WO2012077568A1 - 太陽電池及び太陽電池モジュール - Google Patents
太陽電池及び太陽電池モジュール Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012077568A1 WO2012077568A1 PCT/JP2011/077787 JP2011077787W WO2012077568A1 WO 2012077568 A1 WO2012077568 A1 WO 2012077568A1 JP 2011077787 W JP2011077787 W JP 2011077787W WO 2012077568 A1 WO2012077568 A1 WO 2012077568A1
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- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 54
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- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 7
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Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/042—PV modules or arrays of single PV cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0224—Electrodes
- H01L31/022408—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
- H01L31/022425—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells
- H01L31/022433—Particular geometry of the grid contacts
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0216—Coatings
- H01L31/02161—Coatings for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
- H01L31/02167—Coatings for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0224—Electrodes
- H01L31/022408—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
- H01L31/022425—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/06—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers
- H01L31/068—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers the potential barriers being only of the PN homojunction type, e.g. bulk silicon PN homojunction solar cells or thin film polycrystalline silicon PN homojunction solar cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/547—Monocrystalline silicon PV cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an inexpensive and highly efficient solar cell and solar cell module.
- Fig. 1 shows an overview of a general mass-produced solar cell using a single crystal or polycrystalline silicon substrate.
- a diffusion layer 102 is formed by diffusing a high concentration of impurities in a silicon substrate 101, and at the same time, a pn junction is formed.
- a plurality of collecting electrodes 105 are provided as electrodes for collecting the extraction electrodes and connecting the solar cells.
- a method for forming this electrode in view of cost, a method is widely used in which a metal paste in which fine metal particles such as Ag are mixed with an organic binder is printed using a screen plate, and is heat-treated at several hundred degrees to adhere to the substrate. It has been.
- a back electrode 106 having a polarity opposite to that of the light receiving surface is formed by screen printing of a metal paste in which metal fine particles such as Al are mixed with an organic binder and baking at about 700 to 850 ° C. .
- An antireflection film 103 for more efficiently capturing light is formed in a region where light enters the solar cell.
- the antireflection film a silicon nitride film formed by chemical vapor deposition or the like is widely used.
- the silicon atoms in the crystal are in a stable state because they are covalently bonded with adjacent atoms.
- an unstable energy level called a dangling bond or a dangling bond appears due to the absence of adjacent atoms to be bonded on the surface which is the terminal of the atomic arrangement. Since the dangling bond is electrically active, the charge generated in the silicon is captured and lost, and the characteristics of the solar cell are impaired. In order to suppress this loss, the solar cell is subjected to some surface termination treatment to reduce dangling bonds.
- etching paste printing to partially remove the passivation film to expose silicon, and then deposit or print metal from above.
- a metal film is formed on the passivation film, the metal is heated by irradiating the laser beam in a dot shape from the metal film, and a silicon / electrode contact is formed by penetrating the passivation film (for example, S. W. Glunz, R. Preu, S. Schaefer, E. Schneiderlochner, W. Pflegging, R. Ludemann, G. Willeke, Proc. The 28 IEEE v Photovoltaic.
- the formation of the narrow contact type and the point contact type is not only in the number of steps, but also requires a new resist material and etching paste for patterning, which is costly and sufficiently gains the effect of the passivation. I can't. Further, the method using a laser is expensive, and a complicated process such as vapor deposition is required for forming a metal film, so that the cost advantage is also reduced.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and can be manufactured at low cost in terms of low cost loss at the electrode / silicon interface, improved short circuit current and open voltage, improved solar cell characteristics, and cost.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a solar cell and a solar cell module.
- the present invention provides the following solar cell and solar cell module.
- a solar cell in which a passivation film is formed on a crystalline silicon substrate having at least a pn junction and an electrode is formed through printing and heat treatment processes of a conductive paste, an extraction electrode for extracting photogenerated carriers from the silicon substrate is silicon.
- a first electrode formed so as to be in contact with the substrate; and a second electrode formed such that a collecting electrode that collects carriers collected by the first electrode is in contact with the first electrode;
- the area ratio of the non-contact portion of the second electrode and the silicon substrate excluding the area where the first electrode and the second electrode are in contact is determined from the area determined by the width and total extension of the second electrode, [1] The solar cell according to [1], which is 20% or more with respect to an area excluding an area of a portion in contact with the second electrode. [3]: The solar cell according to [1] or [2], wherein the first electrode is in partial contact with the second electrode or is entirely overlapped. [4]: The first electrode is formed of a conductive paste containing a simple substance or compound of B, Al, Ga, P, As, In, and Sb, and the element is diffused at a high concentration in the lower portion of the silicon substrate.
