WO2012026493A1 - 酵素結晶固定化電極及び酵素結晶固定化電極の製造方法、並びに酵素結晶固定化電極を備えるバイオ電池及びバイオセンサー - Google Patents
酵素結晶固定化電極及び酵素結晶固定化電極の製造方法、並びに酵素結晶固定化電極を備えるバイオ電池及びバイオセンサー Download PDFInfo
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- C12N11/00—Carrier-bound or immobilised enzymes; Carrier-bound or immobilised microbial cells; Preparation thereof
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- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
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- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/0004—Oxidoreductases (1.)
- C12N9/0055—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on diphenols and related substances as donors (1.10)
- C12N9/0057—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on diphenols and related substances as donors (1.10) with oxygen as acceptor (1.10.3)
- C12N9/0061—Laccase (1.10.3.2)
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- C12Q1/001—Enzyme electrodes
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- C12Y101/05—Oxidoreductases acting on the CH-OH group of donors (1.1) with a quinone or similar compound as acceptor (1.1.5)
- C12Y101/05002—Quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase (1.1.5.2)
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- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
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- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/16—Biochemical fuel cells, i.e. cells in which microorganisms function as catalysts
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- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode, a method for producing an enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode, and a bio battery and a biosensor equipped with the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode.
- the present invention relates to an enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode in which an enzyme crystal is immobilized on the surface of a conductive substrate, a method for producing the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode, and a bio battery and a biosensor including the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode.
- bio batteries using biomass resources have been proposed as next-generation energy because of their high energy efficiency and low environmental impact.
- Living organisms such as microorganisms generate chemical energy substances (binding energy) such as ATP in the in vivo metabolic process in which carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, etc. are oxidatively decomposed by biocatalysts such as enzymes, and are necessary for life activities.
- a biobattery is a power generation device that extracts energy generated in the in vivo metabolic process as electrical energy to an electrode.
- enzyme fuel cells that combine enzyme substrate-specific catalytic reactions and electrode reactions can be used as fuels that are particularly safe and have a low environmental impact because they can use compounds existing in the environment such as sugars and amines as fuel. Attention has been paid.
- an enzyme as an electrode catalyst is an important factor.
- An enzyme that oxidizes and decomposes fuel is selected on the anode (negative electrode) side, and an enzyme that reduces oxygen is selected on the cathode (positive electrode) side.
- glucose used as a fuel
- glucose dehydrogenase is used as the catalyst on the anode side.
- laccase or the like can be used as a catalyst on the cathode side (Patent Document 1).
- Laccase is an enzyme known to exist widely in microorganisms, fungi, plants, and the like. For example, CotA laccase derived from Bacillus subtilis has been reported, and sequencing and crystal structure analysis have been performed (Non-Patent Document 1, Non-Patent Document 2).
- Patent Document 3 Construction of an enzyme electrode (Patent Document 3) in which an enzyme configured as a protein to be contained is immobilized on a carbon conductive substrate having a hydrophobic surface has been reported. Also, when an enzyme or electron mediator is immobilized on a conductive substrate, the mediator is bound to an organic polymer chain to form a polymer-mediator complex, which is then used as a solvent having a dielectric constant of 24 or less. Dispersibility was improved by dispersing and coating on the surface of the conductive substrate, an enzyme-immobilized electrode exhibiting excellent electrode performance was produced (Patent Document 4), and an enzyme was applied to the conductive substrate.
- Patent Document 5 an original and high-density electrode can be constructed. Furthermore, an electrode having a structure in which a positive electrode and a negative electrode are opposed to each other through an electrolyte is constructed, and a carbon felt conductive substrate is used as an example of the electrode, and the enzyme is impregnated into the electrode by impregnating the enzyme with this. It has been reported that it is fixed (Patent Document 6).
- the enzyme is composed of hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acids, and has a structure in which hydrophilic amino acids are present on the surface in solution. Therefore, generally, precipitation does not occur at a concentration of about several mg / ml.
- the enzyme concentration is high, when the enzyme molecules are close to each other, the hydrophobic parts accidentally interact with each other. As a result, aggregation and precipitation occur, leading to denaturation of the enzyme, and the enzyme is inactive. It is exposed to a stable state. In addition, the precipitate once generated increases at an accelerated rate.
- the enzyme concentration in the enzyme solution is high (generally, exceeding 50 mg / cm 3 )
- the dispersibility of the enzyme in the solution deteriorates and the enzyme aggregates on the surface of the conductive substrate, that is, denatures. It will be fixed in the state. As a result, the electron transfer of the electrode does not proceed smoothly, and there is a problem that the resulting enzyme electrode is inferior in electrode performance.
- the enzyme solution concentration used in the electrode construction here is 0.57 mg / ml, that is, the membrane-bound enzyme immobilized on the carbon substrate.
- the maximum amount was 1.11 ⁇ g / cm 2 .
- a glassy carbon electrode is constructed by dropping 5 ⁇ l of a 1 mg / mL enzyme solution. That is, since the concentration of the enzyme solution used was 1 mg / ml, the maximum amount of the membrane-bound enzyme immobilized on the carbon substrate was 71.4 ⁇ g / cm 2 .
- the enzyme orientation control on the electrode is one of the technical problems to be improved from the viewpoint of electrode performance. Furthermore, in the immobilization in a solution state, it is difficult to immobilize the enzyme on the electrode while maintaining a certain dispersibility. Therefore, the enzyme easily dissociates from the electrode in the electrolyte solution, and the current value is measured during the oxidation current measurement. There was also a problem that it decreased.
- the present invention is a technology capable of immobilizing an enzyme on a conductive substrate with uniform, high-density and constant orientation for the construction of an enzyme electrode with improved electrode performance.
- the purpose is to build.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide an enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode constructed by immobilizing an enzyme on a conductor substrate with uniform, high-density and constant orientation, and smoothing the electrode.
- the purpose is to improve electrode performance through efficient electron transmission. Furthermore, it aims at provision of the bio battery and biosensor using such an enzyme crystal fixed electrode.
- the present inventors have made the enzyme conductive with uniform, high density and constant orientation by immobilizing the enzyme crystal on the surface of the conductive substrate. It has been found that an enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode can be constructed that can be immobilized on the surface of a substrate and thereby can smoothly exhibit a catalytic function. And it discovered that this enzyme crystal fixed electrode can implement
- An enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode comprising an electroconductive substrate connectable to an external circuit, an enzyme crystal as an electrode catalyst, and the enzyme crystal being immobilized on the electroconductive substrate.
- It is configured as a microelectrode in which an enzyme crystal is immobilized on a finely conductive substrate.
- the enzyme crystal is a crystal of an enzyme that catalyzes an oxidation reaction.
- the enzyme crystal is a crystal of pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent glucose dehydrogenase derived from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus.
- the pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent glucose dehydrogenase derived from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus has any one of the following amino acid sequences (A) to (C).
- the enzyme crystal Are crystals of the enzyme that catalyzes the reduction reaction.
- the enzyme crystal is a CotA laccase crystal derived from Bacillus subtilis.
- an enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode in which an enzyme crystal is immobilized on a conductive substrate can be provided. Since enzyme crystals are aligned in a state in which the enzyme molecules maintain regularity at the molecular level, the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode has a uniform, high-density, It is fixed with a certain orientation. The enzyme crystal is immobilized in a form that retains the catalytic activity as a functional molecule. Therefore, the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode can smoothly transfer electrons and can exhibit excellent electrode performance.
- an enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode having electrode performance that is extremely superior to conventional enzyme electrodes is an electrode with high industrial utility value that can be used in various industrial fields including bio batteries and biosensors. .
- an electrode that can be used for a biobattery, a biosensor, or the like can be provided by immobilizing an enzyme that catalyzes an oxidation reaction as an enzyme crystal. When used as an electrode of a bio battery, it can be used as an anode.
- pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent glucose dehydrogenase has the advantage that the reaction rate is very fast, it is not easily affected by dissolved oxygen, and it can be directly fixed to the electrode, so that the electrode reaction and thus the electrode structure can be simplified. Therefore, an electrode with higher industrial utility value can be provided. Since pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent glucose dehydrogenase uses glucose as a substrate, it can be used in various fields such as electronics, medical, food, and environmental fields such as glucose sensors and bio-batteries using glucose as fuel. it can.
- an electrode that can be used for a bio battery, a biosensor, or the like can be provided by immobilizing an enzyme that catalyzes a reduction reaction as an enzyme crystal.
- an electrode of a bio battery When used as an electrode of a bio battery, it can be used as a cathode.
- CotA laccase derived from Bacillus subtilis is a multi-copper oxidase, which is a protein containing 4 atoms of copper necessary for enzyme activity in the molecule. And since it is an enzyme which catalyzes the reaction which carries out the electronic reduction of molecular oxygen using the electron taken out from the substrate and produces
- a method for producing an enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode for producing an enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode. Prior to the immobilization of the enzyme crystal, the enzyme is crystallized from the enzyme solution. [11] The enzyme is crystallized in an environment of a vapor diffusion method.
- a method for producing an enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode in which enzyme crystals are immobilized on a conductive substrate can be provided.
- Enzyme crystals are aligned in a state where the enzyme molecules maintain regularity at the molecular level, so the enzyme, which is an electrocatalyst, is arranged on the surface of the conductive substrate with uniform, high-density, and constant orientation.
- the enzyme crystal is immobilized in a form that retains the catalytic activity as a functional molecule. As a result, it is possible to provide an enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode capable of smoothly proceeding electron transfer and exhibiting excellent electrode performance.
- the enzyme crystal immobilized on the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode is adjusted to a desired size, shape, and quality that can maximize the function as an electrode catalyst.
- an enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode capable of smoothly proceeding with electron transfer and exhibiting excellent electrode performance.
- the manufacturing method of the enzyme crystal fixed electrode which manufactures an enzyme crystal fixed electrode by fix
- the enzyme is crystallized in an environment of a vapor diffusion method.
- the enzyme crystal is a crystal of an enzyme that catalyzes an oxidation reaction.
- the enzyme crystal is a crystal of pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent glucose dehydrogenase derived from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus.
- the pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent glucose dehydrogenase derived from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus has any one of the following amino acid sequences (A) to (C).
- C amino acid sequence having 80% or more homology with the amino acid sequence of (A) or (B)
- the enzyme crystal Are crystals of the enzyme that catalyzes the reduction reaction.
- the enzyme crystal is a CotA laccase crystal derived from Bacillus subtilis.
- C Amino acid sequence having 80% or more homology with the amino acid sequence of (A) or (B)
- a method for producing an enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode in which an enzyme crystal is immobilized on a conductive substrate can be provided.
- Enzyme crystals are aligned in a state where the enzyme molecules maintain regularity at the molecular level, so the enzyme, which is an electrocatalyst, is arranged on the surface of the conductive substrate with uniform, high-density, and constant orientation.
- the enzyme crystal is immobilized in a form that retains the catalytic activity as a functional molecule.
- an enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode capable of smoothly proceeding electron transfer and exhibiting excellent electrode performance.
- an increase in the current density of the electrode, particularly the initial current can be expected.
- the enzyme concentration increases, the dispersibility deteriorates, and the enzyme is immobilized in an aggregated state on the surface of the conductive substrate.
- the smooth progress of the electron transfer was hindered and the electrode performance was lowered.
- a method for producing an enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode that enables the enzyme to be immobilized in a uniform, high-density and uniform orientation state solves such problems.
- the enzyme crystal immobilized on the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode can be adjusted to a desired size, shape, and quality that can exhibit the maximum function as an electrode catalyst, As a result, it is possible to provide an enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode capable of smoothly proceeding electron transfer and exhibiting excellent electrode performance.
- an enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode in which an enzyme crystal is immobilized on a conductive substrate can be provided.
- the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode Since the enzyme is crystallized on the conductive base material, the enzyme crystal is immobilized on the conductive base material in a state where the enzyme molecules are aligned in a state in which the molecular level regularity is maintained. Therefore, in the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode, the enzyme, which is an electrode catalyst, is immobilized on the surface of the conductive substrate with uniform, high density, and constant orientation, and the orientation is particularly unified.
- the enzyme crystal is immobilized on the conductive substrate in a form that retains the catalytic activity as a functional molecule and does not break the crystalline state. Therefore, the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode can further facilitate electron transfer and can exhibit excellent electrode performance.
- the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode which has extremely superior electrode performance than the conventional enzyme electrode, is an electrode with high industrial utility value that can be used in various industrial fields including bio batteries and biosensors. is there.
- an electrode that can be used for a bio battery, a biosensor, or the like can be provided by immobilizing an enzyme that catalyzes an oxidation reaction as an enzyme crystal. When used as an electrode of a bio battery, it can be used as an anode.
- pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent glucose dehydrogenase has a very high reaction rate and is not easily affected by dissolved oxygen, and can be directly immobilized on the electrode, so that it can simplify the electrode reaction, and thus the electrode structure. Since there is an advantage, an electrode having higher industrial utility value can be provided. Since pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent glucose dehydrogenase uses glucose as a substrate, it can be used in various fields such as a glucose sensor, bio-battery using glucose as a fuel, medical, food, and environmental fields.
- an electrode that can be used for a biobattery, a biosensor, or the like can be provided by immobilizing an enzyme that catalyzes a reduction reaction as an enzyme crystal.
- an electrode of a bio battery When used as an electrode of a bio battery, it can be used as a cathode.
- CotA laccase derived from Bacillus subtilis is a multi-copper oxidase, which is a protein containing 4 atoms of copper necessary for enzyme activity in the molecule. And since it is an enzyme which catalyzes the reaction which carries out the electronic reduction of molecular oxygen using the electron taken out from the substrate and produces
- the enzyme crystal is an enzyme that catalyzes an oxidation reaction. Alternatively, it is a crystal of pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent glucose dehydrogenase derived from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. Alternatively, it is a crystal of pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent glucose dehydrogenase derived from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus having any one of the following amino acid sequences (A) to (C).
- the enzyme crystal is an enzyme that catalyzes a reduction reaction.
- it is a crystal of CotA laccase derived from Bacillus subtilis.
- it is a crystal of CotA laccase derived from Bacillus subtilis having any one of the following amino acid sequences (A) to (C).
- a bio-battery manufacturing method comprising an enzyme-immobilized electrode in which an ion conductive material is disposed so as to separate the anode and the cathode, wherein the electrode is immobilized on the enzyme crystal of the present invention.
- Electrode [26] An enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode in which an anode has immobilized an enzyme crystal that catalyzes an oxidation reaction.
- an enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode in which crystals of pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent glucose dehydrogenase derived from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus are immobilized.
- an enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode in which crystals of pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent glucose dehydrogenase derived from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus having any one of the following amino acid sequences (A) to (C) are immobilized.
- an enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode on which a CotA laccase crystal derived from Bacillus subtilis is immobilized.
- an enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode on which a CotA laccase crystal derived from Bacillus subtilis having any one of the following amino acid sequences (A) to (C) is immobilized.
- the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode can exhibit excellent electrode performance, so that it can be used for power generation with high capacity and high output, with extremely high power generation efficiency and high durability.
- a high performance bio battery can be provided.
- a method for producing a biobatter equipped with an enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode that can further facilitate electron transfer and exhibit excellent electrode performance. can be provided.
- the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode can exhibit excellent electrode performance, so that it can be used for power generation with high capacity and high output, with extremely high power generation efficiency and high durability.
- a high performance bio battery can be manufactured.
- a biosensor comprising the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode of the present invention.
- a biosensor including an enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode that can further facilitate electron transfer and can exhibit excellent electrode performance. Since the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode can exhibit excellent electrode performance, it can be used to provide a biosensor with high accuracy and excellent durability.
- Example 1 It is a graph which shows the result of Example 1 which shows the result of having analyzed the elution behavior of the protein by ion exchange chromatography purification with the light absorbency in 280 nm which is a scale of protein concentration.
- Example 1 shows the result of having analyzed the elution behavior of the protein by ion exchange chromatography purification by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis.
- the electrophoretic diagram which shows the result of Example 2 which compared the purity of the enzyme when it refine
- FIG. 4 is a photograph showing an enzyme crystal (crystal aggregate) produced in Example 3.
- FIG. 4 is a photograph showing an enzyme crystal (single crystal) produced in Example 3.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram schematically showing an apparatus for a crystallization reaction by a sitting drop method of Example 3.
- 6 is a photograph showing a state of a crystallization reaction by a sitting drop method performed in Example 3.
- FIG. 4 is a photograph showing enzyme crystals formed by a crystallization reaction by a sitting drop method performed in Example 3.
- FIG. 4 is a microscopic observation image of one enzyme crystal used for measurement of the amount of enzyme in the enzyme crystal in Example 4.
