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  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/415—1,2-Diazoles
  • A61K31/416—1,2-Diazoles condensed with carbocyclic ring systems, e.g. indazole
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  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
  • A61K31/4523—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems
  • A61K31/454—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a five-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. pimozide, domperidone
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  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/496—Non-condensed piperazines containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. rifampin, thiothixene
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  • A61K31/535—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one oxygen as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. 1,2-oxazines
  • A61K31/5375—1,4-Oxazines, e.g. morpholine
  • A61K31/5377—1,4-Oxazines, e.g. morpholine not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. timolol
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  • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
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  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
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  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D231/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings
  • C07D231/54—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D231/56—Benzopyrazoles; Hydrogenated benzopyrazoles
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  • C07D295/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms
  • C07D295/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms
  • C07D295/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
  • C07D295/155—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals with the ring nitrogen atoms and the carbon atoms with three bonds to hetero atoms separated by carbocyclic rings or by carbon chains interrupted by carbocyclic rings
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  • C07D295/16—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms acylated on ring nitrogen atoms
  • C07D295/18—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms acylated on ring nitrogen atoms by radicals derived from carboxylic acids, or sulfur or nitrogen analogues thereof
  • C07D295/182—Radicals derived from carboxylic acids
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  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings
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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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  • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
  • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D403/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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  • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D405/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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  • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
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  • C12Y207/00—Transferases transferring phosphorus-containing groups (2.7)
  • C12Y207/10—Protein-tyrosine kinases (2.7.10)
  • C12Y207/10001—Receptor protein-tyrosine kinase (2.7.10.1)

Definitions

• the present invention relates to certain substituted indazole compounds, which modulate the activity of protein kinases.
• the compounds of this invention are therefore useful in treating diseases caused by deregulated protein kinase activity.
• the present invention also provides methods for preparing these compounds, pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds, and methods of treating diseases utilizing pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds.
• PKs protein kinases
• a large share of the oncogenes and proto-oncogenes involved in human cancers encode for PKs.
• the enhanced activities of PKs are also implicated in many non-malignant diseases, such as benign prostate hyperplasia, familial adenomatosis, polyposis, neurofibromatosis, psoriasis, vascular smooth cell proliferation associated with atherosclerosis, pulmonary fibrosis, arthritis glomerulonephritis and post-surgical stenosis and restenosis.
• PKs are also implicated in inflammatory conditions and in the multiplication of viruses and parasites. PKs may also play a major role in the pathogenesis and development of neurodegenerative disorders.
• PK is a group of membrane receptors with intrinsic protein-tyrosine kinase activity (RPTK). Upon binding of growth factors, RPTKs become activated and phosphorylate themselves and a series of substrates in the cytoplasm. Through this mechanism, they can transduce intracellular signallings for proliferation, differentiation or other biological changes. Structural abnormalities, over-expression and activation of RTPKs are frequently observed in human tumors, suggesting that constitutive ignition of the signal transduction leading to cell proliferation can result in malignant transformation.
• RPTK protein-tyrosine kinase activity
• FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) and KIT are both members of the PDGFR family class III receptor tyrosine kinases characterized by an extracellular domain with 5 immunoglobulin-like loops, a transmembrane region and a cytoplasmic domain containing not only the kinase domain (divided in two regions) but also an autoinhibitory juxtamembrane (JM) domain that docks with the kinase domain to stabilize a catalytically inactive conformation.
• JM autoinhibitory juxtamembrane
• FLT3 has a crucial role in normal haematopoiesis and its expression is restricted to CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, brain, placenta, and gonads. Activation of FLT3 by FLT3-ligand promotes the normal growth of early progenitor cells.
• FLT3 mutations of the FLT3 gene have been found to be one of the most common acquired genetic lesions. FLT3 mutations can be detected in 30% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients (Nakao M, et al. Leukemia. 1996 Dec; 10(12): 1911-8), and also in 5-10% of patients with myelodisplastic syndrome (Horiike S, et al. Leukemia. 1997 Sep; 11(9): 1442-6).
• AML acute myeloid leukemia
• ITDs internal tandem duplications
• TKD point mutations in the activation loop of the tyrosine kinase domain
• ITD mutations are any elongation or shortening of the JM domain of FLT3 due to additions or deletions of amino acids that result in the constitutive activation of FLT3.
• the presence of FLT3/ITD mutations is associated with a poor clinical outcome in both pediatric and adult patients with AML.
• Point mutations in the activation loop of the kinase domain involve the aspartic acid, D835 residue, which leads to an activated configuration and transformation of myeloid cells.
• D835 mutations are missense mutations that result in substitution of tyrosine, histidine, valine, glutamic acid or asparagine for aspartatic acid at amino acid 835 of FLT3. These mutations have been reported in 7% of patients with AML.
• TKD mutations unlike ITD mutations, have not been shown to have any prognostic significance in AML patients. Both types of FLT3 mutation cause ligand-independent activation of the receptor and activation of downstream signalling pathways. Mutant FLT3 provides survival advantage to leukemic cells because it causes activation of three major intracellular signalling pathways: PI3K/AKT; RAS/RAF/MAPK and JAK/STAT (Masson K, Ronnstrand L. Cell Signal. 2009 Dec; 21(12): 1717-26).
• interfering with the FLT3 signalling likely represents a specific and effective way to block tumor cell proliferation in AML and possibly other indications.
• KIT is normally activated by stem cell factor. Signalling by KIT plays an important role in erythropoiesis, lymphopoiesis, mast cell development and function, megakaryopoiesis, gametogenesis and melanogenesis. Hematopoietic stem cells, multipotent progenitors and common myeloid progenitors, but also early T lineage progenitors and thymocytes express high levels of KIT. In addition, mast cells, melanocytes in the skin, and interstitial cells of Cajal in the digestive tract express KIT (Pittoni P. et al. Oncogene 2011 Feb 17; 30(7): 757-69). KIT overexpression or mutations can lead to cancer.
