjusted to an arbitrary ratio.
- the yttrium raw material is desirably controlled to 20% to 30% of the total salt weight. Thereby, efficient molten salt electrolysis becomes possible.
- the salt ratio it is preferable to select a point at which the melting point is minimized from the state diagram.
- the temperature of the electrolytic bath is preferably adjusted between 500 and 800 ° C.
- the effect of the bath temperature does not have a significant effect on electrolysis, but if the temperature is higher than this range, the volatilization of the salt that composes the bath becomes violent, the gate valve and cooling tower are contaminated, and cleaning becomes complicated. It is necessary to avoid it.
- the lower the temperature the easier the handling, but if the temperature is lower than this range, the fluidity of the bath becomes poor, the composition in the bath tends to be distributed, and there is a tendency that clean electrodeposition cannot be obtained.
- This range is a preferable range.
- the atmosphere is inert. Usually, Ar gas is allowed to flow.
- a material that does not cause contamination is suitable as the material of the anode, and in that sense, it is desirable to use Ta or stainless steel (SUS).
- Ta is used as the cathode material.
- graphite is generally used. However, this causes carbon contamination and must be avoided in the present invention.
- the current density can be arbitrarily set in the range of 0.5 to 2.0 A / cm 2 . Although the voltage was set at about 0.5 to 1.0 V, these conditions depend on the scale of the apparatus, and other conditions can be set.
- the time is usually about 4 to 24 hours. When the above molten salt electrolysis apparatus is used, an electrodeposition weight of about 300 to 1000 g can be obtained.
- the desalting temperature is 1000 ° C or lower.
- the holding time is 10 to 200 hours, but can be appropriately adjusted depending on the amount of the raw material.
- Desalting reduced the weight of electrodeposition Y by about 5 to 35%. That is, Cl is reduced by about 5 to 35% by desalting.
- the chlorine (Cl) content in Y after the desalting treatment was 50 to 3000 wtppm.
- Electrode melting When the above obtained yttrium is melted with an electron beam, it is performed by irradiating a yttrium melting raw material in a furnace over a wide range with a low-power electron beam. Usually, it is performed at 20 kW to 50 kW. This electron beam melting can be repeated several times (2 to 4 times). When the number of times of electron beam melting is increased, removal of volatile components such as Cl, Ca, Mg and the like is further improved.
- either one or both melting can be performed. When both are dissolved, there is no particular limitation on the order of the steps. There is no particular limitation on the crucible material at the time of melting, and a water-cooled crucible is usually used.
- rare earth elements from the purity of high-purity yttrium is because, in the production of high-purity yttrium, other rare earths themselves are similar in chemical characteristics to yttrium, so that they are technically removed. This is because it is very difficult, and from the closeness of this characteristic, even if it is mixed as an impurity, it does not cause a significant change in characteristic.
- the contamination of other rare earths is tolerated to some extent, but it goes without saying that it is desirable to reduce the amount of yttrium itself when it is desired to improve the characteristics.
- the reason why the purity excluding the gas component is 5N or more is that it is difficult to remove the gas component, and counting this does not serve as a measure for improving the purity. In general, the presence of some amount is harmless compared to other impurity elements.
- a thin film of an electronic material such as a gate insulating film or a thin film for a metal gate
- most of them are performed by sputtering, which is an excellent method for forming a thin film. Therefore, it is effective to produce a high-purity yttrium sputtering target using the yttrium ingot.
- the target can be manufactured by normal processing such as forging, rolling, cutting, and finishing (polishing). In particular, the manufacturing process is not limited and can be arbitrarily selected.
- the purity excluding gas components is 5N or more, Al, Fe and Cu are each 1 wtppm or less, the total amount of W, Mo and Ta is 10 wtppm or less, U and Th are each 50 wtppb or less, and carbon is 150 wtppm or less.
- high purity yttrium can be deposited on the substrate by sputtering using this high purity yttrium target.
