WO2012147853A1 - 多能性幹細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞、多能性幹細胞由来細胞凝集物と、その製造方法及び細胞療法、内科療法 - Google Patents
多能性幹細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞、多能性幹細胞由来細胞凝集物と、その製造方法及び細胞療法、内科療法 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing brown adipocytes using pluripotent stem cells, a method for producing cell aggregates as intermediate products thereof, and a pluripotent stem cell-derived cell aggregate produced by the method,
- the present invention relates to cell therapy and medical therapy using pluripotent stem cell-derived brown adipocytes and pluripotent stem cell-derived brown adipocytes.
- the basis of obesity treatment is to improve lifestyle based on diet and exercise therapy, but it is not easy for obese people to do. Obese patients who are unable to adhere to diet are not uncommon. In addition, there are many cases in which exercise therapy is difficult due to various diseases associated with obesity (osteoarthritis, diabetic gangrene, heart failure, etc.). On the other hand, it has been pointed out for a long time that there are “important factors” other than overeating and lack of exercise as the cause of obesity, as described in the term “eating gluttony”.
- BAT and WAT are also very different in development.
- BAT is already formed in the fetal period, but WAT develops mainly after birth.
- WAT develops mainly after birth.
- BAT disappears (physiological disappearance) within 2 days after birth, but this mechanism is completely unknown.
- the remaining BAT gradually decreases with aging, but this mechanism is unknown.
- BAT it is important to elucidate the physiological loss seen after birth and the disappearance mechanism associated with aging.
- small mammals such as mice are not useful.
- WAT is an energy storage tissue that stores fat
- BAT is an energy producing tissue that actively burns fat. Both exhibit completely different properties in cell morphology as well as gene expression. Morphologically, white adipocytes contain large monocystic lipid droplets, poor mitochondria (only a small amount of mitochondria are present around the nucleus), and their morphology reflects the low activity state of oxidative phosphorylation It is divided. Brown adipocytes, on the other hand, contain small multivesicular lipid droplets, abundant mitochondria (localized around the lipid droplets), and the morphology is vertically reflecting the highly activated state of oxidative phosphorylation It has long string-like fusion, and has many developed ladder-like christes inside.
- BAT is characterized by elongation of very long chain fatty acids-like3 (ELOVL3), cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector A ( CIDE-A), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ⁇ (PPAR ⁇ ), coactivator 1 ⁇ (PGC1 ⁇ ), cytochrome C (Cyt-c), epithelial V-like antigen (EVA1), neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 3 (NTRK3) .
- ELOVL3 cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector A
- PPAR ⁇ peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ⁇
- PPC1 ⁇ coactivator 1 ⁇
- EVA1 epithelial V-like antigen
- NRRK3 neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 3
- UCP1 has the effect of uncoupling mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production, and therefore has the effect of blocking the production of active oxygen, which is inevitably associated with oxidative phosphorylation. That is, BAT exerts a remarkable effect of eliminating oxidative stress associated with life activity by expressing UCP1.
- WAT and BAT are known to have contradictory physiological effects in the living body.
- WAT induces oxidative stress when cells accumulate in excess of fat accumulation.
- inflammation is induced in the adipose tissue, and insulin resistance at the individual level is induced by the influence of inflammatory cytokines and the like.
- BAT does not induce oxidative stress because UCP1 is highly expressed, and increases insulin sensitivity at the individual level.
- BAT has not only an anti-obesity action but also an action to improve insulin resistance, a prophylactic effect and a therapeutic effect on type 2 diabetes are expected.
- Non-patent Document 2 BAT has recently been reported to have a therapeutic effect on hyperlipidemia because it actively takes in lipids from the blood, burns it and actively consumes it.
- BAT which is expected to have a therapeutic effect on obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and results of coronary artery bypass surgery, for the cure of various diseases related to metabolic syndrome. It is an extremely important and valuable organization.
- BAT generation, proliferation mechanism, and function control in humans there are many unclear points about BAT generation, proliferation mechanism, and function control in humans.
- all adipokines known to be involved in metabolic regulation as adipose tissue-derived hormones have been identified from WAT and are expected to exhibit superior anti-obesity and metabolic improvement effects than existing adipokines.
- the “BAT-specific adipokine” that has been identified has not yet been identified.
- BAT The reason for this lack of important knowledge about BAT is that it is almost impossible to obtain BAT specimens from normal volunteers for the following reasons.
- 1) PET / CT examination with a large amount of exposure is necessary to identify the location of BAT.
- 2) BAT is not visualized by PET / CT examination in all subjects.
- 3) Human adults Then, BAT is distributed in multiple places (back cervix, side of each thoracic vertebra, etc.), and the amount is never large (total weight is 300 g or less), 4) In this way, BAT, which is a fine tissue, was removed There are four points: there are not enough evaluation materials for disadvantages (increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome, etc.).
- brown adipocytes In order to overcome these problems and supply sufficient amounts of brown adipocytes for use for research purposes and clinical applications (cell therapy, etc.), infinite self-amplification ability and pluripotent differentiation ability It is extremely effective to produce brown adipocytes from pluripotent stem cells that are also present.
- human pluripotent stem cells include human embryonic stem cells (ES cells) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (induced pluripotent cells (iPS) cells), which are the most versatile cells. There are no examples of successful production of brown adipocytes using sex stem cells.
- mice are BAT-rich animals and WAT is frequently converted into BAT by chronic cold stimulation, it is extremely unlikely that the results in mice will be applied to humans as they are. Furthermore, as described above, even when mouse stem cell-derived brown adipocytes prepared by this method are used, the mechanism of physiological loss observed in large mammals including humans cannot be elucidated.
- the main object of the present invention is to provide a technique for stably producing brown adipocytes from pluripotent stem cells without performing a gene transfer operation.
- an object is to produce high-quality brown adipocytes from human pluripotent stem cells.
- the present invention also provides a method for producing a human adipocyte cell line, which can be used for cell therapy for various diseases associated with metabolic syndrome from human pluripotent stem cells. It is an object of the present invention to provide a stable manufacturing technique.
- the present invention also provides brown adipocytes that can be an appropriate model for the generation and disappearance of brown adipocytes (the physiological loss after birth seen in large mammals and the loss associated with aging) from human pluripotent stem cells, It is an object of the present invention to provide a technique for stably producing human pluripotent stem cells in a serum-free environment without any difference between strains.
- the present invention also uses human pluripotent stem cells established without introducing a foreign gene genome from somatic cells of any individual, and cell therapy for diseases associated with metabolic syndrome
- Human brown adipocytes through the provision of technology for stable production of brown adipocytes, which can be used as a model and can be an appropriate model for the development and disappearance of brown adipocytes, in a serum-free environment without strain differences. It is also an issue to promote basic research and provide tools for the prevention or treatment of diseases related to metabolic syndrome.
- Patent Document 2 relating to the induction of blood cell differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells previously established by the same group
- brown adipocytes multivesicular lipid droplets, abundant I noticed mitochondria, etc.
- the giant fat cells have abundant multivesicular lipid droplets and that mitochondria are placed on the lipid droplets as morphological features.
- the present inventors noticed that there is a close relationship between hematopoietic cell differentiation and brown adipocyte differentiation from the above-mentioned experimental fact, and by modifying the hematopoietic cell differentiation induction system, excellent brown adipocytes We found that a differentiation induction system can be established.
- the present inventors achieved the optimization of the brown adipocyte differentiation induction method by adding the following changes to the above-described hematopoietic cell differentiation induction culture technique. Specifically, 1) No serum is added in all steps, 2) In the differentiation induction culture method consisting of two steps, the culture period in the first step (floating culture step for cell aggregate preparation) is lengthened. 3) Extend the culture period, which was 3 days in the original method, to 8 to 10 days. 3) Concerning the cytokine cocktail used in the first step, the concentration of SCF and Flt3L is about 1/10 to 1/100 of the conventional level.
- BMP4 bone morphogenetic protein 4
- the method for producing a pluripotent stem cell-derived brown adipocyte of the present invention is a method for producing a brown adipocyte using a pluripotent stem cell, wherein the method comprising the step (A) is performed from a pluripotent stem cell.
- a brown adipocyte is obtained from the cell aggregate by a method comprising forming a cell aggregate and including the step (B).
- A A step of non-adherent culture of pluripotent stem cells in the presence of hematopoietic cytokines in a serum-free environment to produce cell aggregates
- B A step of producing brown adipocytes by adherent culture of cell aggregates in the presence of hematopoietic cytokines
- the method for producing a pluripotent stem cell-derived cell aggregate of the present invention is a method for producing a cell aggregate using a pluripotent stem cell, wherein the method comprising the step (A) is performed from a pluripotent stem cell. It is characterized by obtaining cell aggregates.
- the method for producing pluripotent stem cell-derived brown adipocytes of the present invention is a method for producing brown adipocytes using pluripotent stem cell-derived cell aggregates, and the method comprising step (B) It is characterized in that brown adipocytes are obtained from cell stem cell-derived cell aggregates.
- step (B) A step of producing brown adipocytes by adherent culture of cell aggregates in the presence of hematopoietic cytokines
- examples of the hematopoietic cytokine used in the step (A) include BMP4, VEGF, SCF, Flt3L, IL6, and IGF2, and BMP4 is particularly preferable.
- BMP4 VEGF
- SCF saline-containing cytokine
- Flt3L hematopoietic cytokine
- IGF2 IL-6
- BMP4 is particularly preferable.
- One kind of cytokine such as BMP4 alone may be used, but it is preferable to use a mixture of three or more kinds of cytokines, and more preferably to use a mixture of all six kinds of cytokines.
- the concentration used is, for example, BMP4 (1 to 50 ng / ml, preferably 10 to 30 ng / ml), VEGF (0.5 to 20 ng / ml, preferably 1 to 10 ng / ml), SCF (1 to 50 ng / ml, preferably 10-30 ng / ml), Flt3L (0.5-20 ng / ml, preferably 1-5 ng / ml), IL6 (0.5-20 ng / ml, preferably 1-5 ng / ml), IGF2 (0.5-20 ng / ml, Preferably, it is 1 to 10 ng / ml).
- Examples of the hematopoietic cytokine used in the step (B) include BMP7, VEGF, SCF, Flt3L, IL6, and IGF2, and BMP7 is particularly preferable.
- BMP7 is particularly preferable.
- One kind of cytokine such as BMP7 alone may be used, but it is preferable to use a mixture of three or more kinds of cytokines, and more preferably to use a mixture of all six kinds of cytokines.
- Concentrations used include, for example, BMP7 (1 to 50 ng / ml, preferably 5 to 20 ng / ml), VEGF (0.5 to 20 ng / ml, preferably 1 to 10 ng / ml), SCF (1 to 50 ng / ml, preferably 10-30 ng / ml), Flt3L (0.5-20 ng / ml, preferably 1-5 ng / ml), IL6 (0.5-20 ng / ml, preferably 1-5 ng / ml), IGF2 (0.5-20 ng / ml, Preferably, it is 1 to 10 ng / ml).
- non-adhesive culture in step (A) using a general-purpose low-adsorption culture dish or semi-solid medium, etc., while maintaining the state suspended in the culture medium without causing the cells to adhere to the bottom of the culture dish (for example, it can be cultured at 37 ° C. in a 5% CO 2 incubator.
- a general-purpose cell culture vessel is used, which is directly or coated (for example, 0.1% protein such as porcine-derived gelatin), and then seeded and cultured ( For example, 37 ° C. in a 5% CO 2 incubator).
- the serum-free environment refers to protein components such as insulin, transferrin, albumin, and serum substitutes (GIBCO ⁇ PFHM-II Protein-Free Hybridoma Medium (registered trademark) without adding serum such as fetal calf serum to the medium. ), Life Technologies, Inc., etc.) is added and cultured.