- Example 4 It is an electrophoretic diagram which shows the result of Example 4 which compared the amount of enzyme in an enzyme crystal with the amount of enzyme in the enzyme solution of the highest concentration by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. It is a microscope observation image of the enzyme crystal used for preparation of the enzyme crystal fixed electrode produced in Example 6. It is a graph which shows a time-dependent change of the response value of the catalyst current with respect to glucose of the enzyme crystal fixed electrode produced in Example 6. 6 is a photograph showing a state of a crystallization reaction by a sitting drop method on the surface of a conductive substrate carried out in Example 7. FIG. 6 is a microscopic image of an enzyme crystal formed on a conductive substrate produced in Example 7. FIG.
- Example 14 is an electrophoretogram showing the results of Example 10 in which the elution fraction (initial elution) in MonoQ column purification was confirmed by SDS-PAGE.
- FIG. 11 is an electrophoretogram showing the results of Example 10 in which the elution fraction (late elution phase) in MonoQ column purification was confirmed by SDS-PAGE. It is an electrophoretic diagram which shows the result of Example 11 which confirmed the purity of the refinement
- FIG. It is a graph which shows the result of Example 14 which confirmed the temperature dependence in the catalytic activity of the refinement
- FIG. It is a photograph which shows the observation image by the microscope of the enzyme crystal produced in Example 15 (circle mark conditions of Table 4). It is a photograph which shows the observation image by the microscope of the enzyme crystal produced in Example 15 (circle mark conditions of Table 4). It is a photograph which shows the observation image by the microscope of the enzyme crystal produced in Example 15 (condition of the double circle mark of Table 5). It is a photograph which shows the observation image by the microscope of the enzyme crystal produced in Example 15 (condition of the double circle mark of Table 5).
- Example 16 which measured the catalyst electric current of the enzyme fixed electrode which fixed the refinement
- the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode of the present invention comprises a conductive base material that can be connected to an external circuit, and an enzyme crystal fixed on the conductive base material. Enzyme crystals are aligned in a state in which the enzyme molecules maintain molecular level regularity, so the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode has a uniform, high-density, and constant density on the surface of the conductive substrate. Are aligned and aligned. Specifically, the enzyme can be immobilized at a density of 4,000 mg / cm 2 or more, and the amount of immobilization can be greatly increased compared to the maximum amount of immobilization in the prior art.
- the enzyme that can be used in the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as the catalytic reaction of the enzyme and the electrode reaction can be coupled, and any enzyme can be used.
- any enzyme can be used.
- oxidoreductase, hydrolase, transferase and the like can be used. Although it does not limit to this, utilization of an oxidoreductase is preferable.
- an enzyme classified by the Enzyme Commission number EC.1. By the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology can be used. For example, Dehydrogenase, oxidase, peroxidase, hydroxylase, oxygenase, reductase and the like are included.
- multi-copper enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase, pyruvate de
- coenzyme requirement is not particularly limited, and examples of the coenzyme include nicotinic acid, riboflavin and other vitamin coenzymes, pyrroloquinoline quinone and other quinone coenzymes, and the like.
- an enzyme that requires a coenzyme may be in an apo form or a holo form. These enzymes can be used alone or in combination. Therefore, for example, a conjugate system can be constructed by using any enzyme in combination with any other enzyme that is conjugated to the enzyme.
- glucose dehydrogenase and pyrroloquinoline quinone (hereinafter abbreviated as “PQ Q”), which requires a PQQ-dependent glucose dehydrogenase, NAD + , as a coenzyme in its catalytic activity.
- PQ Q pyrroloquinoline quinone
- NAD + glucose dehydrogenase
- the required NAD + dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase and the like are included.
- glucose dehydrogenase derived from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (GENBANK ACCESSION No: 15871, Cleton-Jansen, AM, Goosen, N., Vink, K. and van de Putte, P.
- PQQ and calcium ions are essential for the expression of activity, and calcium ions are known to be involved in the formation of homodimers in addition to being involved in catalytic reactions.
- This enzyme has a very high reaction rate compared to other glucose oxidases and is not easily influenced by dissolved oxygen, and thus has a very high utility value as an enzyme electrode. Therefore, it is widely used in self-blood glucose measuring devices and is expected to be applied as an enzyme catalyst for enzyme cells using glucose as fuel.
- a negative electrode that is, an anode side catalyst.
- laccase can be preferably used.
- Laccase is a general term for phenol oxidase. It is an enzyme that oxidizes phenolic compounds as substrates in the presence of oxygen. This enzyme is a multi-copper oxidase and is a protein containing 4 atoms of copper necessary for enzyme activity in the molecule. And it is an enzyme which catalyzes the reaction which carries out the electronic reduction of molecular oxygen using the electron taken out from the substrate, and produces
- 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid ammonium salt
- ABTS 2,2′-Azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid-Ammonium salt: hereinafter abbreviated as “ABTS”)
- ABTS 2,2′-Azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid-Ammonium salt: hereinafter abbreviated as “ABTS”)
- ABTS 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid-Ammonium salt: hereinafter abbreviated as “ABTS”)
- TOOS N-ethyl-N- (2-hydroxy-3-sulfopropyl) -3-methylaniline
- dimethylaniline diethylaniline
- N N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine
- catechol resorcinol
- hydroquinone
- a biosensor for detecting a phenolic compound can be constructed by using laccase as an electrode catalyst. Therefore, it is expected to be used as an enzyme catalyst for enzyme cells, especially CotA laccase from Bacillus subtilis (Martins LO et al., J Biol Chem., 2002, Vol. 277, No. 21, pp. 18849-59 (Non-Patent Document 1 of the prior art document), and Enguita FJ et al., Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr, 2002, 58 (Pt 9), pages 1490-3 (non-patent document 2 of the prior art document) can be suitably used.
- the origin of the enzyme is not particularly limited. Therefore, it may be naturally derived from any organism such as bacteria, yeast, and animals and plants that exist in nature by using appropriate protein isolation and purification techniques. It may be manufactured or chemically synthesized.
- an enzyme as a recombinant protein using a genetic recombination technique.
- the amino acid sequences of many enzymes and the base sequences of the genes encoding them are known and can be obtained from gene sequence databases such as GenBank, EMBL, DDBJ.
- GenBank Genetobacter calcoaceticus
- a person skilled in the art can clone a desired enzyme gene based on information on the base sequence.
- sequence information of glucose dehydrogenase derived from the above-mentioned Acinetobacter calcoaceticus is shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 (base sequence) and SEQ ID NO: 2 (amino acid sequence).
- SEQ ID NO: 3 base sequence
- sequence information of Bacillus subtilis-derived CotA laccase is shown in SEQ ID NO: 5 (base sequence) and SEQ ID NO: 6 (amino acid sequence).
- SEQ ID NO: 7 base sequence
- SEQ ID NO: 8 amino acid sequence
- a desired enzyme is obtained from a genomic DNA derived from an organism, cDNA synthesized from total RNA by a reverse transcription reaction, or the like by a hybridization method using DNA prepared based on the base sequence of the desired enzyme gene as a probe.
- a nucleic acid molecule encoding can be prepared.
- the probe used here is an oligonucleotide containing a sequence complementary to a desired enzyme, and can be prepared based on a conventional method. For example, a chemical synthesis method based on the phosphoramidite method or the like, or a restriction enzyme fragment or the like can be used when a target nucleic acid has already been obtained.
- probes include oligonucleotides consisting of 10 or more, preferably 15 or more, and more preferably about 20 to 50 bases of this base sequence based on the base sequence of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a desired enzyme. Is done.
- the probe may be appropriately labeled as necessary, and examples of such a label include a radioisotope and a fluorescent dye.
- a nucleic acid molecule encoding a desired enzyme can also be prepared by using a genomic DNA or cDNA derived from an organism as a template by PCR using a primer prepared based on the base sequence of the desired enzyme gene.
- a primer used in the case of utilizing PCR is an oligonucleotide containing a sequence complementary to a nucleic acid sequence encoding a desired enzyme, and can be prepared based on a conventional method. For example, a chemical synthesis method based on the phosphoramidite method or the like, or a restriction enzyme fragment or the like can be used when a target nucleic acid has already been obtained.
- the primer When preparing a primer based on a chemical synthesis method, the primer is designed based on the sequence information of the target nucleic acid prior to synthesis.
- the primer can be designed using, for example, primer design support software so as to amplify a desired region. After synthesis, the primer is purified by means such as HPLC.
- primer design support software so as to amplify a desired region.
- the primer is purified by means such as HPLC.
- the term “complementary” means that the probe or primer and the target nucleic acid molecule can specifically bind according to the base pairing rule to form a stable double-stranded structure.
- the base pairing rule to form a stable double-stranded structure.
- not only perfect complementarity but only a few nucleobases follow base pairing rules as long as the probe or primer and the target nucleic acid molecule are sufficient to form a stable duplex structure with each other. Even partial complementarity that fits is acceptable.
- the number of bases must be long enough to specifically recognize the target nucleic acid molecule. However, if the length is too long, a nonspecific reaction is induced, which is not preferable. Accordingly, the appropriate length is determined depending on many factors such as target nucleic acid sequence information such as GC content, and hybridization reaction conditions such as reaction temperature and salt concentration in the reaction solution.
- nucleic acid molecule encoding a desired enzyme can be chemically synthesized using a DNA synthesis method such as a conventional phosphoramidite method.
- the desired nucleic acid molecule can be used to produce a desired enzyme by gene recombination techniques known to those skilled in the art.
- a transformant is prepared by inserting a nucleic acid molecule encoding a desired enzyme into an appropriate expression vector and introducing it into a host.
- the vector that can be used is not particularly limited as long as it can incorporate foreign DNA and can replicate autonomously in a host cell.
- the vector contains a sequence of at least one restriction enzyme site into which a foreign gene can be inserted.
- plasmid vectors pEX system, pUC system, pBR system, etc.
- phage vectors ⁇ gt10, ⁇ gt11, ⁇ ZAP, etc.
- cosmid vectors vaccinia virus, baculovirus, etc.
- the vector may be incorporated so that the foreign gene can express its function, and may contain other known base sequences necessary for function expression.
- a promoter sequence for example, when the host is Escherichia coli, lac promoter, trp promoter and the like are preferably exemplified.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and a known promoter sequence can be used.
- a marking sequence or the like that can confer phenotypic selection in the host can also be included. Examples of such marking sequences include sequences encoding genes such as drug resistance and auxotrophy. Specifically, kanamycin resistance gene, chloramphenicol resistance gene, ampicillin resistance gene and the like are exemplified.
- a foreign gene can be inserted into a vector by cleaving a nucleic acid molecule encoding the desired enzyme with an appropriate restriction enzyme and inserting it into an appropriate vector restriction enzyme site or multicloning site.
- a known method such as a method using DNA ligase can be used.
- Commercially available ligation kits such as DNA-Ligation-Kit (Takara Bio Inc.) can also be used.
- the cell serving as a host in the production of the transformant there is no particular limitation on the cell serving as a host in the production of the transformant as long as it is a host cell that can efficiently express a foreign gene.
- Prokaryotic cells can be preferably used, and in particular, E. coli can be used.
- Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus bacteria, Pseudomonas bacteria, and the like can also be used.
- E. coli for example, E. coli DH5 ⁇ , E. coli BL21, E. coli JM109 and the like can be used.
- eukaryotic cells can be used without being limited to prokaryotes.
- yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae
- insect cells such as Sf9 cells
- animal cells such as CHO cells and COS-7 cells
- transformation method a known method such as a calcium chloride method, an electroporation method, a liposome transfection method, a microinjection method, or the like can be used.
- the obtained transformant is cultured in an appropriate nutrient medium under conditions that allow expression of the introduced nucleic acid molecule to produce the desired enzyme.
- the culture can be performed according to a conventional method, and the culture conditions may be selected in consideration of the nutritional physiological properties of the host cells.
- the medium to be used is not particularly limited as long as it contains nutrients that can be assimilated by the host cell and can efficiently express the protein in the transformant. Therefore, a medium containing a carbon source, a nitrogen source and other essential nutrients necessary for the growth of the host cell is preferable, regardless of whether it is a natural medium or a synthetic medium.
- Examples of the carbon source include glucose, dextran, starch, and the like, and examples of the nitrogen source include ammonium salts, nitrates, amino acids, peptone, and casein. As other nutrients, inorganic salts, vitamins, antibiotics, and the like can be included as desired.
- the host cell is Escherichia coli, LB medium, M9 medium and the like can be suitably used.
- a liquid medium can be utilized suitably from a viewpoint of mass culture.
- Selection of a host cell carrying a desired recombinant vector can be performed by, for example, the presence or absence of expression of a marking sequence.
- a marking sequence for example, when a drug resistance gene is used as the marking sequence, it can be performed by culturing in a drug-containing medium corresponding to the drug resistance gene.
- a method according to a general protein isolation and purification method may be applied from the transformant culture according to the fraction containing the desired enzyme. Specifically, when a desired enzyme is produced outside the host cell, the culture solution is used as it is, or the host cell is removed by means such as centrifugation or filtration to obtain a culture supernatant. Subsequently, the culture supernatant can be isolated and purified by appropriately selecting a known protein purification method.
- isolation and purification techniques such as ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis, SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, gel filtration, hydrophobic, anion, cation, affinity chromatography, etc. may be used alone or in appropriate combination. Can do.
- affinity chromatography it is preferable to express the desired enzyme as a fusion protein with a tag peptide such as a histidine tag (His-tag) and to use the affinity for the tag peptide.
- His-tag histidine tag
- the host cell is recovered by means such as centrifugation or filtration of the culture.
- the host cells are disrupted by an enzymatic disruption method such as lysozyme treatment or a physical disruption method such as ultrasonic treatment, freeze-thawing, and osmotic shock.
- an enzymatic disruption method such as lysozyme treatment or a physical disruption method such as ultrasonic treatment, freeze-thawing, and osmotic shock.
- the solubilized fraction is collected by means such as centrifugation or filtration.
- the obtained solubilized fraction can be isolated and purified by treating in the same manner as in the case where it can be produced extracellularly.
- an enzyme having a known amino acid sequence can also be produced by a chemical synthesis technique.
- all or part of the amino acid sequence of a desired enzyme can be synthesized by using a peptide synthesizer, and the resulting polypeptide can be prepared by reconstructing it under appropriate conditions.
- the enzyme used in the present invention may be a modified product obtained by artificially mutating a naturally derived enzyme. Further, it may be modified with various labeling compounds such as fluorescent substances and radioisotopes, and in a form fused with other proteins such as antibodies and tag peptides.
- the modified form means a substance containing an amino acid sequence having a modified site where a specific amino acid of a naturally derived enzyme is modified.
- “Modification” means that a modification in which at least one of one or more amino acids is deleted, substituted, inserted, or added in the amino acid sequence of the protein that is the basis of the modification has occurred.
- “A modification comprising at least one of deletion, substitution, insertion and addition of one or a plurality of amino acids” means a known DNA recombination technique or a point mutation introduction method for a gene encoding a protein serving as a basis for the modification.
- Etc. means that as many amino acids as can be deleted, substituted, inserted or added are deleted, substituted, inserted or added, including combinations thereof.
- such a variant has a homology of 70% or more, preferably 80% or more, and more preferably 90% or more at the amino acid level with respect to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4. be able to.
- Such a variant can be prepared by using a known mutation introduction technique.
- a known mutagenesis technique such as a site-directed mutagenesis method, a PCR abrupt induction method that introduces a point mutation using PCR, or a transposon insertion mutagenesis method can be used.
- a commercially available mutagenesis kit for example, QuikChange (registered trademark) Site-directed Mutagenesis Kit (manufactured by Stratagene), etc.
- a DNA synthesis method such as a conventional phosphoramidite method may be used. This can be done by constructing a nucleic acid molecule that encodes the enzyme with the desired modification, and the desired enzyme can be produced by gene recombination techniques known to those skilled in the art.
- the enzyme is purified as necessary prior to crystallization.
- conventional protein separation / purification methods can be used, such as liquid chromatography (gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography, isoelectric focusing, hydrophobic chromatography, affinity chromatography), and purification.
- known separation / purification techniques such as a heat treatment method can be applied alone or in appropriate combination.
- the enzyme is preferably in a concentrated state, and after purification, it is concentrated as necessary.
- vacuum concentration, membrane concentration with an ultrafiltration membrane or the like, and salting-out treatment with ammonium sulfate, sodium sulfate or the like can be exemplified, but it is not limited thereto.
- Enzyme crystallization involves precipitating the dissolved enzyme in the solution by gradually lowering the solubility by changing the salt concentration, evaporation, temperature, pH or precipitant concentration in the supersaturated solution of the enzyme. Is done by letting In general, enzyme crystallization is performed by adding a precipitating agent that lowers enzyme solubility to an enzyme solution.
- the precipitating agent include inorganic salts such as sodium chloride, ammonium sulfate, and sodium phosphate, and polymers such as polyethylene glycol. , And organic compounds such as 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol, ethanol, isopropanol, and the like can be used. As a specific method, any known method can be used.
- a vapor diffusion method for example, a dialysis method, a batch method, an interface diffusion method, a temperature gradient method, or the like can be used.
- the hanging drop method, sitting drop method, sandwich drop method and the like can be used.
