Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23D—EDIBLE OILS OR FATS, e.g. MARGARINES, SHORTENINGS OR COOKING OILS
  • A23D7/00—Edible oil or fat compositions containing an aqueous phase, e.g. margarines
  • A23D7/005—Edible oil or fat compositions containing an aqueous phase, e.g. margarines characterised by ingredients other than fatty acid triglycerides
  • A23D7/0053—Compositions other than spreads
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23D—EDIBLE OILS OR FATS, e.g. MARGARINES, SHORTENINGS OR COOKING OILS
  • A23D7/00—Edible oil or fat compositions containing an aqueous phase, e.g. margarines
  • A23D7/01—Other fatty acid esters, e.g. phosphatides
  • A23D7/011—Compositions other than spreads
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23D—EDIBLE OILS OR FATS, e.g. MARGARINES, SHORTENINGS OR COOKING OILS
  • A23D7/00—Edible oil or fat compositions containing an aqueous phase, e.g. margarines
  • A23D7/015—Reducing calorie content; Reducing fat content, e.g. "halvarines"
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L2/00—Non-alcoholic beverages; Dry compositions or concentrates therefor; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L2/52—Adding ingredients
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
  • A23L33/115—Fatty acids or derivatives thereof; Fats or oils
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L35/00—Foods or foodstuffs not provided for in groups A23L5/00 - A23L33/00; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L35/10—Emulsified foodstuffs
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
  • A61P7/02—Antithrombotic agents; Anticoagulants; Platelet aggregation inhibitors
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/06—Antiarrhythmics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/12—Antihypertensives
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
  • A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs

Definitions

• PUFAs Polyunsaturated fatty acids
• omega-3 fatty acids like all-cis-5,8, l l, 14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and all-cis-4,7, 10, 13 , 16, 19- docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on lowering serum triglycerides are well established. All-cis-
• ALA 9, 12,15-octadecatrienoic acid
• EPA 9, 12,15-octadecatrienoic acid
• AA All- cis-5,8, l l,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (AA) and its precursors all-cis-6,9, 12-octadecatrienoic acid (GLA) and all-cis-9,12-octadecadienoic acid (LA) have been shown to be beneficial to infants.
• PUFAs are those related to the prevention and/or treatment of inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases, and to improved cognitive development. See e.g., Sugano and Michihiro, "Balanced intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids for health benefits.” J Oleo Sci 50(5):305-l 1, 2001.
• PUFAs can be and are derived from microbial sources including, without limitation, Mortiarella alpina for ARA and various species of
• Thraustochytrids for DHA and EPA Plants are now being modified genetically to include genes that produce various PUFAs in further efforts to reduce costs associated with commercial production of these oils.
• PUFAs delivery of PUFAs by formulating them into comestible compositions would be a desirable method from a consumer acceptability and compliance standpoint.
• hydrophobicity and oxidative stability characteristics associated with many PUFAs creates significant challenges for incorporating them into comestible compositions.
• One approach involves the use of emulsions.
• Emulsions have been used as delivery vehicle for various substances.
• emulsions have been used in the cosmetic, detergent, personal care, agricultural, and oil exploring industry.
• most emulsions are not water dilutable; that is, the emulsion becomes cloudy or milky white upon dilution by water.
• U.S. Patent 5,798,333 discloses a method of making a water dilutable, clear cyclosporine- in-water emulsion using tocophersolan (Vitamin E TPGS) as the emulsifier. This patent discloses the use of excess (7.5 times) emulsifier to dissolve cyclosporine. Cyclosporine has a low molecular weight and better solubility than various long chain PUFAs. The finished product is a semi-solid non- flowing gel contained in two-piece gelatine capsule.
• compositions and methods disclosed herein meet these and other needs.
• the disclosed subject matter in one aspect, relates to compositions and methods for preparing and using such compositions.
• the disclosed subject matter in a further aspect, relates to emulsions. Also disclosed are methods of making and using the disclosed emulsions.
• Ranges can be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and/or to "about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another aspect includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent "about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another aspect. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint. It is also understood that there are a number of values disclosed herein, and that each value is also herein disclosed as “about” that particular value in addition to the value itself. For example, if the value “10” is disclosed, then “about 10" is also disclosed.
• references in the specification and concluding claims to parts by weight of a particular component in a composition denotes the weight relationship between the component and any other components in the composition for which a part by weight is expressed.