- protein components such as insulin, transferrin, albumin, and serum substitutes (GIBCO ⁇ PFHM-II Protein-Free Hybridoma Medium (registered trademark) without adding serum such as fetal calf serum to the medium. ), Life Technologies, Inc., etc.) is added and cultured.
- Cell aggregates are spherical (or irregular) cell clusters formed by culturing pluripotent stem cells and the like suspended in a medium, and their sizes and tissue structures vary. It also means what may be connected to each other.
- ES cells or iPS cells may be used as pluripotent stem cells.
- IPS cells established by Sendai virus vectors may be used as iPS cells.
- Human pluripotent stem cells may be used as pluripotent stem cells.
- the pluripotent stem cell-derived brown adipocyte of the present invention is a brown adipocyte produced using a pluripotent stem cell, and is characterized by being obtained by a method comprising steps (A) and (B).
- B A step of producing brown adipocytes by adherent culture of cell aggregates in the presence of hematopoietic cytokines
- the pluripotent stem cell-derived cell aggregate of the present invention is a cell aggregate produced using pluripotent stem cells, and is obtained from a pluripotent stem cell by a method comprising the step (A).
- the pluripotent stem cell-derived brown adipocyte of the present invention is a brown adipocyte produced using a pluripotent stem cell-derived cell aggregate, and is obtained from the cell aggregate by a method comprising the step (B). It is characterized by being able to.
- B A step of producing brown adipocytes by adherent culture of cell aggregates in the presence of hematopoietic cytokines
- the pluripotent stem cell-derived brown adipocytes of the present invention are brown adipocytes produced using pluripotent stem cells, and at least the genes UCP1, PRDM16, PGC1 ⁇ , Cyt-c, CIDE-A, ELOVL3 , PPAR ⁇ , EVA1, NTRK3 gene expression is induced, and it has multivesicular lipid droplets.
- the gene expression is derived from the message of each gene when reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is performed using a predetermined primer and the product is visualized by agarose electrophoresis. It means that no band is detected in undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells, whereas it is detected in differentiation-inducing cells.
- RT-PCR reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction
- Multivesicular lipid droplets mean a large number of small spherical lipid droplets present in the cytoplasm, and their presence is confirmed by optical or electron microscopic observation.
- the number of lipid droplets is determined to be 15 or more in a photograph of a cell section in a cross section including a nucleus when observed with an electron microscope.
- the pluripotent stem cell-derived brown adipocyte of the present invention may have a string-like mitochondria that have a long and long fusion with many ladder-like criestes around the multivesicular lipid droplets.
- Long and long string-like mitochondria that contain many ladder-like crystals are elongated by merging mitochondria with each other in the long axis direction.
- the disk-shaped christes extending in the whole circumference from end to end of the intima are closely arranged in parallel to each other.
- pluripotent stem cells may be ES cells or iPS cells.
- Pluripotent stem cells may be human pluripotent stem cells.
- the cell therapy of the present invention is a cell therapy for the prevention or treatment of obesity, and is characterized by transplanting the aforementioned pluripotent stem cell-derived brown adipocytes.
- the cell therapy of the present invention is a cell therapy for improving insulin resistance or preventing or treating diabetes, characterized by transplanting the aforementioned pluripotent stem cell-derived brown adipocytes. .
- the cell therapy of the present invention is a cell therapy for preventing or treating hyperlipidemia, and is characterized by transplanting the aforementioned pluripotent stem cell-derived brown adipocytes.
- the cell therapy of the present invention is a cell therapy for an operation for creating a bypass circulation in the coronary artery, and is characterized by transplanting the aforementioned pluripotent stem cell-derived brown adipocytes.
- the cell therapy of the present invention is a cell therapy for promoting hematopoiesis and is characterized by transplanting the aforementioned pluripotent stem cell-derived brown adipocytes.
- the medical therapy of the present invention prevents or treats obesity, improves insulin resistance, prevents or treats diabetes, prevents or treats hyperlipidemia, treats to promote hematopoiesis, creates coronary artery bypass circulation
- the present invention can provide a technique for stably producing brown adipocytes from pluripotent stem cells in a serum-free and feeder-free environment.
- gene expression of genes UCP1, PRDM16, PGC1 ⁇ , Cyt-c, CIDE-A, ELOVL3, PPAR ⁇ , EVA1, NTRK3 is induced from human pluripotent stem cells, and multivesicular lipid droplets are present.
- brown adipocytes having string-like mitochondria fused vertically and having a large number of ladder-like crystals can be provided.
- brown adipocytes produced in the present invention are substantially free of xenogeneic cells and foreign viral components, they are excellent as basic research tools and cell therapy tools.
- A Graph showing mitochondrial respiratory capacity evaluation of brown adipocytes induced by differentiation from human ES cells
- B Graph showing mitochondrial respiratory capacity evaluation of brown adipocytes induced by differentiation from human iPS cells (SeV-iPS)
- C Graph showing mitochondrial respiratory evaluation of human MSC-derived white adipocytes
- A A graph showing changes in blood neutral fat when brown adipocytes induced to differentiate from human ES cells are transplanted subcutaneously into the back of mice and an adrenergic ⁇ receptor agonist is added.
- A Explanatory diagram of glucose tolerance test schedule
- B A graph showing fasting blood glucose levels in mice transplanted subcutaneously with dorsal brown adipocytes differentiated from human ES cells
- C Graph showing the glucose tolerance test results of mice transplanted subcutaneously with dorsal adipocytes differentiated from human ES cells
- D Graph showing the therapeutic effect of abnormal glucose metabolism in mice transplanted subcutaneously with brown adipocytes differentiated from human ES cells Photomicrograph showing resistance to active oxygen production in brown adipocytes induced to differentiate from human ES cells
- A Explanatory drawing of hematopoietic stromal function test method for brown adipocytes differentiated from human ES cells
- B Graph showing evaluation of human CD45-expressing cells by FACS
- C Graph showing evaluation of human CD33 and human CD45-expressing cells by FACS
- D Hematopoietic cytokines of brown adipocytes induced to differentiate from human ES cells Electrophoresis
- the brown adipocytes according to the present invention are brown adipocytes produced using pluripotent stem cells, and are obtained by a method comprising steps (A) and (B).
- B A step of producing brown adipocytes by adherent culture of cell aggregates in the presence of hematopoietic cytokines
- pluripotent stem cell-derived brown cells from pluripotent stem cells
- pluripotent stem cells are separated from feeder cells such as mouse fetal fibroblasts, and then BMP4 is added to produce cell aggregates Using the medium, culture for about 8 to 10 days while keeping the cells suspended in a general-purpose low-adsorption culture vessel.
- the cell agglomerates thus prepared are used as brown adipocyte differentiation medium supplemented with BMP7.
- the cells are cultured in a general-purpose cell culture vessel or a vessel coated with a protein component such as gelatin. Thereby, production of pluripotent stem cell-derived brown adipocytes from pluripotent stem cells is achieved in about 10 to 15 days.
- the pluripotent stem cell as a starting material refers to a stem cell having pluripotency, and examples thereof include ES cells, iPS cells, testicular stem cells, adult stem cells, and Muse cells.
- the pluripotent stem cell may be a human pluripotent stem cell.
- pluripotent stem cells are a group of cells derived from humans and retaining pluripotent differentiation ability. This includes human ES cells, human iPS cells, human testicular stem cells, human adult stem cells, human Muse cells, and the like.
- iPS cells Methods for obtaining and establishing pluripotent stem cells are known.
- human ES cells with permission from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, distribution from domestic establishment institutions (Kyoto University, National Center for Child Health and Development) or distribution from overseas facilities (private companies, universities, etc.) Can be given or purchased.
- a method using a Sendai virus (SeV) vector is preferred.
- commercially available human fibroblasts are cultured in a medium supplemented with a Sendai virus vector loaded with a reprogramming factor expression unit.
- Sendai virus vectors carrying reprogramming factor expression units include CytoTune-iPS (DNAVEC Corporation).
- Human iPS cells produced using retroviral vectors can be purchased from RIKEN BioResource Center or distributed from Kyoto University or the National Center for Child Health and Development.
- pluripotent stem cells are used in suspension culture in general-purpose low-adsorption culture vessels, etc. without using additives necessary for maintaining undifferentiated and using additives that have the effect of maintaining the viability of pluripotent stem cells. By doing so, a cell aggregate can be formed.
- the directionality of differentiation of pluripotent stem cell-derived cell aggregates is controlled by the composition of the medium used when producing the cell aggregates. When producing brown adipocytes, it is essential that the medium for producing cell aggregates contains at least one hematopoietic cytokine.
- brown adipocytes when producing brown adipocytes, there are no particular restrictions on the form or size of the cell aggregate that is an intermediate product, but the composition of the medium used for the production of the cell aggregate is subject to predetermined conditions.
- hematopoietic cytokines at such a high volume as used for blood cell differentiation (for example, SCF or Flt3L at 100 to 300 ng / ml) because production of brown adipocytes is suppressed.
- a general basal medium IMDM / F12 with the following added may be used. That is, 5 mg / ml bovine serum albumin (BSA), 1% volume synthetic lipid solution (Life Technologies, Inc.), 1% volume ⁇ 100 insulin-transferrin-selenium (ITS-A) (Life Technologies, Inc.), 450 ⁇ M ⁇ - monothioglycerol (MTG) (Sigma-Aldrich, Inc.), 2 mM L-Glutamine (Life Technologies, Inc.), 5% volume GIBCO PFHM-II Protein-Free Hybridoma Medium (PFHII) (registered trademark) (Life Technologies, Inc.) ), 50 ⁇ g / ml Ascorbic acid.
- BSA bovine serum albumin
- ITS-A insulin-transferrin-selenium
- MMG monothioglycerol
- PFHII Protein-Free Hybridoma Medium
- BMP4 (1 to 50 ng / ml, preferably 10 to 30 ng / ml), VEGF (0.5 to 20 ng / ml, preferably 1 to 10 ng / ml), SCF (1 to 50 ng / ml, Preferably 10-30 ng / ml), Flt3L (0.5-20 ng / ml, preferably 1-5 ng / ml), IL6 (0.5-20 ng / ml, preferably 1-5 ng / ml), IGF2 (0.5-20 ng / ml) And preferably 1 to 10 ng / ml).
- hematopoietic cytokine cocktails include BMP4 (20 ng / ml), VEGF (5 ng / ml), SCF (20 ng / ml), Flt3L (2.5 ng / ml), IL6 (2.5 ng / ml), IGF2 (5 ng / ml).
- a medium for cell aggregate preparation put pluripotent stem cells in a general-purpose low-adsorption culture container, etc., and keep them suspended in the medium without adhering to the bottom of the container, for example, a 5% CO 2 incubator Incubate at 37 ° C for 8-10 days. Meanwhile, for example, half of the medium is replaced with fresh every 3 days.
- a culture medium for example, tilt the low-adsorption culture vessel at 30 degrees and leave it for about 1 minute. After confirming that the cell aggregates have completely settled, gently suck out only the culture supernatant with a half-pipette. After that, the same amount of fresh medium for cell aggregate preparation is added, and the cell aggregates are uniformly dispersed while gently shaking the entire low-adsorption culture vessel.
- the low-adsorption culture vessel used for the suspension culture is not particularly limited as long as pluripotent stem cells do not adhere to the bottom of the vessel.
- PMC 2-methacryloxyethyl phosphorylcholine
- Hydro cell Registered trademark
- the pluripotent stem cell suspension recovered by the stripping solution treatment is allowed to stand for about 30 seconds in a centrifuge tube. It is preferable that only sex stem cells are selectively settled, and then the cells are suspended again using a medium for preparing cell aggregates and then suspended in a low-adsorption culture vessel.
