WO2012039099A1 - μ-PCD法を用いた薄膜半導体の結晶性評価装置 - Google Patents
μ-PCD法を用いた薄膜半導体の結晶性評価装置 Download PDFInfo
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- G01N22/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of microwaves or radio waves, i.e. electromagnetic waves with a wavelength of one millimetre or more
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- the present invention relates to an apparatus for evaluating crystallinity of a thin film semiconductor and the method, and is particularly preferably implemented for evaluating the crystallinity of a silicon semiconductor thin film, for example, using a microwave photoconductive decay method (hereinafter referred to as ⁇ -PCD method).
- ⁇ -PCD method a microwave photoconductive decay method
- the ⁇ -PCD method is often used as a non-contact / non-destructive evaluation method for impurity contamination and defect evaluation (for example, a method for measuring the lifetime of a silicon wafer in Patent Document 1). .
- the ⁇ -PCD method In the ⁇ -PCD method, an electromagnetic wave is irradiated on a semiconductor sample, and thereby free electrons in the semiconductor sample move (move) by the electric field of the electromagnetic wave. Since this motion state is affected by the presence of impurities, defects, etc. in the semiconductor sample, the intensity of the reflected wave of the electromagnetic wave irradiated to the semiconductor sample (change with respect to the intensity of the irradiated wave) is the crystallinity of the semiconductor sample. It can be treated as an indicator.
- the ⁇ -PCD method evaluates the crystallinity of a semiconductor sample by utilizing such a mechanism.
- the ⁇ -PCD method has an advantage that the detection (measurement) of the intensity of the reflected wave is non-destructive and non-contact and can be performed in a very short time.
- the wavelength of electromagnetic waves is as long as several millimeters or more, there is a problem that the crystallinity of a minute region cannot be evaluated.
- the semiconductor sample is thin (thin film sample) such as polycrystalline silicon of several nm to several tens of nm, single crystal silicon of several ⁇ m or less, etc.
- the electromagnetic wave The change in the intensity of the reflected wave with respect to the irradiated wave (change in the intensity of the reflected wave due to the crystallinity of the semiconductor sample) is extremely small, and therefore, sufficient measurement sensitivity, that is, measurement accuracy cannot be ensured. There is.
- the intensity of the excitation light is increased too much in order to increase the measurement sensitivity, the sample may be damaged, and the cost of the excitation light source will increase.
- Patent Document 2 the thin film sample is condensed with excitation light having energy higher than the band cap and irradiated to a minute region, thereby generating photo-excited carriers in the minute region in the sample, and the electromagnetic field of the photo-excited carrier. Is used instead of the movement of the free electrons. Thus, if the intensity of the reflected wave that changes due to the irradiation of the excitation light is detected, the detected intensity becomes an index indicating the crystallinity of a micro area (excitation light irradiation area) of the sample, and such a thin film sample Can be evaluated.
- the irradiation area of the excitation light is a minute area, the intensity change of the reflected wave is small, and the measurement is easily influenced by noise, but the excitation light is light whose intensity is modulated at a predetermined period.
- this conventional technique removes unnecessary frequency components (noise) from the measured value.
- Patent Document 2 is an excellent technique that can evaluate the crystallinity of a minute region such as a TFT, in the conventional ⁇ -PCD method, there is a conductive film directly under the semiconductor thin film to be evaluated. In this case, there is a problem that sufficient electric field strength cannot be obtained in the semiconductor thin film, the interaction of the electric field with the photoexcited carriers is weakened, and measurement is very difficult.
- a semiconductor thin film is formed on a glass substrate on which a back surface (bottom) electrode is formed. Become a film. Similar problems occur in the field of FPD (Flat Panel Display) employing a bottom gate structure.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and its object is to provide a case where a conductive film is formed under a semiconductor thin film when the crystallinity of the semiconductor thin film is evaluated by the ⁇ -PCD method. It is another object of the present invention to provide a thin-film semiconductor crystallinity evaluation apparatus and method that can be used for evaluation.
- the measurement site of the thin film semiconductor sample is irradiated with excitation light and electromagnetic waves, and the intensity of the reflected electromagnetic waves from the sample is detected.
- the crystallinity of the sample is evaluated.
- the thin film semiconductor of the sample is formed on a conductive film, and a dielectric that is transparent to the excitation light is further disposed between the sample and the electromagnetic wave irradiation unit. For this reason, the crystallinity evaluation apparatus and method for a thin film semiconductor having such a configuration can evaluate the crystallinity even when a conductive film is formed under the semiconductor thin film as described above.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of a thin-film semiconductor crystallinity evaluation apparatus 1 according to the first embodiment.