- a solar cell module comprising the solar cells according to any one of [1] to [6] electrically connected thereto.
- the passivation film By leaving the passivation film completely or partially between the collector electrode and silicon, the charge loss at the electrode / silicon interface can be reduced, the short-circuit current and the open-circuit voltage can be improved, and the solar cell characteristics can be improved. . Further, the process can be realized by a conventional screen printing technique or the like, which is extremely effective for cost reduction.
- FIG. 1 It is the schematic perspective view which showed the structure of the general solar cell by a prior art. It is the schematic perspective view which showed an example of the structure of the general solar cell based on this invention. It is the schematic perspective view which showed the other example of the structure of the general solar cell based on this invention.
- (A) to (c) are plan views showing examples of printing plate making used for electrode formation according to the present invention, (a) is a pattern with only an extraction electrode, (b) is a pattern with only a collecting electrode, (c) Shows an example in which both the extraction electrode and the collector electrode are patterned. It is the graph which showed the influence on the solar cell characteristic based on this invention. It is the graph which showed the influence of the glass frit addition amount based on this invention. It is a figure explaining the passivation area under an electrode based on this invention.
- FIG. 2 shows a solar cell according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- a pn junction is formed at the same time as a diffusion layer 202 is formed by diffusing impurities at a high concentration in a silicon substrate 201.
- a first electrode 204 formed so as to be in contact with the silicon substrate; and a second electrode 205 formed so that a collecting electrode for collecting carriers collected by the first electrode 204 is in contact with the first electrode 204.
- At least the second electrode 205 and the high-concentration diffusion layer 202 are only partially or wholly other than the contact point between the first electrode 204 and the second electrode 205. By not in contact, it is possible to silicon surface passivation under the second electrode 205.
- Reference numeral 206 denotes a back electrode.
- the area ratio of the non-contact portion between the second electrode and the silicon substrate excluding the area where the first electrode and the second electrode are in contact is first determined from the area determined by the width and total extension of the second electrode. It is preferably 20% or more, particularly 40 to 100% with respect to the area excluding the area where the electrode and the second electrode are in contact.
- the second electrode is preferably formed of a conductive paste having a glass frit content less than the glass frit content of the conductive paste used for the first electrode, and the second electrode contains a glass frit. It is preferably formed of a conductive paste having an amount of at least 2% by mass or less, preferably 1% by mass or less, and may be 0% by mass. In this case, the glass frit content of the conductive paste used for the first electrode is preferably 8 to 20% by mass, particularly 8 to 10% by mass. If it is less than 8% by mass, the contact with the high-concentration diffusion layer becomes insufficient, and the electrical resistance may increase and the characteristics of the solar cell may deteriorate.
- the amount is more than 20% by mass, the electrically insulating glass component becomes excessive, and the electrical conductivity of the electrode itself decreases, or the glass component excessively enters between the electrode and the high-concentration diffusion layer.
- the resistance may increase and the characteristics of the solar cell may deteriorate.
- the first electrode 204 is partially in contact with the second electrode 205, but as shown in FIG. 3, the entire first electrode 304 is overlapped with the second electrode 305.
- 301 is a silicon substrate
- 302 is a high concentration diffusion layer
- 303 is a passivation film
- 306 is a back electrode.
- the first electrode is formed of a conductive paste containing a simple substance or compound of B, Al, Ga, P, As, In, and Sb, and the element is diffused at a high concentration in the lower portion of the silicon substrate. It is preferable to have a region.
- the conductivity of the second electrode is preferably higher than the conductivity of the first electrode.
- the passivation film is preferably made of silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, aluminum oxide, amorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon, titanium oxide, or a combination thereof.
- a collector electrode composed of a combination of the first electrode and the second electrode is formed on the light receiving surface, the non-light receiving surface, or both of the solar cell.
- the single crystal silicon substrate may be manufactured by either the CZ method or the FZ method.
