WO2012046699A1 - 空気電池 - Google Patents
空気電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012046699A1 WO2012046699A1 PCT/JP2011/072796 JP2011072796W WO2012046699A1 WO 2012046699 A1 WO2012046699 A1 WO 2012046699A1 JP 2011072796 W JP2011072796 W JP 2011072796W WO 2012046699 A1 WO2012046699 A1 WO 2012046699A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
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- oxygen
- electrolyte
- air battery
- positive electrode
- permeable membrane
- Prior art date
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04276—Arrangements for managing the electrolyte stream, e.g. heat exchange
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M12/00—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M12/04—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type
- H01M12/06—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type with one metallic and one gaseous electrode
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M12/00—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M12/04—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type
- H01M12/06—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type with one metallic and one gaseous electrode
- H01M12/065—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type with one metallic and one gaseous electrode with plate-like electrodes or stacks of plate-like electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/70—Arrangements for stirring or circulating the electrolyte
- H01M50/77—Arrangements for stirring or circulating the electrolyte with external circulating path
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an air battery, and more particularly to an air battery in which an electrolytic solution is circulated.
- An air battery is a battery that uses oxygen in the air as a positive electrode active material.
- the negative electrode active material in this air battery is generally a metal, and generates a metal oxide or a metal hydroxide by a discharge reaction.
- Patent Document 1 discloses an electrode pair in which an electrochemically low-potential metal such as magnesium or aluminum is used as an anode, and a metal or carbonaceous material having a noble potential higher than that of the anode as a cathode, electrode connection conductive means, dissolved
- An air battery comprising an oxygen supply means and a chloride ion-containing electrolyte such as seawater or saline is disclosed.
- the dissolved oxygen supply means explodes the electrolyte by supplying air into the electrolyte using, for example, an air diffuser.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and an object thereof is to provide an air battery that is not easily poisoned by carbon dioxide in the air.
- the air battery according to the present invention includes a storage exterior material, an electrolytic solution stored in the storage exterior material, a positive electrode including a positive electrode catalyst that contacts the electrolytic solution, and a negative electrode that contacts the electrolytic solution.
- the oxygen intake part is excellent in both oxygen permeation ability and oxygen permeation selectivity with respect to permeation of carbon dioxide (hereinafter, sometimes referred to as “oxygen / carbon dioxide permselectivity”). Since the oxygen selective permeable membrane is provided, carbon dioxide in the air can be efficiently removed, and the reaction between the electrolyte in the electrolytic solution and carbon dioxide can be suppressed. Thereby, the fall of the battery performance by poisoning etc. of a positive electrode catalyst can be suppressed reliably.
- the contact angle of the electrolyte with respect to the surface of the oxygen selective permeable membrane can be 90 ° or more.
- the vacancies in which oxygen diffuses in the oxygen selective permeable membrane are not easily wetted by the electrolytic solution, and liquid leakage from the oxygen selective permeable membrane can be reduced.
- it can suppress that a void
- the contact angle of the electrolyte with respect to the surface of the oxygen selective permeable membrane can be set to 150 ° or more.
- the pores of the oxygen selective permeable membrane are less likely to get wet with the electrolytic solution, and liquid leakage from the oxygen selective permeable membrane can be further reduced.
- it can suppress more that a void
- the oxygen permeation coefficient (P O2 ) of the oxygen selective permeable membrane may be 400 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 10 cm 3 ⁇ cm 2 ⁇ s ⁇ cmHg or more. Thereby, oxygen in the air can be efficiently supplied to the positive electrode catalyst.
- the ratio (P O2 / P CO2 ) of the oxygen permeation coefficient (P O2 ) to the carbon dioxide permeation coefficient (P CO2 ) of the oxygen selective permeable membrane may be 0.15 or more.
- the negative electrode is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, potassium, calcium, zinc, iron, and a hydrogen storage alloy
- the air battery can easily obtain a sufficient discharge capacity.
- the electrolytic solution is a solution containing an electrolyte and water
- the electrolyte is at least one selected from the group consisting of KOH, NaOH, LiOH, Ba (OH) 2 and Mg (OH) 2
- the air battery is It is easy to obtain a larger discharge capacity.
- the positive electrode catalyst may contain manganese dioxide or platinum. Thereby, a large discharge capacity can be obtained from the air battery.
- the positive electrode catalyst may contain a perovskite complex oxide represented by ABO 3 .