- a metal gate film mainly composed of high-purity yttrium having a purity excluding rare earth elements and gas components of 5 N or more and Al, Fe, and Cu of 1 wtppm or less can be formed on the substrate.
- the film on the substrate reflects the composition of the target, and a high-purity yttrium film can be formed.
- the use as a metal gate film can be used as the composition of the high-purity yttrium itself, but can also be mixed with other gate materials or formed as an alloy or compound. In this case, it can be achieved by simultaneous sputtering with another gate material target or sputtering using a mosaic target.
- the present invention includes these.
- the content of impurities varies depending on the amount of impurities contained in the raw material, but by adopting the above method, each impurity can be adjusted within the above numerical range.
- the present invention provides a technique capable of efficiently and stably providing the high-purity yttrium obtained as described above, a sputtering target composed of high-purity yttrium, and a metal gate thin film mainly composed of high-purity yttrium.
- the sputtering target made of high purity yttrium of the present invention has good characteristics, little arcing, good target life (long and stable), and is extremely effective for forming advanced semiconductor circuits. It is.
- the radiation dose ( ⁇ dose) of the target was measured, it was possible to achieve less than 0.001 cph / cm 2 in the high purity yttrium sputtering target produced according to the present invention. This is an improvement of one digit or more compared with 0.04 cph / cm 2 of the conventional product (commercial product), and can be said to be one of the remarkable features of the yttrium sputtering target of the present invention.
- Example 1 A commercial product having a purity of 2N to 3N was used as a raw material for the yttrium to be treated. The analytical values of this yttrium raw material are shown in Table 1.
- molten salt electrolysis Molten salt electrolysis was performed using this raw material.
- the apparatus shown in FIG. 1 was used.
- As the composition of the bath 20 kg of potassium chloride (KCl), 12 kg of lithium chloride (LiCl), 4 kg of yttrium chloride (YCl 3 ) were used, and 6 kg of Y raw material was used.
- KCl potassium chloride
- LiCl lithium chloride
- YCl 3 yttrium chloride
- the temperature of the electrolysis bath was adjusted to 500 to 800 ° C., and in this example, 600 ° C.
- the effect of bath temperature did not have a significant effect on electrolysis. At this temperature, the salt volatilization was small, and the gate valve and cooling tower were not severely contaminated.
- the current density was 1.0 A / cm 2 and the voltage was 1.0 V.
- the electrolysis time was 12 hours, whereby an electrodeposition weight of 500 g was obtained.
- the obtained crystal form is shown in FIG. Table 2 shows the analysis results of the precipitate obtained by this electrolysis.
- Table 2 shows the analysis results of the precipitate obtained by this electrolysis.
- the chlorine concentration and potassium concentration are extremely high, and the decrease in Mg and Ca, which are alkaline earth metals whose properties are close to those of rare earth elements, is also observed. Although not sufficient, other impurities were low.
- Electrode melting Next, the yttrium obtained above was melted with an electron beam. This is performed by irradiating a wide range of yttrium melting raw materials in the furnace with a low-power electron beam. Irradiation was performed at a vacuum degree of 6.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 to 7.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 mbar and a dissolution power of 30 kW. This electron beam melting was repeated twice. Each EB dissolution time is 30 minutes. This produced an EB melted ingot. At the time of EB dissolution, highly volatile substances were volatilized and removed, and volatile components such as Cl could be removed.
- High purity yttrium could be produced by the above process.
- the analytical values of this high purity yttrium are shown in Table 3.
- Al in yttrium is 0.18 wtppm
- Fe is 0.77 wtppm
- Cu is 0.16 wtppm, and it can be seen that the conditions of 1 wtppm or less which are the conditions of the present invention are achieved. .