• GIST gastrointestinal stromal tumors
• KIT KIT-induced melanoma
• melanoma Curtin JA, JCO, 2006, 24 (26): 4340-4346
• acute myeloid leukemia Malaise M, Steinbach D, Corbacioglu S, Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 2009, 4(2): 77-82
• primary adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary gland Vila L, Liu H, Al-Quran SZ, Coco DP, Dong HJ, Liu C, Mod Pathol. 2009; 22(10): 1296-302).
• Overexpression is reported also in thymic carcinoma (Strobel P, Hohenberger P, Marx A, J Thorac Oncol.
• KIT kinase activation appears to be the triggering factor for an important group of malignancies, both hematological and solid cancer diseases, thereby suggesting that it could represent a good therapeutic target for the treatment of these pathologies.
• a first object of the present invention is to provide a substituted indazole compound represented by formula (I),
• R1 is A, NR6R7, OR8, SO n R9, COR10, nitro, cyano or an optionally substituted group selected from C3-C6 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl;
• R2, R3, R4 and R5 are independently hydrogen, halogen, nitro, cyano, SO n R9, COR10, NR11 R12, OR13 or an optionally substituted group selected from straight or branched C1-C6 alkyl, straight or branched C2-C6 alkenyl, straight or branched C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl wherein:
• A is a straight or branched C1-C6 alkyl substituted with a group selected from an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, SO n R9, COR10, NR11 R12 and OR13;
• R6 is hydrogen or an optionally substituted group selected from straight or branched ⁇ - ⁇ alkyl, straight or branched C2-C6 alkenyl, straight or branched C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl and heteroaryl;
• R7 is hydrogen, SO n R9, COR10, a substituted straight or branched C1-C6 alkyl or an optionally substituted group selected from straight or branched C2-C6 alkenyl, straight or branched C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl and heteroaryl or
• R6 and R7 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, may form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl group
• R8 is hydrogen, A, COR10 or an optionally substituted group selected from straight or branched C2-C6 alkenyl, straight or branched C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein A is as defined above;
• R9 is NR11 R12 or an optionally substituted group selected from straight or branched ⁇ - ⁇ alkyl, straight or branched C2-C6 alkenyl, straight or branched C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl and heteroaryl;
• R10 is hydrogen, NR11 R12, OR13 or an optionally substituted group selected from straight or branched O- C6 alkyl, straight or branched C2-C6 alkenyl, straight or branched C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl and heteroaryl;
• R11 and R12 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, may form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl group
• R13 is hydrogen, COR10 or an optionally substituted group selected from straight or branched ⁇ - ⁇ alkyl, straight or branched C2-C6 alkenyl, straight or branched C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein R10 is as defined above;
• X is a bond or an optionally substituted group selected from straight or branched ⁇ - ⁇ alkyl, heterocycly and aryl
• Y is a bond, oxygen, or an optionally substituted group selected from straight or branched ⁇ - ⁇ alkyl, straight or branched C2-C6 alkenyl, straight or branched C2-C6 alkynyl, heterocyclyl and aryl;
• Z is a bond, oxygen or an optionally substituted straight or branched C1-C6 alkyl
• Ar' is an optionally substituted aryl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl
• the present invention also provides methods of synthesizing the substituted indazole derivatives of formula (I) prepared through a process consisting of standard synthetic transformations and isomers, tautomers, hydrates, solvates, complexes, metabolites, prodrugs, carriers, N-oxides.
• the present invention also provides a method of treating diseases caused by and/or associated with deregulated protein kinase activity, particularly ABL, ACK1 , AKT1 , ALK, AUR1 , AUR2, BRK, BUB1 , CDC7/DBF4, CDK2/CYCA, CHK1 , CK2, EEF2K, EGFR1 , EphA2, EphB4, ERK2, FAK, FGFR1 , FLT3, GSK3beta, Haspin, IGFR1 , IKK2, IR, JAK1 , JAK2, JAK3, KIT, LCK, LYN, MAPKAPK2, MELK, MET, MNK2, MPS1 , MST4, NEK6, NIM1 , P38alpha, PAK4, PDGFR, PDK1 , PERK, PIM1 , PIM2, PKAalpha, PKCbeta, PLK1 , RET, ROS1 , SULU1 , Syk
• a preferred method of the present invention is to treat a disease caused by and/or associated with deregulated protein kinase activity selected from the group consisting of cancer, cell proliferation disorders and immune cell- associated diseases and disorders.
• Another preferred method of the present invention is to treat specific types of cancer selected from the group consisting of, but not limited to, carcinoma such as bladder, breast, colon, kidney, liver, lung (including small cell lung cancer), salivary gland, esophagus, gall-bladder, ovary, pancreas, stomach, cervix, thyroid, thymus, prostate, and skin, including squamous cell carcinoma; hematopoietic tumors of lymphoid lineage, including leukemia, acute lymphocitic leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, B-cell lymphoma, T-cell-lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, non- Hodgkin's lymphoma, hairy cell lymphoma and Burkitt's lymphoma; hematopoietic tumors of myeloid lineage, including acute and chronic myelogenous leukemias, myelodysplastic syndrome and promyelocytic leukemia; tumors of me
• Another preferred method of the present invention is to treat specific cellular proliferation disorders such as, for example, benign prostate hyperplasia, familial adenomatosis polyposis, neurofibromatosis, psoriasis, vascular smooth cell proliferation associated with atherosclerosis, pulmonary fibrosis, arthritis, glomerulonephritis and postsurgical stenosis and restenosis.
• specific cellular proliferation disorders such as, for example, benign prostate hyperplasia, familial adenomatosis polyposis, neurofibromatosis, psoriasis, vascular smooth cell proliferation associated with atherosclerosis, pulmonary fibrosis, arthritis, glomerulonephritis and postsurgical stenosis and restenosis.