- the evaluation apparatus 1 of this embodiment basically evaluates the crystallinity of a semiconductor using the above-described ⁇ -PCD method.
- a dielectric 3 As will be described later, by superimposing a dielectric 3 on a sample 2, Sample 2 can be evaluated by forming a conductive film 2b and a thin film semiconductor 2a (thickness of about several ⁇ m) on a glass substrate (thickness of several mm) 2c. Examples of such a sample 2 include a solar cell in which a bottom electrode is formed and an FPD that employs a bottom gate structure.
- the evaluation apparatus 1 can perform normal evaluation of a semiconductor wafer or the like.
- Such an evaluation apparatus 1 includes, for example, as shown in FIG. 1, a microwave oscillator 11, waveguides 12, 13, 14, a directional coupler 15, a stage 16, an ultraviolet excitation light source 17, A detector 18, a personal computer 19, and the dielectric 3 are provided.
- the microwave irradiated to the sample from the tip of the waveguide 13 is reflected by the surface of the sample and is incident on the waveguide 13 again.
- a region narrower than the microwave irradiation region is irradiated with ultraviolet excitation light having an energy equal to or higher than the band gap of the semiconductor of the sample from an ultraviolet excitation light source 17 which is an example of an excitation light irradiation unit.
- the ultraviolet excitation light is irradiated, photoexcited carriers are generated in the semiconductor, and the microwave reflectance temporarily increases.
- the reflected microwave is again guided from the waveguide 13 to the waveguide 14 via the directional coupler 15 and detected by a detector 18 which is an example of a detection unit.
- the detection signal of the detector 18 is transmitted to a personal computer 19 which is an example of an evaluation unit.
- the evaluation apparatus 1 having such a configuration can evaluate the crystallinity of the semiconductor by detecting the intensity of the reflected microwave from the sample 2 with the detector 18 and analyzing it with the personal computer 19. it can.
- the detection (measurement) of the intensity of the reflected wave is nondestructive and noncontact, and can be performed in a very short time.
- the personal computer 19 controls the position of the stage 16 configured to include an XY table or the like, so that mapping measurement for determining a predetermined range of crystallinity in the sample 2 is also possible.
- the dielectric 3 when the crystallinity is evaluated using the ⁇ -PCD method as described above, if the thin film semiconductor 2a is the sample 2 formed on the conductive film 2b, the dielectric 3 Are superposed on the thin film semiconductor 2a of the sample 2 for measurement.
- the dielectric 3 is transparent to the ultraviolet excitation light.
- the thickness d of the dielectric 3 is preferably in the relationship of the following formula (1).
- FIG. 3 shows the intensity of the reflected microwave when the dielectric constant and thickness of the dielectric 3 used in the present embodiment are changed when the crystallinity is evaluated from the intensity of the reflected wave of the microwave irradiated to the sample 2. It is a graph which shows a change. More specifically, the simulation result of the present inventor is shown in FIG. This simulation is performed for each case where the microwave frequency is 26 GHz and the dielectric constant ⁇ of the dielectric 3 is 7.5 and 9.0. As can be seen from FIG. 3, when the thickness d of the dielectric 3 satisfies the above-described conditional expression (1), the surface of the dielectric 3 is located at the antinode of the amplitude of the reflected microwave. The sensitivity of electromagnetic waves is maximized.
- the microwave 3f reflected by the surface 3d of the dielectric 3 and the microwave 2f reflected by the surface 2d of the sample 2 are related to the relationship between the nodes and the belly. And cancel each other.
- the energy transmittance (energy transfer efficiency) of the electromagnetic wave from the air to the dielectric 3 is maximized, and as a result, a larger electric field can be applied to the evaluation target film (thin film semiconductor 2a). Can be increased.
- the dielectric 3 has a dielectric constant closer to that of the thin film semiconductor 2a (for example, 11.7 to 8 for silicon), the sensitivity is improved.
- the dielectric which does not absorb ultraviolet excitation light. It is necessary to use the body.
- the wavelength of the ultraviolet excitation light source 17 is preferably selected so that the thickness of the thin film semiconductor 2a ⁇ the penetration length in order to efficiently absorb the excitation light in the thin film semiconductor 2a.
- the detector 18 may use a differential antenna system.