- a single crystal ⁇ 100 ⁇ n-type silicon substrate having a resistivity of 0.1 to 5 ⁇ ⁇ cm by doping high purity silicon with a group V element such as P or Sb may be used.
- a group V element such as P or Sb
- Texture is an effective way to reduce solar cell reflectivity.
- the texture is 10 to 10 in an alkaline solution (concentration 1 to 10% by mass, temperature 60 to 100 ° C.) such as heated sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, tetramethylammonium hydroxide. It is easily produced by dipping for about 30 minutes. In many cases, a predetermined amount of 2-propanol is dissolved in the solution to control the reaction.
- the texture is formed, it is washed in an acidic aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid, or a mixture thereof.
- hydrochloric acid may be mixed with 0.5 to 5% by mass of hydrogen peroxide and heated to 60 to 90 ° C. for washing.
- a high concentration diffusion layer is formed by a vapor phase diffusion method using phosphorus oxychloride.
- the high concentration diffusion layer in the case of using an n-type substrate is formed by vapor phase diffusion of boron bromide.
- silicon solar cells it is necessary to form a pn junction only on the light-receiving surface side, and in order to achieve this, diffusion is performed in a state where two substrates are overlapped, or a diffusion layer on one side is formed with an alkaline aqueous solution or the like. It is necessary to devise such that the pn junction cannot be formed on the back surface by etching. After diffusion, the glass formed on the surface is removed with hydrofluoric acid or the like.
- an antireflection / passivation film for the light receiving surface is formed.
- a silicon nitride film or the like is formed to a thickness of about 100 nm using a chemical vapor deposition apparatus.
- the reaction gas monosilane (SiH 4 ) and ammonia (NH 3 ) are often mixed and used, but nitrogen can be used instead of NH 3 , and the film formation species can be diluted with H 2 gas. And adjusting the process pressure and diluting the reaction gas to achieve a desired refractive index.
- silicon oxide, silicon carbide, aluminum oxide, amorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon, titanium oxide, or the like by a method such as heat treatment or atomic layer deposition may be used instead.
- the passivation film is not limited to a silicon nitride film, and as described above, silicon oxide, silicon carbide, aluminum oxide, amorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon, titanium oxide, or a combination thereof may be used. obtain.
- FIG. 4 An Ag paste in which Ag powder and glass frit are mixed with an organic binder is printed, and thereafter, the Ag powder is passed through a passivation film such as a silicon nitride film by heat treatment to make the electrode and silicon conductive.
- 401 is a first electrode print pattern
- 402 is a second electrode print pattern.
- a high-concentration impurity diffusion layer may be formed in the silicon substrate under the first electrode.
- B or Al, Ga, P, As, In, or Sb or a compound in advance to the first electrode conductive paste, a high-concentration diffusion layer is formed on the silicon substrate simultaneously with firing after electrode printing.
- the maximum impurity concentration in a high-concentration impurity diffusion layer formed on a silicon substrate is generally 2 from the relationship between the work function of metal and silicon. ⁇ 10 19 atoms / cm 3 or more, and it is preferably adjusted to be 5 ⁇ 10 19 atoms / cm 3 or more. The upper limit is 2 ⁇ 10 22 atoms / cm 3 .
- the collector electrode corresponding to the second electrode is screen printed.
- the plate making of the second electrode may be a pattern having only the collector electrode as shown in FIG. 4B, or a pattern in which both the extraction electrode and the collector electrode are patterned as shown in FIG.
- One electrode may be overcoated. In the latter case, by making the conductivity of the second electrode higher than that of the first electrode, it is possible to reduce the resistance loss of the electrode and further improve the characteristics of the solar cell.
- the second electrode Ag paste in order to leave a passivation film other than the first electrode formation region, an additive adjusted so that the penetration performance of the passivation film is lower than that of the first electrode Ag paste is used.
- the passivation film penetration performance of the conductive paste can be controlled by the glass frit content in the conductive paste.
- Glass frit includes B—Pb—O, B—Si—Pb—O, B—Si—Pb—Al—O, B—Si—Bi—Pb—O, B—Si—Zn—O. It is preferable to use a glass material such as a system.
- the back electrode is formed by screen printing a paste in which Al powder is mixed with an organic binder. After printing, the back electrode and the second electrode are formed by baking at a temperature of 700 to 850 ° C. for 5 to 30 minutes. The back electrode and the light-receiving surface electrode can be baked at the same time. The order of forming the electrodes on each surface may be changed.