- Li ⁇ 0.01 wtppm, Na: ⁇ 0.05 wtppm, K: ⁇ 0.1 wtppm, Ca: ⁇ 0.1 wtppm, Mg: ⁇ 0.05 wtppm, Si: 0.1 wtppm, Ti: 0.15 wtppm, Ni: 0 0.3 wtppm, Mn: ⁇ 0.01 wtppm, Mo: ⁇ 0.1 wtppm, Ta: ⁇ 5 wtppm, W: ⁇ 0.05 wtppm, U: ⁇ 0.005 wtppm, Th: ⁇ 0.005 wtppm.
- the yttrium ingot thus obtained was hot-pressed as necessary, further machined and polished to obtain a disk-shaped target of ⁇ 140 ⁇ 14t.
- the weight of this target was 0.96 kg.
- This is further bonded to a backing plate to obtain a sputtering target.
- a high-purity yttrium sputtering target having the above component composition could be obtained.
- this target since this target has high oxidizability, it can be said that it is preferable to store or transport it by vacuum packing.
- Comparative Example 1 A commercial product having a purity level of 2N to 3N was used as a raw material for yttrium to be treated. In this case, an yttrium raw material having the same purity as that of Example 1 shown in Table 1 was used.
- the commercially available yttrium used in Comparative Example 1 is a 120 mm square ⁇ 30 mmt plate. The weight of one sheet was 1.5 to 2.0 kg, and 12 sheets of this, a total of 17 kg of raw materials were used. Since these plate-like yttrium materials are very easily oxidized, they are vacuum-packed with aluminum.
- Al in yttrium was 600 wtppm, Fe: 290 wtppm, and Cu: 480 wtppm, and each of the conditions of the present invention was not achieved at 1 wtppm or less.
- the objective of this invention was not able to be achieved only by melt
- the radiation dose ((alpha) dose) of the target of this comparative example was measured, it was set to 0.04 cph / cm ⁇ 2 > and was equivalent to the commercial item. This is considered to be high due to the large amount of impurities in yttrium.
- Li 0.01 wtppm, Na: ⁇ 0.05 wtppm, K: ⁇ 0.1 wtppm, Ca: 50 wtppm, Mg: ⁇ 0.05 wtppm, Si: 340 wtppm, Ti: 33 wtppm, Cr: 48 wtppm, Ni: 410 wtppm, Mn: 11 wtppm , Mo: 8.1 wtppm, Ta: 33 wtppm, W: 470 wtppm, U: 0.04 wtppm, Th: 0.05 wtppm.
- the impurity content is large only by refining the yttrium raw material by the electron beam melting method, and the object of the present invention cannot be achieved.
- the raw material of crude yttrium oxide having a purity of 4N or less excluding gas components was subjected to molten salt electrolysis to obtain yttrium crystals, and then the yttrium crystals were desalted, washed with water and dried.
- the purity excluding rare earth elements and gas components can be made 5N or more by melting the electron beam to remove volatile substances.
- High-purity yttrium obtained by the present invention sputtering targets made from high-purity yttrium, and metal gate thin films mainly composed of high-purity yttrium are particularly used as electronic materials placed close to silicon substrates. Since the function is not deteriorated or disturbed, it is useful as a material for a gate insulating film or a metal gate thin film.