- the personal computer 19 which is an example of the evaluation unit performs the evaluation of the crystallinity by detecting the peak value Peak of the reflected electromagnetic wave with the detector 18 which is an example of the detection unit. This is because the density of photoexcited carriers due to irradiation with ultraviolet excitation light changes as shown in FIG. 5, and the lifetime ⁇ of photoexcited carriers is less than ns (picosecond order) compared to the laser pulse irradiation period t0 of nsec order. This is because the carrier annihilation time approximates the number of generated carriers.
- the carrier injection rate (the generation rate of electron-hole pairs by photoexcitation: per unit volume and unit time) is g and the lifetime is ⁇
- Peak g ⁇ (1-exp ( ⁇ t0 / ⁇ )) (4)
- the lifetime ⁇ is shorter than ns (picosecond order), it is difficult to measure the lifetime ⁇ using a general and inexpensive device.
- the lifetime ⁇ can be evaluated without using expensive equipment.
- An ultraviolet excitation light source 17 that is an example of an excitation light irradiation unit irradiates the sample 2 with excitation light whose intensity is modulated at a predetermined period
- a personal computer 19 that is an example of an evaluation unit is an example of a detection unit.
- FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a thin-film semiconductor crystallinity evaluation apparatus 31 according to the second embodiment.
- the evaluation device 31 according to the second embodiment is similar to the evaluation device 1 according to the first embodiment described above, and corresponding portions are denoted by the same reference numerals and description thereof is omitted.
- a dielectric 33 is attached to the tip of the waveguide 13 instead of the dielectric 3 in the first embodiment, and a minute gap d is provided between the dielectric 33 and the sample 2. Open and measure.
- the minute interval d is, for example, about 50 ⁇ m when the dielectric constant ⁇ of the dielectric 33 is 5.5. That is, the minute interval d is selected to be a large distance so that the irradiation microwave does not feel the minute interval d (does not affect propagation).
- the sample 2 can be evaluated completely in a non-contact manner by providing the minute interval d.
- the dielectric 33 may be formed to have a smaller size of the waveguide 13 to which the dielectric 33 is attached, rather than the size of the entire sample 2. Can be small.
- An apparatus for evaluating crystallinity of a thin film semiconductor includes an excitation light irradiation unit that irradiates a measurement site of a thin film semiconductor sample with excitation light having energy equal to or higher than a band gap of the thin film semiconductor; An electromagnetic wave irradiation unit that irradiates the irradiation position with an electromagnetic wave, a detection unit that detects the intensity of the reflected electromagnetic wave from the sample that changes due to irradiation of the excitation light, and the crystallinity of the sample based on the detection result of the detection unit
- a thin film semiconductor crystallinity evaluation apparatus comprising: an evaluation unit for evaluating the thin film semiconductor, wherein the thin film semiconductor of the sample is formed on a conductive film, disposed between the sample and the electromagnetic wave irradiation unit, It further includes a dielectric that is transparent to the excitation light.
- a measurement site of a thin film semiconductor sample is irradiated with excitation light having energy greater than or equal to the band gap of the thin film semiconductor, and the excitation light is irradiated.
- a thin film that irradiates the irradiation position with an electromagnetic wave detects the intensity of the reflected electromagnetic wave from the sample, which changes due to the irradiation of the excitation light, and evaluates the crystallinity of the sample based on the detection result
- a method for evaluating crystallinity of a semiconductor wherein the thin film semiconductor of the sample is formed on a conductive film, and a dielectric that is transparent to the excitation light is formed between the sample and the electromagnetic wave irradiation unit. Deploy.
- excitation light having energy equal to or higher than the band gap of the semiconductor is applied to a measurement site in the semiconductor sample.
- electromagnetic waves are irradiated to the irradiation position of the excitation light, and the intensity of the reflected electromagnetic waves from the sample, which changes due to the irradiation of the excitation light, is detected, and the crystallinity of the sample is evaluated based on the detection result Is done.
- the semiconductor of the sample is a thin film semiconductor, and when the thin film semiconductor is formed on a conductive film, it is transparent to the excitation light between the sample and the electromagnetic wave irradiation unit. A dielectric is disposed.
- the semiconductor when the semiconductor is irradiated with excitation light having energy higher than the band gap, photoexcited carriers are generated in the semiconductor, and the photoexcited carriers move (move) in the electric field of the electromagnetic wave.
- the motion state is affected by the presence of impurities, defects, etc. in the sample.