- the A site contains at least two atoms selected from the group consisting of La, Sr and Ca
- the B site contains at least one atom selected from the group consisting of Mn, Fe, Cr and Co. Also good.
- the positive electrode catalyst includes a perovskite complex oxide represented by ABO 3
- the complex oxide has an oxygen storage / release capability. Therefore, the air battery can be easily used as an air secondary battery.
- an air battery that is not easily poisoned by carbon dioxide in the air can be provided.
- FIG. 3A is a perspective view of the first main surface side of the main body
- FIG. 3B is a perspective view of the second main surface side of the main body. It is an exploded view of the oxygen intake part in one mode of an air battery concerning the present invention. It is a schematic diagram which shows the structure comprised from the positive electrode, the separator, and the negative electrode in the one aspect
- FIG. 3A is a perspective view of the first main surface side of the main body
- FIG. 3B is a perspective view of the second main surface side of the main body.
- FIG. 5A is a perspective view showing a single-layer structure
- FIG. 5B is a perspective view showing stacked structures.
- Fig.6 (a) is a schematic diagram which shows the process of immersing the structure comprised from the positive electrode, the separator, and the negative electrode in electrolyte solution.
- FIG. 6B is a schematic diagram illustrating a process of storing the structure in the storage exterior material.
- FIG. 6C is a schematic diagram illustrating a process of sealing the storage exterior material. It is a schematic diagram which shows the tank which stores the electrolyte solution in the one aspect
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an embodiment of an air battery according to the present invention.
- the air battery 1 according to this embodiment includes a main body 5, a tank 3 that stores an electrolytic solution 7, and a pump 4 that circulates the electrolytic solution 7 between the main body 5 and the tank 3.
- an oxygen intake part 2 for taking oxygen into the electrolytic solution 7 in the middle of circulation of the electrolytic solution 7.
- the main body 5, the oxygen intake 2, the pump 4, and the tank 3 are connected by a pipe 6 in this order.
- the piping 6 connects these so that the electrolyte solution 7 may circulate in order of the tank 3, the pump 4, the oxygen intake part 2, and the main-body part 5.
- the oxygen intake unit 2 includes an oxygen selective permeable membrane 10.
- FIG.2 and FIG.3 is a schematic diagram which shows the oxygen intake part 2 of the air battery of this embodiment.
- FIG. 3A is a perspective view schematically showing a lower structure of the oxygen intake part 2 in the air battery of the present embodiment.
- FIG. 3B is a perspective view schematically showing the structure on the upper side of the oxygen intake part 2 in the air battery of the present embodiment.
- the oxygen intake unit 2 includes a main body 200 and nozzles 23 a and 23 b that supply or discharge the electrolytic solution 7 into the main body 200.
- the main body 200 has an inlet nozzle 23 a and an outlet nozzle 23 b for the electrolytic solution 7 on the first main surface 200 a.
- a plurality of through holes 24 for taking air into the oxygen intake part 2 are formed in the second main surface 200 b of the main body 200. Air in the atmosphere is introduced into the main body 200 through the numerous through holes 24.
- FIG. 4 is an exploded view of the main body 200 of the oxygen intake unit 2 in the air battery of the present embodiment.
- the main body 200 includes an oxygen selective permeable membrane 20, a pair of elastic plates 21 having openings 25 arranged so as to sandwich the oxygen selective permeable membrane 20, an elastic plate 21, an oxygen selective permeable membrane 20, and an elastic plate 21.
- a pair of stainless steel plates 22a and 22b arranged so as to sandwich the laminated body. That is, the main body 200 has a laminated structure in which the stainless steel plate 22a, the elastic plate 21, the oxygen selective permeable membrane 20, the elastic plate 21, and the stainless steel plate 22b are sequentially laminated.
- the stainless plate 22b In the stainless steel plate 22b, two through holes 23 corresponding to the inlet nozzle 23a and the outlet nozzle 23b of the electrolytic solution 7 are formed.
- the stainless plate 22a has a large number of through holes 24 formed therein. The air that has passed through the through hole 24 of the stainless steel plate 22a passes through the opening 25 of the elastic plate 21 and the oxygen selective permeable membrane 20 in this order, and comes into contact with the electrolyte 7 supplied from the inlet nozzle 23a.
- the oxygen selective permeable membrane 20 is excellent in oxygen permeation performance among air components, and has extremely high oxygen permeation performance relative to carbon dioxide permeation performance. Therefore, air having a low carbon dioxide concentration can be dissolved in the electrolytic solution 7 as compared with air in the atmosphere, and carbon dioxide dissolved in the electrolytic solution 7 can be significantly suppressed. As a result, it is possible to obtain an effect that the main body 5 is not easily poisoned by carbon dioxide. Thus, the present invention is extremely useful industrially because it can solve the problems in the conventional air battery.