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Abstract
Description
イットリウム金属は精製時に酸化し易いという問題があるため、高純度化が難しい材料であり、高純度製品は存在していなかった。また、イットリウム金属を空気中に放置した場合には短時間で酸化し(Y2O3)、黒色に変色する。
最近、次世代のMOSFETにおけるゲート絶縁膜として薄膜化が要求されているが、これまでゲート絶縁膜として使用されてきたSiO2では、トンネル効果によるリーク電流が増加し、正常動作が難しくなってきた。
パーティクル発生は、メタルゲート膜や半導体素子及びデバイスの不良率を劣化させる原因となる。このため、イットリウムの特性を活かすために、特にAl、Fe、Cuの含有量の低減化が必要である。また、イットリウムに含まれる炭素(グラファイト)は固形物として存在し、導電性を有するために検知が難しく、低減化が求められる。
特許文献2には、高純度イットリウムを製造する方法として、溶融塩電解装置と真空蒸留装置の配置を工夫した方法が開示されている。また、この後に電子ビーム溶解することの提案がなされている。そして、関心のある不純物として、Fe、Cr、Ni、U、Thをそれぞれ1ppm未満に低減した例が示されている。しかしながら、それぞれの工程で、不純物がどの程度低減化できるのか、他の不純物はどうなるのか、総合的にどの程度の純度が達成できるのか、については明確に記載されていない。
特許文献7には、高純度イットリウムの分離方法として、溶媒抽出方法が記載されている。この結果、得られる純度は、全希土類化合物中のY化合物として99.0%~99.996%(wt%)に達するとしている。しかし、遷移金属など他の不純物はどうなるのか、総合的にどの程度の純度が達成できるのか、については明確に記載されていない。
また、上記高純度イットリウム及び高純度イットリウムターゲットにおいて、W、Mo、Taの総量が10wtppm以下、U、Thがそれぞれ50wtppb以下、炭素が150wtppm以下である高純度イットリウム及び高純度イットリウムスパッタリングターゲット、さらには希土類元素及びガス成分を除いた純度が5N以上であり、Al、Fe、Cu、W、Mo、Ta、U、Th、炭素の合計量が10wtppm以下である高純度イットリウム及び高純度イットリウムスパッタリングターゲットを提供することができる。
また、以上の高純度イットリウム及び高純度イットリウムターゲットにおいて、放射線量(α線量)を0.001cph/cm2未満とした高純度イットリウム及び高純度イットリウムスパッタリングターゲットを提供できる。
溶融塩電解浴としては、塩化カリウム(KCl)、塩化リチウム(LiCl)、塩化イットリウム(YCl3)を使用する。また、溶融塩電解を行うに際しては、Ta製又はスンレス(SUS)製のアノードを使用することができる。さらに、脱塩処理に際しては、加熱炉を使用し1000°C以下の温度で真空加熱して、蒸気圧差によりメタルと塩とを分離するか、又は酸で塩を溶解し分離することにより、脱塩処理を行うことが有効である。
希土類元素及びガス成分を除いた純度が5N以上の高純度イットリウムを製造するためには、上記工程と各工程における製造条件が、重要となる。これらから逸脱する条件では、本願の目的を達成することができない。
しかしながら、これらの希土類元素は性質が近似しているが故に、希土類元素合計で100wtppm未満であれば、電子部品材料としての使用に際し、特に問題となるものでない。したがって、本願発明のイットリウムは、このレベルの希土類元素の含有は許容される。
MOSFETにおけるゲート絶縁膜として利用する場合には、上記の通り、形成するのは主としてYOx膜である。このような膜を形成する場合において、任意の膜を形成するという、膜形成の自由度を増すために、純度の高いイットリウム金属が必要となる。本願発明は、これに適合する材料を提供することができる。したがって、本願発明の高純度イットリウムは、ターゲットの作製時において、他の物質との任意の組み合わせを包含するものである。
これによって、希土類元素及びガス成分を除いた純度が5N以上であり、Al、Fe、Cuがそれぞれ1wtppm以下である高純度イットリウム及び高純度イットリウムスパッタリングターゲットを製造することができる。
さらに、本願発明の高純度イットリウム及び高純度イットリウムスパッタリングターゲットの放射線量(α線量)は、0.001cph/cm2未満を達成することができる。