- the intensity of the reflected wave of the electromagnetic wave irradiated to the semiconductor sample (change with respect to the intensity of the irradiated wave) is an index of the crystallinity of the sample.
- the detection (measurement) of the intensity of the reflected wave is nondestructive and noncontact, and can be performed in a very short time.
- the crystallinity evaluation apparatus and the method when the semiconductor is a thin film and the thin film semiconductor, such as a bottom electrode in a solar cell, is formed on a conductive film, the thin film semiconductor of the sample and the method A dielectric that is transparent to the excitation light is provided between the electromagnetic wave irradiation unit.
- the crystallinity evaluation apparatus and the method having the above-described configuration can be evaluated with high sensitivity up to a sample that is not sensitive and cannot be evaluated without the dielectric without inhibiting the generation of photoexcited carriers by the excitation light with the dielectric. can do.
- a dielectric is inserted as a medium having an intermediate impedance between the electromagnetic wave irradiation space and the sample, that is, between air and silicon, an abrupt change in the impedance to the electromagnetic wave can be avoided (impedance Power transmission efficiency is improved.
- the dielectric constant of the dielectric is ⁇
- the thickness is d
- the crystallinity evaluation apparatus having such a configuration can maximize the power transmission efficiency to the thin film semiconductor.
- the evaluation unit evaluates crystallinity by detecting a peak value of the intensity of the reflected electromagnetic wave by the detection unit.
- the lifetime ⁇ of the photoexcited carrier is as short as ns or less (picosecond order)
- the excitation pulse width >> the lifetime ⁇
- the lifetime ⁇ becomes a ⁇ Peak value (approximate to the Peak value).
- the crystallinity evaluation apparatus having such a configuration can evaluate the lifetime ⁇ without using expensive equipment by substituting the peak value instead of the lifetime ⁇ as the evaluation value of crystallinity. Can do.
- the dielectric is arranged on the sample with a minute interval.
- the crystallinity evaluation apparatus having such a configuration can be evaluated completely without contact with a sample.
- the electromagnetic wave irradiation unit includes a waveguide for guiding the electromagnetic wave to an irradiation position of the excitation light, and the dielectric is And attached to the tip of the waveguide of the electromagnetic wave irradiation section.
- the dielectric is formed not to be the size of the entire sample, but to be smaller than the size of the waveguide to which the dielectric is attached.
- the minute interval can be reduced.
- the excitation light irradiation unit irradiates the sample with excitation light whose intensity is modulated at a predetermined period
- the evaluation unit Extracts a periodic component synchronized with the intensity modulation of the excitation light from the intensity of the reflected electromagnetic wave detected by the detection unit, and evaluates the crystallinity of the sample based on the detected signal intensity.
- the crystallinity evaluation apparatus having such a configuration enables highly sensitive measurement / evaluation by modulation excitation and synchronous detection as described in Patent Document 1.