- the sitting drop method and the hanging drop method are recognized by those skilled in the art as general-purpose technologies. In both methods, a droplet of an enzyme solution containing a precipitating agent and a higher concentration precipitating agent solution are sealed and allowed to stand so as not to directly contact one closed space.
- the sitting drop method is a method in which a droplet base is placed inside a closed space and a small drop of the enzyme solution is placed on the droplet base.
- the hanging drop is a method in which a droplet of an enzyme solution is hung from an upper glass plate in a closed space to be sealed.
- suitable conditions are appropriately selected and determined according to the type of enzyme to be immobilized.
- PQQ-dependent glucose dehydrogenase derived from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus strain ⁇ Structure and mechanism '' of (Structure and mechanism of soluble quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase) ", EMBO J., 1999, Vol. 18, No. 19, pp. 5187-5194, Oubrie A, Rozeboom HJ, Kalk KH, Duine JA, Dijkstra BW.
- Example 15 conditions according to the conditions described in Example 15 can be exemplified.
- the crystallization conditions for example, it is necessary to optimize the purity and concentration of the enzyme to be crystallized, the ionic strength, concentration, temperature, type of the precipitant, etc. of the enzyme solution. Judgment as to whether the examined conditions are suitable for crystallization of the enzyme can be made by examining the success or failure of the crystal, the size of the generated crystal, X-ray crystal structure analysis data, etc. .
- the size of the enzyme crystal suitable for the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode of the present invention is preferably as large as possible, but is usually about 0.1 to 1 mm, particularly preferably about 0.5 to 1 mm.
- commercially available screening kits such as Crystal Screen Kit and Crystal Screen II kit of Hampton Research can also be used.
- the enzyme crystal is preferably prepared as an enzyme crystal containing about 40 to 70% of a solvent such as water, regardless of whether it is a single crystal or a polycrystal. In the case of an enzyme that requires a coenzyme, it can be crystallized not only in the apo type but also in the form of a holo type enzyme.
- Examples of the conductive substrate that can be used in the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode of the present invention include carbon materials such as graphite and glassy carbon, metals or alloys such as aluminum, copper, gold, platinum, silver, nickel, and palladium, SnO 2 , In Conventionally known conductive base materials such as conductive oxides such as 2 O 3 , WO 3 and TiO 2 can be used. Moreover, you may comprise this with a single layer or a 2 or more types of laminated structure. In addition, in order to improve conductivity, conductive carbon fine particles such as commercially available carbon black such as ketjen black and activated carbon powder may be applied to the substrate. The magnitude
- the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode of the present invention can be configured as a microelectrode having an electrode area reduced to the micrometer order. Electrochemical measurement using a microelectrode has attracted attention because it has surpassed conventional measurement limits such as high-speed response characteristics and improved sensitivity by miniaturizing the electrode.
- the diffusion profile is (semi) cylindrical diffusion or (semi) spherical, unlike the surface diffusion of conventional flat electrodes, increasing the amount of redox species diffusing per unit area. To do.
- the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode of the present invention can be the only technique capable of immobilizing an ultra-high concentration enzyme in a minute region.
- the enzyme can be immobilized on the conductive substrate by a known method. For example, after applying an enzyme crystal on a conductive substrate, this is coated and fixed with a polymer.
- a comprehensive method such as encapsulating in a semipermeable membrane such as a dialysis membrane, a polymer having a network structure such as a polysaccharide such as alginic acid and carrageenan, a conductive polymer, a redox polymer, a photocrosslinkable polymer, etc. Can also be used. It is also possible to use a carrier binding method in which immobilization is performed through physical adsorption, ionic bond, or covalent bond. It is preferable to coat with a hydrophilic polymer. These may be used in combination, and it is desirable to appropriately select an enzyme immobilization method optimized for each enzyme crystal.
- a droplet base formed in a closed space is used as a conductive substrate, and a small droplet of the enzyme solution is allowed to stand on the conductive substrate and sealed,
- the enzyme can be immobilized simultaneously with the crystallization of the enzyme on the surface of the conductive substrate.
- the enzyme crystal can be immobilized on the electrode in such a manner that the crystal state is not destroyed, and the orientation of the enzyme can be unified.
- an enzyme that requires a coenzyme it can be immobilized at the same time as crystallization in the form of an apo-type enzyme or a holo-type enzyme.
- enzymes that require coenzymes or cofactors such as pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) and niacin (NAD, NADP), such as glucose dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, etc. It is preferable to fix in a state. However, it may be immobilized in the form of an apoenzyme, and the coenzyme may be supplied as a separate layer or dissolved in an appropriate buffer. In addition, other substances necessary for the expression of the catalytic activity of the enzyme may be supplied as a separate layer or dissolved in an appropriate buffer.
- the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode of the present invention has the enzyme, which is an electrode catalyst, immobilized on the surface of the conductive substrate with uniform, high density, and constant orientation. . Therefore, the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode can smoothly transfer electrons and can exhibit excellent electrode performance.
- the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode In immobilization in a solution state in which a conventional enzyme is dispersed in a solvent, when the enzyme concentration increases, the dispersibility deteriorates, and the enzyme is immobilized in an aggregated state on the surface of the conductive substrate. There has been a problem that the smooth progress of electron transmission is hindered and electrode performance is reduced.
- the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode of the present invention is the first technique that can immobilize an enzyme at a high density in the form of a functional molecule having a catalytic function. It is known that when enzyme molecules are cross-linked with a polyfunctional reagent, the greater the degree of cross-linking, the stronger the bond between the enzyme molecules and the greater the stability, but at the same time the enzyme activity decreases (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (JP-A)). 2007-236317).
- the present invention can immobilize the enzyme crystal as a functional molecule without using a cross-linking agent or the like that causes a decrease in the catalytic activity, thereby exhibiting excellent electrode performance.
- the enzyme crystal can be immobilized on the electrode in such a manner that the crystal state is not destroyed. Therefore, since the enzyme crystal fixed electrode of the present invention can maintain high catalytic activity as an electrode catalyst, it can be suitably used for biocells, biosensors, and the like.
- the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode of the present invention can be used for a bio battery.
- the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode of the present invention is excellent in electrode performance that enables electron transfer of the electrode to proceed smoothly. By utilizing this, high-capacity and high-output power generation is possible, and a high-performance biobattery with extremely high power generation efficiency and excellent durability can be constructed. That is, since proteins such as enzymes are more stable when they are in a crystallized state than in a solution state, a biobattery using an enzyme crystal with an immobilized electrode has excellent durability.
- the biobattery of the present invention includes, for example, an anode electrode (negative electrode) that performs an oxidation reaction and a cathode electrode (positive electrode) that performs a reduction reaction, and an ion conductivity that is an electrolyte layer that separates the anode and the cathode as necessary. Consists of substances. Therefore, in the present invention, the anode-side electrode is preferably configured as an electrode on which an enzyme crystal that catalyzes an oxidation reaction is immobilized.
- the enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation reaction is preferably an enzyme that can oxidize a substance that can be used as a fuel for a bio battery, such as sugar, alcohol, organic acid, amine, hydrogen, and inorganic compound, and particularly preferably. It is a PQQ-dependent glucose dehydrogenase with very high catalytic activity.
- the cathode side electrode is configured by immobilizing a catalyst capable of transferring electrons by reducing an oxidizing agent such as oxygen or hydrogen peroxide.
- multi-copper enzymes such as pyruvate oxidase and laccase are preferably exemplified. Particularly preferred is CotA laccase derived from Bacillus subtilis.
- any substance can be used as long as it does not have an electron transfer capability and has ion conductivity.
- an electron mediator that mediates the enzyme reaction and electron transfer between the electrodes.
- the mediator is not particularly limited as long as an optimal substance is selected according to the type of enzyme crystal to be immobilized. Examples include quinones, cytochromes, viologens, phenazines, phenoxazines, phenothiazines, ferricyanides, ferredoxins, ferrocene and derivatives thereof.
- an enzyme that requires a coenzyme or cofactor such as pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) or niacin (NAD, NADP)
- PQQ pyrroloquinoline quinone
- NAD niacin
- the enzyme may be immobilized on the electrode in the state of a holoenzyme containing the coenzyme. preferable. However, it may be immobilized in the form of an apoenzyme, and the coenzyme may be supplied as a separate layer or dissolved in an appropriate buffer. In addition, other substances necessary for the expression of the catalytic activity of the enzyme may be supplied as a separate layer or dissolved in an appropriate buffer.
- At least one of the anode and cathode electrodes is configured as an enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode.
- a biocell is composed of an anode (positive electrode) and a cathode (negative electrode). At the negative electrode, electrons move from the fuel to the electrode, and the current flows only when the electrons are received at the positive electrode. It is. Therefore, when the enzyme crystal fixed electrode is not used as one of the electrodes, the catalyst current value at that electrode becomes the limit, and the enzyme crystal fixed electrode is compared with the case where both electrodes are used as the enzyme crystal fixed electrode. The effect of improving the performance of the bio battery is reduced. Therefore, from the viewpoint of the performance of the biobattery, it is preferable to configure both electrodes as enzyme crystal-immobilized electrodes.
- the enzyme crystal on the anode electrode side oxidizes the substrate as fuel and receives electrons.
- Fuels include alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol and glycerol, aldehydes such as formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, saccharides and ketones such as glucose and fructose, amines, fats, proteins, and metabolic intermediate products thereof. Is selected depending on the substrate of the enzyme crystal immobilized on the electrode.
- the electrons are transferred to the anode electrode directly or through a mediator for mediating the electron reaction between the enzyme reaction and the electrode. Then, current is generated by passing electrons from the anode electrode to the cathode electrode through an external circuit.
- ions generated on the anode electrode side move to the cathode electrode side through the electrolyte layer, and react with electrons moved from the anode side through the external circuit to generate water.
- the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode of the present invention can be used for a biosensor.
- the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode of the present invention has excellent electrode performance that enables electron transfer of the electrode to proceed smoothly. By using this, a biosensor with high accuracy and durability can be obtained. Can be built.
- the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode of the present invention can be used as, for example, a biosensor electrode, preferably a working electrode.
- the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode may be configured by a two-electrode system by providing a working electrode and a counter electrode thereof, or a reference electrode such as silver-silver chloride from the viewpoint of improving the reliability of measurement accuracy. You may comprise as a three-electrode system provided.
- the measurement by the biosensor is performed by bringing the measurement sample into contact with the biosensor and detecting the current generated by the oxidation-reduction reaction between the immobilized enzyme crystal on the electrode and the substrate, thereby confirming the presence of the substrate in the sample. Presence or absence or concentration can be measured.
- a known method such as chronoamperometry, coulometry or cyclic voltammetry for measuring an oxidation current or a reduction current can be used. it can.
- glucose dehydrogenase When glucose dehydrogenase is used as an electrode catalyst, it can be used for detection of glucose such as blood glucose level, and when laccase is used, it can be used for detection of phenolic compounds. It is possible to construct a biosensor that is particularly useful in fields such as medicine, food, and the environment.
- Acinetobacter-derived glucose dehydrogenase (Examples 1 to 9) and Bacillus subtilis-derived CotA laccase (Examples 10 to 20) are described as examples of enzyme crystal-immobilized electrodes.
- the invention is not limited to this, and can be applied to enzymes having any species and having any physicochemical properties as long as the catalytic activity can be used in a conjugate manner in electrode reactions.
- Example 1 Construction of enzyme expression system, enzyme synthesis by E. coli protein synthesis system, and protein purification
- an enzyme is produced as a recombinant protein using genetic engineering techniques. It was purified by combining various chromatographies. In particular, in crystallization, a large amount of purified enzyme is required for screening for optimizing crystallization conditions.
- Step 1 Construction of an expression vector for Acinetobacter-derived glucose dehydrogenase Acquired glucose dehydrogenase gene by amplification from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus purchased from National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (NITE) and registered in GenBank based on this sequence Acinetobacter calcoaceticus gdhB gene for glucose dehydrogenase-B (GDH-B) (ACCESSION No: 15871) was rewritten to have the same amino acid sequence. The rewritten sequence was incorporated into the NdeI / BamHI restriction enzyme site of the pET-22b (+) vector to obtain an expression plasmid. This plasmid was named pET-22b (+)-sGdh. The base sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 in the sequence listing, and the amino acid sequence deduced from the base sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 in the sequence listing.
- IPTG isopropyl- ⁇ -D-thiogalactopyranoside
- Step 3 Purification of His-tag protein by affinity chromatography
- the protein expressed in Step 2 above is a His-tag fusion protein, and the protein was purified via His-tag.
- the protein-expressing bacterial cells that had been cryopreserved were suspended in a 25 mM potassium phosphate buffer, a surfactant (0.4% Brij-58) was added, and the mixture was allowed to stand in ice for 30 minutes. Next, ultrasonic crushing treatment was performed, and after confirming that the cell suspension was not viscous, it was subjected to centrifugation (4 ° C., 40000 ⁇ g, 30 minutes), and the supernatant was collected.
- TALON metal affinity carrier
- 20 mM sodium phosphate, 5 mM imidazole, and 0.5 M NaCl solution was packed in an open column, pre-washed with 20 mM sodium phosphate, 5 mM imidazole, and 0.5 M NaCl solution to equilibrate the column.
- 0.5 M NaCl was added to the supernatant after centrifugation, and this was applied to the column.
- the protein was eluted with 20 mM sodium phosphate, 500 mM imidazole and 0.5 M NaCl solution.
- 25 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4) buffer solution was used as an external solution. Dialysis was performed overnight.
- Step 4 Protein Purification by Ion Exchange Chromatography
- the protein solution obtained in Step 3 above was further purified using ion exchange chromatography according to the charge characteristics of the protein.
- the carrier was washed and equilibrated using 25 mM potassium phosphate (pH 7.4) and 1 mM EDTA as a base buffer. Subsequently, the enzyme solution obtained in Step 3 was applied to the column, the protein was adsorbed onto the carrier, and then the carrier was washed with the base buffer to remove impurities. Subsequently, the protein was eluted with a salt concentration gradient from 0 to 500 mM KCl using the base buffer as the starting buffer. Specifically, elution was performed under the following conditions.
- Elution buffer composition Buffer A: 25 mM potassium phosphate (K 1 H 2 PO 4 ), 1 mM EDTA Buffer B: 25 mM potassium phosphate (K 1 H 2 PO 4 ), 1 mM EDTA, 1M KCl
- the absorbance at 280 nm which is a measure of the enzyme concentration
- SDS-PAGE SDS polyacrylamide
- FIG. 1A is a graph plotting the absorbance at 280 nm in each elution fraction
- FIG. 1B shows the electrophoresis result of each elution fraction.
- segment (a) is an enzyme solution eluted at a KCl concentration of 100 to 105 mM
- segment (b) is an enzyme solution eluted at a KCl concentration of 105 to 110 mM
- segment (c) is a KCl concentration of 115 to 130 mM.
- the enzyme solution eluted in step (d) is a collection of fractions of the enzyme solution eluted at a KCl concentration of 130 to 150 mM.
- a signal indicating protein elution was detected in the early stage of elution (KCl concentration of about 100 ⁇ mM), and a broad signal of contaminants was detected in the latter half of the elution.
- the protein signal is mainly divided into two peaks, which can be assumed to be caused by some factor related to the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme.
- the purified protein was dialyzed overnight with 25 ⁇ mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4) buffer and 1 ⁇ mM EDTA as an external solution to remove KCl used for protein elution. .
- the eluted protein was confirmed prior to quantification.
- the purified protein solution was subjected to SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, stained with the protein stain Flamingo Fluorescent Gel Stain (Bio-Rad), and the band was visualized with a fluoro imaging analyzer FLA-3000 (Fuji Film). .
- lane 1 shows the result of the enzyme purified by affinity chromatography alone
- lane 2 shows the result of the enzyme purified by combining affinity chromatography and ion exchange chromatography. From this result, it was confirmed that impurities were almost removed by purification using a combination of affinity chromatography and ion exchange chromatography.
- the concentration measurement was performed for all signal regions and only the enzyme signal region in each lane.
- the signal intensity of the protein band on the gel visualized with FLA-3000 is expressed as the total signal (a strip from the start of electrophoresis of the sample to the tip of the electrophoresis) and the enzyme signal (enzyme). The signal part only) was digitized using the attached dedicated software. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 3 Screening of Enzyme Crystallization Conditions and Enzyme Crystallization
- studies were made to crystallize the enzyme purified in Example 1.
- a fraction corresponding to the region of segment (c) in FIG. 1B of the enzyme obtained in Example 1 was used, and crystallization was performed by a vapor diffusion method.
- the reason for selecting segment (c) in FIG. 1B is that the buffer solution composition of the enzyme precipitant solution (50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 9.3) is used for the fraction corresponding to the region of segments (b) and (c) in FIG. 1B. ), 120 mM NaCl, 3 mM CaCl 2 ), the storage stability for several days or more was found to be slightly lower in segment (b). Therefore, the most preferable segment (c) in terms of enzyme quality and quantity was selected for crystallization.