- the contact angle of the electrolyte solution 7 with respect to the surface of the oxygen selective permeable membrane 20 is desirably 90 ° or more.
- the contact angle is desirably 90 ° or more.
- blockage of the holes can be suppressed.
- the oxygen selective permeable membrane 20 having a contact angle of 90 ° or more include a commercially available silicone membrane.
- the electrolytic solution 7 can contain dissolved oxygen.
- the contact angle is preferably 150 ° or more.
- the pores of the oxygen selective permeable membrane 20 are less likely to get wet with the electrolytic solution, and liquid leakage from the oxygen selective permeable membrane 20 can be further reduced.
- the blockage of the holes can be further suppressed.
- the “contact angle” refers to a tangent line on the surface of the droplet of the electrolyte solution 7 at the point where the droplet of the electrolyte solution 7, the oxygen selective permeable membrane 20, and the air contact with each other, and the oxygen selective permeable membrane 20. It means the angle formed by (takes the angle inside the liquid).
- the contact angle can be determined by a general ⁇ / 2 method.
- the ⁇ / 2 method is used when the value of the angle defined between the straight line connecting the left and right end points and the vertex of the electrolyte droplet on the oxygen selective permeable membrane and the oxygen selective permeable membrane is ⁇ 1. In this method, the angle ⁇ is calculated as a value twice as large as ⁇ 1 .
- DM500 manufactured by Kyowa Interface Chemical Co., Ltd. may be mentioned.
- the electrolyte solution and the oxygen selective permeable membrane are placed in a constant temperature and humidity chamber controlled at a temperature of 20 to 26 ° C. and a relative humidity of 30 to 70% for about 6 hours, and the electrolyte solution is placed on the surface of the oxygen selective permeable membrane.
- the contact angle may be measured with respect to a droplet obtained by dropping one drop by using.
- an alkyne polymer membrane having one or more aromatic groups may be mentioned.
- carbon dioxide can be selectively removed from the air.
- the aromatic group contained in the polymer film of the above alkyne having one or more aromatic groups is phenyl group, substituted phenyl group, naphthalyl group, anthracenyl group, pyrenyl group, perylenyl group, pyridinyl group, pyroyl group, thiophenyl group And a group selected from the group consisting of a furyl group, or a substituted aromatic group in which at least a part of hydrogen atoms in the group is substituted.
- the aromatic group is any of the above groups, oxygen / carbon dioxide selective permeability is further improved.
- the aromatic group is more preferably a phenyl group or a substituted phenyl group.
- oxygen permeability coefficient (P O2 ) is 400 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 10 cm 3 ⁇ cm / cm 2 ⁇ s ⁇ cmHg or more, oxygen permeation of the oxygen selective permeable membrane 20 proceeds smoothly.
- An example of such an oxygen selective permeable membrane is a commercially available silicone membrane.
- the ratio (P O2 / P CO2 ) of the oxygen permeation coefficient (P O2 ) to the carbon dioxide permeation coefficient (P CO2 ) of the oxygen selective permeable membrane is preferably 0.15 or more.
- P O2 / P CO2 permeation of carbon dioxide can be suitably suppressed.
- An example of such an oxygen selective permeable membrane is a commercially available silicone membrane.
- the carbon dioxide permeability coefficient (P CO2 ) of the oxygen selective permeable membrane 20 is 23 ° C., humidity using a gas permeability measuring device (GTR-30X, manufactured by GTR Tech) using pure carbon dioxide gas. It is a value measured at 60%.
- KOH which is an electrolyte in the electrolytic solution
- KOH reacts with carbon dioxide to produce potassium hydrogen carbonate (KHCO 3 ) or potassium carbonate (K 2 CO 3 ).
- KHCO 3 potassium hydrogen carbonate
- K 2 CO 3 potassium carbonate
- the main body 5 has a storage exterior material, an electrolytic solution 7 accommodated in the storage exterior material, a positive electrode including a positive electrode catalyst in contact with the electrolytic solution 7, and a negative electrode in contact with the electrolytic solution.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing a structure including the positive electrode 51, the separator 52, and the negative electrode 53 in the air battery of the present embodiment.
- FIG. 5A is a schematic diagram showing a structure 500 in which a positive electrode 51, a separator 52, and a negative electrode 53 are stacked in this order.