- the method for forming the electrode is not limited to screen printing, and a method such as dispenser or aerosol deposition is also possible.
- FIG. 5 shows the relationship between the area ratio of the passivation film remaining under the electrode and the open circuit voltage.
- the passivation film area ratio was an average value of 6 samples for each conductive paste condition, and the open circuit voltage was plotted as an average value, a maximum value, and a minimum value.
- the increase rate of the open-circuit voltage slowed down from the vicinity of the under-electrode passivation area of 20% and almost saturated at 40% or more. From this result, it can be said that the passivation area under the second electrode is preferably 20% or more, preferably 40% or more with respect to the electrode area.
- FIG. 6 shows the glass frit content of the Ag paste used in the above examination on the horizontal axis and the area ratio of the passivation film remaining under the second electrode on the vertical axis.
- the glass frit contents of the Ag paste with the passivation area under the second electrode of 20% and 40% were about 2% by mass and 1% by mass, respectively.
- FIG. 7 schematically shows the sample surface of the second electrode formation region in the solar battery cell after the electrode is dissolved.
- the passivation area is a portion 702 where the second electrode penetrates the passivation film 705 from the area excluding the portion 704 where the first electrode and the second electrode overlap each other (net second electrode area) inside the second electrode formation region 701. Is defined as the area minus the total area.
- the passivation area ratio is the ratio of the passivation area to the net second electrode area.
- the measurement of the passivation area can be performed by acquiring a surface image with a digital imager and processing the image.
- Examples and Comparative Examples In order to confirm the effectiveness of the present invention, as a comparative example, a power generation performance of a solar cell having a general electrode structure and a solar cell having an electrode structure of the present invention was compared. After removing a damaged layer with a hot concentrated potassium hydroxide aqueous solution on 100 boron-doped ⁇ 100 ⁇ p-type ascut silicon substrates having a diffusion thickness of 250 ⁇ m and a specific resistance of 1 ⁇ ⁇ cm, Immersion and texture formation were followed by washing in a hydrochloric acid / hydrogen peroxide mixed solution.
- an Al paste was screen printed on the entire back side of all the substrates and dried. Thereafter, baking at 780 ° C. was performed in an air atmosphere, and the silicon nitride film was passed through the Ag electrode to conduct with silicon, and at the same time, the Al electrode on the back surface of the substrate was made to conduct with silicon.
- the entire electrode surface was electrically connected to silicon, and the non-contact area between the electrode and silicon was 0%.
- the plate making shown in FIG. 4C was used and formed so as to overlap with the first electrode.
- the amount of glass frit added was adjusted so that the non-contact area between the second electrode and silicon was 80%, and an Ag paste formulated to have a higher conductivity than the first electrode was applied by screen printing, and then 750 A heat treatment at 0 ° C. was performed in an air atmosphere to be cured. Since A has the same thermal history as B, heat treatment was performed at 750 ° C. in an air atmosphere in the same firing furnace as B.
- the characteristics of the solar cells A and B were measured with a current-voltage measuring machine using artificial sunlight with an air mass of 1.5, as shown in Table 1, the characteristics of B implementing the present invention were A The results superior to the characteristics of were obtained.