- the buffer solution composition of the enzyme precipitant solution 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 9.3) is used for the fraction corresponding to the region of segments (b) and (c)
- the enzyme solution and the precipitant solution were mixed at a reaction scale of 4 ⁇ l.
- the enzyme concentration was 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15 ⁇ g / ⁇ l, and 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24% polyethylene glycol was used as the precipitant component.
- the precipitant solution was prepared by mixing polyethylene glycol as the precipitant component in a 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 9.3), 120 mM NaCl, 3 mM CaCl 2 buffer composition.
- a droplet of the enzyme solution and precipitant solution mixture is prepared on a silicon-coated cover glass, and then the cover glass piece is turned over and placed in the droplet recess to crystallize by vapor diffusion. Went. After standing in an incubator at 30 ° C. for 7 days, the presence or absence of crystal precipitation was observed with a microscope (400 times magnification).
- the enzyme concentration was lowered to 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 ⁇ g / ⁇ l, and polyethylene glycol concentrations were 20, 21, and 22%, and re-screening was performed. After standing for 7 days in an incubator at 30 ° C. as described above, the presence or absence of crystal precipitation was observed with a microscope (magnification 400 times).
- the enzyme concentration 0.1 to 0.5 ⁇ g / ⁇ l is about 0.1 mm larger crystals
- the enzyme concentration is 1 to 2 ⁇ g / ⁇ l, about 0.5 mm larger crystals
- the enzyme concentration is 3 to 4 ⁇ g / ⁇ l, about 1 to 5 mm. It was confirmed that large crystals could be formed.
- crystallization reaction was performed by “sitting drop method” which is one of vapor diffusion methods. This allowed the reaction scale to be scaled up from 4 ⁇ l to 5 times 20 ⁇ l.
- a schematic diagram of the sitting drop method performed here is shown in FIG. 4A, and a photograph showing a state in which the crystallization reaction is actually performed is shown in FIG. 4B.
- a chair which is a dedicated container for allowing the enzyme solution to sit on the liquid layer of the precipitant solution, is placed in a closed container, and the crystal is grown on the chair. Since the reaction scale was scaled up, the reaction time for crystallization was extended to 20 days in a 30 ° C. incubator. Then, in the same manner as described above, the presence or absence of crystal precipitation was observed with a microscope (400 times magnification).
- Example 4 Comparison of Protein Concentration in Enzyme Crystal
- the protein concentration contained in the enzyme crystal obtained by the sitting drop method in Example 3 is compared with the amount of enzyme that can exist as a solution. Compared.
- Example 3 One enzyme crystal obtained in Example 3 was separated from the crystallization reaction solution.
- the crystal was separated from the crystallization reaction solution by sucking the liquid portion using a special paper cutter (Hampton Research) and then picking it up using a dedicated crystal picker (Hampton Research) under a microscope.
- FIG. 5A shows a microscopic image of one enzyme crystal.
- the enzyme crystal separated from the crystallization reaction solution was dissolved in 20 ⁇ l of 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.4) to obtain an enzyme crystal solution.
- the amount of enzyme contained in the enzyme crystal solution was measured, and the amount of enzyme contained in the enzyme crystal was calculated.
- the enzyme amount contained in the enzyme solution was compared at a concentration of 40 mg / ml.
- the value of 40 mg / ml indicates that the PQQ-dependent glucose dehydrogenase derived from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus used here precipitates when the concentration exceeds 50 mg / ml in the solution state.
- the highest concentration that can be present is a figure derived as being 40 mg / ml.
- the enzyme crystal can contain an enzyme having a concentration about 100 times higher than that in the solution state.
- the amount of enzyme contained in the enzyme crystal was compared with the amount of enzyme contained in the enzyme solution in a solution state by electrophoresis. Specifically, a part of the enzyme crystal solution prepared above was subjected to 12.5% acrylamide gel electrophoresis, and protein bands were visualized by CBB staining. As a comparative control, an enzyme solution corresponding to the crystal volume was subjected to electrophoresis in the same manner. At this time, the concentration of the enzyme solution is 40 mg / ml as described above.
- lane 1 is the stock solution of the enzyme crystal lysate prepared above
- lane 2 is the 1 ⁇ 2 amount of the stock solution in lane 1
- lane 3 is the 1 ⁇ 4 amount of the stock solution in lane 1.
- Lane 4 shows the comparative enzyme solution having a concentration of 40 mg / ml
- Lane 5 shows the 1 ⁇ 2 amount of the enzyme solution in lane 4
- lane 6 shows the 1 ⁇ 4 amount of the enzyme solution in lane 4.
- Example 5 Preparation of enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode
- an enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode is prepared on the assumption that it is used as an electrode catalyst for a bio battery. It was investigated.
- an enzyme immobilization kit manufactured by Toyo Gosei Co., Ltd.
- This enzyme immobilization kit is an optimal experimental kit for the initial examination of a biosensor for electrochemical detection.
- the enzyme immobilization polymer BIOSURFINE attached to the kit was used, and the enzyme crystal was immobilized on a conductive substrate to prepare an enzyme crystal immobilization electrode.
- the enzyme crystal was subjected to a holographic treatment to bind coenzyme PQQ necessary for the expression of enzyme activity.
- the enzyme crystal obtained in this example is apo-type, and in order to convert it into an active enzyme, it is necessary to perform a holo- lation treatment for incorporating PQQ, so that the enzyme crystal obtained in Example 3 is formed.
- the PQQ solution was added to the solution so as to have a final concentration of 0.1 mM, and the solution was allowed to stand at room temperature for 30 minutes to convert into a holo-type enzyme.
- Polyethylene glycol used in the crystallization is contained in the enzyme crystal, but this does not interfere with the immobilization because it has physical properties that do not mix and react with the enzyme immobilization polymer BIOSURFINE.
- the enzyme-immobilized polymer and carbon electrode used here are disposable printed electrodes for research and development, such as electrochemical measurements such as enzyme activity measurements and biosensors (DEP-Chip: a venture from Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology)
- electrochemical measurements such as enzyme activity measurements and biosensors (DEP-Chip: a venture from Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology)
- the electrode performance is the same as that of glassy carbon made by a company.
- Example 6 Evaluation of catalytic function of enzyme crystal immobilized on a conductive substrate-1
- the catalytic function of an enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode prepared by immobilizing an enzyme crystal that had been previously crystallized on the surface of a conductive substrate in the procedure of Example 5 was evaluated.
- FIG. 6A shows a microscopic image of the enzyme crystal used for actual immobilization in this example.
- This is the enzyme crystal formed in Example 3.
- the crystal includes not only a three-dimensional direction but also a fine crystal or a film-like one grown in the two-dimensional direction.
- an enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode prepared according to the procedure of Example 5 was used as a working electrode, a carbon electrode was used as a counter electrode, and a silver-silver chloride electrode was used as a reference electrode, and these three electrodes were used as a reaction mixture (25 mmM phosphorous Immersion in acid buffer (pH7.4), 0 or 100 mM glucose, and 1 ⁇ mM mPMS (1-methoxy-5-methylphenazinium methylsulfate), constant potential measurement at a constant voltage of 0.1V (vs silver / silver chloride electrode) (Current measurement at the oxidation-reduction potential of mPMS) Since mPMS was used as an electron mediator, the constant-potential electrolysis potential was set to +0.1 V from the standard oxidation-reduction potential (+ 0.063V) of mPMS.
- the chronoamperometry method was used to measure the current response under the glucose concentration of 0 mM
- Waveform 1 shows the results under a glucose concentration of 100 mM
- waveform 2 shows the results under a glucose concentration of 0 mM, that is, in a reaction mixture containing no glucose. From this result, a current value (waveform 1) of 15 ⁇ A (after 30 seconds) was obtained under a glucose concentration of 100 ⁇ mM. On the other hand, when glucose was not included, the current value was infinitely zero. Thus, since the electric current value was obtained depending on glucose, it was confirmed that the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode produced here functions as an enzyme catalyst functional electrode.
- Example 7 Evaluation of catalytic function of enzyme crystals immobilized on a conductive substrate-2
- the catalytic function of an enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode produced by performing an enzyme crystallization reaction on the surface of a conductive substrate was evaluated.
- An enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode was produced by performing an enzyme crystallization reaction on a conductive substrate. This is compared with the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode prepared in Example 6 in which the enzyme crystal prepared in advance is immobilized on the conductive substrate, and the enzyme crystallization reaction is performed on the conductive substrate. Thus, the possibility of producing an electrode having an excellent electrode function was verified.
- FIG. 7A shows a state in which an enzyme crystallization reaction is performed on a conductive substrate serving as an electrode.
- the conductive substrate used here has a carbon electrode printed on a film and can be processed to be small. Therefore, there is an advantage that the crystallization conditions in the sitting drop method described in Example 3 can be used as they are.
- FIG. 7B shows a microscopic image of the enzyme crystal produced on the surface of the conductive substrate.
- the crystal includes not only a three-dimensional direction but also a fine crystal or a film-like one grown in a two-dimensional direction.
- the method for immobilizing enzyme crystals on the conductive substrate was the same as the method in Example 5 after the step of dropping the crystals on the surface of the conductive substrate.
- the current response was measured by the chronoamperometry method (measurement of the time change of the current with the voltage fixed) under the glucose concentration of 0 to 10 mM.
- waveform 1 shows the results under a glucose concentration of 100 mM
- waveform 2 shows the results under a glucose concentration of 0 mM, ie, a reaction mixture containing no glucose. From this result, a current value (waveform 1) of 15 ⁇ A (after 30 seconds) was obtained under a glucose concentration of 100 mM. On the other hand, when glucose was not included, the current value was infinitely zero. Thus, since the electric current value was obtained depending on glucose, it was confirmed that the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode produced here functions as an enzyme catalyst functional electrode.
- Example 8 Evaluation of catalytic function of enzyme crystal immobilized on a conductive substrate-3
- an enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode prepared by immobilizing an enzyme crystal prepared in advance on the conductive surface in Example 6, and enzyme crystallization on the conductive substrate surface in Example 7
- the enzyme crystal fixed electrodes prepared by performing the reaction were compared in terms of their electrode functions.
- Example 7 By performing the enzyme crystallization reaction on the surface of the conductive substrate in Example 7 and the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode prepared by immobilizing the enzyme crystal prepared in advance on the conductive surface in Example 6.
- the measurement results obtained by the chronoamperometry method obtained in Example 6 and Example 7 were compared in terms of current density.
- the waveform 1 shows the result of the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode produced by performing the enzyme crystallization reaction on the surface of the conductive substrate in Example 7, and the waveform 2 in Example 6
- the result of the enzyme crystal fixed electrode produced by immobilizing the enzyme crystal produced beforehand on the conductive surface is shown.
- a current value exceeding a current density of 0.6 mA / cm 2 (waveforms 1 and 2) was obtained as a current response due to the oxidation reaction of glucose. Therefore, it was found that both enzyme crystal-immobilized electrodes can sufficiently function as enzyme catalyst functional electrodes.
- Example 9 Estimation of enzyme crystallization efficiency
- the enzyme crystallization efficiency was compared between a conductive substrate and a dedicated container during enzyme crystallization.
- the purpose of this example is to confirm the usefulness of the present invention, and in the case of producing an enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode as in Example 7, the crystal produced when the enzyme crystallization reaction was performed on the surface of the conductive substrate.
- the crystallization efficiency and the crystallization efficiency in the case where the crystallization reaction was previously performed in a dedicated container by the method of Example 3 like the enzyme crystal immobilized on the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode in Example 6 were examined. Specifically, the enzyme amount was 50 ⁇ g, and the enzyme crystallization reaction was performed according to Examples 3 and 7, respectively, on a dedicated container and a conductive substrate by a sitting drop method. Subsequently, the produced crystal was dissolved in 20 ⁇ l of water, and the amount of enzyme was measured.
- the enzyme crystal formed by crystal growth on the electrode and crystal growth in a dedicated container was confirmed by electrophoresis. Specifically, a part of the enzyme crystal solution prepared above was subjected to 12.5% acrylamide gel electrophoresis, and protein bands were visualized by CBB staining.
- FIGS. 10A and 10B show the results when crystal growth is performed on a conductive substrate
- FIG. 10B shows the result when crystal growth is performed in a dedicated container
- lane 1 is an enzyme crystal solution of sample number 1 grown on a conductive substrate
- lane 2 is sample number 2
- lane 3 is sample number 3
- lane 4 is sample number 4
- Lane 5 shows the sample number 5
- lane 6 shows the result of the control
- lane 1 is an enzyme crystal solution of sample No. 1 in which crystals are grown in a dedicated container
- lane 2 is sample No. 2
- lane 3 is sample No. 3
- lane 4 is sample No. 4
- lane 5 is Sample number 5 and lane 6 show the results of sample number 6. From this result, it was confirmed that both the techniques were crystallized at almost the same rate as in the above-mentioned calculation comparison and had practical value.
- Example 10 Construction of enzyme expression system, enzyme synthesis by E. coli protein synthesis system, and protein purification During crystallization, in order to obtain a highly pure enzyme, an enzyme is produced as a recombinant protein using genetic engineering techniques. It was purified by combining various chromatographies. In particular, in crystallization, a large amount of purified enzyme is required for screening for optimization of crystallization conditions.
- Step 1 Construction of an expression vector for CotA laccase from Bacillus subtilis Bacillus described in J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 277, No. 21, pages 1849-59 presented as Non-Patent Document 1 of the prior art document -A DNA sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of CotA laccase derived from subtilis is inserted between the restriction enzyme recognition sites NdeI and HidIII of the pET-22b (+) vector, downstream of the restriction enzyme recognition site HidIII of pET-22b (+) Using the histidine sequence, an enzyme expression vector was constructed by designing such that histidine was added to the C-terminal side of the enzyme.
- the base sequence of the protein expressed here is shown in SEQ ID NO: 7 in the sequence listing, and the amino acid sequence deduced from the base sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 8 in the sequence listing.
- Step 2 Recombinant protein expression by E. coli Transform the enzyme expression vector obtained in step 1 above into E. coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS strain, and transform the cells into LB medium (50 ⁇ g / ml ampicillin and chloramphenicol). Inoculated) and cultured at 37 ° C. for 18 hours.
- LB medium 50 ⁇ g / ml ampicillin and chloramphenicol. Inoculated
- Enzyme-expressing cells were collected by centrifugation and stored frozen at -80 ° C. This was subjected to the following protein purification. The purification was performed by combining the two types of enzyme purification methods, the affinity chromatography method (step 3) and the ion exchange chromatography method (steps 3 to 4) according to the charge characteristics of the protein.
- Step 3 Purification of His-tag protein by affinity chromatography
- the protein expressed in Step 2 above is a His-tag fusion protein, and the protein was purified via His-tag.
- the enzyme-expressing bacterial cells that had been cryopreserved were suspended in 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.4, 0.4% surfactant (Brij-58) was added, and the mixture was left on ice for 30 minutes. Next, after ultrasonic disruption, the cell disruption solution was collected by centrifugation.
- Step 4 Protein Purification by Ion Exchange Chromatography
- the protein solution obtained in Step 3 above was further purified using ion exchange chromatography according to the charge characteristics of the protein.
- CotA laccase (with a C-terminal histidine tag) is a protein with a molecular weight of 60.1 kDa and a pI 6.1.
- CotA laccase solubilization buffer is pH 7.5, it is considered to be adsorbed on the anion exchanger because it is higher than the pI value.
- Mono S a cation exchanger known in the literature, no protein was adsorbed on the carrier during purification.
- Mono Q5 / 50 GL (GE Healthcare: column capacity is about 1 ml) was used.
- Mono Q is a strong anion exchanger based on Mono beads, which are porous particles with very high resolution and high binding capacity, and Quaternaryammonium (Q) as an ion exchanger.
- Q Quaternaryammonium
- Mono Q binding capacity is 65 mg / ml gel.
- the buffer used for the MonoQ column and the protein to be added were passed through a 0.22 ⁇ m filter in advance.
- ⁇ Device AKTA explorer 10S (GE Healthcare)
- Carrier Mono Q 5/50 GL (GE Healthcare)
- -Reagent Buffer A [20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 5 mM EDTA, 5 mM 2-mercaptoethanol]
- Buffer B 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 5 mM EDTA, 5 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 1M NaCl
- the purification procedure by MonoQ was performed by washing and equilibrating the carrier using 25 mM potassium phosphate (pH 7.4) and 1 mM EDTA as a base buffer. Subsequently, the protein solution obtained in Step 3 was applied to the column, the protein was adsorbed on the carrier, and then the carrier was washed with the base buffer to remove impurities. Subsequently, the protein was eluted with a salt concentration gradient from 0 to 500 mM KCl using the base buffer as the starting buffer. Next, in order to remove KCl, dialysis was performed overnight using 25 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4) buffer and 1 mM EDTA as external solutions. Specifically, elution was performed according to the following procedure.