- FIG. 5B shows a structure 501 in which a plurality of structures 500 are stacked (hereinafter also referred to as “electrode group 501”).
- the structure 500 in which the positive electrode 51, the separator 52, and the negative electrode 53 as illustrated in FIG. 5A are stacked in this order is one set, by simply stacking a plurality of sets via the separator, A stacked battery can be obtained. Further, as shown in FIG. 5B, the structure 500 is set as one set, and the structure 500 and a set adjacent to the structure 500 (structure 500) are stacked so as to be in contact with each other between the negative electrodes and the positive electrodes. Accordingly, a stacked battery that does not require a separator between the structures 500 can be obtained.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing a method for manufacturing the main body 5.
- FIG. 6A is a schematic diagram showing a step of immersing a structure 501 composed of the positive electrode 51, the separator 52, and the negative electrode 53 in the electrolytic solution 7.
- FIG. 6B is a schematic diagram illustrating a process of storing the structure 501 in the storage exterior material 30.
- FIG. 6C is a schematic diagram illustrating a process of sealing the storage exterior material 30.
- the housing material 30 is made of, for example, a resin such as polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, or ABS, or a metal that does not react with the negative electrode, the positive electrode, or the electrolytic solution.
- a resin such as polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, or ABS, or a metal that does not react with the negative electrode, the positive electrode, or the electrolytic solution.
- the positive electrode 51 is composed of a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode catalyst layer including a positive electrode catalyst.
- the positive electrode current collector may be a conductive material, and examples thereof include at least one metal selected from the group consisting of nickel, chromium, iron, and titanium, preferably nickel and stainless steel.
- the shape is a metal flat plate, mesh, perforated plate or the like. Preferably, it is selected from a mesh and a perforated plate.
- the positive electrode catalyst layer preferably contains a conductive agent and a binder that adheres these to the positive electrode current collector.
- a preferable embodiment of the positive electrode catalyst may be any material that can reduce oxygen, and includes manganese oxide or platinum. When using manganese oxide, manganese dioxide is desirable. In particular, platinum has an ability to occlude and release oxygen, so an air battery can be easily used as an air secondary battery.
- the positive electrode catalyst includes a perovskite type complex oxide represented by ABO 3 , includes at least two atoms selected from the group consisting of La, Sr and Ca at the A site, and Mn, Fe, Cr at the B site. And at least one atom selected from the group consisting of Co and Co.
- the positive electrode catalyst may be an oxide containing one or more metals selected from the group consisting of iridium, titanium, tantalum, niobium, tungsten and zirconium.
- Examples of the conductive agent include carbon materials such as acetylene black and ketjen black.
- the binder may be any material that does not dissolve in the electrolyte solution used.
- the negative electrode 53 includes at least one metal selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, potassium, calcium, zinc, iron, and a hydrogen storage alloy. Among these, aluminum is preferable, and aluminum having a purity of 99.8% or more is more preferable.
- a chargeable / dischargeable electrode as the negative electrode 53, a chargeable / dischargeable laminated battery can be obtained.
- the negative electrode that can be charged and discharged include a hydrogen storage alloy. In the case of a hydrogen storage alloy, water is generated by a discharge reaction.
- a chargeable / dischargeable negative electrode for example, a hydrogen storage alloy is used as the negative electrode 53
- the charging positive electrode only needs to be a conductive material, and examples thereof include at least one metal selected from the group consisting of nickel, chromium, iron and titanium, preferably nickel and stainless steel.
- the shape is a mesh, a perforated plate or the like.
- lead wires 24a and 24b for extracting current are connected to the positive electrode 51 and the negative electrode 53, respectively.
- the discharge current can be efficiently taken out from the negative electrode 53, and the lead wires 24a and 24b for taking out the current are connected to the positive electrode 51 and the negative electrode 53, respectively.
- charging / discharging becomes possible, and an air battery can be used as a secondary battery.
- the separator 52 is an insulating material that can move an electrolyte.
- a nonwoven fabric or a porous film made of a resin such as polyolefin or fluororesin can be used.
- the resin include polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, and polyvinylidene fluoride.
- the electrolyte is an aqueous solution
- examples of the resin include polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, and polyvinylidene fluoride that have been subjected to hydrophilic treatment.
- the electrolytic solution includes at least a solvent and an electrolyte, and is in contact with at least the positive electrode catalyst and the negative electrode.