• X and Y are present at a weight ratio of 2:5, and are present in such ratio regardless of whether additional components are contained in the compound.
• a weight percent (wt.%) of a component is based on the total weight of the formulation or composition in which the component is included.
• Subject means an animal. In one aspect, the subject is a mammal such as a primate, and, in another aspect, the subject is a human.
• the term “subject” also includes domesticated animals (e.g., cats, dogs, etc.), and livestock (e.g., cattle, horses, pigs, sheep, goats, etc.).
• oil is meant a composition containing one or more PUFAs, e.g., omega-3 fatty acids, omega-6 fatty acids, and/or omega-9 fatty acids, or derivatives thereof as described elsewhere herein.
• PUFAs can be in their free acid form, salt form, triacylglycerol ester form, phytosterol ester, and/or methyl or ethyl ester form and the term “oil” can include any one or more of these forms.
• the term “oil” is used generally herein and is not meant to imply any specific level of purity, any specific level of hydrophobicity, any specific physical form or property, or any specific source.
• Oil unless stated otherwise, includes compositions derived from marine animal sources, e.g., fish, microbial sources, and/or plant sources.
• oil can be used synonymously with the term “dispersed phase” herein.
• Emsion is used herein to mean any heterogenous system that contains a disperse phase and continuous phase. The term is not intended to be limited by the particular size of the dispersed phase droplets or particles.
• emulsion used herein includes microemulsions and nanoemulsions.
• a microemulsion is a thermodynamically stable emulsion that forms spontaneously.
• a nanoemulsion is used to refer to a specific type of emulsion where the size of the particles or droplets in the dispersed phase is typically less than 0.1 ⁇ .
• “Clear” is used herein to refer to a characteristic of the disclosed emulsions. The clarity of an emulsion can be measured by various methods. However, unless stated otherwise, an emulsion that has an absorbance of less than about 0.1 A of a 1.3 cm thick sample at 400 nm is considered clear. A semi clear emulsion has an absorbance of from 0.3A to about 0.1 A when measured at 400 nm in a 1.3 cm sample.
• “dilutable clear emulsion” is meant that after dilution by water in any ratio, including diluting by water indefinitely, the emulsion's light absorbance does not become higher than about 1% of its value prior to dilution.
• each of the combinations A- E, A-F, B-D, B-E, B-F, C-D, C-E, and C-F are specifically contemplated and should be considered disclosed from disclosure of A, B, and C; D, E, and F; and the example combination A-D.
• any subset or combination of these is also specifically contemplated and disclosed.
• emulsions that comprise a dispersed phase (e.g., oil) and a continuous phase.
• the dispersed phase can comprise one or more PUFAs and/or derivatives thereof.
• present in the disclosed emulsions is one or more emulsifier, one or more co- solvent, and one or more mono and/or disaccharides.
• the ratio of emulsifier to dispersed phase is calculated by dividing the weight percent of the emulsifier in the emulsion by the weight percent of the dispersed phase.
• the disclosed emulsions have a ratio of emulsifier to dispersed phase of about 1.5 or less. That is, the amount of emulsifier used in the disclosed emulsions is slightly above, but in most cases approximately equal to or less than the amount of the dispersed phase.
• the ratio of emulsifier to the dispersed phase is about 1.5, 1.4, 1.3, 1.2, 1.1, 1.0, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, or 0.5, where any of the stated values can form an upper or lower endpoint of a range, for example, from about 1.5 to about 0.1, from about 1.2 to about 0.3, from about 1 to about 0.5, or from about 1 to about 0.7.
• the disclosed emulsions can have droplets or particles of various sizes.
• the disclosed emulsion can be up to about 200 nm, in particular less than about 100 nm.
• Specific examples include, but are not limited to, emulsions that have an average droplet size of less than about 5, 10, 1 1, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 1 10, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, or 200 nm, where any of the stated values can form an upper or lower endpoint.
• the size of the droplets can be determined by methods known in the art, such as light scattering, microscopy, spectroscopically, and the like. Clarity
• the clarity of an emulsion can be measured or characterized.
• a turbidimeter can be used.
• Another method, which is used herein, is the spectroscopic measurement of absorbance.
• the clarity of the disclosed emulsions is determined by diluting the emulsion with deionised water to have 50 mg of dispersed phase per 250 g of continuous phase.