- pluripotent stem cell-derived cell aggregates have a spherical shape filled with the inside or a shape close thereto, but sometimes have an irregular shape or may be fused with each other. In rare cases, the inside may be hollow. The size varies from the level confirmed with an optical microscope (diameter 100 to 300 ⁇ m) to that easily visible with the naked eye (diameter 300 to 1000 ⁇ m).
- a step of adherent culture of cell aggregates in the presence of hematopoietic cytokines to produce brown adipocytes can be performed using a general-purpose cell culture vessel. Any cell culture vessel may be used as long as it is generally used for cell culture.
- General-purpose basal media include IMDM, IMDM / F12, DMEM, DMEM / F12, RPMI and the like.
- Serum-free culture media include Escron SF-B (EIDIA Co., Ltd.), Escron SF-03 (EIDIA Co., Ltd.), ASF-104 (AJINOMOTO CO., Inc.), ASF-104N (AJINOMOTO CO., Inc.), X-VIVO 10 (Lonza group Ltd.), X-VIVO 15 (Lonza group Ltd.), and the like.
- BMP7 (1 to 50 ng / ml, preferably 5 to 20 ng / ml), VEGF (0.5 to 20 ng / ml, preferably 1 to 10 ng / ml), SCF (1 to 50 ng / ml, Preferably 10-30 ng / ml), Flt3L (0.5-20 ng / ml, preferably 1-5 ng / ml), IL6 (0.5-20 ng / ml, preferably 1-5 ng / ml), IGF2 (0.5-20 ng / ml) And preferably 1 to 10 ng / ml).
- hematopoietic cytokine cocktails include BMP7 (10 ng / ml), VEGF (5 ng / ml), SCF (20 ng / ml), Flt3L (2.5 ng / ml), IL6 (2.5 ng / ml), IGF2 (5 ng / ml) ml).
- the culture conditions for induction of differentiation can be appropriately set depending on the type of human pluripotent stem cells to be used.
- the culture is performed in a 37 ° C., 5% CO 2 incubator for about one week.
- ⁇ Coating may be applied to increase cell adhesion.
- a 0.1% porcine gelatin aqueous solution is placed in a culture vessel and left at room temperature for about 10 minutes.
- a general-purpose culture vessel with enhanced cell adhesion (Corning CellBIND Surface (registered trademark), Corning Inc., etc.) may be used.
- pluripotent stem cell-derived brown adipocytes indicates the induction of brown adipocyte marker genes such as UCP1, PRDM16, PGC1 ⁇ , Cyt-c, CIDE-A, ELOVL3, PPAR ⁇ , EVA1, NTRK3, RT- This can be confirmed by examining the PCR. It can also be confirmed by observation of multivesicular lipid droplets with a phase contrast microscope, observation of multivesicular lipid droplets with an electron microscope, and observation with a cytoplasm of a vertically long fused mitochondrion having a ladder-like crystal.
- brown adipocyte marker genes such as UCP1, PRDM16, PGC1 ⁇ , Cyt-c, CIDE-A, ELOVL3, PPAR ⁇ , EVA1, NTRK3, RT- This can be confirmed by examining the PCR. It can also be confirmed by observation of multivesicular lipid droplets with a phase contrast microscope, observation of multivesicular lipid droplets with an electron microscope, and observation with
- pluripotent stem cell-derived brown adipocytes The function of pluripotent stem cell-derived brown adipocytes is confirmed by the increased expression of genes related to mitochondrial amplification and heat production such as PRDM16 and UCP1 when isoproterenol, an adrenergic ⁇ receptor agonist, is added Is done.
- pluripotent stem cell-derived brown adipocytes The function of pluripotent stem cell-derived brown adipocytes is to increase cell temperature, increase oxygen consumption, or pluripotency when an adrenergic ⁇ receptor agonist such as isoproterenol is added.
- an adrenergic ⁇ receptor agonist such as isoproterenol
- the brown adipocytes thus obtained are pluripotent stem cell-derived brown adipocytes, and have excellent properties that there is virtually no contamination with heterologous animal cells or infection with heterologous animal-derived viruses.
- the pluripotent stem cell-derived brown adipocytes obtained in this way can be used as a basic research tool for the development and dedifferentiation of brown adipocytes and as a cell therapy tool for obesity and hyperlipidemia. is there.
- the brown adipocytes produced in the present invention express a gene group for converting the chemical energy accumulated in the neutral fat in the lipid droplets into heat energy. Therefore, when the brown adipocytes produced in the present invention are transplanted in vivo, the total heat production of the individual increases, and the basal metabolism is increased accordingly, so that obesity is improved in the long term. It is expected. That is, the brown adipocytes produced in the present invention are useful as a cell therapy tool for obesity.
- the brown adipocytes produced in the present invention waste chemical energy accumulated in the living body as heat energy, so that a space for storing surplus energy in the adipose tissue is newly secured.
- the Rukoto Therefore, the energy taken from the meal is quickly taken up by the adipose tissue.
- the insulin resistance that occurs because there is no reserve capacity for the storage of surplus energy derived from the meal transplants the brown adipocytes produced in the present invention
- a surplus energy storage capacity is newly secured and improved. That is, the brown adipocytes produced in the present invention are useful as a cell therapy tool for insulin resistance.
- the brown fat cell produced by this invention is hold
- the lipid component taken in from the outside as a multivesicular fat droplet within cytoplasm.
- mitochondria which are highly active in oxidative phosphorylation by the electron transport system, fused in a long axis direction and have a ladder-like crystal developed inside.
- the brown adipocytes produced in the present invention express a gene group for converting energy obtained by oxidative phosphorylation into heat energy.
- the brown adipocytes prepared in the present invention are useful as a cell therapy tool for hyperlipidemia.
- the usefulness as a cell therapy tool for hyperlipidemia is obtained by transplanting the brown adipocytes prepared in the present invention into a mouse or the like that has been induced in advance to a hyperlipidemia state by a high fat diet or the like. It is confirmed by following the serum fat level for one week.
- mice transplanted with brown adipocytes prepared according to the present invention are orally loaded with edible oils such as olive oil after fasting overnight, and after that, about 4 hours later, neutral fat in the blood Confirmed by tracking the value.
- the brown adipocytes produced in the present invention express UCP1.
- UCP1 exhibits uncoupling in the electron transport system, thereby preventing the generation of reactive oxygen that is inevitably produced in association with oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. That is, the brown adipocytes prepared in the present invention do not produce active oxygen and do not elicit an inflammatory reaction. Therefore, when brown adipocytes prepared according to the present invention are transplanted into a living body, generation of active oxygen in the transplanted portion is prevented.
- the dilemma of fat transplantation therapy in coronary artery bypass surgery (reactive oxygen is produced from transplanted adipocytes, causing an inflammatory reaction at the site of revascularization, and the prognosis of long-term revascularization. Can improve the long-term prognosis after revascularization. That is, the brown adipocytes produced in the present invention are useful as a cell therapy tool for fat transplantation therapy in coronary artery bypass surgery.
- hematopoietic stroma cells that support hematopoietic support ability.
- hematopoietic stroma cells present in the bone marrow of mice exhibit morphological characteristics as brown adipocytes.
- brown adipocytes are present in the bone marrow of mice (Non-patent Document 7).
- white adipocytes prepared from human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells do not have hematopoietic support ability.
- brown adipocytes negatively control hematopoiesis
- brown adipocytes positively control hematopoiesis
- adipokine or the like secreted by brown adipocytes produced in the present invention when administered in vivo, it acts on the liver, skeletal muscle, white adipocytes, etc. to improve lipid and sugar metabolism, Indirect action on myeloid hematopoietic progenitor cells can improve hematopoietic function. That is, the substance secreted by the brown adipocytes prepared in the present invention is used for preventing or treating obesity, improving insulin resistance, preventing or treating diabetes, preventing or treating hyperlipidemia, and promoting hematopoiesis. It is useful as a medical therapy tool in combination with treatment, surgery to create coronary artery bypass circulation, etc.
- the medium was replaced with DMEM containing 10% FBS the next day after infection with the vector. Thereafter, the cells were cultured for 6 days in a 37 ° C., 5% CO 2 incubator. Next, the X-irradiated mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) 6.0 ⁇ 10 5 (cells) prepared in a gelatin-coated 10 cm culture dish were removed with Accutase (Innovative Cell Technologies, Inc.). 9.0 ⁇ 10 5 to 1.5 ⁇ 10 6 (pieces) were cultured.
- MEF mouse embryonic fibroblasts
- the medium was changed from DMEM containing 10% FBS to a medium for primate ES cells (ReproCELL Inc.) (with FGF2 added to 5 ng / ml) and cultured in a 3% CO 2 incubator. The medium was changed every day.
- FIG. 1 is a photomicrograph showing morphological changes in HUVEC-derived human induced pluripotent stem cells (SeV-iPS cells). Colonies appeared after several days of culture, and human embryonic stem cell-like colonies appeared by culturing for about 20 days. As shown in the photograph in FIG. 1, flat colonies similar to those seen in human embryonic stem cells clearly different from HUVEC before induction were observed. This human embryonic stem cell-like colony was the same as that reported in the past (Non-patent Document 5).
- Example 2 Confirmation of undifferentiated maintenance of human induced pluripotent stem cells using Sendai virus vector: Using a flow cytometer (FACSCalibur (registered trademark)) (Becton, Dickinson and Company), the expression of SSEA4 and OCT3 / 4, which are undifferentiated markers of human pluripotent stem cells, was examined.
- FACSCalibur registered trademark
- the SeV-iPS cells obtained in Example 1 were separated from the pluripotent stem cell detachment solution (0.25% trypsin (Life Technologies, Inc.) 1 mg / ml collagenase IV (Wako Pure Chemical Industries , Ltd.) 20% KnockOut (registered trademark) Serum Replacement (Life Technologies, Inc.) 1 mM CaCl 2 ), and then dispersed using Trypsin / EDTA solution (Sigma-Aldrich, Inc.) The suspension was suspended in FACS buffer (X1 PBS, 0.05% NaN 3 , 5% FBS).
- the upper graph shows staining data of SSEA4 and OCT3 / 4, respectively, with the control antibody on the left and the target antibody (anti-SSEA4 antibody, anti-OCT3 / 4 antibody) on the right. Since the staining data with the target antibody shifted in the direction of increasing FL2 compared to the control antibody, the expression of the target protein was observed in the majority of cells.
- the lower graph is a histogram of the upper graph, and it is clear that the distribution curve of the target antibody is shifted in the FL2 increasing direction compared to the control antibody.
- SSEA4, OCT3 / 4 and Nanog which are undifferentiated markers of human pluripotent stem cells, was also confirmed by immunostaining.
- the SeV-iPS cells obtained in Example 1 were fixed with acetone / methanol (1: 3), subjected to cell membrane permeabilization with 0.1% Triton-X-100 / PBS, and then anti-human.
- SSEA4 antibody ES Cell Marker Sample Kit
- anti-human OCT3 / 4 antibody ES Cell Marker Sample Kit
- Anti-human Nanog antibody ReproCELL Inc.
- the anti-human SSEA4 antibody and anti-human OCT3 / 4 antibody were performed according to the Kit protocol.
- the secondary antibody reaction was performed using Alexa Fluor 488-labeled anti-rabbit IgG antibody (Life Technologies, Inc.) X 1/2000, and then observed with a fluorescence microscope.
- Alexa Fluor 488-labeled anti-rabbit IgG antibody (Life Technologies, Inc.) X 1/2000, and then observed with a fluorescence microscope.
- FIG. 3 it was confirmed that the SeV-iPS cells obtained in Example 1 highly expressed all the undifferentiated markers of SSEA4, OCT3 / 4, and Nanog. It was done.