- the excitation light irradiation region is a very small region, the intensity change of the reflected electromagnetic wave is small and easily affected by noise. Therefore, an unnecessary frequency component (noise) is generated from the measured value by the modulation excitation and synchronous detection. Can be removed, which is preferable.
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Abstract
Description
図1は、第1実施形態に係る薄膜半導体の結晶性評価装置1の構成を示すブロック図である。本実施形態の評価装置1は、基本的に前述のμ-PCD法を用いて半導体の結晶性を評価するものであり、後述するように、試料2に誘電体3を重ね合わせることで、該試料2として、ガラス基板(厚さ数mm)2c上に、導電膜2bおよび薄膜半導体2a(厚さ数μm程度)が成膜されたものを評価することができる。そのような試料2として、例えばボトム電極が形成された太陽電池や、ボトムゲート構造を採用したFPDが挙げられる。一方、前記誘電体3を介在しないことで、この評価装置1は、半導体ウエハ等の通常通りの評価も可能である。
p=gτ(1-exp(-t/τ)) ・・・(3)
図6は、第2実施形態に係る薄膜半導体の結晶性評価装置31の構成を示すブロック図である。第2実施形態の評価装置31は、前述の第1実施形態における評価装置1に類似し、対応する部分には同一の参照符号を付して示し、その説明を省略する。ここで、この評価装置31では、第1実施形態における誘電体3に代え誘電体33が導波管13の先端に取付けられており、誘電体33と試料2との間に、微小間隔dを開けて測定が行なわれる。前記微小間隔dは、例えば誘電体33の誘電率εが5.5で、50μm程度である。すなわち、前記微小間隔dは、照射マイクロ波が、この微小間隔dを感じない(伝播に影響しない)程度で、大きな距離に選ばれる。
Claims (7)
- 薄膜半導体の試料の測定部位に対して、前記薄膜半導体のバンドギャップ以上のエネルギーを有する励起光を照射する励起光照射部と、
前記励起光の照射位置に電磁波を照射する電磁波照射部と、
前記励起光の照射により変化する、前記試料からの反射電磁波の強度を検出する検出部と、
前記検出部の検出結果に基づいて前記試料の結晶性を評価する評価部とを備える薄膜半導体の結晶性評価装置において、
前記試料の前記薄膜半導体は、導電性膜上に形成され、
前記試料と前記電磁波照射部との間に配置され、前記励起光に対して透明である誘電体をさらに備えること
を特徴とする薄膜半導体の結晶性評価装置。 - 前記誘電体の誘電率をεとし、厚さをdとし、照射電磁波の波長をλとする場合に、d=λ/4(ε)1/2の関係にあること
を特徴とする請求項1に記載の薄膜半導体の結晶性評価装置。 - 前記評価部は、前記検出部による前記反射電磁波の強度のピーク値を検出することで結晶性を評価すること
を特徴とする請求項1または請求項2に記載の薄膜半導体の結晶性評価装置。 - 前記励起光照射部は、前記試料に対して所定周期で強度変調した励起光を照射し、
前記評価部は、前記検出部で検出された反射電磁波の強度の中で、前記励起光の強度変調に同期した周期成分を抽出し、その検出信号強度に基づいて前記試料の結晶性を評価すること
を特徴とする請求項1ないし請求項3のいずれか1項に記載の薄膜半導体の結晶性評価装置。 - 前記誘電体は、前記試料上に、微小間隔を開けて配置されること
を特徴とする請求項1ないし請求項4のいずれか1項に記載の薄膜半導体の結晶性評価装置。 - 前記電磁波照射部は、前記電磁波を前記励起光の照射位置へ導く導波管を備え、
前記誘電体は、前記電磁波照射部の前記導波管の先端に取付けられていること
を特徴とする請求項5に記載の薄膜半導体の結晶性評価装置。 - 薄膜半導体の試料の測定部位に対して、前記薄膜半導体のバンドギャップ以上のエネルギーを有する励起光を照射し、
前記励起光の照射に合わせて、その照射位置に電磁波を照射し、
前記励起光の照射により変化する、前記試料からの反射電磁波の強度を検出し、
前記の検出結果に基づいて前記試料の結晶性を評価する薄膜半導体の結晶性評価方法において、
前記試料の前記薄膜半導体は、導電性膜上に形成され、
前記試料と前記電磁波照射部との間に、前記励起光に対して透明である誘電体を配置すること
を特徴とする薄膜半導体の結晶性評価方法。
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US13/819,288 US8952338B2 (en) | 2010-09-22 | 2011-09-01 | Crystalline quality evaluation apparatus for thin-film semiconductors, using μ-PCD technique |
KR1020137010083A KR101465377B1 (ko) | 2010-09-22 | 2011-09-01 | μ-PCD법을 사용한 박막 반도체의 결정성 평가 장치 |
DE112011103163.7T DE112011103163B4 (de) | 2010-09-22 | 2011-09-01 | Kristallqualitäts-Evaluierungsvorrichtung für Dünnfilm-Halbleiter unter Verwendung einer μ- PCD Technik |
CN201180043985.0A CN103098194B (zh) | 2010-09-22 | 2011-09-01 | 利用μ-PCD法的薄膜半导体的结晶性评价装置 |
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JP2010211524A JP5350345B2 (ja) | 2010-09-22 | 2010-09-22 | 薄膜半導体の結晶性評価装置および方法 |
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KR101465377B1 (ko) | 2014-11-26 |
TW201221946A (en) | 2012-06-01 |
CN103098194A (zh) | 2013-05-08 |
DE112011103163B4 (de) | 2017-06-01 |
JP5350345B2 (ja) | 2013-11-27 |
US20130153778A1 (en) | 2013-06-20 |
CN103098194B (zh) | 2015-10-14 |
KR20130060336A (ko) | 2013-06-07 |
US8952338B2 (en) | 2015-02-10 |
JP2012069614A (ja) | 2012-04-05 |
TWI451080B (zh) | 2014-09-01 |
DE112011103163T5 (de) | 2013-07-18 |
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