• Another preferred method of the present invention is to treat immune cell-associated diseases and disorders, such as inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, for examples multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosis, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), Crohn's disease, irritable bowel syndrome, pancreatitis, ulcerative colitis, diverticulosis, myasthenia gravis, vasculitis, psoriasis, scleroderma, asthma, allergy, systemic sclerosis, vitiligo, arthritis such as osteoarthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis.
• IBD inflammatory bowel diseases
• Crohn's disease irritable bowel syndrome
• pancreatitis ulcerative colitis
• diverticulosis myasthenia gravis
• vasculitis vasculitis
• psoriasis scleroderma
• asthma allergy
• systemic sclerosis vitiligo
• arthritis such
• Another preferred method of the present invention is to treat FLT3 mutated cancers, such as acute myeloid leukemia or myelodisplastic syndrome.
• Another preferred method of the present invention is to treat KIT mutated cancers, such as gastrointestinal stromal tumors, melanoma, acute myeloid leukemia, primary adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary gland, thymic carcinoma, glioma, testicular seminoma, small cell lung cancers, mast cell disease or piebaldism.
• KIT mutated cancers such as gastrointestinal stromal tumors, melanoma, acute myeloid leukemia, primary adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary gland, thymic carcinoma, glioma, testicular seminoma, small cell lung cancers, mast cell disease or piebaldism.
• the method of the present invention also provides tumor angiogenesis and metastasis inhibition.
• the method of the present invention further comprises subjecting the mammal in need thereof to a radiation therapy or chemotherapy regimen in combination with at least one cytostatic or cytotoxic agent.
• the invention provides an in vitro method for inhibiting FLT3 or KIT protein kinase activity which comprises contacting the said protein with an effective amount of a compound of formula (I).
• the present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier and/or diluent.
• the present invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I) in combination with one or more chemotherapeutic - e.g. cytostatic or cytotoxic - agents, antibiotic-type agents, alkylating agents, antimetabolite agents, hormonal agents, immunological agents, interferon-type agents, cyclooxygenase inhibitors (e.g. COX-2 inhibitors), matrixmetalloprotease inhibitors, telomerase inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, anti-growth factor receptor agents, anti-HER agents, anti-EGFR agents, anti-angiogenesis agents (e.g.
• chemotherapeutic e.g. cytostatic or cytotoxic - agents, antibiotic-type agents, alkylating agents, antimetabolite agents, hormonal agents, immunological agents, interferon-type agents, cyclooxygenase inhibitors (e.g. COX-2 inhibitors), matrixmetalloprotease inhibitors, telomerase inhibitors
• angiogenesis inhibitors farnesyl transferase inhibitors, ras-raf signal transduction pathway inhibitors, cell cycle inhibitors, other cdks inhibitors, tubulin binding agents, topoisomerase I inhibitors, topoisomerase II inhibitors, and the like.
• the invention provides a product comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as defined above, and one or more chemotherapeutic agents, as a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in anticancer therapy.
• the invention provides a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as defined above, for use as a medicament.
• the invention provides the use of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as defined above, in the manufacture of a medicament with antitumor activity.
• the compounds of formula (I) may have one or more asymmetric centres, and may therefore exist as individual optical isomers or racemic mixtures. Accordingly, all the possible isomers, and their mixtures, of the compounds of formula (I) are within the scope of the present invention.
• N-oxides are compounds of formula (I) wherein nitrogen and oxygen are tethered through a dative bond.
• heterocyclyl refers to a 3- to 7-membered, saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring where one or more carbon atoms are replaced by heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
• heterocyclyl groups are, for instance, oxiranyl, aziridinyl, oxetanyl, azetidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, dihydrothiophenyl, pyrrolidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl, pyranyl, dihydropyranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, piperidinyl, pyrazolinyl, isoxazolidinyl, isoxazolinyl, thiazolidinyl, thiazolinyl, isothiazolinyl, dioxanyl, piperazin
• a heterocyclyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted; when not otherwise specified, the substituent groups are preferably one to three, independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, nitro, SO n R9, COR10, NR11 R12, OR13, R11 R12N-(Ci-C 6 )-alkyl, R130-(Ci-C 6 )-alkyl and an optionally further substituted straight or branched Ci-C 6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein R9, R10, R11 , R12, R13 and n are as defined above.
• heteroaryl refers to aromatic heterocyclic rings, typically 5- to 7-membered heterocycles with from 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected among N, 0 and S; the heteroaryl ring can be optionally further fused or linked to aromatic and non-aromatic carbocyclic and heterocyclic rings.
• heteroaryl groups are, for instance, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, indolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrrolyl, phenyl-pyrrolyl, furyl, phenyl-furyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, thienyl, benzothienyl, isoindolinyl, benzoimidazolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, 1 ,2,3-triazolyl, 1 -phenyl-1 ,2,3-triazolyl, 2,3-dihydroindolyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl, 2,3- dihydrobenzothiophenyl; benzopyranyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzoxazinyl, 2,3-di
• the aryl and heteroaryl groups may be substituted or unsubstituted; when not otherwise specified, the substituent groups are preferably one to three, independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, nitro, S0 n R9, COR10, NR11R12, 0R13, R11 R12N-(Ci-C 6 )-alkyl, R130-(Ci-C 6 )-alkyl and an optionally further substituted straight or branched C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein R9, R10, R11 , R12, R13 and n are as defined above.
• halogen indicates fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
• C2-C6 alkenyl indicates an aliphatic C2-C6 hydrocarbon chain containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond and which can be straight or branched. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 1- or 2-butenyl, and the like.
• C2-C6 alkynyl indicates an aliphatic C2-C6 hydrocarbon chain containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond and which can be straight or branched. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, 1- propynyl, 2-propynyl, 1- or 2-butynyl, and the like.