- Example 3 Removal of foreign gene derived from SeV vector: Cloning was performed in order to obtain a strain in which the SeV vector-derived foreign gene was removed from the SeV-iPS cells obtained in Example 1. As a guideline for removing the SeV vector-derived foreign gene, immunostaining with an anti-SeV antibody (DNAVEC Corporation) was performed. SeV-iPS cells are fixed with 10% mild form (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.), using anti-SeV antibody as primary antibody and Alexa Fluor 488-labeled anti-rabbit IgG antibody (Life Technologies, Inc.) as secondary antibody After staining, the sample was observed with a fluorescence microscope.
- RT-PCR was performed to detect transgenes and SeV genomes.
- RT was performed using Superscript III First-Strand Synthesis System for RT-PCR (Life Technologies, Inc.).
- PCR was performed using GeneAmpR PCR System 9700 (Life Technologies, Inc.), denaturation (95 ° C. for 5 minutes), amplification (95 ° C. for 30 seconds, 55 ° C. for 30 seconds, 72 ° C. for 30 seconds, 30-35 cycles) and post-stretching (72 ° C. for 7 minutes).
- Primer is OCT3 / 4 (Fw: CCCGAAAGAGAAAGCGAACCAG, Rv: AATGTATCGAAGGTGCTCAA), SOX2 (Fw: ACAAGAGAAAAAACATGTATGG, Rv: ATGCGCTGGTTCACGCCCGCGCCCAGG), KLF4 (Fw: ACAAGAGAAAAAACATGTATGG, Rv: CGCGCTGGCAGGGCCGCTGCTCGAC), cMYC (Fw: TAACTGACTAGCAGGCTTGTCG, Rv: TCCACATACAGTCCTGGATGATGATG), SeV (Fw: GGATCACTAGGTGATATCGAGC, Rv: ACCAGACAAGTTTAAGAGATATGTATC) was used.
- the SeV-iPS cell line obtained in Example 1 is negative for SeV antigen and does not hold a foreign gene derived from SeV vector. confirmed. Therefore, the SeV-iPS cell line is more suitable for clinical use, drug evaluation system, and pathological model system than iPS cells prepared with retroviral vectors.
- Example 4 Maintenance culture of human embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells: Human embryonic stem cells (KhES-3) provided by Kyoto University / Regenerative Medicine Research Institute were used. KhES-3 and the SeV-iPS cell lines described in Examples 1 to 3 were 20% on MEF that had been treated with X-ray irradiation. Knockout Serum Replacement (KSR) (Life Technologies, Inc.), 5 ng / ml FGF2, 1% non-essential amino acids solution, 100 ⁇ M 2-mercaptethanol, 2 mM L-glutamine-containing DMEM / F12 (Life Technologies, Inc.) medium Maintenance culture was carried out using this.
- KSR Knockout Serum Replacement
- Brown adipocyte induction from human embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells In order to induce differentiation into brown adipocytes, first, in order to separate and remove MEF from the KhES-3 and SeV-iPS cell lines, the suspension of pluripotent stem cells recovered by the stripping solution treatment was used in a centrifuge tube. Only pluripotent stem cells were selectively sedimented by allowing to stand for about 2 seconds.
- Induction of differentiation into brown adipocytes was performed in the following two steps.
- the precipitate consisting of pluripotent stem cells in Example 3 was added to 4 ml of cell aggregate production medium (5 mg / ml BSA, 1% volume synthetic lipid solution, 1% volume ⁇ 100 ITS-A, 450 ⁇ M MTG, 2mM L-Glutamine, 5% volume PFHII, 50 ⁇ g / ml Ascorbic acid, 20ng / ml BMP4, 5ng / ml VEGF, 20ng / ml SCF, 2.5ng / ml Flt3L, 2.5ng / ml IL6, IMDM / F12 medium containing 5ng / ml IGF2) They were transferred to a type MPC-coated culture dish and cultured at 37 ° C.
- the cells were cultured for 8 to 10 days while changing half of the medium every 3 days.
- the same amount of fresh medium for cell aggregate preparation was added, and the cell aggregate was uniformly dispersed while gently shaking the entire MPC-coated culture dish.
- Resistin is a gene that not only induces insulin resistance but is also associated with canceration and arteriosclerosis. Resistin expression is not induced in human pluripotent stem cell-derived brown adipocytes, as well as drug discovery research using human pluripotent stem cell-derived brown adipocytes, human pluripotent stem cell-derived brown adipocytes This is an extremely important point in considering the safety of cell therapy using EDTA.
- Example 6 Confirmation of necessity of hematopoietic cytokine and efficacy of BMP7 in brown adipocyte induction from human embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells: In performing brown adipocyte differentiation from KhES-3 and SeV-iPS cell lines in accordance with the method described in Example 5, in the suspension culture step (A), no hematopoietic cytokine was added, and 5 When culture was performed using a medium supplemented with only ng / ml IGF2 and 20 ng / ml BMP4, a large amount of cell death was induced, and no cell aggregates were formed.
- the hematopoietic cytokine cocktail is essential for the step (A) for producing a cell aggregate corresponding to the first half of the brown adipocyte differentiation process of human pluripotent stem cells. Therefore, in order to evaluate the necessity of hematopoietic cytokines and BMP7 in the latter half of the brown adipocyte differentiation process of human pluripotent stem cells, in the suspension culture step (A), 20 ng / ml BMP4, 5 ng / ml VEGF Cell aggregates using the medium described in Example 5 containing 20 ng / ml SCF, 2.5 ng / ml Flt3L, 2.5 ng / ml IL6, 5 ng / ml IGF2, followed by an adhesion culture step In (B), culture was performed using a medium containing or not containing a hematopoietic cytokine cocktail and BMP7, and the state of gene expression induction and cell morphology of UCP1 and PRDM16 were examined
- Example 7 Confirmation of increase in "heat production ability" by adrenergic ⁇ receptor agonist in brown adipocytes prepared from human embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells: According to the method described in Example 5, brown adipocytes were prepared from the KhES-3 cell line and SeV-iPS cells, and the adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol was reacted at a concentration of (100 ⁇ M) for 4 hours. It was. In order to evaluate the activation state of brown adipocytes accompanying the addition of an adrenergic receptor agonist, the gene expression of PRDM16 and UCP1 was examined by RT-PCR. As a result, as shown in FIG. 10, depending on the addition of isoproterenol, it was confirmed that the expression of the UCP1 gene, which is essential for heat production, is increased together with the PRDM16 gene.
- Brown adipocytes (1 x 10 6 cells / 100 ⁇ l physiological saline (saline)) prepared from KhES-3 cell line and SeV-iPS cells, 6-week-old mice that had undergone hair removal treatment 3 days in advance Transplanted subcutaneously (back) of (ICR strain). The next day, isoproterenol (30 ⁇ mol / kg) was administered, and after 4 hours, thermography was performed using Thermo GEAR G120 (NEC Avio Infrared Technologies Co., Ltd.) under anesthesia.
- Thermo GEAR G120 NEC Avio Infrared Technologies Co., Ltd.
- raw diet (100 ⁇ l) and undifferentiated KhES-3 cells (1 x 10 6 cells / 100 ⁇ l raw diet), or raw diet (100 ⁇ l) and undifferentiated SeV-iPS cells (1 x 10 6 cells / 100) ⁇ l saline) were transplanted respectively.
- FIG. 11 FIG. 11A right, 11B right
- an increase in skin temperature was confirmed only in mice transplanted with human pluripotent stem cell-derived brown adipocytes.
- Example 8 Confirmation of mitochondrial respiratory enhancement by adrenergic ⁇ 3 receptor agonist in brown adipocytes prepared from human embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells: According to the method described in Example 5, brown adipocytes were induced to differentiate from the KhES-3 cell line and SeV-iPS cell line.
- the differentiation-inducing adhesion culture step (B) is performed using the XF96 Extracellular Flux Analyzer (Seahorse Bioscience Inc., Billerica, MA) was used using a 96-well plate coated with 0.1% gelatin. The amount of cell aggregates to be seeded was 30 per well.
- Example 9 Confirmation of blood triglyceride (TG) removal effect of brown adipocytes prepared from human embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells: First, the removal effect of fasting blood TG was verified. Specifically, brown adipocytes were prepared from human ES cells (hES-3 cell line) by the method described in Example 5. The human ES cell-derived brown adipocytes (1 ⁇ 10 6 cells) were transplanted subcutaneously (back) of 6-week-old mice (ICR strain).
- isoproterenol (30 ⁇ mol / kg) was administered, and another 2 hours later, a small blood sample ( ⁇ 5 ⁇ l) was taken from the lateral tarsal vein and Accurend Plus® (F. TG value (mM / L) was measured using Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd., Basel, Switzerland).
- F. TG value (mM / L) was measured using Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd., Basel, Switzerland).
- undifferentiated human ES cells KhES-3 strain
- brown adipocytes were prepared from human iPS cells (SeV-iPS cell line) by the method described in Example 5.
- the human iPS cell-derived brown adipocytes (1 ⁇ 10 6 cells) were transplanted subcutaneously (back) of 6-week-old mice (ICR strain). After 16 hours of fasting, isoproterenol (15 ⁇ mol / kg) was administered, and 2 hours later, olive oil (200 ⁇ l) was orally administered with a sonde.
- human ES cell-derived brown adipocytes and human iPS cell-derived brown adipocytes have an action to remove blood TG, and that they exhibit an effect of improving lipid metabolism in vivo It was done.
- the lipid metabolism improvement effect is based on the possibility that human pluripotent stem cell-derived brown adipocytes have directly taken up blood TG, and adipokines secreted by human pluripotent stem cell-derived brown adipocytes are used in other organs. The possibility of acting on (liver, skeletal muscle, white fat cells, etc.) and improving lipid metabolism, or both, is considered.
- Brown adipocytes were prepared from the KhES-3 cell line according to the method described in Example 5.
- the human ES cell-derived brown adipocytes (1 ⁇ 10 6 cells) were transplanted subcutaneously (back) of 6-week-old mice (ICR strain).
- Isoproterenol (30 ⁇ mol / kg) was administered after fasting for 16 hours, and glucose (2 mg / mouse body weight (g)) was orally administered using a sonde after 3 hours and 45 minutes. Blood was collected before glucose administration, 15 minutes, 30 minutes and 60 minutes after administration, and blood glucose concentration (blood glucose level) was measured (FIG. 14A).
- human ES cell-derived brown adipocytes exert a significant therapeutic effect on glucose tolerance abnormality caused by human MSC-derived white adipocytes, that is, abnormal glucose metabolism in an obese state.
- human ES cell-derived brown adipocytes and human MSC-derived white adipocytes have an effect of improving fat metabolism, but the sugar metabolism has an improvement effect only on human ES cell-derived brown adipocytes. It was confirmed.
- human pluripotent stem cell-derived brown adipocytes may have taken blood glucose directly, and adipokines secreted by human pluripotent stem cell-derived brown adipocytes may be used in other organs. The possibility of acting on (liver, skeletal muscle, white fat cells, pancreatic ⁇ cells, etc.) to improve glucose metabolism, or both, is considered.
- Example 11 Confirmation of non-reactive oxygen production in brown adipocytes prepared from human embryonic stem cells: According to the method described in Example 5, differentiation of brown adipocytes was induced from the KhES-3 cell line. Then, 200 ⁇ M of 2,7-dichlorodihydroflurescein diacetate (DCFDA), which is widely used as a probe for intracellular reactive oxygen species, was added, and the production state of reactive oxygen species was evaluated by observation with a fluorescence microscope. As a positive control, the same experiment was performed using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in which constant production of reactive oxygen species was observed. As a result, as shown in FIG.
- DCFDA 2,7-dichlorodihydroflurescein diacetate
- Brown adipocytes were produced from human ES cells (KhES-3 cell line) using a culture dish having a diameter of 6 cm by the method described in Example 5. And the hematopoietic support ability of human ES cell-derived brown adipocytes was evaluated by the method described in FIG. 16A. Specifically, the growth of human ES cell-derived brown adipocytes was stopped by gamma irradiation (40 Gy), and the medium was replaced with RPMI1640 medium containing 10% fetal calf serum (without any recombinant cytokines added).