これらの原料は、主な不純物として、Li、Na、K、Ca、Mg、Al、Si、Ti、Fe、Cr、Ni、Mn、Mo、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Ta、W、ガス成分(N、O、C、H)等が含有されている。
本願発明は、上記イットリウムの純度を高め、5N以上の純度を達成するために溶融塩電解を行う。溶融塩電解の装置の一例を、図1に示す。この図1に示すように、装置の下部にTa製又はフェライト系ステンレス(SUS)製のアノードを配置する。Niが含まれるオーステナイト系ステンレスはNiの汚染が大きいため適当で無い。
中でも、後者のSUSは安価なので、特に有効である。他の金属の溶融塩電解で用いられるTi、Ni等はYと合金を造り易いため適当で無い。なお、希土類の溶融塩電解では、一般にグラファイトが用いられているが、これは炭素の汚染原因となるので、本願発明では避けなければならない。溶融塩電解用のルツボとしては、汚染の少ないTa製又はフェライト系ステンレス(SUS)製のルツボを使用する。
Y原料と電析を分離するためのバスケットを中央下部に配置する。上半分は冷却塔である。この冷却塔と電解槽はゲートバルブ(GV)で仕切る構造としている。
イットリウム原料は、塩合計重量の、20%~30%に管理するのが望ましい。これにより、効率的な溶融塩電解が可能となる。塩の比率は、状態図から、融点が極小となる点を選択するのが良い。
一方、低温であるほどハンドリングは容易になるが、この範囲より低温度とすると浴の流動性が悪くなり、浴中組成に分布が出来、清浄な電析が得られなくなる傾向があるので、上記の範囲が好ましい範囲と言える。
電流密度は0.5~2.0A/cm2の範囲で任意に設定することができる。電圧は0.5~1.0V程度で行ったが、これらの条件は装置の規模にも依るので、他の条件に設定することも可能である。時間は、通常4~24時間程度行う。上記の溶融塩電解装置を使用した場合、電析重量300~1000g程度が得られる。
加熱炉を使用し、真空加熱し、蒸気圧差によりメタルと塩とを分離する。通常脱塩の温度は1000°C以下とする。保持時間は10~200hとするが、原料の量により、適宜調節することができる。脱塩によって電析Yの重量は5~35%程度減少した。
すなわち、これから脱塩により、Clは5~35%程度減少する。脱塩処理後のY中の塩素(Cl)含有量は50~3000wtppmであった。
上記に得られたイットリウムを用い、水冷Cu坩堝を使用し、真空雰囲気中で誘導溶解し、凝固させてインゴットとした。本実施例では、水冷Cu坩堝を使用したが、溶解装置によっては、カーボン坩堝を使用することもできる。この誘導溶解では、前記溶融塩電解で低下させ難いMg、Caを除去することが可能である。
上記に得られたイットリウムの電子ビーム溶解に際しては、低出力の電子ビームを、炉中のイットリウム溶解原料に広範囲に照射することにより行う。通常、20kW~50kWで行う。この電子ビーム溶解は、数回(2~4回)繰り返すことができる。電子ビーム溶解の回数を増やすと、Cl、Ca、Mg等の揮発成分の除去がより向上する。
また、ガス成分を除いた純度が5N以上とするのは、ガス成分は除去が難しく、これをカウントすると純度の向上の目安とならないからである。また、一般に他の不純物元素に比べ多少の存在は無害である場合が多いからである。
ターゲットの製造は、鍛造・圧延・切削・仕上げ加工(研磨)等の、通常の加工により製造することができる。特に、その製造工程に制限はなく、任意に選択することができる。
ターゲットの製作に際しては、上記高純度イットリウムインゴットを所定サイズに切断し、これを切削及び研磨して作製する。
特に、本発明の高純度イットリウムからなるスパッタリングターゲットは、特性が良好で、アーキングの発生が少なく、ターゲットライフが良好であり(長く、かつ安定しており)、高度な半導体の回路形成に極めて有効である。
さらにターゲットの放射線量(α線量)を測定すると、本願発明により製造された高純度イットリウムスパッタリングターゲットでは、0.001cph/cm2未満を達成することができた。これは、従来品(市販品)の0.04cph/cm2に比べ一桁以上向上したものであり、本願発明のイットリウムスパッタリングターゲットの顕著性を示す一つと言える。
処理するイットリウムの原料として純度が2N~3Nの市販品を用いた。このイットリウム原料の分析値を表1に示す。