- FIGS. 11A and 11B The results of subjecting the protein elution fraction to SDS-PAGE are shown in FIGS. 11A and 11B. Specifically, FIG. 11A shows a fraction at the beginning of elution (KCl concentration: around 100 ⁇ mM) (hereinafter referred to as “enzyme solution fraction I”), and FIG. 11B shows a fraction at the end of elution (KCl concentration: around 100 ⁇ mM). The result of electrophoresis of a minute (hereinafter referred to as “enzyme solution fraction II”) is shown. In all cases, a band having a molecular weight of about 60 kDa was detected.
- protein was eluted by a method using a salt concentration gradient in which the KCl concentration was increased from 0 to 500 mM, but the enzyme solution fraction eluted at the beginning of elution and the enzyme solution fraction eluted at the later stage of elution were separated.
- the chromatograph chart (not shown here) and the electropherograms of FIGS. 11A and 11B are arranged side by side, the two fractions do not appear to be sharply separated, but are strongly bound to the enzyme weakly bound to MonoQ. Both enzymes seemed to be mixed. It can be inferred that this is due to some physical properties of the enzyme.
- Example 11 Purity confirmation of purified enzyme
- the purified enzyme obtained in Example 10 was a high-purity enzyme required for crystallization.
- Example 10 a protein solution immediately after synthesis by the E. coli protein synthesis system (steps 1 and 2), a protein solution purified by affinity chromatography (steps 1 to 3), and affinity chromatography And the protein solution (steps 1 to 4) purified by combining ion exchange chromatography was subjected to SDS-PAGE electrophoresis.
- panel A is a protein solution immediately after synthesis by the E. coli protein synthesis system
- lane 1 is a total disruption solution of E. coli in which protein is expressed
- lane 2 is a solubilized fraction
- lane 3 is lane 2 It is the electrophoresis result of the solution which passed the affinity chromatography support
- Panel B shows the electrophoretic result of the protein solution obtained by purifying the whole E. coli lysate by affinity chromatography.
- Panel C shows the electrophoretic result of the protein solution purified by combining affinity chromatography and ion exchange chromatography.
- lane M in panels B and C is a molecular weight marker.
- Example 12 Activity measurement of purified enzyme
- the activity of the purified enzyme obtained in Example 10 was measured.
- Enzyme solution Fraction I and Fraction II obtained through Steps 1 to 4 of Example 10 were purified by dialysis and purified with 25 mM Tris 7.5, 1 mM EDTA, 5 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 50% Glycerol. Has been replaced.
- the enzyme solution fraction was dialyzed against 100 mM sodium citrate buffer pH 5.5.
- the enzyme solution fraction I was denatured by protein precipitation.
- CotA laccase was confirmed to precipitate and lose activity at an enzyme concentration of 0.5 mg / ml or more.
- the catalytic activity (oxidation activity of substrate ABTS) of the enzyme solution obtained by dialysis of enzyme solution fraction II was compared with that of the enzyme solution before dialysis.
- the amount of enzyme contained in the enzyme solution is the same, and only the composition of the solvent is different.
- the catalytic activity was nearly doubled after dialysis.
- the laccase activity was measured according to the following procedure.
- the colorimetric method was performed using 20 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.0) containing 1 mM ABTS and 0.1 mM copper sulfate as a substrate.
- the enzyme solution was added to the reaction solution to start the reaction.
- the reaction was carried out at 50 ° C. It was measured by the change in absorbance at 418 nm (enzyme reaction rate) accompanying the oxidation of the substrate (ABTS).
- the specific activity of the enzyme solution was measured using ABTS as a substrate.
- a 50 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.5) containing 0.4 mM ABTS was used as a reaction solution, and the enzyme solution was added to make a total volume of 200 ⁇ l.
- the reaction was performed at 25 ° C.
- Specific activity was calculated by defining 1 U as the amount of enzyme that oxidizes ABTS at 1 ⁇ mol / min. As a result, the enzyme contained in the enzyme solution had sufficient catalytic activity as a crystallization enzyme.
- Example 13 Enzyme properties (pH characteristics) In this example, the pH characteristics among the various properties of the enzyme were examined.
- the pH characteristics of the purified enzyme obtained through Steps 1 to 4 in Example 10 were examined by measuring the catalytic activity in the range of pH 3.5 to 10.0.
- the catalytic activity was measured by a colorimetric method using 20 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.0) containing 1 mM ABTS and 0.1 mM copper sulfate as a reaction solution.
- the enzyme solution was added to the reaction solution to start the reaction.
- the reaction was carried out at 50 ° C. It was measured by the change in absorbance at 418 nm (enzyme reaction rate) accompanying the oxidation of the substrate (ABTS).
- pH 3.5 to 5.5 citric acid
- pH 5 to 7 phosphoric acid
- pH 6.5 to 9 Tris-hydrochloric acid
- pH 8.5 to 10 glycine-NaOH are active as buffer components of each pH buffer. Used for measurement.
- Example 14 Enzyme properties (temperature dependence) In this example, temperature dependence among various properties of the enzyme was examined.
- the temperature dependence of the purified enzyme obtained through steps 1 to 4 in Example 10 was examined by measuring the catalytic activity at 25 to 80 ° C.
- the catalytic activity was measured by a colorimetric method using 20 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.0) containing 1 mM ABTS and 0.1 mM copper sulfate as a reaction solution.
- the enzyme solution was added to the reaction solution to start the reaction.
- the reaction was carried out at the above-mentioned predetermined temperature, and the activity was measured by the change in absorbance at 418 nm (enzyme reaction rate) accompanying the oxidation of the substrate (ABTS).
- As a buffer component of the buffer solution pH 3.5 to 5.5: citric acid was used.
- the optimum temperature was around 70 ° C. This is similar to the same oxygen reductase CueO laccase from E. coli. Since the activity can be maintained in a high temperature region, it can be used as a useful enzyme electrode catalyst that can withstand various use conditions including a high temperature region and long-term use.
- Example 15 Screening of enzyme crystallization conditions and enzyme crystallization
- enzyme crystallization conditions were screened, and then enzyme crystals were prepared.
- Step 1 Dialysis and Concentration
- the purified enzyme obtained through Steps 1 to 4 of Example 10 was dialyzed against a crystallization reaction mother liquor buffer (100 mM sodium citrate buffer pH 5.5). After buffer exchange, concentration with an ultrafiltration spin column (15 mg / ml) was performed.
- concentration with an ultrafiltration spin column 15 mg / ml was performed.
- enzyme precipitation occurred in the enzyme solution fraction I. This is considered to be because the solubility of the enzyme was reduced by buffer exchange. Since the enzyme solution in which the precipitation occurred cannot be used for the crystallization reaction, the crystallization reaction was performed in the enzyme solution fraction II in which no enzyme precipitation occurred. After concentration, enzyme concentration and purity were measured by scanning each wavelength light using a spectrophotometer.
- Step 2 Crystallization
- the crystallization conditions were screened with reference to the crystallization conditions described in the non-patent document.
- the initial screening was performed with the condition range of about 10% before and after the crystallization conditions described in Non-Patent Document 2 presented in the section of the prior art document.
- two screening plates were used and the test was performed at 15 ⁇ 2.
- the test was performed at 15 ⁇ 2.
- on a 4 ⁇ L reaction scale with the following enzyme concentration and precipitant concentration, prepare droplets that mix the enzyme solution and precipitant solution on the cover glass.
- the solution was placed on a container containing the solution by the vapor diffusion method. After standing for 5 days in a 20 ° C. incubator for crystallization reaction, the presence or absence of crystals was confirmed by microscopic observation.
- Enzyme concentration of enzyme solution ⁇ 8 mg / ml (CotA laccase) Crystallization reaction mother liquor composition and precipitant concentration: 100 mM sodium citrate buffer pH 5.5 ⁇ 15% glycerol ⁇ 10, 15, 20% isopropyl alcohol ⁇ 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20% polyethylene glycol 4K
- the following screening was performed for the purpose of reducing the formation of contaminated precipitates.
- the enzyme concentration was lowered and the crystallization conditions were examined.
- it was allowed to stand for 5 days in a 20 ° C. incubator for crystallization reaction, and then the presence of crystals was confirmed by microscopic observation.
- Enzyme concentration of enzyme solution 4 or 8 mg / ml (CotA laccase) Crystallization reaction mother liquor composition and precipitant concentration: 100 mM sodium citrate buffer pH 5.5 15% Glycerol 14, 16, 18, 20% Isopropyl alcohol 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20% Polyethylene glycol 4K
- Example 16 Preparation of enzyme-immobilized electrode and evaluation of catalytic function
- an enzyme-immobilized electrode was prepared assuming use as an electrode catalyst for a bio battery. And the catalyst function was evaluated.
- the purified enzyme obtained through Steps 1 to 4 in Example 10 was used as the electrode catalyst for the enzyme-immobilized electrode.
- a method using a photocrosslinkable polymer was selected.
- an enzyme immobilization kit manufactured by Toyo Gosei Co., Ltd.
- This enzyme immobilization kit is an optimal experimental kit for the initial examination of a biosensor for electrochemical detection.
- the enzyme immobilization polymer BIOSURFINE attached to the kit was used, and the enzyme was immobilized on a conductive substrate to prepare an enzyme immobilization electrode.
- the enzyme-immobilized electrode was evaluated using a potentiostat.
- the evaluation was carried out by measuring the catalyst current by the chronoamperometry method (measurement of change in current with time at fixed voltage).
- a purified enzyme 50 ⁇ g immobilized electrode, a counter electrode (carbon) and a reference electrode (silver / silver chloride) as working electrodes were added to the reaction mixture (50 mM sodium citrate, pH 5.2, 1 mM mM ABTS). It was carried out by immersing and measuring the current response accompanying the reduction reaction of ABTS (redox potential: 0.5 V).
- the electrochemical reaction formula is as follows. 4ABTS + O 2 + 4H + ⁇ 4ATBS ⁇ - + 2H 2 O ATBS ⁇ - + e - ⁇ ATBS
- Waveform 1 shows the electrode subjected to the enzyme immobilization reaction treatment
- waveform 2 shows the catalyst current observed with the electrode subjected to the immobilization treatment without adding the enzyme.
- the current density of the catalyst current was ⁇ 0.09 mA / cm 2 (waveform 1). Since the re-reduction wave of the ABTS cation radical is observed, the current can be observed on the negative side.
- the current density of the catalyst current was 0.03 mA / cm 2 . From these results, it was confirmed that the negative-side catalyst current flows due to the purified enzyme (CotA laccase), and that it can be used as the cathode-side catalyst of a bio battery.
- Example 17 Production of enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode
- an enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode was produced assuming use as an electrode catalyst for a bio battery.
- the enzyme crystal produced in Example 15 was used as the electrode catalyst for the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode. Immobilization of the enzyme crystal on the conductive substrate was carried out by a method using a photocrosslinkable polymer as in Example 16. Specifically, an enzyme immobilization kit (manufactured by Toyo Gosei Co., Ltd.) was used according to the standard protocol attached to the kit. This enzyme immobilization kit is an optimal experimental kit for the initial examination of a biosensor for electrochemical detection. As the immobilization material, the enzyme immobilization polymer BIOSURFINE attached to the kit was used, and the enzyme crystal was immobilized on a carbon electrode to prepare an enzyme immobilization electrode.
- an enzyme immobilization kit manufactured by Toyo Gosei Co., Ltd.
- This enzyme immobilization kit is an optimal experimental kit for the initial examination of a biosensor for electrochemical detection.
- the enzyme immobilization polymer BIOSURFINE attached to the kit was used, and the enzyme crystal was immobilized on a carbon electrode to prepare an enzyme
- Example 15 the enzyme crystals obtained in Example 15 were subjected to a holophoresis reaction in which a prosthetic factor CuSO 4 necessary for expression of enzyme activity was bound. Subsequently, the crystal was concentrated from the crystallization reaction solution by sucking out about 10 ⁇ l of the liquid portion using a special paper cutter. All of the concentrated crystal solution was dropped onto the electrode surface (electrode area 2.5 mm 2 on a flat plate), and the liquid portion was completely blotted using a paper filter paper. Next, 5 ⁇ l of a polymer solution diluted to 2% was dropped on the electrode and dried, followed by UV exposure for 5 minutes to immobilize enzyme crystals.
- Example 18 Evaluation of catalytic function of enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode-1
- the enzyme crystal produced by the enzyme crystallization reaction described in Example 15 was immobilized on an electrode by the method described in Example 17, and was catalyzed by a cyclic voltammetry (hereinafter sometimes abbreviated as “CV”) method. The current was measured.
- CV cyclic voltammetry
- Example 19 Evaluation of catalytic function of enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode-2
- the enzyme crystal produced by the enzyme crystallization reaction described in Example 15 was immobilized on an electrode by the method described in Example 17, and the catalyst current was measured by a chronoamperometry method. Specifically, the change in current due to the applied voltage after time t was measured.
- the CV result of Example 18 was referred to, the initial potential (E0) was an open circuit potential, the applied voltage was 0.5 V, and the time to start applying the applied voltage was 5 seconds. Since the enzyme immobilized here is laccase, the current to be observed is the current consumed for the reduction of oxygen, so it is desirable to set the potential to the negative side of the re-reduction wave.
- Waveform 1 is an electrode that has undergone an enzyme crystal immobilization reaction
- waveform 2 is an electrode that has been subjected to an immobilization reaction process of an enzyme crystal mimetic prepared by lowering the concentration of a precipitant so as not to crystallize as a control experiment.
- the observed catalyst current is shown.
- a catalytic current having a current density of 0.18 mA / cm 2 was observed at the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode (waveform 1).
- a catalyst current having a current density of 0.07 mA / cm 2 was observed in the enzyme crystal prepared by reducing the concentration of the precipitant so as not to crystallize (waveform 2).
- Example 20 Performance evaluation by bio battery cell using enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode
- a bio battery cell was actually constructed using the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode of the present invention, and its performance was evaluated.
- the enzyme crystallization reaction described in Example 15 was performed in the carbon material used for the cathode of the bio battery cell instead of the crystallization reaction vessel. That is, an enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode was produced by performing an enzyme crystallization reaction on a conductive substrate.
- the carbon material used here is a carbon paper (hereinafter abbreviated as “CP”) coated with ketjen black (hereinafter abbreviated as “KB”) of highly conductive carbon fine particles.
- Step 1 Application of KB to CP An appropriate amount of KB of highly conductive carbon fine particles was applied to CP.
- Step 2 Crystallization of CotA laccase in electrode
- purified enzyme obtained through Steps 1 to 4 of Example 10 was subjected to crystallization reaction mother liquor buffer (100 mM sodium citrate buffer). Dialysis was performed against the liquid pH 5.5). Subsequently, the enzyme crystallization reaction solution (100 mM citrate buffer pH 5.5, 15% Glycerol, 18% 2-propanol, 20% PEG) and the enzyme solution (15 mg / ml) were mixed, and Example 15 The crystallization reaction was performed in the CP / KP electrode prepared in Step 1 above according to the procedure described in 1). Using this as a cathode, a bio battery cell was constructed (Example).
- Step 3 Production of Bio Battery Cell
- the bio-battery cell of FIG. 1 was assembled by screwing four sides into an acrylic mold in the order of cathode, fuel gel, and anode. Both the cathode and anode were 14 mm ⁇ 14 mm.
- the outer frame was an acrylic mold, and a 1 mm thick acrylic plate and a 2 mm thick acrylic plate with a 1 cm ⁇ 1 cm square hole in the center were used. Holes were drilled on the four sides of the square holes for screwing.
- the fuel gel was held and attached to an acrylic mold having a square hole in the center of the acrylic plate.
- the thickness of the acrylic plate was appropriately 2 mm, 5 mm, and 10 mm according to the thickness of the fuel gel to be mounted.
- titanium mesh Alfa Aesar 40921, used by cutting to 10mm width x 40mm length
- 0.5 mm thick silicon sheet As One etc.
- a 14 mm square hole of electrode size was made so that the fuel gel and the electrode were in contact, and the silicon sheet between the anode and the outer frame on the anode side was made without making a square hole. .
- the acrylic plates (outer frame) were laminated in this order.
- the anode and the fuel gel were prepared as follows. 1. Preparation of Anode Enzyme Solution A glucose dehydrogenase solution was prepared as an anode enzyme solution. A glucose dehydrogenase derived from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus NBRC12552 was prepared as glucose dehydrogenase as follows. The enzyme expression plasmid pET-22b (+)-sGdh was transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3) strain, and the colonies were inoculated into 300 ml of LB / Amp (containing ampicillin-containing 50 ⁇ g / ml) medium and cultured at 37 ° C. overnight.
- the disrupted solution was centrifuged at 4 ° C. and 5,000 rpm for 20 minutes, and the collected supernatant was filtered with Cellulose Acetate 0.45 ⁇ m filter (ADBANTEC).
- An open column was filled with 10 ml of a histidine tag purification resin (TALON, manufactured by Clontech) and equilibrated with an equilibration buffer (300 mM NaCl, 1 ⁇ PBS) in an amount 5 times the bed volume. Apply the pretreated sample to the column, wash with 5 times the bed volume washing buffer (300 mM NaCl, 10 mM Imidazol, 1X PBS), and then 3 times the bed volume elution buffer.