• the alkenyl and alkynyl groups may be substituted or unsubstituted; when not otherwise specified, the substituent groups are preferably one to three, independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, nitro, SO n R9, COR10, NR11R12, OR13, R11 R12N-(Ci-C 6 )-alkyl, R130-(Ci-C 6 )-alkyl and an optionally further substituted straight or branched C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein R9, R10, R11 , R12, R13 and n are as defined above.
• nitro indicates a -NO2 group.
• salts of compounds of formula (I) refers to those salts that retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the parent compound.
• Such salts include acid addition salts with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, nitric, phosphoric, sulfuric, perchloric acid and the like, or with organic acids such as acetic, trifluoroacetic, propionic, glycolic, lactic, (D) or (L) malic, maleic, fumaric, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzoic, p-toluenesulfonic, salicylic, cinnamic, mandelic, tartaric, citric, succinic, malonic acid and the like; salts formed when an acidic proton present in a compound of formula (I) is either replaced by a metal ion, - e.g.
• an alkali metal ion such as sodium or potassium - or an alkaline earth ion, such as calcium or magnesium, or coordinates with an organic base such as ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, N-methylglucamine, and the like.
• a preferred class of compounds of formula (I) are the compounds wherein:
• R1 is A, NR6R7, OR8 or an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, wherein A, R6, R7 and R8 are as defined above.
• a more preferred class of compounds of formula (I) are the compounds wherein:
• Ar is AM or Ar2; and R2, R3, R4, R5 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, NR11 R12 or OR13, wherein R11 , R12 and R13 are as defined above.
• the present invention also provides a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I) as defined above, by using the reaction routes and synthetic schemes described below, employing the techniques available in the art and starting materials readily available.
• the preparation of certain embodiments of the present invention is described in the examples that follow, but those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the preparations described may be readily adapted to prepare other embodiments of the present invention.
• the synthesis of non- exemplified compounds according to the invention may be performed by modifications apparent to those skilled in the art, for instance by appropriately protecting interfering groups, by changing to other suitable reagents known in the art, or by making routine modifications of reaction conditions.
• other reactions referred to herein or known in the art will be recognized as having adaptability for preparing other compounds of the invention.
• Ar is as defined in formula (I); W is hydroxy, halogen or a suitable leaving group; X, Y, Z and Ar' are as defined in formula (I); and L is a suitable leaving group, such as halogen, methanesulfonyloxy, trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy or p-toluenesulfonyloxy.
• Ar is as defined in formula (I); W is hydroxy, halogen or a suitable leaving group; X, Y, Z and Ar' are as defined in formula (I); and L is a suitable leaving group, such as halogen, methanesulfonyloxy, trifl uoromethanesulfonyloxy or p-toluenesulfonyloxy.
• a process of the present invention comprises the following steps:
• Ar', Z and Y are as defined in formula (I) and X is an optionally substituted group selected from straight or branched ⁇ -0 ⁇ alkyl and heterocyclyl;
• Ar' is as defined in formula (I) and X, Y and Z are a bond;
• X is an optionally substituted group selected from straight or branched C1-C6 alkyl or heterocyclyl and L is a suitable leaving group, such as halogen, methanesulfonyloxy, trifl uoromethanesulfonyloxy or p-toluenesulfonyloxy;
• the intermediate compound of formula (XI), wherein Ar, Ar', Y and Z are as defined in formula (I) and X is an optionally substituted group selected from straight or branched ⁇ - ⁇ alkyl and heterocyclyl, can be obtained in a process comprising the following steps:
• R6 is as defined in formula (I) and R7 is hydrogen, a substituted straight or branched C1-C6 alkyl or an optionally substituted group selected from straight or branched C2-C6 alkenyl, straight or branched C2-C6 alkynyl, C3- C6 cycloalkyi, heterocyclyl, aryl and heteroaryl, so as to obtain a compound of formula (I), wherein R1 is NR6R7, wherein R6 is as defined in formula (I) and R7 is hydrogen, a substituted straight or branched C1-C6 alkyl or an optionally substituted group selected from straight or branched C2-C6 alkenyl, straight or branched C2-C6 alkynyl, C3- C6 cycloalkyi, heterocyclyl, aryl and heteroaryl, and Ar, Ar', X, Y and Z are as defined in formula (I); optionally separating the resultant compound of
• R9, R10 and W are as defined above, for obtaining the corresponding compound of formula (I) wherein such substituent is a NHSO2R9 or NHCOR10 residue, wherein R9 and R10 are as defined above;
• NR6R7 group wherein R7 is hydrogen and R6 is as defined in formula (I) except hydrogen;
• R11 and R12 are as defined in formula (I) except SO n R9 or COR10, for obtaining the corresponding compound of formula (I) wherein such substituent is a CONR11 R12 residue, wherein R11 and R12 are as defined in formula (I) except SO n R9 or COR10;
• step A) the transformation of the compound of formula (II) into the compound of formula (III) can be accomplished in a variety of ways and experimental conditions, which are widely known in the art for the introduction of the tert-butoxy-carbonyl group, for example using di-tert-butyl dicarbonate.
• this reaction is carried out in a suitable solvent such as, for instance, tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, toluene, 1 ,4-dioxane, and in the presence of a proton scavenger such as, for example, pyridine, triethylamine, ⁇ , ⁇ -diisopropylethylamine, at a temperature ranging from room temperature to reflux, for a time ranging from about 30 min. to about 96 hours.
• a suitable solvent such as, for instance, tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, toluene, 1 ,4-dioxane
• a proton scavenger such as, for example, pyridine, triethylamine, ⁇ , ⁇ -diisopropylethylamine
• step B) the cleavage of the phthalimido group of the compound of formula (III) to give the compound of formula (IV) can be accomplished in a variety of ways and experimental conditions, which are widely known in the art, for example using hydrazine.
• this reaction is carried out in a suitable solvent such as, for instance, tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, toluene, 1 ,4-dioxane, at a temperature ranging from room temperature to reflux, for a time ranging from about 30 min. to about 96 hours.