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Abstract
Description
[1]:
少なくともpn接合をもつ結晶シリコン基板上にパッシベーション膜が形成され、導電性ペーストの印刷と熱処理の工程を経て電極が形成される太陽電池において、光生成されたキャリアをシリコン基板から取出す取出し電極がシリコン基板に接触するように形成される第1電極と、前記第1電極で集められたキャリアを集める集電極が前記第1電極に接触するように形成される第2電極とを有し、前記第2電極とシリコン基板が、少なくとも第1電極と第2電極の接触点以外において部分的にしか又は全く接していないことを特徴とする太陽電池。
[2]:
前記第1電極と前記第2電極が接触する部分の面積を除いた第2電極とシリコン基板の非接触部の面積割合が、第2電極の幅と総延長で決まる面積から第1電極と該第2電極が接触する部分の面積を除いた面積に対して20%以上である[1]記載の太陽電池。
[3]:
前記第1電極は、第2電極と部分的に接触しているか、又は全体が重なり合っている[1]又は[2]記載の太陽電池。
[4]:
前記第1電極は、B、Al、Ga、P、As、In、Sbの単体又は化合物を含有する導電性ペーストで形成され、前記シリコン基板の該電極下部分に該元素が高濃度に拡散された領域を有する[1]~[3]のいずれかに記載の太陽電池。
[5]:
前記パッシベーション膜は、酸化シリコン、窒化シリコン、炭化シリコン、酸化アルミニウム、アモルファスシリコン、微結晶シリコン、酸化チタンのいずれか又はその組み合わせからなる[1]~[4]のいずれかに記載の太陽電池。
[6]:
前記第1電極と前記第2電極の組み合わせでなる集電極が、太陽電池の受光面又は非受光面あるいはその両方に形成されている[1]~[5]のいずれかに記載の太陽電池。
[7]:
[1]~[6]のいずれかに記載の太陽電池を電気的に接続してなることを特徴とする太陽電池モジュール。
この場合、第1電極に用いる導電性ペーストのガラスフリット含有量は、8~20質量%、特に8~10質量%とすることが好ましい。8質量%より少ないと高濃度拡散層との接触が不十分になり、電気抵抗が増加して太陽電池の特性が低下することがある。また20質量%より多いと電気的に絶縁物であるガラス成分が過剰になり、電極自体の導電率が低下したり、電極と高濃度拡散層の間にガラス成分が過剰に入り込んだりして電気抵抗が増加して太陽電池の特性が低下することがある。
また、電極の形成方法は、スクリーン印刷に限らず、ディスペンサーやエアゾル堆積などの方法でも可能である。
<第2電極下パッシベーション膜面積及び導電性ペーストのガラスフリット含有量の検討>
第2電極下に残るパッシベーション膜の面積(即ち、該電極とシリコンの非接触面積)と太陽電池特性の関係を調べた。
Ag粉末と有機バインダーとB-Pb-O系ガラスフリットとを混合して作製したペーストを、高濃度拡散層とその上にシリコン窒化膜(パッシベーション膜)を100nm形成したシリコン基板上へ印刷し、焼成を行った。このようにしてできた太陽電池セルから全ての電極を王水で溶解し、電極形成領域をダイシングで切り出し、評価試料とした。該試料両面にプローブを当て、受光面にエアマス1.5の擬似太陽光を照射し、開放電圧を測定した。
図5に示すように、電極下パッシベーション面積が20%の付近から開放電圧の上昇率は鈍化し、40%以上でほぼ飽和した。この結果から、第2電極下パッシベーション面積は、該電極面積に対して20%以上、好ましくは40%以上であることが好ましいといえる。
図7は、上記電極溶解後の太陽電池セルにおける第2電極形成領域の試料表面を模式的に示す。該パッシベーション面積は、第2電極形成領域701の内側において、第1電極と第2電極が重なる部分704を除いた面積(正味第2電極面積)から第2電極がパッシベーション膜705を貫通した部分702の総面積を引いた面積で定義される。
パッシベーション面積割合はパッシベーション面積と正味第2電極面積の比である。パッシベーション面積の測定は、デジタル撮像機による表面画像取得と、その画像処理などで可能である。
本発明の有効性を確認するため、比較例として一般的な電極構造の太陽電池と、本発明の電極構造の太陽電池の発電性能比較を行った。
拡散厚さ250μm、比抵抗1Ω・cmの、ボロンドープ{100}p型アズカットシリコン基板100枚に対し、熱濃水酸化カリウム水溶液によりダメージ層を除去後、水酸化カリウム/2-プロパノール水溶液中に浸漬し、テクスチャ形成を行い、引き続き塩酸/過酸化水素混合溶液中で洗浄を行った。次に、オキシ塩化リン雰囲気下、870℃で裏面同士を重ねた状態で熱処理し、pn接合を形成した。拡散後、フッ酸にてリンガラスを除去し、純水洗浄の後、乾燥させた。
以上の処理の後、プラズマCVD装置を用いてシリコン窒化膜を受光面反射防止・パッシベーション膜として試料全面に形成した。