• An ultrospectrometer, Ultrospec 2000 from Pharmacia Biotech (Cambridge, UK) is used to measure the light absorbance of the diluted emulsion sample at 400 nm. Pure deionised water is used as the reference.
• the dimension of the cuvettes is 4.5 cm by 1.3 cm by 1.3 cm.
• the clear emulsions disclosed herein have an absorbance at 400 nm of less than about 0.3, 0.2, or 0.1 A.
• the dispersed phase of the disclosed emulsions can comprise one, two, or even more components.
• the dispersed phase can comprise one or more PUFAs and/or derivatives thereof.
• Derivatives of PUFAs can include alkyl esters (e.g., ethyl esters), glyceride esters (e.g., mono, di, and triacylglycerol), sterol esters (e.g., phytosterol esters), and salts of PUFAs. Mixtures and combinations of PUFAs and derivatives thereof are also suitable for use in the dispersed phases herein.
• PUFAs include, but are not limited to, natural and synthetic, a- linolenic acid (18:3co3)(ALA), octadecatetraenoic acid (18:4co3)(Stearidonic acid),
• EPA eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 ⁇ 3)
• DHA docosahexaenoic acid
• docosapentaenoic acid 22:5 ⁇ 3 (DP A)
• eicosatetraenoic acid 24:4 ⁇ 3
• 16:3 ⁇ 3, 24:5 ⁇ 3, and/or nisinic acid 24:6 ⁇ 3
• arachidonic acid (20:4co6)(ARA); others are noted elsewhere in the specification.
• PUFAs in either their free, esterified, or salt forms, can be found in and obtained from marine oils (e.g., fish oil, seal oil, krill oil), microbial oils (including natural as well as modified microbes whether by way of classical mutagenesis or genetic alteration) such as algae oil (e.g., microalgae oil), fungal oil, perilla oil, as well as plant oil (whether derived from naturally occurring plants or genetically modified plants), among others.
• Precursors of PUFAs for example, ALA and GLA and derivatives such as polyglycolized derivatives or polyoxyethylene derivatives can also be present in the dispersed phase.
• the dispersed phase can comprise DHA and/or EPA, a C ⁇ -Ce alkyl ester thereof, a triacylglycerol ester thereof, a phytosterol ester thereof, a salt thereof, and/or a mixture thereof.
• the dispersed phase can comprise a microbial oil, for example, and algal oil (e.g., oil from a dino flagellate such as Crypthecodinium cohnii) or fungal oil (e.g., oil from Mortiarella Alpina, Thraustochytrium, Schizochytrium, or a mixture thereof), and/or plant oil, including mixtures thereof.
• algal oil e.g., oil from a dino flagellate such as Crypthecodinium cohnii
• fungal oil e.g., oil from Mortiarella Alpina, Thraustochytrium, Schizochytrium, or a mixture thereof
• plant oil including mixtures thereof.
• the dispersed phase can comprise a marine oil, such as natural and refined and concentrated fish oil.
• suitable fish oils include, but are not limited to, Atlantic fish oil, Pacific fish oil, Mediterranean fish oil, light pressed fish oil, alkaline treated fish oil, heat treated fish oil, light and heavy brown fish oil, bonito oil, pilchard oil, tilapia oil, tuna oil, sea bass oil, halibut oil, spearfish oil, barracuda oil, cod oil, menhaden oil, sardine oil, anchovy oil, capelin oil, Atlantic cod oil, Atlantic herring oil, Atlantic mackerel oil, Atlantic menhaden oil, salmonid oil, tuna oil, and shark oil, including mixtures and combinations thereof.
• Non-alkaline treated fish oil is also a suitable loading substance.
• Other marine oils suitable for use herein include, but are not limited to, squid oil, octopus oil, krill oil, seal oil, whale oil, and the like, including mixtures and combinations thereof. Any PUFA oil and combination of PUFA oils can be used in the disclosed compositions and in the disclosed methods to prepare them.
• the PUFAs disclosed herein can also be crude oils, semi-refined (also called alkali- refined), or refined oils from such sources disclosed herein. Still further, the disclosed emulsions can use oils comprising re-esterified triacylglycerols.
• the dispersed phase can be present in an amount of from about 1% to about 15% by weight of the emulsion. In specific examples, the dispersed phase can be present in an amount of from about 1% to about 15%, from about 3% to about 12%, from about 5% to about 10%, from about 7% to about 10%, or from about 8% to about 9% based on the total weight of the emulsion. In a preferred aspect, the dispersed phase is about 8.5% by weight of the emulsion.