- mice After transplantation, mice were euthanized 6 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks later, and hematopoietic cells were collected from the bone marrow, spleen, and thymus.
- Human-specific CD45 antibody pan leukocyte marker
- human-specific CD33 antibody myeloid system
- the chimera rate positive rate of human blood cells in the mouse individual was calculated by flow cytometry using a cell marker), a human specific CD19 antibody (B cell marker), and a human specific CD3 antibody (T cell marker).
- B cell marker human specific CD19 antibody
- T cell marker human specific CD3 antibody
- the results are as follows: 1) The positive rate of human CD45 positive cells in the spleen is significantly increased in the co-culture group with human ES cell-derived brown adipocytes compared to the direct transplant group (FIG. 16B), 2) in the spleen It was confirmed that the positive rate of human CD33-positive cells was significantly increased in the co-culture group with human ES cell-derived brown adipocytes compared to the direct transplantation group (FIG. 16C). This means that human ES cell-derived brown adipocytes function as a stroma that supports proliferation and differentiation of myeloid hematopoietic progenitor cells (progenitor cells of granulocytes and macrophages).
- cytokine genes in human ES cell-derived brown adipocytes.
- various types of hematopoietic cytokines thrombopoietin; TPO, IL6, IL3, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; G-CSF, granulocyte / macrophage colony-stimulating factor; GM -CSF, erythropoietin (EPO) is expressed, but human MSC-derived white adipocytes expressed only limited cytokines such as IL6.
- TPO thrombopoietin
- TPO IL6, IL3
- G-CSF granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
- GM -CSF erythropoietin
- EPO erythropoietin
- the expression levels of these cytokines (TPO, IL6, IL3, G-CSF, GM-CSF, EPO) in human ES cell-derived brown adipocytes are the same as that of isoproprotein, a brown adipocyte stimulating agent. It was confirmed that it increased by treatment with telenol. Furthermore, it was investigated whether the brown adipocyte stimulant exerts a mitigating effect on bone marrow suppression, which is a serious side effect when administering an anticancer drug.
- mice male, ICR strain
- 5-fluorouracil 5-fluorouracil
- an anticancer drug at a dose of 100 mg / kg
- isoproterenol 30 ⁇ mol over 3-6 days later
- a raw diet bone marrow cells were collected from the femur over time, and the number of cells was counted.
- the brown adipocyte stimulating agent alleviates bone marrow suppression accompanying administration of an anticancer agent and accelerates recovery from bone marrow suppression.
- Conventional research on hematopoietic support cells only covers niche of hematopoietic stem cells (a cell population that contributes to keeping the cell cycle in the G0 phase and consists of immature osteoblasts and sinusoidal endothelial cells).
- the stromal cells that contribute to the hematopoietic support of “hematopoietic progenitor cells committed to a specific lineage” were untouched.
- the present results indicate that brown adipocytes function as a stroma of myeloid hematopoietic progenitor cells.
- human pluripotent stem cell-derived brown can be used for cell therapy to shorten the period of hematopoietic disorder and myelosuppression after treatment with anticancer drugs (stimulation of severe infections such as sepsis due to reduced infection defense function). This indicates that fat cells are useful.
- the effect of improving the hematopoietic function may have been brought about through direct cell-cell interaction between human pluripotent stem cell-derived brown adipocytes and myeloid hematopoietic progenitor cells, human pluripotent stem cell-derived brown It is possible that adipokines secreted by adipocytes acted indirectly on myeloid hematopoietic progenitor cells to improve hematopoietic function, or both.
- the present invention it has become possible to stably supply human brown adipocytes, which until now had no supply means, a research tool for analysis of brown adipocyte development, differentiation, dedifferentiation, etc. in humans, and It is possible to provide cell therapy tools for obesity, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, etc., transplant materials for improving the results of coronary artery bypass surgery, and cell therapy tools for hematopoietic disorders and bone marrow suppression after administration of anticancer drugs.
- brown adipocyte-specific adipokines for the improvement of obesity, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, results of coronary artery bypass surgery, development of new medical therapy for hematopoietic disorder and bone marrow suppression after administration of anticancer drugs
- Research tools can be provided. Since human ES cells and human iPS cells, which are one of the starting materials of brown adipocytes according to the present invention, have infinite proliferation ability, it is extremely easy to stably produce them on an industrial scale.
- Brown adipocytes can be produced from human pluripotent stem cells in about two weeks and can be supplied according to demand.
- the brown adipocyte production technology uses only general-purpose cell culture equipment, and can be implemented in any country and region in the world. Industrial use value is high.
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Abstract
Description
一方で、「やせの大食い」の言葉にあるように、肥満の原因としては摂食過剰や運動不足以外の「重要な因子」があることは古くから指摘されてきた。
しかし最近になって、核医学的検査(PET/CT)のデータを解析した際に、偶然にも、それまで齧歯類にしかないと思われていた褐色脂肪組織(BAT)がヒトにも存在することが明らかとなった(非特許文献1)。同様の報告は相次いで提示され、BAT量と肥満・メタボリックシンドロームの発症と逆相関があることも報告されている。そして現在では、肥満の病態を考える上でBATは極めて重要な組織と認識されるに至っている。
このように、BATを正しく理解するためには、生後に見られる生理的消失や、加齢に伴う消失の機序をも解明することが重要となる。特に生理的消失の機序解明にあたっては、マウスなどの小型ほ乳類は役立たないことも明記されるべき点である。
形態学的には、白色脂肪細胞では単胞性の大きな脂肪滴を含有し、ミトコンドリアは乏しく(少量のミトコンドリアが核周囲に存在するのみ)、その形態は、酸化的リン酸化の低活性状態を反映して分断化している。一方、褐色脂肪細胞は多胞性の小さい脂肪滴を含有し、ミトコンドリアは豊富であり(脂肪滴周囲に局在する)、その形態は、酸化的リン酸化の高活性化状態を反映して縦に長くひも状に融合し、内部には多数の発達した梯子状クリステを有する。
このうちUCP1は、ミトコンドリアにおける酸化的リン酸化とATP産生を脱共役する作用を持つため、酸化的リン酸化に不可避的に伴うとされる活性酸素の産生を阻止する効果を持つ。即ち、BATはUCP1の発現により、生命活動に付随する酸化ストレスを解消する、という特筆すべき効果を発揮する。
このように、BATは抗肥満作用のみならず、インスリン抵抗性の改善作用があることから、2型糖尿病の予防効果及び治療効果が期待されている。
ここで、酸化ストレスを惹起しないBATを冠動脈バイパス手術部に移植することができれば、長期的な成績の向上が期待される。
しかしながら、ヒトにおけるBATの発生、増殖機構、機能制御などについては不明の点が多い。さらに、脂肪組織由来ホルモンとして代謝調節に関与することが知られているアディポカインはいずれもWATから同定されたものであり、既存のアディポカインよりも優れた抗肥満及び代謝改善作用を発揮することが期待されている「BAT特異的アディポカイン」はいまだ同定されていない。
このようにBATに関する重要な知見が欠如している理由は、正常人ボランティアからBAT標本を得ることが、以下の理由によりほぼ不可能であるからである。即ち、1)BATの箇所を同定するには被爆量の多いPET/CT検査が必要である、2)全ての被験者においてPET/CT検査で BATが可視化されるわけではない、3)ヒト成体内ではBATは複数箇所(後頸部、各胸椎の脇等)に分散して存在し、その量は決して多くない(総重量でも300g以下)、4)このように微小組織であるBATを除去した際に生じるデメリット(メタボリックシンドローム発症リスクの増大等)については十分な評価資料がない、の4点が挙げられる。