• a suitable solvent such as, for instance, tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, toluene, 1 ,4-dioxane
• a compound of formula (VI) can be obtained by reacting a compound of formula (IV) with a compound of formula (V) in a variety of ways and experimental conditions, which are widely known in the art for acylation reactions.
• a compound of formula (V) wherein W is hydroxy is converted into its corresponding acyl chloride wherein W is chlorine in the presence of thionyl chloride or oxalyl chloride, in a suitable solvent, such as toluene, dichloromethane, chloroform, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 1 ,4-dioxane, or a mixture thereof, at a temperature ranging from about -10°C to reflux and for a period of time varying from about 1 hour to about 96 hours.
• the acyl chloride is isolated by evaporation of the solvent and further reacted with (IV) in the presence of a base such as pyridine, triethylamine or ⁇ , ⁇ -diisopropylethylamine, at a temperature ranging from about -40°C to reflux and for a period of time varying from about 1 hour to about 96 hours.
• a suitable solvent may also be added, such as toluene, dichloromethane, chloroform, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 1 ,4-dioxane.
• a compound of formula (IV) is reacted with a compound of formula (V) wherein W is hydroxy in the presence of an activating agent such as hydroxybenzotriazole, dicyclohexyl carbodiimide, diisopropyl carbodiimide, 1-ethyl-3-(3'- dimethylamino)carbodiimide hydrochloric acid salt, 0-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate.
• an activating agent such as hydroxybenzotriazole, dicyclohexyl carbodiimide, diisopropyl carbodiimide, 1-ethyl-3-(3'- dimethylamino)carbodiimide hydrochloric acid salt, 0-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate.
• this reaction is carried out in a suitable solvent such as, for instance, tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, toluene, 1 ,4-dioxane, N,N-dimethylformamide, ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylacetamide and in the presence of a proton scavenger such as, for example, pyridine, triethylamine, ⁇ , ⁇ -diisopropylethylamine, at a temperature ranging from room temperature to reflux, for a time ranging from about 30 min. to about 96 hours.
• a suitable solvent such as, for instance, tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, toluene, 1 ,4-dioxane, N,N-dimethylformamide, ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylacetamide
• a proton scavenger such as, for example, pyridine, triethylamine, ⁇ , ⁇ -diisopropyleth
• step D) the selective cleavage of the tert-butyldimethylsilyl ether of the compound of formula (VI) to give the compound of formula (VII) can be carried out in a variety of ways, according to conventional methods well known in the literature.
• this conversion is carried out in the presence of tetrabutylammonium fluoride in a suitable solvent, such as, for instance, tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, toluene, 1 ,4-dioxane, at a temperature ranging from -10°C to reflux, for a time ranging from about 30 min. to about 96 hours.
• a suitable solvent such as, for instance, tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, toluene, 1 ,4-dioxane
• step Ea) the coupling of a compound of formula (VII) with an alcohol of formula (VIII) to give a compound of formula (XI) can be accomplished in a variety of ways and experimental conditions which are widely known in the art for the synthesis of aryl ethers under Mitsunobu-like conditions.
• this conversion is carried out in the presence of an azodicarboxylate, such as, for example, diethyl azodicarboxylate, diisopropyl azodicarboxylate or di-tert-butyl azodicarboxylate and a phosphine, such as, for example, triphenylphosphine or polymer-bound triphenylphosphine, in a suitable solvent, such as, for instance, tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, 1 ,4-dioxane, toluene, acetonitrile at a temperature ranging from -20°C to reflux, for a time ranging from about 30 min. to about 96 hours.
• an azodicarboxylate such as, for example, diethyl azodicarboxylate, diisopropyl azodicarboxylate or di-tert-butyl azodicarboxylate and a phosphine, such as, for
• step Eb) the coupling of a compound of formula (VII) with a boronic acid of formula (IX) to give a compound of formula (XI) can be accomplished in a variety of ways and experimental conditions which are widely known in the art for the synthesis of di-aryl ethers.
• this conversion is carried out in the presence of copper diacetate and 4A molecular sieve or silica gel, in a suitable solvent, such as, for instance, tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, 1 ,4-dioxane and in the presence of a proton scavenger such as, for example, pyridine, triethylamine, ⁇ , ⁇ -diisopropylethylamine, at a temperature ranging from -10°C to reflux, for a time ranging from about 30 min. to about 96 hours.
• a suitable solvent such as, for instance, tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, 1 ,4-dioxane
• a proton scavenger such as, for example, pyridine, triethylamine, ⁇ , ⁇ -diisopropylethylamine, at a temperature ranging from -10°C to reflux, for a time ranging from about 30 min. to about
• step Ec) the coupling of a compound of formula (VII) with a compound of formula (X) to give a compound of formula (XI) can be accomplished in a variety of ways and experimental conditions which are widely known in the art for the alkylation of phenols.
• a compound of formula (VII) is treated with a chloride, bromide, iodide, mesylate or triflate of formula (X), in which case L represents chlorine, bromine, iodine, methanesulfonyloxy or trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy, respectively, in the presence of a proton scavenger such as, for example, triethylamine, ⁇ , ⁇ -diisopropylethylamine, sodium, potassium or cesium carbonate, in a suitable solvent such as, for instance, tetrahydrofuran, 1 ,4-dioxane, ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, dimethoxyethane, at a temperature ranging from -10°C to reflux, for a time ranging from about 30 min. to about 96 hours.
• a proton scavenger such as, for example, triethylamine, ⁇
• step F) the transformation of a compound of formula (XI) into a compound of formula (I) can be carried out in a variety of ways, according to conventional methods well known in the literature for the cleavage of a tert- butoxy-carbonyl group.