• the disclosed emulsions comprise one or more emulsifiers.
• the emulsifiers that are suitable for use herein have a HLB value of from about 10 to about 40.
• the emulsifier has an HLB value of about 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40, where any of the stated values can form an upper or lower endpoint of a range.
• the emulsifier has an HLB of from about 12 to about 16, more specifically about 12 to 14, or about 13.
• HLB values can be calculated by Griffin's method (Griffin, W.C., Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists 1, 311 (1949)) or other empirical method like solubility method (Little R.C., Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 65(3): 587, 1978).
• the emulsifier is a polyalkylene glycol-derivative of Vitamin E, such as tocopherol and tocotrienol-derived emulsifiers in which the Vitamin E moiety represents the hydrophobic region of the emulsifier and is attached via a linker to a polyalkylene glycol.
• Vitamin E such as tocopherol and tocotrienol-derived emulsifiers
• These emulsifiers can be formed via esterification of a tocopherol ester with a polyalkylene glycol.
• the tocopherol ester is made by esterification of tocopherol with the linker.
• the term tocopherol refers to any naturally occurring or synthetic form of vitamin E, and can refer to a single compound or a mixture.
• tocopherols include, for example, a- tocopherol, D-a-tocopherol, ⁇ - tocopherol, ⁇ -tocopherol, and ⁇ -tocopherol.
• the linker is a dicarboxylic acid (a carboxylic acid having two carboxy groups, e.g., succinic acid), such as succinic acid.
• Vitamin-E derived emulsifiers include, but are not limited to, polyethylene glycol (PEG) derivatives of tocopherol, such as tocopherol polyethylene glycol diesters (TPGD).
• PEG polyethylene glycol
• TPGD tocopherol polyethylene glycol diesters
• a preferred emulsifier is tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS).
• TPGS analogs, TPGS homologs, and TPGS derivatives are also suitable.
• emulsifiers include tocopherol sebacate polyethylene glycol, tocopherol dodecanodioate polyethylene glycol, tocopherol suberate polyethylene glycol, tocopherol azelaate polyethylene glycol, tocopherol citraconate polyethylene glycol, tocopherol methyl citraconate polyethylene glycol, tocopherol itaconate polyethylene glycol, tocopherol maleate polyethylene glycol, tocopherol glutarate polyethylene glycol, tocopherol glutaconate polyethylene glycol, and tocopherol phthalate polyethylene glycol, among others.
• Suitable emulsifiers can also include other PEG derivatives having similar properties, for example, PEG derivatives of sterols, e.g., a cholesterol or a sitosterol, and PEG-derivatives of other fat-soluble vitamins, for example, some forms of Vitamin A (e.g., Retinol) or Vitamin D (e.g., Vitamin Dl -D5).
• PEG derivatives of sterols e.g., a cholesterol or a sitosterol
• PEG-derivatives of other fat-soluble vitamins for example, some forms of Vitamin A (e.g., Retinol) or Vitamin D (e.g., Vitamin Dl -D5).
• the emulsifier comprises tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate
• TPGS such as a TPGS-1000 and/or a d-a TPGS.
• the emulsifier is a TPGS analog.
• TPGS analog refer to compounds, other than TPGS, that are similar to a parent TPGS compound, but differ slightly in composition, for example, by the variation, addition or removal of an atom, one or more units (e.g., methylene unit(s)-(CH 2 ) n ) or one or more functional groups.
• TPGS analogs include Vitamin E derived surfactants, including PEG derivatives of Vitamin E, including vitamin E PEG diesters, such as, but not limited to, tocopherol polyethylene glycol sebacate (PTS), tocopherol polyethylene glycol dodecanodioate (PTD), tocopherol polyethylene glycol suberate (PTSr), tocopherol polyethylene glycol azelaate (PTAz), and polyoxyethanyl tocotrienyl sebacate (PTrienS) as well as other PEG derivatives of Vitamin E.