また、この方法が、ヒト多能性幹細胞にも適用可能であるかは全く不明である。マウスはBATが多い動物であり、慢性寒冷刺激により頻繁にWATのBAT化が観察されることを鑑みると、マウスでの結果がそのままヒトにも適用されることは極めて考えにくい。
更に、前述のように、この方法で作製されたマウス幹細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞を用いても、ヒトを含む大型ほ乳類で観察される生理的消失の機構解明はなされ得ない。
このような重要な知見が発表されていたにも関わらず、これまで造血細胞と褐色脂肪細胞との関係について研究がなされることはなかった。
それに対し、本発明者らは前述の実験事実から、造血細胞分化と褐色脂肪細胞分化に密接な関連性があることに気づき、造血細胞分化誘導系に改変を加えることで、優れた褐色脂肪細胞分化誘導系が確立できることを見いだした。
具体的には、1)全ての工程において血清を添加しない、2)2つのステップからなる分化誘導培養法において、第1ステップ(細胞凝集物作製のための浮遊培養工程)での培養期間を長くする(原法では3日であった培養期間を8~10日に延長する)、3)第1ステップで使用するサイトカインカクテルに関して、SCF及びFlt3Lの濃度を従来の1/10~1/100程度の低容量にする、4)第2ステップ(細胞凝集物の接着培養工程)において、第1ステップで用いるサイトカインカクテルを構成するサイトカインのうち、bone morphogenetic protein 4(BMP4)をBMP7に変更する、ことで褐色脂肪細胞産生効率が飛躍的に向上することを見いだした。
すなわち、本発明の多能性幹細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞の製造方法は、多能性幹細胞を用いて褐色脂肪細胞を製造する方法であって、工程(A)を含む方法により、多能性幹細胞から細胞凝集物を形成し、工程(B)を含む方法により、細胞凝集物から褐色脂肪細胞を得ることを特徴とする。
(A)多能性幹細胞を、無血清環境において、造血性サイトカインの存在下で非接着培養を行い、細胞凝集物を作製する工程
(B)細胞凝集物を、造血性サイトカインの存在下で接着培養して、褐色脂肪細胞を作製する工程
(A)多能性幹細胞を、無血清環境において、造血性サイトカインの存在下で非接着培養を行い、細胞凝集物を作製する工程
(B)細胞凝集物を、造血性サイトカインの存在下で接着培養して、褐色脂肪細胞を作製する工程
BMP4のみなど、1種のサイトカインを用いてもよいが、3種以上のサイトカインを混合して用いることが好ましく、更には6種の全てのサイトカインを混合して用いることがより好ましい。
用いる濃度としては、例えば、BMP4 (1~50ng/ml、好ましくは10~30ng/ml)、VEGF(0.5~20ng/ml、好ましくは1~10ng/ml)、SCF(1~50ng/ml、好ましくは10~30ng/ml)、Flt3L(0.5~20ng/ml、好ましくは1~5ng/ml)、IL6(0.5~20ng/ml、好ましくは1~5ng/ml)、IGF2(0.5~20ng/ml、好ましくは1~10ng/ml)が挙げられる。
BMP7のみなど、1種のサイトカインを用いてもよいが、3種以上のサイトカインを混合して用いることが好ましく、更には6種の全てのサイトカインを混合して用いることがより好ましい。
用いる濃度としては、例えば、BMP7(1~50ng/ml、好ましくは5~20ng/ml)、VEGF(0.5~20ng/ml、好ましくは1~10ng/ml)、SCF(1~50ng/ml、好ましくは10~30ng/ml)、Flt3L(0.5~20ng/ml、好ましくは1~5ng/ml)、IL6(0.5~20ng/ml、好ましくは1~5ng/ml)、IGF2(0.5~20ng/ml、好ましくは1~10ng/ml)が挙げられる。
(A)多能性幹細胞を、無血清環境において、造血性サイトカインの存在下で非接着培養を行い、細胞凝集物を作製する工程
(B)細胞凝集物を、造血性サイトカインの存在下で接着培養して、褐色脂肪細胞を作製する工程
(A)多能性幹細胞を、無血清環境において、造血性サイトカインの存在下で非接着培養を行い、細胞凝集物を作製する工程
(B) 細胞凝集物を、造血性サイトカインの存在下で接着培養して、褐色脂肪細胞を作製する工程
多数の梯子状クリステを含有する縦に長く融合したひも状のミトコンドリアとは、ミトコンドリア同士が互いに長軸方向に融合して長くなり、あたかもひものような形態を呈しつつ、ミトコンドリア内部では長軸方向に対して鉛直に、内膜の端から端まで全周性に広がる円盤状のクリステが、互いに平行に密に並んでいることを意味する。
(A)多能性幹細胞を、無血清環境において、造血性サイトカインの存在下で非接着培養を行い、細胞凝集物を作製する工程
(B)細胞凝集物を、造血性サイトカインの存在下で接着培養して、褐色脂肪細胞を作製する工程
(A)多能性幹細胞を、無血清環境において、造血性サイトカインの存在下で非接着培養を行い、細胞凝集物を作製する工程:
出発原料の多能性幹細胞とは、多能性を有する幹細胞を指し、例えば、ES細胞、iPS細胞、精巣幹細胞、成体幹細胞、Muse細胞などが挙げられる。
多能性幹細胞は、ヒト多能性幹細胞であってよい。この場合、多能性幹細胞は、ヒトに由来し、多能性分化能を保持する細胞群である。これには、ヒトES細胞、ヒトiPS細胞、ヒト精巣幹細胞、ヒト成体幹細胞、ヒトMuse細胞などが含まれる。
褐色脂肪細胞を作製する際には、細胞凝集物作製用培地には、少なくとも一種の造血性サイトカインが含まれていることが必須となる。換言すると、褐色脂肪細胞を作製する際には、中間産物である細胞凝集物の形態や大きさについては特別な制限はないが、細胞凝集物の作製に用いる培地の組成は、所定の条件が伴う。なお、造血性サイトカインを血球分化の際に用いるような高容量(例えば、SCFやFlt3Lを100~300ng/ml)で使用することは、褐色脂肪細胞の産生を抑制するので好ましくない。
合成脂質溶液(Life Technologies,Inc.)、1%体積x100インスリンートランスフェリンーセレン(ITS-A)(Life Technologies,Inc.)、450μMα-monothioglycerol(MTG)(Sigma-Aldrich,Inc.)、2mM L-Glutamine(Life Technologies,Inc.)、5%体積 GIBCO PFHM-II Protein-Free Hybridoma Medium(PFHII)(登録商標)(Life Technologies,Inc.)、50μg/ml Ascorbic acidである。
造血性サイトカインカクテルの一例としては、BMP4(20ng/ml)、VEGF(5ng/ml)、SCF(20ng/ml)、Flt3L(2.5 ng/ml)、IL6(2.5 ng/ml)、IGF2(5 ng/ml)が挙げられる。
その間、例えば、3日毎に培地の半量を新鮮なものと交換する。培地交換の際には、例えば、低吸着培養容器を30度程傾けて1分ほど放置し、細胞凝集物が完全に沈むのを確認した上で、培養上清のみを半量ピペットで静かに吸い出した後、同量の新鮮な細胞凝集物作製用培地を添加し、低吸着培養容器全体を軽く揺すりながら細胞凝集物を均一に分散させるようにする。
工程(A)で作製された多能性幹細胞由来細胞凝集物を、汎用の細胞培養用容器を用いて行える。細胞培養用容器は、一般に細胞培養に用いられるものであればいずれでもよい。
汎用の基礎培地としては、IMDM、IMDM/F12、DMEM、DMEM/F12、RPMIなどが挙げられる。無血清培養用培地としてはエスクロンSF-B(EIDIA Co.,Ltd.)、エスクロンSF-03(EIDIA Co.,Ltd.)、ASF-104(AJINOMOTO CO.,Inc.)、ASF-104N(AJINOMOTO CO.,Inc.)、X-VIVO 10(Lonza group Ltd.)、X-VIVO 15(Lonza group Ltd.)などが挙げられる。
造血性サイトカインカクテルの一例としては、BMP7(10ng/ml)、VEGF(5ng/ml)、SCF(20ng/ml)、Flt3L(2.5ng/ml)、IL6(2.5ng/ml)、IGF2(5ng/ml)が挙げられる。
また、位相差顕微鏡での多胞性脂肪滴の観察、電子顕微鏡観察での多胞性脂肪滴の観察、梯子状クリステを有する縦に長く融合したミトコンドリアの細胞質での観察により確認できる。
そのため、本発明で作製される褐色脂肪細胞を生体内に移植した際には、個体の総熱産生量が増加し、それに応じて基礎代謝が亢進するために、長期的には肥満を改善することが期待される。即ち、本発明で作製される褐色脂肪細胞は、肥満に対する細胞療法ツールとして有用である。
そのため、食事から摂取されたエネルギーは脂肪組織に速やかに取り込まれることとなる。つまり、脂肪組織において、容量以上に脂肪が蓄積した結果、食事に由来する余剰エネルギーの貯蓄のための予備容量がなくなったために生じるインスリン抵抗性は、本発明で作製される褐色脂肪細胞を移植することで、新たに余剰エネルギー貯蓄容量が確保され、改善されることとなる。即ち、本発明で作製される褐色脂肪細胞は、インスリン抵抗性に対する細胞療法ツールとして有用である。
そのため、本発明で作製される褐色脂肪細胞を生体内に移植した際には、血液中の脂質成分を積極的に取り込んで、これを燃焼・消失する効果を発揮する。即ち、本発明で作製される褐色脂肪細胞は、高脂血症に対する細胞療法ツールとして有用である。
なお、高脂血症に対する細胞療法ツールとしての有用性は、高脂肪食などによって予め高脂血症状態を誘発しておいたマウスなどに、本発明で作製される褐色脂肪細胞を移植して、血清中の脂肪値を1週間追跡することなどによって確認される。または、本発明で作製される褐色脂肪細胞を移植したマウスを、一昼夜絶食させた後に経口的にオリーブオイル等の食用油脂を負荷し、以後は経時的に4時間程度、血中の中性脂肪値を追跡することで確認される。
そのため、本発明で作製される褐色脂肪細胞を生体内に移植した際には、移植部における活性酸素の発生は阻止される。このことにより、例えば、冠動脈バイパス手術における脂肪移植療法のジレンマ(移植された脂肪細胞から活性酸素が産生されることで、血行再建部位に炎症反応が惹起されて、長期的な血行再建術の予後を悪化させる危険性がある)を克服し、血行再建術後の長期予後を向上させることができる。即ち、本発明で作製される褐色脂肪細胞は、冠動脈バイパス手術における脂肪移植療法のため細胞療法ツールとして有用である。
ヒト臍帯静脈内皮細胞(HUVEC)(Lonza group Ltd.)2.5x105個/wellを、0.1%ブタゼラチンでコートした6穴型培養プレートの上に播種し、EGM-2培地(Lonza group Ltd.)を用いて、37℃、5%CO2インキュベータにて培養した。培養後、MOI=3の濃度の下記(a)~(d)のベクターを培養した細胞に感染させた。
(a)SeV18+OCT3/4/TSΔFベクター
(b)SeV18+SOX2/TSΔFベクター
(c)SeV18+KLF4/TSΔFベクター
(d)SeV(HNL)c-MYC/TS15ΔFベクター
培養数日後にコロニーが現れ、20日程度培養することで、ヒト胚性幹細胞様のコロニーが出現した。図1の写真の通り、誘導前のHUVECと明らかに異なるヒト胚性幹細胞に見られるのと同様の扁平なコロニーが見られた。このヒト胚性幹細胞様のコロニーは、従来報告されている外観のものと同様であった(非特許文献5)。
フローサイトメーター(FACSCalibur(登録商標))(Becton,Dickinson and Company)を用いて、ヒト多能性幹細胞の未分化マーカーであるSSEA4、OCT3/4の発現を調べた。
具体的には、SSEA4については、実施例1で得られたSeV-iPS細胞を、多能性幹細胞用剥離液(0.25% trypsin(Life Technologies,Inc.)1mg/ml collagenase IV(Wako Pure Chemical Industries,Ltd.)20% KnockOut(登録商標)Serum Replacement(Life Technologies,Inc.)1mM CaCl2)で回収した後、Trypsin/EDTA液(Sigma-Aldrich,Inc.)を用いて分散させた上で、FACS buffer(X1 PBS,0.05% NaN3,5% FBS)に浮遊させた。ここに、2% Mouse BD Fc Block(Becton,Dickinson and Company)を添加した後、抗ヒトSSEA4 phycoerythrin conjugated mouse IgG(R&D Systems Inc.)をX1/10添加して氷上にて60分静置後、FACS bufferで洗浄し、フローサイトメーターにてSSEA4発現を解析した。
その結果、図2のFACSスキャン結果に示すように、実施例1で得られたSeV-iPS細胞は、SSEA4及びOCT3/4の各未分化マーカーをいずれも高発現していることが確認された。
具体的には、実施例1で得られたSeV-iPS細胞をアセトン/メタノール(1:3)で固定し、0.1% Triton-X-100/ PBSにより細胞膜透過処理を施した上で、抗ヒトSSEA4抗体(ES Cell Marker Sample Kit)(Millipore Co.)、抗ヒトOCT3/4抗体(ES Cell Marker Sample Kit)(Millipore Co.)、抗ヒトNanog抗体(ReproCELL Inc.)X 1/100を用いて一次抗体反応を行った。なお、抗ヒトSSEA4抗体、抗ヒトOCT3/4抗体については、Kitのプロトコールにしたがって行った。そして、Alexa Fluor 488標識抗ウサギIgG抗体(Life Technologies,Inc.)X 1/2000を用いて二次抗体反応を行った後、蛍光顕微鏡による観察を行った。
その結果、図3の免疫染色結果に示すように、実施例1で得られたSeV-iPS細胞は、SSEA4、OCT3/4、Nanogの各未分化マーカーをいずれも高発現していることが確認された。
実施例1で得られたSeV-iPS細胞よりSeVベクター由来外来遺伝子が除去された株を得るためにクローニングを行った。
SeVベクター由来外来遺伝子の除去の目安として、抗SeV抗体(DNAVEC Corporation)による免疫染色を行った。SeV-iPS細胞を10%マイルドホルム(Wako Pure Chemical Industries,Ltd.)で固定し、一次抗体として抗SeV抗体、二次抗体としてAlexa Fluor 488標識抗ウサギIgG抗体(Life Technologies,Inc.)を用いた染色を行った後、蛍光顕微鏡による観察を行った。