- TALON histidine tag purification resin
- a biobattery cell was constructed in which the enzyme solution prepared in Step 2 of the above step crystallization enzyme was directly used as a cathode electrode catalyst without crystallization (Comparative Example A).
- an enzyme solution adjusted to a concentration of 20 mg / ml of bilirubin oxidase (Amino Enzyme, BO Amano 3, hereinafter abbreviated as “BOD”) is used as a cathode electrode catalyst without crystallization.
- BOD bilirubin oxidase
- the bio battery cell used was also constructed (Comparative Example B).
- a bio-battery cell was constructed using a cathode to which an enzyme crystal of CotA laccase was immobilized in the procedure of Step 2 using CP without conducting KB coating as a conductive substrate for the cathode (Comparative Example C). ).
- Step 4 Electrochemical measurement of bio battery cell The voltage when a constant current was passed with an electronic attachment device was measured, and the power density was determined from the current value.
- Step 5 Measurement of the amount of enzyme on the electrode
- the amount of enzyme on the electrode was measured by enzyme immunoassay (EIA method) to correct the power density value.
- EIA method enzyme immunoassay
- Purchased reagent PBS Phosphate Buffered Saline, Sigma-Aldrich
- PBS-T Phosphate Buffered Saline with Tween 20, Sigma-Aldrich
- Blocking agent Block Ace powder, manufactured by Dainippon Pharmaceutical
- Reaction Buffer (44.5 ml PBS, 0.5 ml 1% (w / v) Triton X-100, 5 ml Block Ace)
- HRP-labeled anti-mouse IgG antibody Anti-Mouse Ig, HRP-Linked Whole Ab, manufactured by Amersham
- Coloring reagent TMBOne Solution, Promega
- Measurement reagent / antiserum solution diluted 10,000 times with reaction buffer
- Secondary antibody solution diluted 4,000
- the present invention relates to an enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode, a method for producing an enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode, and a biobattery and a biosensor provided with the enzyme crystal-immobilized electrode. It can be used in industrial fields such as fields.
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Abstract
Description
[2]微細化された導電性基材上に酵素結晶が固定化された微小電極として構成されている。
[3]前記酵素結晶が、酸化反応を触媒する酵素の結晶である。
[4]前記酵素結晶が、アシネトバクター カルコアセティカス由来のピロロキノリンキノン依存性グルコースデヒドロゲナーゼの結晶である。
[5]前記アシネトバクター カルコアセティカス由来のピロロキノリンキノン依存性グルコースデヒドロゲナーゼが、下記(A)~(C)の何れかのアミノ酸配列を有する。
(A)配列番号2に示すアミノ酸配列
(B)配列番号4に示すアミノ酸配列
(C)(A)または(B)のアミノ酸配列と80 % 以上の相同性を有するアミノ酸配列
[6]前記酵素結晶が、還元反応を触媒する酵素の結晶である。
[7]前記酵素結晶が、バチルス・サブティリス由来のCotAラッカーゼの結晶である。
[8]前記バチルス・サブティリス由来のCotAラッカーゼが、下記(A)~(C)の何れかのアミノ酸配列を有する請求項5に記載の酵素結晶固定化電極。
(A)配列番号6に示すアミノ酸配列
(B)配列番号8に示すアミノ酸配列
(C)(A)又は(B)のアミノ酸配列と80 % 以上の相同性を有するアミノ酸配列
更に、上記[2]の構成によれば、微小な領域に超高濃度の酵素を、均一、高密度、かつ一定の配向性を揃えた状態で固定化された微小電極を提供でき、微小電極の利用価値を更に高めることができる。
また、上記[3]~[5]の構成によれば、酸化反応を触媒する酵素を酵素結晶として固定化することにより、バイオ電池及びバイオセンサー等に利用可能な電極を提供できる。バイオ電池の電極とする場合には、アノードとして利用することができる。また、ピロロキノリンキノン依存性グルコースデヒドロゲナーゼは、反応速度が非常に速く、また溶存酸素の影響を受けにくく、電極に直接固定できることから電極反応、引いては電極構造を簡素化することができるという利点があることから、更に産業上利用価値の高い電極を提供することができる。ピロロキノリンキノン依存性グルコースデヒドロゲナーゼはグルコースを基質とすることから、グルコースセンサーや、グルコースを燃料としたバイオ電池への応用等、電子、医療、食品、環境分野等の様々な分野に利用することができる。
更に、上記[6]~[8]の構成によれば、還元反応を触媒する酵素を酵素結晶として固定化することにより、バイオ電池及びバイオセンサー等に利用可能な電極を提供できる。バイオ電池の電極とする場合には、カソードとして利用することができる。また、バチルス・サブティリス由来のCotAラッカーゼは、マルチ銅オキシダーゼであり、分子内に酵素活性に必要な4原子の銅を含むタンパク質である。そして、基質から取り出した電子を用いて分子状酸素を電子還元し水分子を生成する反応を触媒する酵素であることから、電極触媒として利用することができる。特に、酸素を還元できることからバイオ電池のカソードとして利用価値が高い。更に、フェノール性化合物を検出するためのバイオセンサーとしても利用価値が高い。したがって、電子、医療、食品、環境分野等の様々な分野に利用することができる。
[10]前記酵素結晶の固定化に先立って、酵素溶液から酵素の結晶化を行う。
[11]酵素の結晶化を、蒸気拡散法の環境下において行う。
上記[10]~[11]の構成によれば、酵素結晶固定化電極に固定化される酵素結晶を、電極触媒としての機能が最大限に発揮できる所望の大きさ、形状及び品質に調整することができ、これにより、電子伝達を円滑に進めることができ、かつ優れた電極性能を発揮することができる酵素結晶固定化電極を提供することができる。
[13]酵素の結晶化を、蒸気拡散法の環境下において行う。
[14]本発明の酵素結晶固定化電極の製造方法により製造された酵素結晶固定化電極。
[15]微細化された導電性基材上に酵素結晶が固定化された微小電極として構成されている。
[16]前記酵素結晶が、酸化反応を触媒する酵素の結晶である。
[17]前記酵素結晶が、アシネトバクター カルコアセティカス由来のピロロキノリンキノン依存性グルコースデヒドロゲナーゼの結晶である。
[18]前記アシネトバクター カルコアセティカス由来のピロロキノリンキノン依存性グルコースデヒドロゲナーゼが、下記(A)~(C)の何れかのアミノ酸配列を有する。
(A)配列番号2に示すアミノ酸配列
(B)配列番号4に示すアミノ酸配列
(C)(A)又は(B)のアミノ酸配列と80 % 以上の相同性を有するアミノ酸配列
[19]前記酵素結晶が、還元反応を触媒する酵素の結晶である。
[20]前記酵素結晶が、バチルス・サブティリス由来のCotAラッカーゼの結晶である。
[21]前記バチルス・サブティリス由来のCotAラッカーゼが、下記(A)~(C)の何れかのアミノ酸配列を有する請求項5に記載の酵素結晶固定化電極。
(A)配列番号6に示すアミノ酸配列
(B)配列番号8に示すアミノ酸配列
(C)(A)又は(B)のアミノ酸配列と80 % 以上の相同性を有するアミノ酸配列
上記[13]の構成によれば、酵素結晶固定化電極に固定化される酵素結晶を、電極触媒としての機能が最大限に発揮できる所望の大きさ、形状及び品質に調整することができ、これにより、電子伝達を円滑に進めることができ、かつ優れた電極性能を発揮することができる酵素結晶固定化電極を提供することができる。
上記[14]の構成によれば、酵素結晶が導電性基材上に固定化された酵素結晶固定化電極を提供できる。導電性基材上で酵素の結晶化を行ったことから、酵素結晶は酵素分子が分子レベルの規則性を保持した状態で整列された状態で導電性基材上に固定化される。したがって、酵素結晶固定化電極は、電極触媒である酵素を導電性基材表面に、均一、高密度、かつ一定の配向性を揃えて固定化され、特に配向性の統一が図れている。そして、酵素結晶は機能性分子のまま触媒活性を保持した形態で、かつ、結晶状態を崩すことがない様態で、導電性基材上に固定化されている。そのため、酵素結晶固定化電極は、電子伝達を更に円滑に進めることができ、優れた電極性能を発揮することができる。従来の酵素を溶媒に分散させた溶液状態での固定化では、酵素濃度が高くなると、分散性が悪くなり、酵素は導電性基材上に凝集した状態で固定化されてしまい、電極の電子伝達の円滑な進行を妨げ電極性能の低下をもたらすという問題点があった。しかし、均一、高密度、かつ一定の配向性を揃えた状態で酵素が固定された酵素結晶固定化電極は、かかる問題点を解消するものである。したがって、従来型の酵素電極よりも極めて優れた電極性能を有するが酵素結晶固定化電極は、バイオ電池やバイオセンサーをはじめとして種々の産業分野に利用することができる産業上利用価値の高い電極である。
更に、上記[15]の構成によれば、微小な領域に超高濃度の酵素を、均一、高密度、かつ一定の配向性を揃えた状態で固定化された微小電極を提供でき、微小電極の利用価値を更に高めることができる。
また、上記[16]~[18]の構成によれば、酸化反応を触媒する酵素を酵素結晶として固定化することにより、バイオ電池及びバイオセンサー等に利用可能な電極を提供できる。バイオ電池の電極とする場合には、アノードとして利用することができる。また、ピロロキノリンキノン依存性グルコースデヒドロゲナーゼは、反応速度が非常に速く、また溶存酸素の影響を受けにくく、電極に直接固定化できることから電極反応、引いては電極構造を簡素化することができるという利点があることから、更に産業上利用価値の高い電極を提供することができる。ピロロキノリンキノン依存性グルコースデヒドロゲナーゼはグルコースを基質とすることから、グルコースセンサーや、グルコースを燃料としたバイオ電池への応用等、医療、食品、環境分野等、様々な分野に利用することができる。
更に、上記[19]~[21]の構成によれば、還元反応を触媒する酵素を酵素結晶として固定化することにより、バイオ電池及びバイオセンサー等に利用可能な電極を提供できる。バイオ電池の電極とする場合には、カソードとして利用することができる。また、バチルス・サブティリス由来のCotAラッカーゼは、マルチ銅オキシダーゼであり、分子内に酵素活性に必要な4原子の銅を含むタンパク質である。そして、基質から取り出した電子を用いて分子状酸素を電子還元し水分子を生成する反応を触媒する酵素であることから、電極触媒として利用することができる。特に、酸素を還元できることからバイオ電池のカソードとして利用価値が高い。更に、フェノール性化合物を検出するためのバイオセンサーとしても利用価値が高い。したがって、電子、医療、食品、環境分野等の様々な分野に利用することができる。
[23]前記酵素結晶が、酸化反応を触媒する酵素である。若しくは、アシネトバクター カルコアセティカス由来のピロロキノリンキノン依存性グルコースデヒドロゲナーゼの結晶である。又は、下記(A)~(C)の何れかのアミノ酸配列を有するアシネトバクター カルコアセティカス由来のピロロキノリンキノン依存性グルコースデヒドロゲナーゼの結晶である。
(A)配列番号2に示すアミノ酸配列
(B)配列番号4に示すアミノ酸配列
(C)(A)又は(B)のアミノ酸配列と80 % 以上の相同性を有するアミノ酸配列
[24]前記酵素結晶が、前記酵素結晶が、還元反応を触媒する酵素である。若しくは、バチルス・サブティリス由来のCotAラッカーゼの結晶である。又は、下記(A)~(C)の何れかのアミノ酸配列を有するバチルス・サブティリス由来のCotAラッカーゼの結晶である。
(A)配列番号6に示すアミノ酸配列
(B)配列番号8に示すアミノ酸配列
(C)(A)又は(B)のアミノ酸配列と80 % 以上の相同性を有するアミノ酸配列
[25]アノードとカソードを対向させて電極を形成し、前記アノードとカソードを隔離するようにイオン伝導性物質を配置する酵素固定化電極を備えるバイオ電池の製造方法であって、前記電極が本発明の酵素結晶固定化電極である。
[26]アノードが、酸化反応を触媒する酵素の結晶を固定化した酵素結晶固定化電極である。若しくは、アシネトバクター カルコアセティカス由来のピロロキノリンキノン依存性グルコースデヒドロゲナーゼの結晶を固定化した酵素結晶固定化電極である。又は、下記(A)~(C)の何れかのアミノ酸配列を有するアシネトバクター カルコアセティカス由来のピロロキノリンキノン依存性グルコースデヒドロゲナーゼの結晶を固定化した酵素結晶固定化電極である。
(A)配列番号2に示すアミノ酸配列
(B)配列番号4に示すアミノ酸配列
(C)(A)又は(B)のアミノ酸配列と80 % 以上の相同性を有するアミノ酸配列
[27]カソードが、還元反応を触媒する酵素の結晶を固定化した酵素結晶固定化電極である。若しくは、バチルス・サブティリス由来のCotAラッカーゼの結晶を固定化した酵素結晶固定化電極である。又は、下記(A)~(C)の何れかのアミノ酸配列を有するバチルス・サブティリス由来のCotAラッカーゼの結晶を固定化した酵素結晶固定化電極である。
(A)配列番号6に示すアミノ酸配列
(B)配列番号8に示すアミノ酸配列
(C)(A)又は(B)のアミノ酸配列と80 % 以上の相同性を有するアミノ酸配列
そして、上記[25]~[27]の構成によれば、電子伝達を更に円滑に進めることができ、優れた電極性能を発揮することができる酵素結晶固定化電極を備えたバイオ電池の製造方法を提供することができる。酵素結晶固定化電極は、優れた電極性能を発揮することができることから、これを利用することにより高容量及び高出力の発電を可能とし、発電効率が非常に高く、かつ耐久性に優れた高性能なバイオ電池を製造することができる。
デヒドロゲナーゼ、オキシダーゼ、ペルオキシダーゼ、ヒロドキシラーゼ、又はオキシゲナーゼ、レダクターゼ等を含む。具体的には、グルコースオキシダーゼ、アルコールオキシダーゼ、アルデヒドオシキダーゼ、乳酸オキシダーゼ、ピルビル酸オキシダーゼ、コレステロールオキシダーゼ、ザルコシンオキシダーゼ、フルクトシルアミンオキシダーゼ、ピルビン酸オキシダーゼ、グルコースデヒドロゲナーゼ、フルクトースデヒドロゲナーゼ、アルコールデヒドロゲナーゼ、アルデヒドデヒドロゲナーゼ、乳酸デヒドロゲナーゼ、ピルビル酸デヒドロゲナーゼ、リンゴ酸デヒドロゲナーゼ、ヒドロキシ酪酸デヒドロゲナーゼ、アルデヒドレダクターゼ、グルコースフルクトースオキシドレダクターゼ
、脂肪酸ペルオキシダーゼ、アスコルビン酸ペルオキシダーゼ及びカタラーゼ、ラッカーゼ等のマルチ銅酵素等を例示することができる。補酵素要求性の有無についても特に制限はなく、補酵素としては、ニコチン酸、リボフラビン等のビタミン補酵素、ピロロキノリンキノン等のキノン補酵素等が例示される。また、補酵素を要求する酵素についても、アポ形態、ホロ形態の別をも問わない。これら酵素は単独で、若しくは複数組み合わせて利用することができる。したがって、例えば、任意の酵素と、その酵素に共役する他の任意の酵素とを組み合わせて用いることによって、共役系を構築することもできる。