この原料を用いて溶融塩電解を行った。溶融塩電解には、前記図1の装置を使用した。浴の組成として、塩化カリウム(KCl)20kg、塩化リチウム(LiCl)12kg、塩化イットリウム(YCl3)4kgを使用し、Y原料6kgを使用した。
この電解により得た析出物の分析結果を表2に示す。この表2に示すように、溶融塩電解した結果から当然ではあるが、塩素濃度、カリウム濃度が極端に高く、希土類元素と性質が近似しているアルカリ土類金属であるMg、Caの低下も十分では無いが、その他の不純物は低くなっていた。
この電解析出物を、加熱炉を使用し、真空加熱し、蒸気圧差によりメタルと塩とを分離した。この脱塩の温度は850°Cとし、保持時間は100hとした。脱塩によって電析Yの重量は20%程度減少した。脱塩処理後のY中の塩素(Cl)含有量は160wtppmとなった。
次に、上記に得られたイットリウムを電子ビーム溶解した。低出力の電子ビームを、炉中のイットリウム溶解原料に広範囲に照射することにより行う。真空度6.0×10-5~7.0×10-4mbar、溶解出力30kWで照射を行った。この電子ビーム溶解は、2回繰り返した。それぞれのEB溶解時間は、30分である。
これによってEB溶解インゴットを作成した。EB溶解時に、揮発性の高い物質は揮散除去され、Cl等の揮発成分の除去が可能となった。
さらに、本実施例のターゲットの放射線量(α線量)を測定したところ、0.001cph/cm2未満であった。
処理するイットリウムの原料として、純度が2N~3Nレベルの市販品を用いた。この場合、表1に示す実施例1と同一の純度を持つイットリウム原料を使用した。本比較例1で使用した市販品のイットリウムは、120mm角×30mmtの板状物からなる。1枚の重量は、1.5~2.0kgであり、これを12枚、合計で17kgの原料を使用した。これらの板状のイットリウム原料は非常に酸化され易い物質のため、アルミニウムの真空パックされていた。
また、本比較例のターゲットの放射線量(α線量)を測定したところ、0.04cph/cm2となり、市販品と同等であった。これは、イットリウム中の不純物が多いことが原因で、不純物に付随して高くなったと考えられる。
実施例に示すように、ガス成分を除く純度が4N以下の粗イットリウム酸化物の原料を、溶融塩電解してイットリウム結晶を得、次にこのイットリウム結晶を、脱塩処理、水洗及び乾燥した後に、電子ビーム溶解して揮発性物質を除去することにより、希土類元素及びガス成分を除いた純度を5N以上とすることが可能となる。
Claims (14)
- 高純度イットリウムであって、希土類元素及びガス成分を除いた純度が5N以上であり、Al、Fe、Cuがそれぞれ1wtppm以下であることを特徴とする高純度イットリウム。
- W、Mo、Taの総量が10wtppm以下、U、Thがそれぞれ50wtppb以下、炭素が150wtppm以下、であることを特徴とする請求項1記載の高純度イットリウム。
- 高純度イットリウムであって、希土類元素及びガス成分を除いた純度が5N以上であり、Al、Fe、Cu、W、Mo、Ta、U、Th、炭素の合計量が10wtppm以下であることを特徴とする請求項1又は2記載の高純度イットリウム。
- 放射線量(α線量)が0.001cph/cm2未満であることを特徴とする請求項1~3記載の高純度イットリウム。
- ガス成分を除く純度が4N以下の粗イットリウム酸化物の原料を、浴温500~800°Cで溶融塩電解してイットリウム結晶を得、次にこのイットリウム結晶を、脱塩処理、水洗及び乾燥した後に、電子ビーム溶解して揮発性物質を除去し、希土類元素及びガス成分を除いた純度を5N以上とすることを特徴とする高純度イットリウムの製造方法。
- 溶融塩電解浴として、塩化カリウム(KCl)、塩化リチウム(LiCl)、塩化イットリウム(YCl3)からなる電解浴を使用することを特徴とする請求項5記載の高純度イットリウムの製造方法。
- Ta製又はフェライト系ステンレス(SUS)製のアノードを使用して溶融塩電解を行うことを特徴とする請求項5又は6記載の高純度イットリウムの製造方法。
- 加熱炉を使用し1000°C以下の温度で真空加熱して、蒸気圧差によりメタルと塩とを分離するか、又は酸で塩を溶解し分離することにより、脱塩処理を行うことを特徴とする請求項5~7のいずれか一項に記載の高純度イットリウムの製造方法。
- 高純度イットリウムスパッタリングターゲットであって、希土類元素及びガス成分を除いた純度が5N以上であり、Al、Fe、Cuがそれぞれ1wtppm以下であることを特徴とする高純度イットリウムスパッタリングターゲット。