- the solvent includes an aqueous solvent and / or a non-aqueous solvent.
- aqueous solvent water is usually used.
- KOH, NaOH, LiOH, Ba (OH) 2 and Mg (OH) 2 including.
- the concentration of the electrolyte contained in the aqueous solvent is preferably 1 to 99 wt (wt)%, more preferably 5 to 60 wt%, and even more preferably 5 to 40 wt%.
- the non-aqueous solvent includes one or more solvents selected from the group consisting of cyclic carbonates, chain carbonates, cyclic esters, cyclic ethers, and chain ethers.
- examples of the cyclic carbonate include ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, and the like.
- Examples of chain carbonates include dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and methyl ethyl carbonate.
- examples of the cyclic ester include gamma butyrolactone and gamma valerolactone.
- Examples of the cyclic ether include tetrahydrofuran and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran.
- Examples of the chain ether include dimethoxyethane and ethylene glycol dimethyl ether.
- the electrolyte in the case of using a nonaqueous solvent it is preferable to contain a salt containing an element constituting the negative electrode active material.
- the electrolyte when the negative electrode used in the present invention is lithium or sodium
- the lithium salt usually the group consisting of LiPF 6, LiAsF 6, LiSbF 6 , LiBF 4, LiCF 3 SO 3, LiN (SO 2 CF 3) 2 and LiC (SO 2 CF 3) 3 containing fluorine, among them At least one selected from the above may be used.
- the sodium salt is usually a group consisting of NaPF 6 , NaAsF 6 , NaSbF 6 , NaBF 4 , NaCF 3 SO 3 , NaN (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 and NaC (SO 2 CF 3 ) 3 containing fluorine. At least one selected from the above may be used.
- the concentration of the electrolyte in the non-aqueous solvent is preferably 1 to 99 wt (wt)%, more preferably 5 to 60 wt%, and even more preferably 5 to 40 wt%.
- the tank 3 that stores the electrolytic solution 7 is made of, for example, a resin such as polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, or ABS, or a metal that does not react with the electrolytic solution 7.
- the pump 4 that circulates the electrolytic solution 7 is a material that does not react with the electrolytic solution 7 at the place where the electrolytic solution 7 is in contact, and may be anything that quantitatively controls and sends the electrolytic solution 7.
- it is selected from reciprocating pumps such as piston pumps, plunger pumps, and diaphragm pumps, and rotary pumps such as gear pumps, vane pumps, and screw pumps.
- the pipe 6 connects the main body 5, the oxygen intake 2, the pump 4 that circulates the electrolytic solution 7, and the tank 3 that stores the electrolytic solution in this order. Moreover, the piping 6 connects these so that the electrolyte solution 7 may circulate in order of the tank 3, the pump 4, the oxygen intake part 2, and the main-body part 5.
- FIG. The pipe 6 is made of, for example, a resin such as polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, or ABS, or a metal that does not react with the electrolytic solution.
- the electrolytic solution 7 is injected into the tank 3 for storing the electrolytic solution, and a gas such as air is supplied in the electrolytic solution 7 using an air diffuser as shown in FIG. By bubbling, oxygen can be dissolved in the electrolyte solution 7.
- oxygen gas is bubbled in the electrolytic solution 7, and nitrogen is dissolved in the electrolytic solution 7. Remove oxygen. Moreover, oxygen can be taken into the electrolyte 7 by placing the oxygen intake 2 between the tank 3 containing the electrolyte and the main body 5.
- the electrolyte was prepared by the following method. Potassium hydroxide and pure water were mixed so that it might become 1.0M KOH aqueous solution, and the electrolyte solution was manufactured.
- Tank for storing electrolyte As the tank 3 for storing the electrolyte, a polypropylene container having a capacity of 200 ml as shown in FIG. 7 was used.
- ⁇ Method 2 for dissolving oxygen> As another method for dissolving oxygen in the electrolytic solution 7, as shown in FIG. 9, by bubbling nitrogen gas in the electrolytic solution 7 and dissolving nitrogen in the electrolytic solution 7 using an air diffuser, First, oxygen was removed. In addition, oxygen was introduced into the electrolyte 7 by placing the oxygen intake 2 between the tank 3 containing the electrolyte and the main body 5.
- FIG. 10 is a perspective view of members constituting the oxygen intake part 2 used in this embodiment.
- FIG. 10A is a perspective view of a stainless steel plate 22b (hereinafter sometimes referred to as a SUS plate) having a length of 250 mm and a width of 250 mm.