本発明の酵素結晶固定化電極は、バイオ電池に利用することができる。本発明の酵素結晶固定化電極は、電極の電子伝達が円滑に進行することができる電極性能に優れたものである。これを利用することのより、高容量及び高出力の発電が可能となり、発電効率が非常に高く、かつ優れた耐久性をもつ高性能なバイオ電池を構築することができる。つまり、酵素をはじめとするタンパク質は、溶液状態よりも結晶化状態にあるときに安定であることから、酵素結晶を固定化電極を利用したバイオ電池は優れた耐久性を有する。本発明のバイオ電池は、例えば、酸化反応を行うアノード極(負極)と、還元反応を行うカソード極(正極)から構成され、必要に応じてアノードとカソードを隔離する電解質層であるイオン伝導性物質を含んで構成される。したがって、本発明においては、アノード側電極は、酸化反応を触媒する酵素の結晶が固定化された電極として構成されることが好ましい。酸化反応を触媒する酵素としては、好ましくは、糖、アルコール、有機酸、アミン、水素、無機化合物等のバイオ電池の燃料とすることができる物質を酸化することができるものであり、特に好ましくは、触媒活性が非常に高いPQQ依存性グルコースデヒドロゲナーゼである。カソード側電極には、酸素や過酸化水素等の酸化剤を還元して電子を伝達することのできる触媒を固定化して構成される。カソード側電極として酵素結晶固定化電極を利用する場合には、例えば、ピルビン酸オキシダーゼ、ラッカーゼ等のマルチ銅酵素が好ましく例示される。特に好ましくはバチルス・サブティリス由来のCotAラッカーゼである。また、電解質層としては、電子伝達能を有さず、イオン伝導性を有するものであれば、何れの物質をも利用することができる。
グルコース+グルコースデヒドロゲナーゼ(酸化型)
→ グルコノラクトン + グルコースデヒドロゲナーゼ(還元型);
H (還元型) → グルコースデヒドロゲナーゼ(酸化型) + H+ + e-
4ABTS + O2 + 4H+ → 4ATBS・- + 2H2O
ATBS・- + e- → ATBS
本発明の酵素結晶固定化電極は、バイオセンサーに利用することができる。本発明の酵素結晶固定化電極は、電極の電子伝達が円滑に進行することができる電極性能に優れたものであり、これを利用することにより、高精度、かつ耐久性に優れたバイオセンサーを構築することができる。本発明の酵素結晶固定化電極は、例えば、バイオセンサーの電極、好ましくは作用極として利用することができる。本発明のバイオセンサーは、酵素結晶固定化電極を作用電極、及びその対極を設けて二電極方式で構成してもよいし、測定精度の信頼性を高める観点から、銀塩化銀などの参照極を設けた三電極方式として構成してもよい。
結晶化に際して、高純度の酵素を取得するため、遺伝子工学的手法を用いて組換えタンパク質として酵素を産生し、各種クロマトグラフィーを組み合わせることによって精製した。特に、結晶化に際しては、結晶化条件最適化のためのスクリーニング用に大量の精製酵素が必要である。
独立行政法人製品評価技術基盤機構(NITE)より購入したアシネトバクター・カルコアセティカスから、増幅によりグルコースデヒドロゲナーゼ遺伝子獲得し、この配列を元にGenBankに登録されているAcinetobacter calcoaceticus gdhB gene for glucose dehydrogenase-B (GDH-B)(ACCESSION No : 15871)のアミノ酸配列と同じアミノ酸となるよう配列の書き換えを行った。書き換えた配列をpET-22b(+)ベクターのNdeI/BamHIの制限酵素サイトに組み込み、発現プラスミドとした。このプラスミドをpET-22b(+)-sGdhと命名した。また、その塩基配列を配列表の配列番号3に、また該塩基配列から推定されるアミノ酸配列を配列表の配列番号4に示す。
pET-22b(+)-sGdh を用いて大腸菌BL21(DE3)株を形質転換し、得られたコロニーをアンピシリン50μg/ml を含むLB培地Lu ria-Bertani培地(以下「LB/Amp培地」と略する。)300 mlに接種し、37℃で一晩培養した。続いて、ジャーファーメンターにLB/Amp培地を20L入れ、上記で調製した大腸菌の培養液200 mlを加えて、37℃で培養液の吸光度がOD600=0.1となるまで約1時間培養した。そして、組換えタンパク質合成誘導のため終濃度0.01 mMのイソプロピル-β-D-チオガラクトピラノシド(isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside:IPTG)を添加して、28℃で一晩振盪培養した。培養液を遠心分離に供し、上清を除去した後、沈殿(菌体)を-80℃で以下の実験に使用するまで凍結保存した。これを以下のタンパク質精製に供した。精製は、アフィニティークロマト法(ステップ3)と、タンパク質の電荷特性に従うイオン交換クロマトグラフィー法(ステップ3~4)の2種の酵素精製法を組み合わせて行った。
上記ステップ2で発現させたタンパク質はHis-tag融合タンパク質であり、His-tagを介してタンパク質を精製した。凍結保存していたタンパク質発現菌体を、25 mM リン酸カリウム緩衝液に懸濁し、界面活性剤(0.4 % Brij-58)を加え、氷中で30分間静置した。次に、超音波破砕処理を行い、菌体懸濁液の粘性がなくなることを確認した後、遠心分離(4℃、40000×g、30分間)に供し、上清を分取した。次に、His-tag融合タンパク質精製用の金属アフィニティー担体(TALON)をオープンカラムに適当量充填し、20 mM リン酸ナトリウム、 5 mMイミダゾール、0.5 M NaCl溶液で前洗浄し、カラムを平衡化した。次に、遠心分離後の上清に0.5 M NaClを加え、これをカラムにアプライした。続いて、20 mM リン酸ナトリウム、 5 mMイミダゾール、0.5 M NaCl溶液で洗浄した後、20 mM リン酸ナトリウム、 500 mMイミダゾール、0.5 M NaCl溶液でタンパク質を溶出した。溶出後、溶出に用いた塩類(イミダゾールやNaCl等)を除去するため、25 mM Tris-HCl(pH7.4)緩衝液を外液として、
透析を一晩行った。
上記ステップ3で取得したタンパク質溶液を、更に、タンパク質の電荷特性に従うイオン交換クロマトグラフィーを用いて精製した。
・担体:RESOURCE S(GE-Healthcare製)
・カラムサイズ: 0.46×10 cm
・ベッド体積: 1.7 ml
・荷電基: 負電化(-O-CH2-CHOH-CH2-O-CH2-CHOH-CH2-SO3-)
・結合容量: 25 mg/カラム
・推奨流速:6 ml/分
緩衝液A:25 mM リン酸カリウム(K1H2PO4)、1mM EDTA
緩衝液B:25 mM リン酸カリウム(K1H2PO4)、1mM EDTA、1M KCl
本実施例では、実施例1で取得した精製酵素が、結晶化に求められる高純度の酵素であることを確認した。具体的には、実施例1にて、アフィニティークロマトグラフィーで精製したタンパク質溶液中に存する酵素、及び、アフィニティークロマトグラフィー及びイオン交換クロマトグラフィーを組み合わせて精製したタンパク質溶液中に存する酵素を定量することによって行った。なお、アフィニティークロマトグラフィー及びイオン交換クロマトグラフィーを組み合わせて精製したサンプルとしては、図1B中のセグメント(c)の領域に相当するフラクションを使用した。
図中、レーン1は、アフィニティークロマトグラフィーのみで精製した酵素で、レーン2はアフィニティークロマトグラフィーとイオン交換クロマトクロマトグラフィーを組み合わせて精製した酵素の結果を示す。この結果から、アフィニティークロマトグラフィーとイオン交換クロマトクロマトグラフィーを組み合わせて精製することにより、夾雑物がほぼ除去されることが確認できた。
本実施例においては、実施例1で精製した酵素を結晶化するための検討を行った。結晶化の対象として、実施例1で取得した酵素の図1Bのセグメント(c)の領域に相当するフラクションを使用し、結晶化は蒸気拡散法によって行った。図1Bのセグメント (c)を選択した理由は、図1Bのセグメント(b)(c)の領域に相当するフラクションにつき、酵素の沈殿剤溶液の緩衝液組成(50 mM Tris-HCl (pH9.3)、120 mM NaCl、3 mM CaCl2)中での安定性を比較したところ、数日間以上の保存安定性がセグメント(b)の方が僅かに低いことが判明した。そのため、酵素の質と量でもっとも好ましいセグメント(c)を結晶化対象として選択した。
本実施例では、実施例3においてシッティングドロップ法により得られた酵素結晶中に含まれるタンパク質濃度を、溶液状態として存在することができる酵素の量と比較した。
図中、レーン1は上記で調製した酵素結晶の溶解液の原液、レーン2はレーン1での原液の1/2量、レーン3はレーン1での原液の1/4量の泳動結果を示す。レーン4は、比較対照の濃度40 mg/mlの酵素溶液、レーン5はレーン4での酵素溶液の1/2量、レーン6はレーン4での酵素溶液の1/4量の泳動結果を示す。この結果からも、上記した計算上の比較と同様、酵素溶液に比べ、酵素結晶が遥かに高い濃度の酵素を含んでいることが判明した。
本実施例では、バイオ電池の電極触媒としての利用を想定し、酵素結晶固定化電極を作製するため、酵素結晶の導電性基材への固定化方法を検討した。
本実施例では、実施例5の手順で、予め結晶化された酵素結晶を導電性基材の表面に固定化して作製された酵素結晶固定化電極の触媒機能評価を行った。
・Init E (V) = 0 (開回路電位)、
・High E (V) = +0.1、Low E (V) = 0
・Init P/N = N、
・Step = 1、
・Pulse Width(sec ) = 30、
・Sample Interval (s) = 0.01、
・Quiet Time (sec) = 5
本実施例では、導電性基材表面上で、酵素の結晶化反応を行うことで作製された酵素結晶固定化電極の触媒機能評価を行った。
図中、波形1は、グルコース濃度100 mM条件下での結果を示し、波形2は、グルコース濃度0 mM条件下、即ちグルコースを含まない反応混合液での結果を示す。この結果から、グルコース濃度100 mM条件下では、15μA(30秒後)の電流値(波形1)が得られた。一方、グルコースを含まない場合には、電流値は限りなく0であった。このように、電流値がグルコースに依存して得られたことから、ここで作製した酵素結晶固定化電極が酵素触媒機能電極として機能することが確認された。
・Init E (V) = 0 (開回路電位)、
・High E (V) = +0.1、Low E (V) = 0
・Init P/N = N、
・Step = 1、
・Pulse Width (sec) = 30、
・Sample Interval (s) = 0.01、
・Quiet Time (sec) = 5
本実施例では、実施例6における導電性表面上に予め作製した酵素結晶を固定化することにより作製した酵素結晶固定化電極と、本実施例7における導電性基材表面上で酵素の結晶化反応を行うことで作製された酵素結晶固定化電極を、その電極機能について比較した。
図中、波形1は、本実施例7における導電性基材表面上で酵素の結晶化反応を行うことで作製された酵素結晶固定化電極での結果を示し、波形2は、実施例6における導電性表面上に予め作製した酵素結晶を固定化することにより作製した酵素結晶固定化電極の結果を示す。どちらの酵素結晶固定化電極でも、グルコースの酸化反応による電流応答として、電流密度0.6 mA/cm2(波形1及び2)を超える電流値が得られた。したがって、両者の酵素結晶固定化電極が共に、酵素触媒機能電極として十分に機能できることが判明した。特に、電極表面で結晶化反応を行い、酵素結晶を固定化した酵素結晶固定化電極では、測定開始5秒以内では、電流密度1.0 mA/cm2を超える優れた電流値が得られ、初期出力の著しい向上が確認できた。
本実施例では、酵素の結晶化に際して、導電性基材上と専用容器での酵素の結晶化効率の比較を行った。
図10Aは、(1)中、レーン1は導電性基材上で結晶成長したサンプル番号1の酵素結晶溶液、レーン2はサンプル番号2、レーン3はサンプル番号3、レーン4はサンプル番号4、レーン5はサンプル番号5、レーン6はコントロールの結果を示す。
図10(2)中、レーン1は専用容器内での結晶成長したサンプル番号1の酵素結晶溶液、レーン2はサンプル番号2、レーン3はサンプル番号3、レーン4はサンプル番号4、レーン5はサンプル番号5、レーン6はサンプル番号6の結果を示す。この結果からも、上記した計算上の比較と同様、双方の技術ともほぼ同じ割合で結晶化され、実用的価値のあることが確認できた。
結晶化に際して、高純度の酵素を取得するため、遺伝子工学的手法を用いて組換えタンパク質として酵素を産生し、各種クロマトグラフィーを組み合わせることによって精製した。特に、結晶化に際しては、結晶化条件の最適化のためのスクリーニング用に大量の精製酵素が必要である。
先行技術文献の非特許文献1として提示するJ. Biol. Chem.、第277巻、第21号、第18849~59頁に記載のバチルス・サブティリス由来CotAラッカーゼのアミノ酸配列をコードするDNA配列を、pET-22b(+)ベクターの制限酵素認識部位NdeIとHidIIIの間に組み込み、pET-22b(+)の制限酵素認識部位HidIII下流のヒスチジン配列を利用して、酵素のC末端側にヒスチジンが付加されるようにデザインし酵素発現ベクターを構築した。ここで発現させたタンパク質の塩基配列を配列表の配列番号7に、また該塩基配列から推定されるアミノ酸配列を配列表の配列番号8に示す。
上記ステップ1で得た酵素発現ベクターを大腸菌BL21(DE3)pLysS株に形質転換し、菌体をLB培地(50μg/mlのアンピシリンとクロラムフェニコールを含む)に接種し37℃で18時間培養した。本培養として、培養した菌体をLB培地(50μg/mlのアンピシリンを含む)に添加し(培養液量の1/20量)、37℃で約1時間(O.D.=0.2まで)培養し、0.2 mM IPTGを加えて、20℃で18時間振盪培養した。酵素発現菌体を遠心分離により回収し、-80℃で凍結保存した。これを以下のタンパク質精製に供した。精製は、アフィニティークロマト法(ステップ3)と、タンパク質の電荷特性に従うイオン交換クロマトグラフィー法(ステップ3~4)の2種の酵素精製法を組み合わせて行った。
上記ステップ2で発現させたタンパク質はHis-tag融合タンパク質であり、His-tagを介してタンパク質を精製した。凍結保存していた酵素発現菌体を10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.4に懸濁し、0.4%の界面活性剤(Brij-58)を加え、氷中で30分間放置した。次に、超音波破破砕を行った後、遠心分離により細胞破砕液を分取した。ヒスチジンタグ融合タンパク質精製用金属アフィニティー担体(TALON)による精製担体をオープンカラムに適当量充填し、20mM リン酸ナトリウム、 5 mMイミダゾール、0. 5 M NaCl溶液で前洗浄後、細胞破砕液に0.5 M NaClを加えカラムにアプライした。20 mM リン酸ナトリウム、 5 mMイミダゾール、0.5 M NaCl溶液で洗浄後、20 mM リン酸ナトリウム、 500 mMイミダゾール、0.5 M NaCl溶液で酵素を溶出した。溶出に用いた塩類(イミダゾールやNaCl)を除去するため、25 mM Tris-HCl(pH7.4)緩衝液を外液として、透析を一晩行った。
上記ステップ3で取得したタンパク質溶液を、更に、タンパク質の電荷特性に従うイオン交換クロマトグラフィーを用いて精製した。
・装置:AKTA explorer 10S (GE Healthcare)
・担体:Mono Q 5/50 GL (GE Healthcare)
・試薬:緩衝液A [20 mM Tris-HCl(pH7.5), 5 mM EDTA, 5 mM 2-mercaptoethanol]
緩衝液B [20 mM Tris-HCl(pH7.5), 5 mM EDTA, 5 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 1M NaCl]
1)MonoQ カラムを10 カラム量の緩衝液Aで平衡化。
MonoQ の製造者推奨流速は、0.5~3.0 mL/min、限界圧が4 MPa。
2)10 カラム量の緩衝液Aで平衡化されたMonoQ カラムにタンパク質(緩衝液Aに透析済み)を添加。
3)10 カラム量の緩衝液Aでカラムを洗浄し、非吸着タンパク質を除去。
4)緩衝液Aと緩衝液Bとを用いたリニアグラジエントにより、10 カラム量でタンパク質をフラクションコレクターで分画しながら溶出。
タンパク質の溶出は、KCl濃度を0から500 mMまで増加させる塩濃度勾配による方法で行った。
5)タンパク質の溶出画分をSDS-PAGEに供してタンパク質を確認。
6)カラムを超純水に置換。その後、2 M NaCl、2 M NaOH、75% 酢酸の順番でカラムを洗浄。
本実施例においては、実施例10で取得した精製酵素が、結晶化に求められる高純度の酵素であることを確認した。
本実施例においては、実施例10で取得した精製酵素の活性を測定した。
本実施例では、酵素の諸性質うちpH特性について検討を行った。
本実施例では、酵素の諸性質うち温度依存性について検討を行った。
本実施例では、酵素の結晶化条件のスクリーニングを行い、続いて酵素結晶を作製した。
実施例10のステップ1~4を経て取得した精製酵素を、結晶化反応母液の緩衝液(100 mM クエン酸ナトリウム緩衝液 pH 5.5)に対する透析を行った。緩衝液交換の後、限外ろ過スピンカラムによる濃縮(1 5 mg/ml)を行った。透析後の酵素溶液の状態を確認したところ、実施例12で確認した通り酵素溶液画分Iでは酵素の沈殿が生じた。これは、緩衝液交換によって酵素の溶解度が低下したためであると考えられる。沈殿が生じた酵素溶液は結晶化反応用には使えないため、酵素の沈殿の生じなかった酵素溶液画分IIにて結晶化反応を行った。濃縮後に、酵素濃度と純度を、分光光度計を使った各波長光のスキャンにより測定した。その結果、酵素結晶化の妨げとなる核酸の混在の程度を示す2波長260/280の比率が0.52であり核酸の混在はないことが確認できた。イオン交換クロマトでの精製を組み合わせたことにより、アフィニティー精製だけでは除去が困難な核酸の混在をほぼ完全に除去できた。
結晶が析出する条件を突き止めるために、上記非特許文献 に記載の結晶化条件を参考に結晶化条件のスクリーニングを行った。まず、上記先行技術文献の項に提示した非特許文献2に記載の結晶化条件に前後10%程度の条件幅を持たせて初回のスクリーニングを行った。このとき、スクリーニングプレート2枚を使用し、15×2で実施した。具体的には、4μLの反応スケールで、下記に示す酵素濃度と沈殿剤濃度の配合で、酵素溶液と沈殿剤溶液を混合した液滴をカバーグラス上に調製し、カバーグラスを裏返して沈殿剤溶液の入った容器にかぶせて蒸気拡散法により行った。20℃のインキュベータで5日間静置し結晶化反応させた後、結晶の有無を顕微鏡観察により確認した。