- W、Mo、Taの総量が10wtppm以下、U、Thがそれぞれ50wtppb以下、炭素が150wtppm以下、であることを特徴とする請求項9記載の高純度イットリウムスパッタリングターゲット。
- 高純度イットリウムであって、希土類元素及びガス成分を除いた純度が5N以上であり、Al、Fe、Cu、W、Mo、Ta、U、Th、炭素の合計量が10wtppm以下であることを特徴とする請求項9又は10記載の高純度イットリウムスパッタリングターゲット。
- ターゲットの放射線量(α線量)が0.001cph/cm2未満であることを。特徴とする請求項9~11記載の高純度イットリウムスパッタリングターゲット。
- 請求項9~12の高純度イットリウムスパッタリングターゲットを用いて成膜したメタルゲート膜。
- 請求項13記載のメタルゲート膜を備える半導体素子及びデバイス。
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AU2011372574A AU2011372574B2 (en) | 2011-07-06 | 2011-09-15 | High-purity yttrium, process for producing high-purity yttrium, high-purity yttrium sputtering target, metal gate film deposited with high-purity yttrium sputtering target, and semiconductor element and device equipped with said metal gate film |
JP2013522673A JP5738993B2 (ja) | 2011-07-06 | 2011-09-15 | 高純度イットリウム、高純度イットリウムの製造方法、高純度イットリウムスパッタリングターゲット、高純度イットリウムスパッタリングターゲットを用いて成膜したメタルゲート膜並びに該メタルゲート膜を備える半導体素子及びデバイス |
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WO2021215376A1 (ja) * | 2020-04-23 | 2021-10-28 | 東ソー株式会社 | イットリウムインゴット及びそれを用いたスパッタリングターゲット |
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EP2728023A4 (en) | 2011-06-30 | 2015-04-15 | Jx Nippon Mining & Metals Corp | HIGH PURITY ERBIUM, CATHODIC SPRAY TARGET COMPRISING HIGH PURITY ERBIUM, METALLIC GRID FILM HAVING HIGH PURITY ERBIUM AS THE MAIN COMPONENT THEREOF, AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING HIGH PURITY ERBIUM |
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Publication number | Publication date |
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AU2011372574A1 (en) | 2013-12-19 |
CA2840720A1 (en) | 2013-01-10 |
EP2730668A1 (en) | 2014-05-14 |
US10041155B2 (en) | 2018-08-07 |
AU2011372574B2 (en) | 2016-05-05 |
KR20140012190A (ko) | 2014-01-29 |
CA2840720C (en) | 2018-02-13 |
JPWO2013005349A1 (ja) | 2015-02-23 |
JP5738993B2 (ja) | 2015-06-24 |
KR101606971B1 (ko) | 2016-03-28 |
US20140140884A1 (en) | 2014-05-22 |
EP2730668A4 (en) | 2015-06-24 |
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