- FIG. 10B is a perspective view of the rubber plate 21 in which a hole 25 of 200 mm long ⁇ 200 mm wide is formed in the center of a rubber plate having a size of 250 mm long ⁇ 250 mm wide.
- FIG. 10C is a perspective view of the oxygen selective permeable membrane 20 having a length of 250 mm and a width of 250 mm.
- FIG. 10D shows a porous stainless steel plate 22a having a length of 250 mm and a width of 250 mm.
- the layers were laminated in this order as shown in FIG. After crimping this with a bolt and a nut, a nozzle was attached to the inlet / outlet of the electrolyte (FIG. 2).
- a silicone membrane (thickness 0.1 mm, manufactured by AS ONE, product name silicone film) having a contact angle of 105 ° with the electrolytic solution (1M KOH aqueous solution) was used.
- This silicone membrane has an oxygen permeability coefficient (PO 2 ) of 620 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 10 cm 3 ⁇ cm / cm 2 ⁇ s ⁇ cmHg, and an oxygen / carbon dioxide selective permeability (PO 2 / P CO2 ) of 0.20.
- PO 2 oxygen permeability coefficient
- P CO2 oxygen / carbon dioxide selective permeability
- separator a porous film (length 37 mm ⁇ width 27 mm, thickness 0.1 mm) made of hydrophilic polyvinylidene fluoride (Millipore Durapore membrane filter) was used.
- the positive electrode catalyst layer was composed of acetylene black as a conductive material, electrolytic MnO 2 as a catalyst for promoting oxygen reduction, and PTFE powder as a binder.
- This mixed powder was directly pressure-bonded to the current collector to form a positive electrode catalyst layer having a length of 35 mm ⁇ width of 25 mm and a thickness of 0.3 mm.
- As the current collector a stainless steel mesh discharge current collector (length 35 mm ⁇ width 25 mm ⁇ thickness 0.1 mm) was used.
- a nickel ribbon terminal for external connection (length 50 mm ⁇ width 3 mm ⁇ thickness 0.20 mm) was connected to the end of the current collector.
- a negative electrode, a separator, and a positive electrode produced as described above were laminated as a pair as shown in FIG.
- the four sets of structures 500 were stacked so that adjacent pairs of negative electrodes 53 and positive electrodes 51 were in contact with each other, and a structure (electrode group) 501 in FIG.
- the electrode group 501 was housed in the housing case 30 according to the procedure shown in FIGS.
- the lead wire 54 a of the positive electrode 51 and the lead wire 54 b of the negative electrode 53 were welded to the lead wire 54 a extraction portion of the positive electrode 51 and the lead wire 54 b extraction portion of the negative electrode 53, respectively, in the lid portion of the housing case 30.
- the storage exterior material 30 was sealed. Further, the main body portion and the lid portion of the storage exterior material 30 were sealed with adaldite (epoxy resin adhesive).
- Air battery performance evaluation> (Discharge test) The air batteries 1 and 2 produced as described above were connected to a charge / discharge tester (product name: TOSCAT-3000U, manufactured by Toyo System Co., Ltd.), and a constant current discharge (5 mA / cm 2 ) was applied to the negative electrode aluminum. CC discharge) and cut off at a final voltage of 0.5V.
- a charge / discharge tester product name: TOSCAT-3000U, manufactured by Toyo System Co., Ltd.
- Example 1 The discharge test was performed using the air battery 1 of FIG. As a result, the discharge capacity was 510 mAh. The average discharge voltage was 1.25V.
- Comparative Example 2 Using the air battery 110 having the same configuration as that of the comparative example 1, the gas to be bubbled into the tank 3 storing the electrolyte was changed to 99.9% nitrogen gas, and the above discharge test was performed. As a result, discharge was impossible (capacity 0 mAh).
- Example 1 The air cells used in Example 1, Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 2 after discharge were disassembled and the surface of the positive electrode catalyst was analyzed. As a result, a white deposit was confirmed on the surface of the positive electrode catalyst of Comparative Example 1. When this was recovered and analyzed, the presence of potassium carbonate was confirmed, and it was revealed that it was poisoned. On the other hand, no white color was observed on the surfaces of the positive electrode catalysts of Example 1 and Comparative Example 2.
- an air battery using a circulating electrolyte is supplied to the electrolyte by supplying air that has passed through an oxygen selective permeable membrane excellent in both oxygen permeation ability and oxygen permeation selectivity with respect to carbon dioxide permeation.