酵素溶液の酵素濃度:
・8 mg/ml (CotAラッカーゼ)
結晶化反応母液の組成及び沈殿剤濃度:
・100 mM クエン酸ナトリウム緩衝液 pH 5.5
・15% グリセロール
・10、15、20 % イソプロピルアルコール
・10、12、14、16、18、20 % ポリエチレングリコール 4K
酵素溶液の酵素濃度:
4又は8 mg/ml (CotAラッカーゼ)
結晶化反応母液の組成及び沈殿剤濃度:
100 mM クエン酸ナトリウム緩衝液 pH 5.5
15% グリセロール
14、16、18、20 %イソプロピルアルコール
10、12、14、16、18、20 % ポリエチレングリコール 4K
本実施例では、バイオ電池の電極触媒としての利用を想定して酵素固定化電極を作製した。そして、その触媒機能を評価した。
4ABTS + O2 + 4H+ → 4ATBS・- + 2H2O
ATBS・- + e- → ATBS
Init E (V) = 0 (開回路電位)、
High E (V) = +0.1、
Low E (V) = 0、
Init P/N = N、
Step = 1、
Pulse Width(sec ) = 30、
Sample Interval (s) = 0.01、
Quiet Time (sec) = 2
本実施例では、バイオ電池の電極触媒としての利用を想定し酵素結晶固定化電極を作製した。
本実施例では、実施例15に記載の酵素結晶化反応により作製した酵素結晶を実施例17に記載の方法で導電性基材の表面に固定化して作製した酵素結晶固定化電極の触媒機能評価を行った。
Init E (V) = -0.2、
High E (V) = 0.6、
Low E (V) = -0.2、
Init P/N = P、
Scan Rate (V/s) = 0.02、
Segment = 2、
Sample Interval (V) = 0.001、
Quiet Time (sec) = 5、
Sensitivity (A/V) = 1e-5
4ABTS + O2 + 4H+ → 4ATBS・- + 2H2O
ATBS・- + e- → ATBS
本実施例では、実施例15に記載の酵素結晶化反応により作製した酵素結晶を実施例17に記載の方法で導電性基材の表面に固定化して作製した酵素結晶固定化電極の触媒機能評価を行った。
本実施例では、本発明の酵素結晶固定化電極を用いて実際にバイオ電池セルを構築し、その性能評価を行った。
ステップ1:CPへのKBの塗布処理
CPに、適当量の高導電性カーボン微粒子のKBを塗布した。
実施例15に記載の通り、実施例10のステップ1~4を経て取得した精製酵素を、結晶化反応母液の緩衝液(100 mM クエン酸ナトリウム緩衝液 pH 5.5)に対する透析を行った。続いて、酵素結晶化反応液(100 mMクエン酸緩衝液pH5.5、15% Glycerol、18% 2-propanol、20% PEG)と、酵素溶液(15 mg/ml)を混ぜ合わせ、実施例15に記載の手順に沿って上記ステップ1で調製したCP/KP電極中で結晶化反応を行った。これをカソードとしてバイオ電池セルを構築した(実施例)。
本実施例においては、2種類のバイオ電池セルを組み立てた。図1のバイオ電池セルは、アクリル製型枠に、カソード|燃料ゲル|アノードの順番で重ね四方をネジ止めし組み立てた。カソード及びアノードは共に14mm×14mmとした。外枠はアクリル製型枠とし、厚さ1 mmのアクリル板、厚さ2 mmのアクリル板の中央部に1cm×1cmの角穴を開けたものを使用した。角穴の四辺にはネジ止め用に穴を開けた。燃料ゲルは、アクリル板の中央部に角穴を開けたアクリル製型枠に保持し装着した。アクリル板の厚さは、装着する燃料ゲルの厚さに従って適宜2 mm、5 mm、10 mmとした。なお、集電板としてチタンメッシュ(Alfa Aesar 40921、10mm幅×40mm長に切断して使用)、スペーサーとして0.5 mm厚のシリコンシート(アズワン等)を使用し、カソード及びアノードと燃料ゲルの間のシリコンシートの中央部には燃料ゲルと電極が接触するように電極大の14 mmの角穴を開け、アノードとアノード側の外枠との間のシリコンシートには角穴は開けずに構成した。つまり、アクリル板(外枠:角穴)/チタンメッシュ/カソード/シリコンシート(角穴)/中央部に燃料ゲルを保持したアクリル板/シリコンシート(角穴)/アノード/チタンメッシュ/シリコンシート/アクリル板(外枠)の順に積層した。
1.アノード用酵素溶液の調製
アノード用酵素溶液として、グルコース脱水素酵素溶液を調製した。なお、グルコース脱水素酵素としてアシネトバクター・カルコアセティカスNBRC12552株由来のグルコース脱水素酵素を以下の通り調製した。酵素発現プラスミドpET-22b(+)-sGdhを大腸菌BL21(DE3)株をトランスフォーメーションし、コロニーをLB/Amp(含アンピシリン50μg/ml)培地300 mlに接種し、37 ℃で一晩培養した。つぎにジャーファーメンターにLB/Amp培地を20 L仕込み、前培養液200 mlを加え、37℃で約1時間(O.D.=0.1になるまで)培養し、0.01 mM IPTGを加えてタンパク発現誘導をかけ、28 ℃で一晩振盪培養した。培養液を遠心、上清を除去した沈殿を-80 ℃で凍結保存した。凍結保存された酵素発現菌体5 gをPBS緩衝液15 mlに懸濁した。氷上で、超音波破砕機(15 Wで15秒間、XL2000、MISONIX社製)を用いて破砕を10回行なった。破砕液は4 ℃、5,000 rpmで20分間遠心分離し、分取した上清をCellulose Acetate 0.45μm filter (ADBANTEC)でフィルタリングした。オープンカラムにヒスチジンタグ精製用レジン(TALON、Clontech社製)を10 ml充填し、ベッドボリュームの5倍量の平衡化緩衝液(300 mM NaCl、1X PBS)で平衡化した。前処理を行なったサンプルをカラムにアプライし、ベッドボリュームの5倍量の洗浄用緩衝液(300 mM NaCl、10 mM Imidazol、1X PBS)で洗浄後、ベッドボリュームの3倍量の溶出用緩衝液で(300 mM NaCl、150 mM Imidazol、1X PBS)溶出した。回収した溶出液を限外ろ過膜(Amicon Ultra-44、Millipore社製)を用いて濃縮した後、最終の酵素溶液Bufferに透析した(10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5、0.1 mM CaCl2)た。酵素溶液は、電極使用前に、15,000 rpmで5分間遠心分離し、分取した上清を20 mg/ml以上になるように再度濃縮した。
上記1で調製したアノード用酵素溶液に1 mM CaCl2、1 μm PQQとなるよう添加し4℃でインキュベートする。カーボンフェルト(カーボンマット50 g/m2のもの)を1.4 cm×1.4 cmにカッターで切断する。酵素溶液に更に0.1 M Sodium phosphate Buffer pH 7.0、5 mM mPMSとなるよう添加した溶液0.22 mlをカーボンフェルトに滴下、風乾して使用した。
1(w/v)% Agarose、60 mM D-Glucose、0.1 M Sodium phosphate Buffer pH 7.0に調製した溶液を電子レンジで溶解、アクリル製型枠に注いで固めた。
電子付加装置で一定電流を流したときの電圧を測定し、電流値から電力密度を求めた。
電極上の酵素量を酵素免疫測定法(EIA法)により測定し、電力密度の値を補正した。EIA法の詳細手順を以下に示す。
購入試薬
・PBS(Phosphate Buffered Saline、シグマ アルドリッチ社製)
・PBS-T(Phosphate Buffered Saline with Tween 20、シグマ アルドリッチ社製)
・ブロッキング剤(ブロックエース粉末、大日本製薬社製)
・反応Buffer(44.5 ml PBS、0.5 ml 1%(w/v) Triton X-100、5 mlブロックエース)
・HRP標識抗マウスIgG抗体(Anti-Mouse Ig、HRP-Linked Whole Ab、アマシャム社製)
・発色試薬(TMBOne Solution、プロメガ社製)
測定試薬
・抗血清溶液(反応バッファーで10,000倍希釈)
・二次抗体溶液(ブロッキング剤で4,000倍希釈)
測定手順
1.測定後の電極をチューブに入れ、ブロックエース中で2時間静置
3.PBS-Tで洗浄ラ3回繰り返し
4.抗血清溶液中で1時間静置
6.PBS-Tで洗浄ラ3回繰り返し
8.二次抗体溶液中で1時間静置
9.PBS-Tで洗浄×3回繰り返し後、PBSで洗浄ラ2回繰り返し
10.発色試薬中で5分間静置した後、2 ml塩酸(1 N)で反応停止
12.分光光度計で測定(450 nm吸光度から595 nm吸光度(バックグラウンド)の差分値測定)
Claims (28)
- 外部回路に接続可能な導電性基材と、電極触媒として酵素結晶を備え、前記酵素結晶が導電性基材に固定化されている酵素結晶固定化電極。
- 微細化された導電性基材上に酵素結晶が固定化された微小電極として構成されている請求項1に記載の酵素結晶固定化電極。
- 前記酵素結晶が、酸化反応を触媒する酵素の結晶である請求項1又は2に記載の酵素結晶固定化電極。
- 前記酵素結晶が、アシネトバクター カルコアセティカス由来のピロロキノリンキノン依存性グルコースデヒドロゲナーゼの結晶である請求項3に記載の酵素結晶固定化電極。
- 前記アシネトバクター カルコアセティカス由来のピロロキノリンキノン依存性グルコースデヒドロゲナーゼが、下記(A)~(C)の何れかのアミノ酸配列を有する請求項4に記載の酵素結晶固定化電極。
(A)配列番号2に示すアミノ酸配列
(B)配列番号4に示すアミノ酸配列
(C)(A)または(B)のアミノ酸配列と80 % 以上の相同性を有するアミノ酸配列 - 前記酵素結晶が、還元反応を触媒する酵素である請求項1又は2に記載の酵素結晶固定化電極。
- 前記酵素結晶が、バチルス・サブティリス由来のCotAラッカーゼの結晶である請求項6に記載の酵素結晶固定化電極。
- 前記バチルス・サブティリス由来のCotAラッカーゼが、下記(A)~(C)の何れかのアミノ酸配列を有する請求項7に記載の酵素結晶固定化電極。
(A)配列番号6に示すアミノ酸配列
(B)配列番号8に示すアミノ酸配列
(C)(A)又は(B)のアミノ酸配列と80 % 以上の相同性を有するアミノ酸配列 - 外部回路に接続可能な導電性基材に電極触媒として酵素結晶を固定化した酵素結晶固定化電極の製造方法であって、前記導電性基材に前記酵素結晶を固定化することにより酵素結晶固定化電極を製造する酵素結晶固定化電極の製造方法。
- 前記酵素結晶の固定化に先立って、酵素溶液から酵素の結晶化を行う請求項9に記載の酵素結晶固定化電極の製造方法。
- 酵素の結晶化を、蒸気拡散法の環境下において行う請求項10に記載の酵素結晶固定化電極の製造方法。
- 外部回路に接続可能な導電性基材に電極触媒として酵素結晶を固定化した酵素結晶固定化電極の製造方法であって、酵素溶液からの酵素の結晶化を前記導電性基材上で行って、前記導電性基材に酵素結晶を固定化することにより酵素結晶固定化電極を製造する酵素結晶固定化電極の製造方法。
- 酵素の結晶化を、蒸気拡散法の環境下において行う請求項12に記載の酵素結晶固定化電極の製造方法。
- 請求項12又は13に記載の酵素結晶固定化電極の製造方法により製造された酵素結晶固定化電極。
- 微細化された導電性基材上に酵素結晶が固定化された微小電極として構成されている請求項14に記載の酵素結晶固定化電極。
- 前記酵素結晶が、酸化反応を触媒する酵素の結晶である請求項14又は15に記載の酵素結晶固定化電極。
- 前記酵素結晶が、アシネトバクター カルコアセティカス由来のピロロキノリンキノン依存性グルコースデヒドロゲナーゼの結晶である請求項16に記載の酵素結晶固定化電極。
- 前記アシネトバクター カルコアセティカス由来のピロロキノリンキノン依存性グルコースデヒドロゲナーゼが、下記(A)~(C)の何れかのアミノ酸配列を有する請求項17に記載の酵素結晶固定化電極。
(A)配列番号2に示すアミノ酸配列
(B)配列番号4に示すアミノ酸配列
(C)(A)または(B)のアミノ酸配列と80 % 以上の相同性を有するアミノ酸配列 - 前記酵素結晶が、還元反応を触媒する酵素の結晶である請求項14又は15に記載の酵素結晶固定化電極。
- 前記酵素結晶が、バチルス・サブティリス由来のCotAラッカーゼの結晶である請求項19に記載の酵素結晶固定化電極。
- 前記バチルス・サブティリス由来のCotAラッカーゼが、下記(A)~(C)の何れかのアミノ酸配列を有する請求項20に記載の酵素結晶固定化電極。
(A)配列番号6に示すアミノ酸配列
(B)配列番号8に示すアミノ酸配列
(C)(A)又は(B)のアミノ酸配列と80 % 以上の相同性を有するアミノ酸配列 - 請求項1~8、及び14~21の何れか一項に記載の酵素結晶固定化電極を備えるバイオ電池。
- 請求項3~5、16~18の何れか一項の酵素結晶固定化電極をアノードとして備える請求項22に記載のバイオ電池。
- 請求項6~8、19~21の何れか一項の酵素結晶固定化電極をカソードとして備える請求項22又は23に記載のバイオ電池。
- アノードとカソードを対向させて電極を形成し、前記アノードと前記カソードを隔離するようにイオン伝導性物質を配置する酵素固定化電極を備えるバイオ電池の製造方法であって、前記電極が請求項1~8、及び14~21の何れか一項に記載の酵素結晶固定化電極であるバイオ電池の製造方法。
- 前記アノードが、請求項3~5、16~18の何れか一項の酵素結晶固定化電極である請求項25に記載のバイオ電池の製造方法。
- 前記カソードが、請求項6~8、19~21の何れか一項の酵素結晶固定化電極である請求項25又は26に記載のバイオ電池の製造方法。
- 請求項1~8、及び14~21の何れか一項に記載の酵素結晶固定化電極を備えるバイオセンサー。
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PCT/JP2011/069060 WO2012026493A1 (ja) | 2010-08-26 | 2011-08-24 | 酵素結晶固定化電極及び酵素結晶固定化電極の製造方法、並びに酵素結晶固定化電極を備えるバイオ電池及びバイオセンサー |
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US (1) | US9303255B2 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5740754B2 (ja) |
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Cited By (2)
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JP2013243012A (ja) * | 2012-05-18 | 2013-12-05 | Toyota Motor Corp | バイオ燃料電池用電極の製造方法 |
JP2019071880A (ja) * | 2017-10-16 | 2019-05-16 | キッコーマン株式会社 | グルコースデヒドロゲナーゼ変異体 |
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ES2708561T3 (es) | 2013-03-14 | 2019-04-10 | Translate Bio Inc | Métodos para la purificación de ARN mensajero |
ES2750661T3 (es) | 2014-04-25 | 2020-03-26 | Translate Bio Inc | Métodos para la purificación de ARN mensajero |
US11733197B2 (en) | 2017-05-04 | 2023-08-22 | Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc. | Biosensors produced from enzymes with reduced solubility and methods of production and use thereof |
US11664504B2 (en) * | 2018-02-05 | 2023-05-30 | Cfd Research Corporation | Hematin modified bilirubin oxidase cathode |
CN118421617A (zh) | 2018-08-24 | 2024-08-02 | 川斯勒佰尔公司 | 用于纯化信使rna的方法 |
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JP2013243012A (ja) * | 2012-05-18 | 2013-12-05 | Toyota Motor Corp | バイオ燃料電池用電極の製造方法 |
JP2019071880A (ja) * | 2017-10-16 | 2019-05-16 | キッコーマン株式会社 | グルコースデヒドロゲナーゼ変異体 |
JP7301516B2 (ja) | 2017-10-16 | 2023-07-03 | キッコーマン株式会社 | グルコースデヒドロゲナーゼ変異体 |
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JP5740754B2 (ja) | 2015-07-01 |
JPWO2012026493A1 (ja) | 2013-10-28 |
US9303255B2 (en) | 2016-04-05 |
US20130224824A1 (en) | 2013-08-29 |
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