OCT3/4(Fw:CCCGAAAGAGAAAGCGAACCAG,Rv:AATGTATCGAAGGTGCTCAA),SOX2(Fw:ACAAGAGAAAAAACATGTATGG,Rv:ATGCGCTGGTTCACGCCCGCGCCCAGG),KLF4(Fw:ACAAGAGAAAAAACATGTATGG,Rv:CGCGCTGGCAGGGCCGCTGCTCGAC),cMYC(Fw:TAACTGACTAGCAGGCTTGTCG,Rv:TCCACATACAGTCCTGGATGATGATG),SeV(Fw:GGATCACTAGGTGATATCGAGC,Rv:ACCAGACAAGAGTTTAAGAGATATGTATC)を用いた。
ヒト胚性幹細胞(KhES-3)は京都大学・再生医科学研究所より供与されたものを用いた。KhES-3、及び実施例1~3に記載のSeV-iPS細胞株は、X線照射処理済みのMEF上で、20%
Knockout Serum Replacement(KSR)(Life Technologies, Inc.)、5ng/ml FGF2、1% non-essential amino acids solution、100μM 2-mercaptethanol、2mM L-glutamine含有DMEM/F12(Life Technologies,Inc.)培地を用いて維持培養を行った。
褐色脂肪細胞への分化誘導にあたっては、まずKhES-3及びSeV-iPS細胞株からMEFを分離・除去するため、剥離液処理により回収された多能性幹細胞の浮遊液を、遠沈管内で30秒程度静置することで多能性幹細胞のみを選択的に沈降させた。
(1)実施例3における多能性幹細胞からなる沈降物を、4 mlの細胞凝集物作製用培地(5 mg/ml BSA、1%体積 合成脂質溶液 、1%体積 x100
ITS-A、450μM MTG、2mM L-Glutamine、5%体積 PFHII、50μg/ml
ascorbic acid、20ng/ml BMP4、5ng/ml VEGF、20ng/ml SCF、2.5ng/ml Flt3L、2.5ng/ml IL6、5ng/ml IGF2を含有するIMDM/F12培地)に浮遊させ、これを6穴型のMPCコート培養皿に移し入れて、37°Cで5% CO2インキュベータ内で培養した。以後、3日ごとに半量の培地を交換しながら8~10日間培養した。なお培地交換は、MPCコート培養皿全体を30度程傾けて1分ほど放置し、細胞凝集物が完全に沈むのを確認した上で、培養上清のみを半量ピペットで静かに吸い出した後、同量の新鮮な細胞凝集物作製用培地を添加し、MPCコート培養皿全体を軽く揺すりながら細胞凝集物を均一に分散させることで行った。
なお、resistinはインスリン抵抗性を惹起するのみならず、癌化や動脈硬化とも関連する遺伝子である。ヒト多能性幹細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞においてresistinの発現が誘導されていないことは、ヒト多能性幹細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞を用いた創薬研究はもちろんのこと、ヒト多能性幹細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞を用いた細胞療法における安全性を考える上で極めて重要な点である。
実施例5に記載の方法に準じて、KhES-3及びSeV-iPS細胞株から褐色脂肪細胞分化を行うに当たり、浮遊培養の工程(A)において、造血性サイトカインを添加せずに、サイトカインとして5 ng/ml IGF2と20 ng/ml BMP4だけが添加された培地を用いて培養を行うと、大量の細胞死が誘発されてしまい、細胞凝集物は全く形成されなかった。即ち、造血性サイトカインカクテルは、ヒト多能性幹細胞の褐色脂肪細胞分化過程の前半部に相当する細胞凝集物の作製工程(A)に必須である。
そこで、ヒト多能性幹細胞の褐色脂肪細胞分化過程の後半部における造血性サイトカイン並びにBMP7の必要性について評価を行うために、浮遊培養の工程(A)では、20ng/ml BMP4、5ng/ml VEGF、20ng/ml SCF、2.5ng/ml Flt3L、2.5ng/ml IL6、5ng/ml IGF2を含有する、実施例5の記載された培地を用いて細胞凝集物を作製し、それに続く接着培養の工程(B)において、造血性サイトカインカクテル及びBMP7を含有する培地、または含有しない培地、を用いて培養を行い、UCP1並びにPRDM16の遺伝子発現誘導状状況及び細胞形態を調べた。
また、図9Bに示すように、細胞を位相差顕微鏡で観察したところ、接着培養の工程(B)で造血性サイトカインカクテルを含有しない培地を用いて培養した場合には、細胞質に脂肪滴を含有する細胞は全く検出されなかった。またBMP7を含有せずにBMP4を含有する培地を用いて培養した場合には、細胞質に脂肪滴を含有する細胞は検出されたものの、BMP7添加培地を用いた場合よりも脂肪滴含有細胞の数は少なかった。
このBMP7の作用効果は、ヒト胚性幹細胞を用いた実験においても同様に確認された(図9C)。
まず、ヒト多能性幹細胞の褐色脂肪細胞分化過程の前半部に相当する細胞凝集物の作製工程(A)において、上記の4つのサイトカインを1つずつ除去すると、図9Dの上段(Day 8)に示すように、全てのサイトカインを加えた培地(陽性コントロール)に比べて、細胞凝集物の形態は不整形となり、細胞凝集物に取込まれない死細胞が培地に浮遊するなど、細胞生存性が低下していることが確認された。また、ヒト多能性幹細胞の褐色脂肪細胞分化過程の後半部に相当する細胞凝集物の接着培養の工程(B)において、上記の4つのサイトカインを1つずつ除去すると、図9Dの下段(Day 10)に示すように、全てのサイトカインを加えた培地(陽性コントロール)に比べて、多胞性脂肪滴を持つ細胞の割合は低下した。
これを定量的に評価するために、各々の分化誘導条件において作製された産物からtotal RNAを抽出してRT-PCRを試行した。結果は、図9Eに示すように、全てのサイトカインを加えた培地(陽性コントロール)に比べて、VEGFを除去した際には、PRDM16及びUCP1の誘導が著減することが判明した。また、SCF、Flt3-LまたはIL6を除去した際には、PRDM 16の発現は誘導されるものの、UCP1の発現の誘導は著減することが判明した。さらに、SCF、 Flt3-LまたはIL6を除去した際には、白色脂肪細胞のマーカーであるPSAT1の発現が誘導されることが判明し、褐色脂肪細胞としての分化効率が低下するのみならず、作製された褐色脂肪細胞の品質が低下することが明らかとなった。
実施例5に記載の方法に準じて、KhES-3細胞株及びSeV-iPS細胞から褐色脂肪細胞を作製し、アドレナリン受容体アゴニストであるイソプロテレノールを (100 μM)の濃度で4時間反応させた。アドレナリン受容体アゴニストの添加に伴う褐色脂肪細胞の活性化状況を評価するために、PRDM16及びUCP1の遺伝子発現をRT-PCRにより調べた。
その結果、図10に示すように、イソプロテレノールの添加に依存して、PRDM16遺伝子とともに、熱産生に必須であるUCP1遺伝子の発現が上昇することが確認された。
結果は、図11(図11A右, 11B右)に示すように、ヒト多能性幹細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞を移植したマウスでのみ、移植部において、皮膚温の上昇が確認された。
実施例5に記載の方法に準じて、KhES-3細胞株及びSeV-iPS細胞株から褐色脂肪細胞を分化誘導した。ここで、分化誘導の接着培養の工程(B)は、XF96 Extracellular Flux Analyzer (Seahorse Bioscience Inc., Billerica,
MA)に専用の96穴プレートを0.1% ゼラチンでコートしたものを用いて行った。また播種する細胞凝集物の量は、1穴あたり30 個とした。96穴プレートに播種した細胞凝集物を、5%CO2インキュベータ内で37℃で2日間培養した後、半分の穴にイソプロテレノール(100 μM)またはCL316,243(100 nM)を添加し、さらに5%CO2インキュベータ内で37℃で4時間培養した後に、XF96 Extracellular Flux Analyzer (Seahorse Bioscience Inc.,Billerica,MA)を用いて、1分間当りの酸素消費量(OCR)を測定した。
結果は、図12に示すように、未分化ヒトES細胞(図12A左)や未分化ヒトiPS細胞(図12B左)ではCL316,243投与に伴うOCR値の変化は認めなかったが、ヒトES細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞(図12A右)及びヒトiPS細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞(図12B右)では、CL316,243投与に依存してOCR値の有意な上昇が確認された。同様の結果は、イソプロテレノール刺激においても確認された。またヒト間葉系幹細胞(MSC)から作製した白色脂肪細胞では、CL316,243投与に伴うOCR値の変化は認めず(図12C)、イソプロテレノール投与でも同様であった。
まず最初に、空腹時の血中TGの除去効果について検証した。具体的には、実施例5に記載の方法により、ヒトES細胞(hES-3細胞株)から褐色脂肪細胞を作製した。このヒトES細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞(1 x 106 個)を、6週齢のマウス(ICR系統)の皮下(背部)に移植した。16時間の絶食の後にイソプロテレノール(30 μmol/kg)を投与し、さらに2時間後に外側足根静脈より少量の血液サンプル(~5μl)を採取して、Accutrend Plus(登録商標)(F.Hoffmann-La Roche,Ltd.,Basel,Switzerland)を用いてTG値(mM/L)を測定した。なお陰性コントロールとしては、未分化ヒトES細胞(KhES-3株)を用いた。また陽性コントロールとしては、ヒト間葉系幹細胞(mesenchymal stem cells;MSC,Lonza Group Ltd.,Basel,Switzerland)より脂肪細胞分化誘導キット(hMSC Differentiation BulletKitTM,Adipogenic,Lonza Group Ltd)を用いて作製した白色脂肪細胞 (WA)を用いて実験を行った。
結果は、図13Aに示すように、ヒトES細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞の移植により空腹時の血中TG値が有意に低下することが確認された。かつ、ヒトES細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞のTG値低下効果は、ヒトMSC由来白色脂肪細胞のそれよりも顕著であった。
Plus(登録商標)(F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd.)によりTG値(mM/L)を測定した。陰性コントロールとしては、未分化ヒトiPS細胞(SeV-iPS株)(1 x
106 個)を移植して同様の実験を行った。
結果は、図13Bに示すように、ヒトiPS細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞の移植により、オリーブオイル負荷後の血中TG値の上昇は有意に抑制された。
以上より、ヒトES細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞及びヒトiPS細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞には、血中TGを除去する作用があることが示され、これらが生体内で脂質代謝改善効果を発揮することが確認された。
なお、この脂質代謝改善効果の基盤としては、ヒト多能性幹細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞が血中TGを直接に取込んだ可能性、ヒト多能性幹細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞が分泌するアディポカインが他臓器(肝臓、骨格筋、白色脂肪細胞等)に作用して脂質代謝を改善した可能性、またはその両方、が考えられる。
実施例5に記載の方法に準じて、KhES-3細胞株から褐色脂肪細胞を作製した。このヒトES細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞(1 x 106 個)を、6週齢のマウス(ICR系統)の皮下(背部)に移植した。16時間の絶食の後にイソプロテレノール(30 μmol/kg)を投与し、さらに3時間45分後に、ゾンデを用いて経口的にブドウ糖(2 mg/マウス体重(g))を投与した。ブドウ糖投与前、投与後15分、30分、60分後に採血し、血中ブドウ糖濃度(血糖値)を測定した(図14A)。またコントロールとして、ヒトMSCから作製した白色脂肪細胞を用いても同様の実験を行った。
結果は、図14Bに示すように、ヒトES細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞を移植した個体では、ヒトMSC由来白色脂肪細胞を移植した個体と比して、有意に空腹時血糖値が低下することが確認された。また図14Cに示すように、ブドウ糖負荷30分後の血糖値に関しては、ヒトES細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞を移植した個体では、ヒトMSC由来白色脂肪細胞を移植した個体に比して、有意な血糖値の低下が確認された。
さらに、ヒト多能性幹細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞の、肥満に伴う糖代謝異常の治療効果を検証するために、ヒトMSC由来白色脂肪細胞の移植による耐糖能悪化状態が、ヒトES細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞の共移植により改善されるかどうかを調べた。図14Dに示すように、ヒトMSC由来白色脂肪細胞の移植個体において上昇したブドウ糖負荷30分後の血糖値は、同数(1x106 個)のヒトES細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞を同時に移植しておくことで、有意に低下することが実証された。即ち、ヒトES細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞は、ヒトMSC由来白色脂肪細胞が惹起する耐糖能異常、即ち肥満状態における糖代謝異常に対して、有意な治療効果を発揮することが示された。
以上の通り、ヒトES細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞とヒトMSC由来白色脂肪細胞は、どちらも脂肪代謝改善効果は認めているが、糖代謝に関しては、ヒトES細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞においてのみ改善効果があることが確認された。