• PTS tocopherol polyethylene glycol sebacate
• PTD tocopherol polyethylene glycol dodecanodioate
• PTSr tocopherol polyethylene glycol suberate
• PTAz polyoxyethanyl tocotrienyl sebacate
• the PEG moieties in the PEG-derived emulsifier include PEG moieties selected from among any one or more of PEG-OH, PEG-NHS, PEG-CHO, PEG-SH, PEG-NH 2 , PEG- C0 2 H, methylated PEGs (m-PEGs) and branched PEGs, and includes PEG moieties having a molecular weight of from about 200 kDa to about 20,000 kDa, from about 200 kDa to about 6,000 kDa, from about 600 kDa to about 6,000 kDa, from about 200 kDa to about 2,000 kDa, from about 600 kDa to about 1,500 kDa, or from about 600 kDa to about 1,000 kDa.
• suitable emulsifiers are vitamin E polyethylene glycol (PEG)- derived emulsifiers, such as tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) with a HLB of from about 12 to aboutl4 (e.g., about 13).
• PEG vitamin E polyethylene glycol
• TPGS tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate
• the emulsifiers are acceptable by food regulatory authorities at their particular level of use.
• TPGS-1000 which has a PEG moiety of 1000 kDa, is considered food grade and is sold under the name Eastman Vitamin E TPGSTM, by Eastman Chemical
• This TPGS is a water-soluble form of natural-source Vitamin E, which is prepared by esterifying the carboxyl group of crystalline d-alpha-tocopheryl acid succinate with polyethylene glycol 1000 (PEG 1000), and contains between 260 and 300 mg/g total tocopherol.
• PEG 1000 polyethylene glycol 1000
• a similar compound can be made by esterifying the carboxyl group of the d,l form of synthetic Vitamin E with PEG 1000.
• This tocopheryl polyethylene glycol is a water- soluble preparation of a fat-soluble vitamin (Vitamin E), for example, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 3, 102,078, 2,680,749 and U.S. Published Application Nos. 2007/01841 17 and
• TPGS Water Soluble Natural Vitamin E
• the emulsifiers can be polysorbates.
• Polysorbates are oily liquids derived from PEG-ylated sorbitan (a derivative of sorbitol) esterified with fatty acids. Examples of suitable polysorbates are polysorbate 20 (Tween 20 or polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate), polysorbate 40 (Tween 40 or polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monopalmitate), polysorbate 60 (Tween 60 or polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate), and polysorbate 80 (Tween 80 or polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate).
• the number following the polyoxyethylene part refers to the total number of oxyethylene -(CH 2 CH 2 O)- groups found in the molecule.
• the number following the polysorbate part is related to the type of fatty acid associated with the polyoxyethylene sorbitan part of the molecule. Monolaurate is indicated by 20, monopalmitate is indicated by 40, monostearate by 60 and monooleate by 80.
• the emulsifier is not lecithin.
• the continuous phase of the disclosed emulsions comprises water.
• additional solvents i.e., co-solvents
• co-solvents can also be present in the continuous phase and in some cases are preferred.
• a polar solvent such as propylene glycol, glycerol, and glycerine can be used.
• co-solvents can be present in an amount of from about 1% to about 45 % by weight of the emulsion.
• the co-solvent is present at from about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, and 45 % by weigh of the composition where any of the values can form an upper or lower endpoint of a range, for example, from about 5% to about 20%, from about 9% to about 18%, from about 13% to about 17%, from about 13% to about 17%, from about 14% to about 16%, from about 20% to about 45%, or about 15% by weight of the emulsion.
• the amount of water is from about 13 to about 25% by weight of the emulsion, for example, about 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, and 25% by weight of the emulsion, where any of the stated values can form an upper or lower endpoint of a range, for example, from about 14% to about 22 %, from about 17% to about 20%, from about 17% to about 25%, from about 20% to about 23%, from about 21% to about 24%, and from about 22% to about 25% by weight of the emulsion.
• the total amount of the solvent (both water and any co-solvent) is less than about 50% by weight of the total emulsion. In various examples, the total amount of solvent in the disclosed emulsions is less than about 45%. Still further, the total amount of solvent in the emulsion is about 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37,38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or
• any of the stated values can form the upper or lower endpoint of a range, for example from about 30% to about 50%, from about 32% to about 45%, from about 34% to about 42%, from about 36% to about 40%, or from about 37 to about 38% by weight of the emulsion.
• the emulsion are substantially free of benzyl alcohol, for example, less than about 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1% of benzyl alcohol, or about 0 % benzyl alcohol by weight of the emulsion.