• this reaction may be run under acidic conditions, for example in the presence of an inorganic or organic acid such as hydrochloric, trifluoroacetic or methanesulfonic acid, in a suitable solvent such as dichloromethane, 1 ,4-dioxane, a lower alcohol, such as methanol or ethanol, water, or a mixture thereof, at a temperature ranging from room temperature to reflux and for a period of time ranging from about 30 min. to about 96 hours.
• an inorganic or organic acid such as hydrochloric, trifluoroacetic or methanesulfonic acid
• a suitable solvent such as dichloromethane, 1 ,4-dioxane
• a lower alcohol such
• step G) the transformation of the compound of formula (IV) into the compound of formula (XII) can be carried out in a way analogous to that specified above under D).
• step Ha) the coupling between the compound of formula (XII) and an alcohol of formula (VIII) can be carried out in a way analogous to that specified above under Ea).
• step Hb) the coupling between the compound of formula (XII) and a compound of formula (X) can be carried out in a way analogous to that specified above under Ec).
• step I) the acylation of the compound of formula (XIII) with a compound of formula (V) can be carried out in a way analogous to that specified above under C).
• a compound of formula (XV) can be transformed into a compound of formula (XVI) in a variety of ways and experimental conditions.
• this reaction is carried out in the presence of hydrazine or hydrazine monohydrate in a suitable solvent such as, for instance, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, 1 ,4-dioxane, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol or n-butanol, at a temperature ranging from 0 °C to reflux and for a period of time varying from about 30 min to about 96 hours.
• a suitable solvent such as, for instance, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, 1 ,4-dioxane, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol or n-butanol
• step N) the coupling of a compound of formula (XVIII) with an amine of formula (XIX) can be carried out in a variety of ways, according to conventional methods well known in the literature for Buchwald-Hartwig aminations.
• a compound of formula (XVIII) wherein L is chlorine, bromine, iodine or trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy is reacted with a compound of formula (XIX) in a suitable solvent such as, for example, tetrahydrofuran, 1 ,4-dioxane, N,N-dimethylformamide, ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylacetamide, dimethoxyethane, acetonitrile, toluene, in the presence of catalytic amounts of a palladium derivative, such as, for example, tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0), palladium diacetate, and a phopsphine ligand, such
• the reduction of a compound of formula (I) wherein one of the substituents R1 , R2, R3, R4 or R5 is nitro, for obtaining a compound of formula (I) wherein such substituent is amino can be carried out in a variety of ways, according to conventional methods well known in the literature.
• this conversion is carried out in a suitable solvent such as, for instance, methanol, ethanol, water, tetrahydrofuran, 1 ,4-dioxane, N,N- dimethylformamide, acetic acid, or a mixture thereof, in the presence of a suitable reducing agent, such as, for instance, hydrogen and a hydrogenation catalyst, or by treatment with cyclohexene or cyclohexadiene, or formic acid or ammonium formate and a hydrogenation catalyst, or a metal such as iron or zinc in the presence of an inorganic acid, such as hydrochloric acid, or by treatment with tin (II) chloride or sodium hydrosulfite in the presence of tetrabutylammonium chloride, at a temperature ranging from 0°C to reflux and for a time varying from about 1 hour to about 96 hours.
• the hydrogenation catalyst is usually a metal, most often palladium, which can be used as such or supported on carbon.
• the reaction of a compound of formula (I), wherein the substituent R1 is NH2, with a suitable aldehyde or ketone for obtaining a compound of formula (I) wherein such substituent is a NR6R7 group can be conducted in a variety of ways, according to conventional methods for carrying out reductive alkylations.
• this reaction is carried out in a suitable solvent such as, for instance, methanol, N,N-dimethylformamide, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, or a mixture thereof, in the presence of a suitable reducing agent such as, for instance, sodium borohydride, tetra-alkylammonium borohydride, sodium cyano borohydride, sodium triacetoxyborohydride, tetramethylammonium triacetoxy borohydride and in the presence of an acid catalyst, such as, for instance, acetic acid or trifluoroacetic acid, at a temperature ranging from about 0°C to reflux and for a time varying from about 1 hour to about 96 hours.
• a suitable solvent such as, for instance, methanol, N,N-dimethylformamide, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, or a mixture thereof
• a suitable reducing agent such as, for instance, sodium borohydride, tetra-al
• the reaction of a compound of formula (I), wherein one of the substituents R2, R3, R4 or R5 is NH2, with a suitable aldehyde or ketone in the presence of a reducing agent, for obtaining a compound of formula (I) wherein such substituent is a NR11 R12 group can be conducted in a variety of ways, according to conventional methods for carrying out reductive alkylations. Preferably this conversion is carried out in a way analogous to that specified above under 3).
• the hydrolysis of a compound of formula (I) wherein one of the substituents R1 , R2, R3, R4 or R5 is a COOR13 residue, wherein R13 is a straight or branched ⁇ - ⁇ alkyl, to give the corresponding carboxylic acid can be conducted in a variety of ways, according to methods widely known in the art for the hydrolysis of ester groups.
• such hydrolysis is carried out in the presence of an inorganic base, such as, for example, lithium, sodium or potassium hydroxide, or an inorganic or organic acid, such as, for example, hydrochloric acid, trifluoroacetic acid, in a suitable solvent such as, for instance, methanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, 1 ,4-dioxane, water or a mixture thereof, at a temperature ranging from about 0°C to reflux and for a time varying from about 1 hour to about 96 hours.
• an inorganic base such as, for example, lithium, sodium or potassium hydroxide
• an inorganic or organic acid such as, for example, hydrochloric acid, trifluoroacetic acid
• a suitable solvent such as, for instance, methanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, 1 ,4-dioxane, water or a mixture thereof, at a temperature ranging from about 0°C to reflux and for a time varying
• the amidation of a compound of formula (I) wherein one of the substituents R1 , R2, R3, R4 or R5 is a COOH residue, with an amine of formula (XXII), can be can be conducted in a variety of ways, according to conventional methods for the synthesis of carboxamides.