なお、この糖代謝改善効果の基盤としては、ヒト多能性幹細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞が血中ブドウ糖を直接に取込んだ可能性、ヒト多能性幹細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞が分泌するアディポカインが他臓器(肝臓、骨格筋、白色脂肪細胞、膵β細胞等)に作用して糖代謝を改善した可能性、またはその両方、が考えられる。
実施例5に記載の方法に準じて、KhES-3細胞株から褐色脂肪細胞を分化誘導した。そして、細胞内活性酸素種のプローブとして汎用されている2,7-dichlorodihydroflurescein diacetate (DCFDA)を200 μM添加し、活性酸素種の産生状況を蛍光顕微鏡観察により評価した。なお陽性コントロールとして、活性酸素種の恒常的産生が認められるヒト臍帯静脈内皮細胞(HUVEC)を用いて同様の実験を行った。
結果は、図15に示すように、HUVECにおいては、細胞内活性酸素種により蛍光活性を獲得したDCFDAのシグナルが検出されたが、ヒトES細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞では全くシグナルは検出されなかった。
以上より、ヒト胚性幹細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞は、その高いUCP-1発現により、活性酸素種を産生しないことが確認された。この事実は、冠動脈バイパス手術における脂肪移植療法において、ヒト多能性幹細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞を用いることの安全性ならびに有効性を強く示唆するものである。
実施例5に記載の方法により、直径6 cmの培養皿を用いて、ヒトES細胞(KhES-3細胞株)から褐色脂肪細胞を作製した。そして図16Aに記載の方法により、ヒトES細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞の造血支持能を評価した。具体的には、ヒトES細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞をγ線照射(40Gy)により増殖を停止させ、さらに培地を10% 牛胎仔血清を含有するRPMI1640培地(リコンビナント・サイトカインは一切添加しない)に交換した上で、6 x 105 個のヒト臍帯血CD34陽性細胞(造血幹/前駆細胞)をヒトES細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞の上で培養した。7日後に浮遊細胞を回収し、生理的食塩水(生食)で1回洗浄した後、2 x 105 cells/10 μL(生食)の細胞混濁液を作製して、6週齢のメスのnon-obese
diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID)/γcnull (NOG) マウス の大腿骨骨髄内に移植した。なお骨髄内細胞移植(intra-bone marrow transplantation)は汎用の方法に従った(詳細は、非特許文献8など)。移植後は、6週、8週、12週後にマウスを安楽死させて骨髄、脾臓、胸腺から造血細胞を回収し、ヒト特異的CD45抗体(汎白血球マーカー)、ヒト特異的CD33抗体(骨髄系細胞マーカー)、ヒト特異的CD19抗体(B細胞マーカー)、ヒト特異的CD3抗体(T細胞マーカー)を用いたフローサイトメトリーによりキメラ率(マウス個体内におけるヒト血球の陽性率)を計算した。なおコントロールとして、ヒト臍帯血CD34陽性細胞を培養せずにそのまま移植する実験(以下、直接移植と記載)も行った。
上記の知見は、ヒトES細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞おけるサイトカイン遺伝子の発現を調べた結果からも検証された。図16Dに示すように、ヒトES細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞おいて多種類の造血性サイトカイン(thrombopoietin;TPO,IL6,IL3,granulocyte colony-stimulating factor;G-CSF,granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor;GM-CSF,erythropoietin;EPO)が発現するが、ヒトMSC由来白色脂肪細胞ではIL6などの限られたサイトカインしか発現していなかった。さらに、図16Eに示すように、ヒトES細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞におけるこれらのサイトカイン(TPO,IL6,IL3,G-CSF,GM-CSF,EPO)の発現量は、褐色脂肪細胞刺激剤であるイソプロテレノールで処理することにより増加することが確認された。
さらに、抗癌剤投与時の重大な副作用である骨髄抑制に対して、褐色脂肪細胞刺激剤が緩和効果を発揮するかどうかを調べた。具体的には、10週齢のマウス(雄、ICR系統)に、抗癌剤である5-fluorouracil(5-FU)を100 mg/kgの用量で投与し、3~6日後にかけてイソプロテレノール(30μmol/kg)または生食を投与し、経時的に大腿骨から骨髄細胞を回収して細胞数を計測した。結果は、図16Fに示すように、5-FU投与3日後に骨髄抑制は最大になるが、褐色脂肪細胞刺激剤であるイソプロテレノール(ISO)を投与したマウスでは、5-FU投与7日後の骨髄細胞数は有意に上昇していた(P=0.032)。即ち、褐色脂肪細胞刺激剤は、抗癌剤投与に伴う骨髄抑制を緩和し、骨髄抑制からの回復を早めることが示された。
従来の造血支持細胞に関する研究では、造血幹細胞のニッシェ(細胞周期をG0期にとどめることに寄与する細胞集団で、未熟骨芽細胞や類洞内皮細胞から構成される)のみが対象となっており、「特定系列にコミットした造血前駆細胞」の造血支持に寄与するストロマ細胞に関しては手つかずであった。しかし、本結果により、褐色脂肪細胞が骨髄系造血前駆細胞のストロマとして機能することが示された。このことは、造血障害性疾患や、抗癌剤治療後の骨髄抑制(感染防御機能低下により敗血症などの重症感染症の引き金となる)の期間短縮のための細胞療法に、ヒト多能性幹細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞が有用であることを示すものである。
なお、この造血機能の向上効果は、ヒト多能性幹細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞と骨髄系造血前駆細胞との直接の細胞間相互作用を介してもたらされた可能性、ヒト多能性幹細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞が分泌するアディポカインが骨髄系造血前駆細胞に間接的に作用して造血機能を向上させた可能性、またはその両方、が考えられる。
本発明による褐色脂肪細胞の出発材料の一つであるヒトES細胞やヒトiPS細胞などは無限増殖能をもつことから、工業的スケールで安定的に生産することが極めて容易である。また、褐色脂肪細胞は、ヒト多能性幹細胞から2週間程度で作製可能であり、需要に応じた供給も可能である。また、その褐色脂肪細胞の作製技術は、汎用の細胞培養設備のみを使用することから、世界のあらゆる国と地域において実施が可能であるので、巨大プラント産業に展開し得て、実用的であり産業上利用価値が高い。
Claims (20)
- 多能性幹細胞を用いて褐色脂肪細胞を製造する方法であって、
工程(A)を含む方法により、多能性幹細胞から細胞凝集物を形成し、工程(B)を含む方法により、細胞凝集物から褐色脂肪細胞を得る
ことを特徴とする多能性幹細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞の製造方法。
(A)多能性幹細胞を、無血清環境において、造血性サイトカインの存在下で非接着培養を行い、細胞凝集物を作製する工程
(B)細胞凝集物を、造血性サイトカインの存在下で接着培養して、褐色脂肪細胞を作製する工程 - 多能性幹細胞を用いて細胞凝集物を製造する方法であって、
工程(A)を含む方法により、多能性幹細胞から細胞凝集物を得る
ことを特徴とする多能性幹細胞由来細胞凝集物の製造方法。
(A)多能性幹細胞を、無血清環境において、造血性サイトカインの存在下で非接着培養を行い、細胞凝集物を作製する工程 - 多能性幹細胞由来細胞凝集物を用いて褐色脂肪細胞を製造する方法であって、
工程(B)を含む方法により、多能性幹細胞由来細胞凝集物から褐色脂肪細胞を得る
ことを特徴とする多能性幹細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞の製造方法。
(B)細胞凝集物を、造血性サイトカインの存在下で接着培養して、褐色脂肪細胞を作製する工程 - 工程(A)で用いる造血性サイトカインが、
BMP4、VEGF、SCF、Flt3L、IL6、IGF2のいずれかである
請求項1または2に記載の方法。 - 工程(B)で用いる造血性サイトカインが、
BMP7、VEGF、SCF、Flt3L、IL6、IGF2のいずれかである
請求項1または3に記載の方法。 - 多能性幹細胞にES細胞またはiPS細胞を用いる
請求項1ないし5のいずれかに記載の製造方法。 - iPS細胞にセンダイウイルスベクターにより樹立されたiPS細胞を用いる
請求項6に記載の製造方法。 - 多能性幹細胞にヒト多能性幹細胞を用いる
請求項1ないし7のいずれかに記載の製造方法。 - 多能性幹細胞を用いて製造される褐色脂肪細胞であって、
工程(A)、(B)を含む方法により得られる
ことを特徴とする多能性幹細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞。
(A)多能性幹細胞を、無血清環境において、造血性サイトカインの存在下で非接着培養を行い、細胞凝集物を作製する工程
(B)細胞凝集物を、造血性サイトカインの存在下で接着培養して、褐色脂肪細胞を作製する工程 - 多能性幹細胞を用いて製造される細胞凝集物であって、
工程(A)を含む方法により、多能性幹細胞から得られる
ことを特徴とする多能性幹細胞由来細胞凝集物。
(A)多能性幹細胞を、無血清環境において、造血性サイトカインの存在下で非接着培養を行い、細胞凝集物を作製する工程 - 多能性幹細胞由来細胞凝集物を用いて製造される褐色脂肪細胞であって、
工程(B)を含む方法により、細胞凝集物から得られる
ことを特徴とする多能性幹細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞。
(B)細胞凝集物を、造血性サイトカインの存在下で接着培養して、褐色脂肪細胞を作製する工程 - 多能性幹細胞を用いて製造される褐色脂肪細胞であって、
少なくとも遺伝子UCP1、PRDM16、PGC1α、Cyt-c、CIDE-A、ELOVL3、PPARα、EVA1、NTRK3の遺伝子発現が誘導されていると共に、多胞性脂肪滴を有する
ことを特徴とする多能性幹細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞。 - 多能性幹細胞がES細胞またはiPS細胞である
請求項9ないし12のいずれかに記載の多能性幹細胞由来細胞凝集物または多能性幹細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞。 - 多能性幹細胞がヒト多能性幹細胞である
請求項9ないし13のいずれかに記載の多能性幹細胞由来細胞凝集物または多能性幹細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞。 - 肥満の予防または治療のための細胞療法であって、
請求項9、11ないし14のいずれかに記載の多能性幹細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞を移植することを特徴とする細胞療法。 - インスリン抵抗性の改善、または、糖尿病の予防または治療のための細胞療法であって、
請求項9、11ないし14のいずれかに記載の多能性幹細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞を移植することを特徴とする細胞療法。 - 高脂血症の予防または治療のための細胞療法であって、
請求項9、11ないし14のいずれかに記載の多能性幹細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞を移植することを特徴とする細胞療法。 - 冠動脈のバイパス血行路を作製する手術のための細胞療法であって、
請求項9、11ないし14のいずれかに記載の多能性幹細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞を移植することを特徴とする細胞療法。 - 造血を促進させるための細胞療法であって、
請求項9、11ないし14のいずれかに記載の多能性幹細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞を移植することを特徴とする細胞療法。 - 肥満の予防または治療、インスリン抵抗性の改善、糖尿病の予防または治療、高脂血症の予防または治療、造血を促進させるための治療、冠動脈のバイパス血行路を作製する手術のいずれかと併用する内科療法であって、
請求項9、11ないし14のいずれかに記載の多能性幹細胞由来褐色脂肪細胞が分泌する物質を投与することを特徴とする内科療法。
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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AU2012248333A1 (en) | 2013-12-05 |
EP2703481A1 (en) | 2014-03-05 |
CN103517982B (zh) | 2018-02-06 |
EP2703481A4 (en) | 2014-11-12 |
CA2834215A1 (en) | 2012-11-01 |
US9492485B2 (en) | 2016-11-15 |
JP5998405B2 (ja) | 2016-09-28 |
CN103517982A (zh) | 2014-01-15 |
EP2703481B1 (en) | 2018-11-14 |
US20140140967A1 (en) | 2014-05-22 |
AU2012248333B2 (en) | 2017-05-18 |
JPWO2012147853A1 (ja) | 2014-07-28 |
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