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Abstract
Description
図2及び図3は、本実施形態の空気電池の酸素取り入れ部2を示す模式図である。図3(a)は、本実施形態の空気電池における酸素取り入れ部2の下側の構造を模式的に示す斜視図である。図3(b)は、本実施形態の空気電池における酸素取り入れ部2の上側の構造を模式的に示す斜視図である。
本体部5は、収納外装材と、該収納外装材に収容された電解液7と、該電解液7に接触する正極触媒を含む正極と、該電解液に接触する負極を有する。図5は、本実施形態の空気電池における正極51、セパレータ52、及び負極53から構成された構造体を示す模式図である。図5(a)は、正極51、セパレータ52、及び負極53をこの順で積層した構造体500を示す模式図である。図5(b)は、複数の構造体500を積層した構造体501(以下、「電極群501」ということがある)を示す。
電解液7を貯蔵するタンク3は、例えば、ポリスチレン、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリ塩化ビニルやABS等の樹脂製、電解液7と反応しない金属製である。
電解液7を循環させるポンプ4は、電解液7が接する箇所が電解液7と反応しない材質であり、電解液7を定量的制御して送るものであればよい。例えば、ピストンポンプ、プランジャーポンプ、ダイヤフラムポンプなどの往復ポンプ、ギヤポンプ、ベーンポンプ、ねじポンプなどの回転ポンプから選ばれる。
配管6は、本体部5と、酸素取り入れ部2と、電解液7を循環させるポンプ4と、電解液を貯蔵したタンク3と、をこの順に連結する。また、配管6は、電解液7が、タンク3、ポンプ4、酸素取り入れ部2、本体部5の順に循環するように、これらを連結する。配管6は、例えば、ポリスチレン、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリ塩化ビニルやABS等の樹脂製、電解液と反応しない金属製である。
電解質を以下の方法で調整した。水酸化カリウムと純水とを、1.0M KOH水溶液となるように混合し、電解液を製造した。
電解液を貯蔵するタンク3には、図7に示すような容量200mlのポリプロピレン製容器を使用した。
電解液7中にガスを溶存させるために図7に示す電解液を貯蔵するタンク3を使用した。当該タンク3に電解液7を注入し、図8に示すように、散気装置を用いて、電解液7中で空気をバブリングさせることにより、電解液7に酸素を溶存させた。
電解液7中に酸素を溶存させる別の方法として、図9に示すように、散気装置を用いて、電解液7中で窒素ガスをバブリングさせ、電解液7に窒素を溶存させることにより、まず、酸素を除去した。また、電解液を収容したタンク3と、本体部5との間に酸素取り入れ部2を載置することにより、電解液7に酸素を取り入れた。
電解液7中に酸素を溶存させる酸素取り入れ装置として、上述した図2~4に示すような酸素取入れ部2を使用した。図10は、本実施例で使用した酸素取入れ部2を構成する部材の斜視図である。
電解液7の溶存酸素を定量する装置にはガルバニ式溶存酸素計を使用した。全ての測定は、23℃で行った。
電解液タンクに70mlの1M KOH水溶液を入れ、純度99.9%窒素ガスを30分間バブリングさせた後、ガルバニ式溶存酸素計で溶存酸素を測定した。その結果、溶存酸素量は0.00mg/L(測定下限以下)であった。
窒素ガスを空気に変えたこと以外は(溶存酸素量の確認1)と同様にした。その結果、溶存酸素量は7mg/Lであった。
溶存酸素量の確認1の項における、溶存酸素0.00mg/Lの1M KOH水溶液を、ポンプによって、0.5g/minの流速にて、酸素取り入れ部2に通過させた。このときの溶存酸素量を測定したところ、6mg/Lであった。電解液を貯蔵したタンク3、ポンプ4および酸素取り入れ部2を連結する配管6にはポリプロピレン製のものを用いた。
(負極の作製)
厚さ0.1mmのアルミニウム箔(日本製箔社製A1085、純度99.85%)を縦35mm×横25mmに切断した。このアルミニウム箔に、抵抗溶接機を用いて、縦50mm×横3mm(厚さ0.20mm)のアルミニウムリード線(純度99.5%)を取り付けた。次に、抵抗溶接部から伸びたアルミニウムリード線5mmとアルミニウム(縦35mm×横25mm)の片面とをイミドテープでマスキングすることでアルミニウム負極を作製した。
セパレータとしては、親水性処理されたポリフッ化ビニリデン(ミリポア社製 デュラポア メンブレンフィルター)からなる多孔質膜(縦37mm×横27mm、厚み0.1mm)を用いた。