• this conversion is carried out in the presence of an activating agent such as hydroxybenzotriazole, dicyclohexyl carbodiimide, diisopropyl carbodiimide, 1-ethyl-3-(3'-dimethylamino)carbodiimide hydrochloric acid salt, 0-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate, in a suitable solvent such as, for instance, tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, toluene, 1 ,4-dioxane, N,N-dimethylformamide, ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylacetamide and in the presence of a proton scavenger such as, for example, pyridine, triethylamine, ⁇ , ⁇ -diisopropylethylamine, at a temperature ranging from room temperature to reflux, for a time ranging from about
• the oxidation of a compound of formula (I) wherein R1 is 4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl for obtaining a compound of formula (I) wherein such substituent is 4-methyl-4-oxy-piperazin-1-yl can be conducted in a variety of ways, according to conventional methods for the N-oxidation of tertiary amines.
• this conversion is carried out in the presence of an oxidizing agent such as, for example, 3-chloroperbenzoic acid, hydrogen peroxide, dimethyldioxirane, in a suitable solvent such as, for instance, dichloromethane, methanol, ethanol, water, acetone, or a mixture thereof, at a temperature ranging from -10°C to reflux, for a time ranging from about 30 min. to about 96 hours.
• an oxidizing agent such as, for example, 3-chloroperbenzoic acid, hydrogen peroxide, dimethyldioxirane
• a suitable solvent such as, for instance, dichloromethane, methanol, ethanol, water, acetone, or a mixture thereof
• such reaction can be carried out by treatment with an inorganic acid, such as hydrochloric, sulphuric or perchloric acid, or an organic acid, such as trifluoroacetic or methanesulfonic acid, in a suitable solvent, such as water, methanol, ethanol, 1 ,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, acetonitrile, ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylformamide, dichloromethane or mixtures thereof, at a temperature ranging from -20°C to 80°C, and for a period of time ranging from 30 minutes to 48 hours.
• an inorganic acid such as hydrochloric, sulphuric or perchloric acid
• an organic acid such as trifluoroacetic or methanesulfonic acid
• a suitable solvent such as water, methanol, ethanol, 1 ,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofur
• a compound of formula (I) contains one or more asymmetric centers
• said compound can be separated into the single isomers by procedures known to those skilled in the art. Such procedures comprise standard chromatographic techniques, including chromatography using a chiral stationary phase, or crystallization. General methods for separation of compounds containing one or more asymmetric centers are reported, for instance, in Jacques, Jean; Collet, Andre; Wilen, Samuel H., - Enantiomers, Racemates, and Resolutions, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York (NY), 1981.
• a compound of formula (I) can also be transformed into a pharmaceutically acceptable salt according to standard procedures that are known to those skilled in the art.
• a compound of formula (I) that is obtained as a salt can be transformed into the free base or the free acid according to standard procedures that are known to the skilled person.
• any variant of the process for preparing the compounds of formula (I), the starting materials and any other reactant i.e. compounds of formula (II), (V), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XIV), (XVII), (XIX), (XX), (XXI) and (XXII) are either commercially available, known, or easily prepared according to well-known methods described, for instance, in: B.M.Trost and I. Fleming, Comprehensive Organic Synthesis, 1991 , Pergamon Press; A.R. Katritzky, 0. Meth-Cohn and C.W. Rees, Comprehensive Organic Functional Group Transformations, 1995, Elsevier Pergamon; A.R. Katritzky and R.J.K. Taylor, Comprehensive Organic Functional Group Transformations II, 2005, Elsevier Pergamon.
• the compound of formula (II) can be prepared as described in WO2003028720 and the compound of formula (XIV) is commercially available.
• the compounds of the present invention can be administered either as single agents or, alternatively, in combination with known anticancer treatments such as radiation therapy or chemotherapy regimen in combination with cytostatic or cytotoxic agents, antibiotic-type agents, alkylating agents, antimetabolite agents, hormonal agents, immunological agents, interferon-type agents, cyclooxygenase inhibitors (e.g. COX-2 inhibitors), matrixmetalloprotease inhibitors, telomerase inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, anti-growth factor receptor agents, anti-HER agents, anti-EGFR agents, anti-angiogenesis agents (e.g.
• cytostatic or cytotoxic agents antibiotic-type agents, alkylating agents, antimetabolite agents, hormonal agents, immunological agents, interferon-type agents, cyclooxygenase inhibitors (e.g. COX-2 inhibitors), matrixmetalloprotease inhibitors, telomerase inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, anti-growth factor receptor agents, anti
• such combination products employ the compounds of this invention within the dosage range described below and the other pharmaceutically active agent within the approved dosage range.
• the solid oral forms may contain, together with the active compound, diluents, e.g., lactose, dextrose saccharose, sucrose, cellulose, corn starch or potato starch; lubricants, e.g., silica, talc, stearic acid, magnesium or calcium stearate, and/or polyethylene glycols; binding agents, e.g., starches, arabic gum, gelatine methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose or polyvinyl pyrrolidone; disintegrating agents, e.g., starch, alginic acid, alginates or sodium starch glycolate; effervescing mixtures; dyestuffs; sweeteners; wetting agents such as lecithin, polysorbates, laurylsulphates; and, in general, nontoxic and pharmacologically inactive substances used in pharmaceutical formulations.
• diluents e.g., lactose, dextrose saccharose, sucrose
• the liquid dispersions for oral administration may be, e.g., syrups, emulsions and suspensions.
• the syrups may contain, as carrier, saccharose or saccharose with glycerine and/or mannitol and sorbitol.
• the suspensions and the emulsions may contain, as examples of carriers, natural gum, agar, sodium alginate, pectin, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, or polyvinyl alcohol.
• the suspension or solutions for intramuscular injections may contain, together with the active compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, e.g., sterile water, olive oil, ethyl oleate, glycols, e.g., propylene glycol and, if desired, a suitable amount of lidocaine hydrochloride.