• the continuous phase of the disclosed emulsions also comprises one or more mono- and/or di-saccharides.
• monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, galactose, arabinose, ribose, ribulose, xylose, mannose, and xylulose.
• di-saccharides include sucrose, lactose, cellobiose, sorbose, trehalose, maltose, and raffinose and the like.
• saccharide derivatives such as xylitol, sorbitol, and isomalt are also suitable for use in the disclosed emulsions.
• the total amount of the mono- and or di-saccharide is greater than about 40% by weight of the total emulsion. In various examples, the total amount of these sugars in the disclosed emulsions is from about 30% to about 66% by weight of the emulsion.
• the total amount of solvent in the emulsion can be about 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, and 66% by weight of the emulsion, where any of the stated values can form the upper or lower endpoint of a range, for example from about 40 to about 66%, from about 45% to about 50%, from about 46%> to about 48%>, from about 48%> to about 50%>, from about 47%> to about 49%>, or from about 45 to about 47% by weight of the emulsion.
• compositions are also substantially free of polysaccharides, such as gums, for example, less than about 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1% of polysaccharide, or about 0 % polysaccharide by weight of the emulsion.
• polysaccharides such as gums, for example, less than about 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1% of polysaccharide, or about 0 % polysaccharide by weight of the emulsion.
• the disclosed emulsions can, in some instances, be substantially free of fructose corn syrup.
• the emulsions disclosed herein can also contain an antioxidant.
• the antioxidant can be present in the continuous phase and/or the dispersed phase. Suitable examples of antioxidants include, but are not limited to, a phenolic compound, a plant extract, or a sulphur-containing compound.
• the antioxidant can be ascorbic acid or a salt thereof, e.g., sodium ascorbate.
• the antioxidant can be vitamin E, CoQIO, tocopherols, lipid soluble derivatives of more polar antioxidants such as ascobyl fatty acid esters
• plant extracts e.g., rosemary, sage and oregano oils, green tea extract
• algal extracts e.g., ascobyl palmitate
• synthetic antioxidants e.g., BHT, TBHQ, ethoxyquin, alkyl gallates, hydroquinones, tocotrienols.
• the disclosed emulsions can be prepared by emulsifying a mixture of the emulsifier, the dispersed phase (e.g., the oil), the solvent, and the mono- and/or di-saccharide.
• the emulsifier is first melted if neccesary and then mixed with the components of the dispersed phase and co-solvent(s).
• the ratio of emulsifier to dispersed phase is about 1.5 or less.
• the concentration of the emulsifier in this first mixture is above the emulsifiers' Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC), so nano-scaled emulsifier micelles containing the dispersed phase are formed.
• CMC Critical Micelle Concentration
• the co-solvent also helps the emulsifier micelles disperse and avoid gelation of some of the emulsifiers when they are in contact with water.
• the mixture can then be combined with a solution of mono- and/or di-saccharide in water.
• this sugar solution has two functions: first, the sugar solution increases viscosity and facilitates the particle size reduction by homogenization in the next step; second, the sugar acts as a stabilizer for the emulsion and avoids the formation of liquid crystals which causes the aggregation of droplets and cloudiness for the emulsion.
• the final mixture can then be homogenized.
• the homogenization is used to reduce the droplets size of the emulsion. Because small amounts of emulsifier are used in the first step and the emulsifier concentration is diluted in the second step, the emulsion that comes out of the second step is not a microemulsion and the droplets size is above 100 nm.
• a high- pressure homogenization can be used to reduce the emulsion droplet size, for example, to less than 100 nm, and to have a clear emulsion .
• the number of passes that may be needed is dependent on the pressure applied. For 5000 psi, five to ten passes will usually be sufficient. Typical pressures that can be uses are from about 1500 to about 6000 psi.
• Microfluidizer processor based technologies can also be used to prepare the emulsions.
• the emulsification step can be performed at a suitable temperature given the melting point of the oil and to reduce chances of oxidation.
• emulsification can be from about -4 to about 80°C, from about 0 to about 20 °C, from about 30°C to about 60°C, or from about 40°C to about 50°C.
• Antioxidants as noted herein can be added in either the continuous or dispersed phase to protect the oils. These can be added at any step during the emulsion formation process. What step the antioxidant is added, and at what amount, will depend on the particular antioxidant. Methods of Use
• the disclosed emulsions can be used to prepare comestible compositions in order to deliver oils to a subject.