正極触媒層は、導電材としてアセチレンブラックと、酸素の還元を促進する触媒としての電解MnO2と、結着剤としてのPTFE粉末とにより構成した。重量比として、アセチレンブラック:電解MnO2:PTFE=10:10:1とし、これをメノウ乳鉢で混合して混合粉を得た。この混合粉を、集電体に直接圧着し、縦35mm×横25mm、厚み0.3mmの正極触媒層を成形した。集電体としては、ステンレスメッシュ製の放電用の集電体(縦35mm×横25mm×厚み0.1mm)を使用した。この集電体の端部には、外部接続用のニッケルリボン端子(縦50mm×横3mm×厚み0.20mm)を接続した。
上記のように作製した負極とセパレータと正極とを1組として図5(a)のように積層し、構造体500を得た。4組の構造体500を、隣り合う組の負極53同士、及び正極51同士が接するように積層して、図5(b)の構造体(電極群)501を作製した。
電解液を貯蔵したタンク3、ポンプ4、酸素取入れ部2、及び、本体部5を、配管6を用いてこの順に循環するように連結し、図1に示すような空気電池1を作製した。連結する配管にはポリプロピレン製のチューブを用いた。
電解液を貯蔵したタンク3、ポンプ4、及び、本体部5を、配管6を用いてこの順に循環するように連結し、図11に示すような空気電池110を作製した。連結する配管にはポリプロピレン製のチューブを用いた。
(放電試験)
上述のようにして作製した空気電池1、2を、充放電試験機(東洋システム社製、製品名TOSCAT-3000U)に接続し、負極のアルミニウムに対して、5mA/cm2で定電流放電(CC放電)を行い、終止電圧0.5Vでカットオフした。
図1の空気電池1を用いて、上記放電試験を行った。その結果、放電容量は510mAhであった。平均放電電圧は1.25Vであった。
図11の空気電池110を用いて、電解液を貯蔵したタンク3に散気装置から空気をバブリングさせ、上記放電試験を行った。その結果、放電容量は400mAhであった。平均放電電圧は1.20Vであった。
比較例1と同様の構成の空気電池110を用いて、電解液を貯蔵したタンク3にバブリングさせるガスを99.9%窒素ガスにして、上記放電試験を行った。その結果、放電は不可能(容量0mAh)であった。
Claims (9)
- 収納外装材と、該収納外装材に収容された電解液と、該電解液に接触する正極触媒を含む正極と、該電解液に接触する負極と、を有する本体部と、
前記電解液を貯蔵したタンクと、
前記電解液を前記本体部と前記タンクとの間で循環させるポンプと、
前記電解液の循環途中において、前記電解液へ酸素を取り入れる酸素取り入れ部と、
前記電解液が、前記タンク、前記ポンプ、前記酸素取り入れ部、前記本体部の順に循環するように連結する配管と、を備える空気電池であって、
前記酸素取り入れ部が酸素選択透過膜を有する、空気電池。 - 前記酸素選択透過膜の表面に対する前記電解液の接触角が90°以上である、請求項1に記載の空気電池。
- 前記酸素選択透過膜の表面に対する前記電解液の接触角が150°以上である、請求項1に記載の空気電池。
- 前記酸素選択透過膜の酸素透過係数(PO2)が、400×10-10cm3・cm/cm2・s・cmHg以上である、請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の空気電池。
- 前記酸素選択透過膜の二酸化炭素透過係数(PCO2)に対する酸素透過係数(PO2)の比(PO2/PCO2)が、0.15以上である、請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の空気電池。
- 前記負極が、リチウム、ナトリウム、マグネシウム、アルミニウム、カリウム、カルシウム、亜鉛、鉄および水素吸蔵合金からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の金属である、請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の空気電池。
- 前記電解液が、電解質と水とを含む溶液であり、
前記電解質は、KOH、NaOH、LiOH、Ba(OH)2およびMg(OH)2からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種である、請求項1~6のいずれかに記載の空気電池。 - 前記正極触媒が、二酸化マンガンまたは白金含む、請求項1~7のいずれかに記載の空気電池。
- 前記正極触媒が、ABO3で表されるペロブスカイト型複合酸化物を含み、AサイトにLa、SrおよびCaからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも2種の原子を含み、BサイトにMn、Fe、CrおよびCoからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の原子を含む、請求項1~8のいずれかに記載の空気電池。
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