ここで、上記基板を50枚ずつAとBに分けて受光面の電極印刷を行った。Aには、第1電極と第2電極が同一スクリーンにパターニングされた製版(図4(c))を使用し、第1電極と第2電極を同時に1回印刷し、乾燥した。Bには、第1電極のみがスクリーンにパターニングされた製版(図4(a))を使用し、第1電極のみを印刷し、乾燥した。AとBで使用したAgペーストは同一のもので、B-Si-Bi-Pb-O系ガラスフリットを3質量%添加し、更に高濃度拡散層形成のためリン化合物を3質量%添加したものを用いた。
この後、780℃の焼成を空気雰囲気下に行い、Ag電極にシリコン窒化膜を貫通させてシリコンと導通させると同時に、基板裏面のAl電極をシリコンと導通させた。Aは電極全面がシリコンと導通し、電極とシリコンの非接触面積が0%であった。一方、Bには第2電極を形成するため、図4(c)の製版を使用し、第1電極と重なり合うように形成した。第2電極とシリコンの非接触面積が80%になるようにガラスフリット添加量を調整し、かつ第1電極より高い導電率を持つように調合されたAgペーストをスクリーン印刷で塗付後、750℃の熱処理を空気雰囲気下で行い硬化させた。
AはBと熱履歴を同じくするため、Bと同じ焼成炉において空気雰囲気下で750℃の熱処理を行った。
A、B両者の太陽電池セルを、エアマス1.5の擬似太陽光を用いた電流電圧測定機で特性測定を行ったところ、表1に示すように、本発明を実施したBの特性がAの特性を優越する結果が得られた。
Claims (7)
- 少なくともpn接合をもつ結晶シリコン基板上にパッシベーション膜が形成され、導電性ペーストの印刷と熱処理の工程を経て電極が形成される太陽電池において、光生成されたキャリアをシリコン基板から取出す取出し電極がシリコン基板に接触するように形成される第1電極と、前記第1電極で集められたキャリアを集める集電極が前記第1電極に接触するように形成される第2電極とを有し、前記第2電極とシリコン基板が、少なくとも第1電極と第2電極の接触点以外において部分的にしか又は全く接していないことを特徴とする太陽電池。
- 前記第1電極と前記第2電極が接触する部分の面積を除いた第2電極とシリコン基板の非接触部の面積割合が、第2電極の幅と総延長で決まる面積から第1電極と該第2電極が接触する部分の面積を除いた面積に対して20%以上である請求項1記載の太陽電池。
- 前記第1電極は、第2電極と部分的に接触しているか、又は全体が重なり合っている請求項1又は2記載の太陽電池。
- 前記第1電極は、B、Al、Ga、P、As、In、Sbの単体又は化合物を含有する導電性ペーストで形成され、前記シリコン基板の該電極下部分に該元素が高濃度に拡散された領域を有する請求項1乃至3のいずれか1項記載の太陽電池。
- 前記パッシベーション膜は、酸化シリコン、窒化シリコン、炭化シリコン、酸化アルミニウム、アモルファスシリコン、微結晶シリコン、酸化チタンのいずれか又はその組み合わせからなる請求項1乃至4のいずれか1項記載の太陽電池。
- 前記第1電極と前記第2電極の組み合わせでなる集電極が、太陽電池の受光面又は非受光面あるいはその両方に形成されている請求項1乃至5のいずれか1項記載の太陽電池。
- 請求項1乃至6のいずれか1項に記載の太陽電池を電気的に接続してなることを特徴とする太陽電池モジュール。
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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SG191045A1 (en) | 2013-08-30 |
US20130255747A1 (en) | 2013-10-03 |
JPWO2012077568A1 (ja) | 2014-05-19 |
CN103329279B (zh) | 2016-11-02 |
KR101847470B1 (ko) | 2018-04-10 |
TWI521724B (zh) | 2016-02-11 |
RU2571167C2 (ru) | 2015-12-20 |
CN103329279A (zh) | 2013-09-25 |
EP2650926A4 (en) | 2017-11-22 |
TW201236171A (en) | 2012-09-01 |
JP5626361B2 (ja) | 2014-11-19 |
KR20130140106A (ko) | 2013-12-23 |
CA2820034A1 (en) | 2012-06-14 |
EP2650926B1 (en) | 2021-03-31 |
US9224888B2 (en) | 2015-12-29 |
MY164543A (en) | 2018-01-15 |
RU2013131017A (ru) | 2015-01-20 |
EP2650926A1 (en) | 2013-10-16 |
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