• the disclosed emulsions can be added to a beverage so that the beverage can become a source of PUFAs and derivatives thereof.
• disclosed herein are methods of supplementing PUFAs and derivatives thereof in a subject by administering an effective amount of an emulsion disclosed herein.
• disclosed herein are methods of treating various human conditions including, but not limited to, lowering cholesterol levels, triglyceride levels, or combinations thereof in a subject by administering an effective amount of an emulsion disclosed herein.
• compositions, and components disclosed herein can be obtained commercially or readily synthesized using techniques generally known to those of skill in the art.
• the starting materials and reagents used in preparing the disclosed compositions are either available from commercial suppliers such as Ocean Nutrition Canada Limited (Dartmouth, Canada), Aldrich Chemical Co., (Milwaukee, Wis.), Acros Organics (Morris Plains, N.J.), Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, Pa.), or Sigma (St.
• Vitamin E TPGS (Zhejiang Medicine Company, Xinchang, Zhejiang, China) was melted using a water bath set at 60°C. The melted TPGS, propylene glycol, glycerol (Nealander International Inc., Mississauga, Canada) and fish oil (Ocean Nutrition Canada Limited, Dartmouth, Canada) were then mixed together. Certain examples (as noted in Table 2) were added slowly into a 66.7% aqueous sugar solution. The resulting mixture was then added to DI water with mixing until a clear emulsion formed. Homogenization at 5000 psi was then performed for 10 passes. Droplet size of the emulsions was about 72 nm as determined by Particle Analyzer Beckman Coulter LS230. The emulsions remained clear after dilution by water in any ratio. Storage was at 4°C.
• Table 1 Formula of emulsions made with Vitamin E TPGS emulsifier, different oils, and different emulsifier/oil ratio.
• Examples 1 and 2 are comparative examples in that the ratio of emulsifier to dispersed phase (in these cases omega-3 fish oil) is 2.1 and 2.3. No sugar was used in Examples 1 and 2 either and the amount of co-solvent was relatively low.
• Examples 8-12 Micro- and nanoemulsions using various emulsifiers
• Examples 1-7 The method described for Examples 1-7 above was followed using various other emulsifiers.
• Examples 8-12 used emulsifiers that have similar or different HLB values.
• the various examples were prepared using the ingredients in the amounts noted in Table 2.
• the oil was combined with polysorbate, propylene glycol, soy lecithin (Solae Company, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.), sodium dodecyl sulphate, and or monoglyceride (Abitech,
• the mixture was stirred for 5 minutes and then homogenized at 5000 psi using a microfluidizer for 10 passes. Storage was at 4 °C.
• Vitamin E TPGS-based omega-3 oil-in-water clear emulsion can be used to fortify orange GATORADETM at 32 mg of EPA+DHA per 500 grams of serving.
• the sensory of the fortified GATORADETM is acceptable after storage of up to 56 days.
• GATORADETM was acceptable up to 56 days.
• Vitamin E TPGS-based PUFA oil-in-water emulsion can be used to fortify Orange GATORADETM at up to 50 mg of EPA+DHA per 250 grams of serving. The sensory of the fortified GATORADETM is acceptable in the beginning of the test.
• EPA+DHA per 250 gram serving and with different antioxidants used the same emulsifier: oil ratio as that of Example 3 : specifically, Vitamin E TPGS (4.38%); 30TG Omega-3 fish oil (4.38%); propylene glycol (4.38%); sugar (55.8%); water (27.9%); and glycerol (3.2%) (total 100%).
• Vitamin E TPGS based fish oil-in-water emulsion it is possible to use Vitamin E TPGS based fish oil-in-water emulsion to fortify Lemon- Lime GATORADETM with PUFAs.
• the fortified beverage can have a shelf-life of 6-8 months.
• Table 5 Organoleptic Evaluation of Lemon-Lime G ATORADE with 50 mg of EPA+DHA through fish oil-in- water emulsion and with different antioxidants.
• Light absorbance of dilution (0.94 g emulsion / 100 g water to give 50 mg EPA+DHA per 250 g of water serving at 400 nm is 0.419, which is not clear or semi-clear.
• Example 6 250 g of water serving) at 400 nm is 2.162, which is not clear or semi-clear.
• the corresponding sample in Table 1, i.e., Example 6, has light absorbance of 0.098.

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