• the suppositories may contain, together with the active compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, e.g., cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, a polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester surfactant or lecithin.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier e.g., cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, a polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester surfactant or lecithin.
• TLC Thin-layer chromatography
• Electrospray (ESI) mass spectra were obtained on a Finnigan LCQ ion trap. Unless otherwise specified, all final compounds were homogeneous (purity of not less than 95%), as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). HPLC-UV-MS analyses, used to assess compound purity, were carried out combining the ion trap MS instrument with HPLC system SSP4000 (Thermo Separation Products) equipped with an autosampler LC Pal (CTC Analytics) and UV6000LP diode array detector (UV detection 215-400 nm). Instrument control, data acquisition and processing were performed with the Xcalibur 1.2 software (Finnigan).
• HPLC chromatography was run at r.t., and 1 mL/min flow rate, using a Waters X Terra RP 18 column (4.6x 50 mm; 3.5 ⁇ ).
• Mobile phase A was ammonium acetate 5 mM buffer (pH 5.5 with acetic acid): acetonitrile 90:10
• mobile phase B was ammonium acetate 5 mM buffer (pH 5.5 with acetic acid): acetonitrile 10:90; the gradient was from 0 to 100% B in 7 minutes then hold 100% B for 2 minutes before requilibration.
• Methanesulfonic acid 2-(4-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxy)-ethyl ester To a solution of 2-(4-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxy)-ethanol (1.0 g, 4.5 mmol) in dry DCM (20 ml) and DIPEA (2.36 ml, 13.5 mmol), at 0°C, under argon atmosphere, was added methanesulfonyl chloride (421 ⁇ , 5.4 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0°C for 10 minutes, then the ice-bath removed and the stirring continued for 2 hours at r.t..
• the reaction mixture was heated to reflux and stirred for 15 min then cooled to r.t., poured into 200 ml of water and extracted with 200 ml of EtOAc. The organic layer was separated, dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated to dryness.
• the crude residue was purified by chromatography (Biotage SP1 Flash Purification system) on a silica gel cartridge (Varian SF40-120g) using DCM as eluant A and DCM / 7N NH 3 in MeOH 10:1 as eluant B.
• the precipitated solid was filtered, washed with water, dried and purified by chromatography (Biotage SP1 Flash Purification system) on a silica gel cartridge (Biotage SNAP 25g) using DCM as eluant A and DCM / 7N NH 3 in MeOH 10:1 as eluant B. Elution with a gradient from A / B 100:0 to 0:100 over 15 CV, followed by an isocratic elution with eluant B (5 CV), gave a yellow solid that was triturated with diethyl ether (15 ml) affording 111 mg (yield: 75%) of the title compound as a white solid.
• FLT3 cytoplasmic domain (aa 564-993end of the 993 aminoacid long full length sequence, accession number P36888 of UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. database) was amplified by PCR starting from a testis cDNA library and then cloned into pVL vector for expression in insect cells through the baculovirus system.
• the GST-FLT3 cytoplasmic domain has been expressed in Sf21 cells infected for 72 hours at 27°C.
• the recombinant protein has been purified by affinity on GSH-sepharose and eluted with glutathione. A further purification step has been performed on heparine sepharose.
• KIT cytoplasmic domain (aa 544-976end of the 976 aminoacid long full length sequence, accession number P10721 of UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot database) was cloned into pVL vector for expression in insect cells through the baculovirus system.
• the GST-KIT cytoplasmic domain has been expressed in Sf21 cells infected for 66 hrs at 27°C.
• the recombinant protein has been purified by affinity on GSH-sepharose and eluted with glutathione.
• the final yield was of 9 mg/billion cells and the protein resulted >80% pure by coomassie staining.
• Enzyme - The assay was performed using FLT3 cytoplasmic domain product and purified in house as GST fused protein.
• the FLT3 protein (1 microM) was pre activated with 800 microM ATP for 1 hour at 28 * C in order to obtain a linear kinetic.
• FLT3 Kinase Buffer (KB) - Kinase buffer was composed of 50 mM HEPES pH 7.9 containing 4 mM MgC , 1 mM DTT, 10 microM Na 3 V0 4 , and 0.2 mg/mL BSA
• Enzyme - The assay has been performed using KIT cytoplasmic domain product and purified in house as GST fused protein.
• the KIT protein (4.5 microM ) was pre activated with 300 microM ATP for 1 hour at 28 * C in order to obtain a linear kinetic.
• KIT kinase Buffer (KB) - Kinase buffer was composed of 50 mM HEPES pH 7.9 containing 5 mM MgC , 1 mM MnCI 2 , 10 mM DTT, 3 microM Na 3 V0 4 , and 0.2 mg/mL BSA
• test compounds were received as a 1 mM solution in 100% DMSO, distributed into 96 well plates: compounds were then plated into the first column of a microtiter plate (A1 to G1), 100 microL/well.
• An automated station for serial dilutions Biomek FX, Beckman was used for producing 1 :3 dilutions in 100 % DMSO, from line A1 to A10, and for all the compounds in the column.
• Each 384 well-plate contained at least one curve of the standard inhibitor staurosporine and reference wells (total enzyme activity vs. no enzymatic activity) for the Z' and signal to background evaluation.
• the cells were incubated at 37°C and 5 % CO2 and after 72 h the plates were processed using CellTiter-Glo assay (Promega) following the manufacturer's instruction.
• CellTiter-Glo is a homogenous method based on the quantification of the ATP present, an indicator of metabolitically active cells. ATP was quantified using a system based on luciferase and D-luciferin resultant into light generation. The luminescent signal was proportional to the number of cells present in culture.
• the IC50 values are tipically lower than 2 microM on FLT3 and lower than 3 microM on KIT.
• the IC50 values are tipically lower than 3 microM, with 26 compounds having IC50 values lower than 0.1 microM on both cell lines.

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