WO2011142002A1 - 燃料電池システム、その燃料ガス供給方法及び移動体 - Google Patents
燃料電池システム、その燃料ガス供給方法及び移動体 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011142002A1 WO2011142002A1 PCT/JP2010/058005 JP2010058005W WO2011142002A1 WO 2011142002 A1 WO2011142002 A1 WO 2011142002A1 JP 2010058005 W JP2010058005 W JP 2010058005W WO 2011142002 A1 WO2011142002 A1 WO 2011142002A1
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- tank
- fuel cell
- cell system
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- liner
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C1/00—Pressure vessels, e.g. gas cylinder, gas tank, replaceable cartridge
- F17C1/02—Pressure vessels, e.g. gas cylinder, gas tank, replaceable cartridge involving reinforcing arrangements
- F17C1/04—Protecting sheathings
- F17C1/06—Protecting sheathings built-up from wound-on bands or filamentary material, e.g. wires
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
- H01M8/04201—Reactant storage and supply, e.g. means for feeding, pipes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/0432—Temperature; Ambient temperature
- H01M8/04373—Temperature; Ambient temperature of auxiliary devices, e.g. reformers, compressors, burners
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/0438—Pressure; Ambient pressure; Flow
- H01M8/04388—Pressure; Ambient pressure; Flow of anode reactants at the inlet or inside the fuel cell
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/0438—Pressure; Ambient pressure; Flow
- H01M8/04425—Pressure; Ambient pressure; Flow at auxiliary devices, e.g. reformers, compressors, burners
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
- F17C2201/01—Shape
- F17C2201/0104—Shape cylindrical
- F17C2201/0109—Shape cylindrical with exteriorly curved end-piece
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
- F17C2201/05—Size
- F17C2201/056—Small (<1 m3)
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
- F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
- F17C2203/0602—Wall structures; Special features thereof
- F17C2203/0604—Liners
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
- F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
- F17C2203/0602—Wall structures; Special features thereof
- F17C2203/0612—Wall structures
- F17C2203/0614—Single wall
- F17C2203/0619—Single wall with two layers
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
- F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
- F17C2203/0602—Wall structures; Special features thereof
- F17C2203/0612—Wall structures
- F17C2203/0626—Multiple walls
- F17C2203/0629—Two walls
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
- F17C2223/01—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
- F17C2223/0107—Single phase
- F17C2223/0123—Single phase gaseous, e.g. CNG, GNC
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
- F17C2223/03—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the pressure level
- F17C2223/036—Very high pressure (>80 bar)
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2250/00—Accessories; Control means; Indicating, measuring or monitoring of parameters
- F17C2250/04—Indicating or measuring of parameters as input values
- F17C2250/0404—Parameters indicated or measured
- F17C2250/043—Pressure
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2250/00—Accessories; Control means; Indicating, measuring or monitoring of parameters
- F17C2250/04—Indicating or measuring of parameters as input values
- F17C2250/0404—Parameters indicated or measured
- F17C2250/0439—Temperature
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2250/00—Accessories; Control means; Indicating, measuring or monitoring of parameters
- F17C2250/04—Indicating or measuring of parameters as input values
- F17C2250/0486—Indicating or measuring characterised by the location
- F17C2250/0491—Parameters measured at or inside the vessel
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2250/00—Accessories; Control means; Indicating, measuring or monitoring of parameters
- F17C2250/04—Indicating or measuring of parameters as input values
- F17C2250/0486—Indicating or measuring characterised by the location
- F17C2250/0495—Indicating or measuring characterised by the location the indicated parameter is a converted measured parameter
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2270/00—Applications
- F17C2270/01—Applications for fluid transport or storage
- F17C2270/0165—Applications for fluid transport or storage on the road
- F17C2270/0168—Applications for fluid transport or storage on the road by vehicles
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2270/00—Applications
- F17C2270/01—Applications for fluid transport or storage
- F17C2270/0165—Applications for fluid transport or storage on the road
- F17C2270/0168—Applications for fluid transport or storage on the road by vehicles
- F17C2270/0178—Cars
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2270/00—Applications
- F17C2270/01—Applications for fluid transport or storage
- F17C2270/0165—Applications for fluid transport or storage on the road
- F17C2270/0184—Fuel cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
- H01M2250/20—Fuel cells in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/32—Hydrogen storage
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02T90/40—Application of hydrogen technology to transportation, e.g. using fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a fuel cell system having a tank whose outer peripheral surface is covered with a reinforcing layer.
- hydrogen gas in a tank is supplied to the fuel cell, and the hydrogen gas reacts with the oxidizing gas in the fuel cell and is consumed. As a result, electric power is generated and used for traveling.
- the vehicle is stopped at the hydrogen station and the tank is filled with hydrogen gas from the hydrogen station.
- the structure of this type of tank is such that the outer peripheral surface of a gas-impermeable liner is covered with a reinforcing layer that ensures pressure resistance (see, for example, Patent Document 1).
- the reinforcing layer is made of CFRP formed by being wound around the outer peripheral surface of the liner by a filament winding method or the like.
- the liner contracts due to a difference in elastic modulus and linear expansion coefficient between the liner and CFRP, and a gap is generated between the liner and CFRP. Even if a gap does not occur at the manufacturing stage, if the pressure and temperature in the tank drop due to the supply of hydrogen gas, the liner may contract and a gap may be generated as described above. And the size of this gap tends to increase as the conditions for low temperature or low pressure are met.
- the contracted liner expands to fill the gap with the filled hydrogen gas.
- a large load may be applied to the liner depending on the amount of expansion.
- an improvement measure for bonding the liner and the CFRP can be considered. However, this is not desirable because local deformation of the liner occurs and the load is applied locally.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a fuel cell system, a fuel gas supply method, and a moving body that can reduce the load on the liner due to filling.
- a fuel cell system includes a fuel cell, a tank having a liner and a reinforcing layer formed on an outer peripheral surface thereof, for storing fuel gas, and from the tank to the fuel cell.
- An adjustment device that adjusts the supply amount of fuel gas, an information acquisition unit that acquires information on pressure and temperature in the tank, and a liner and a reinforcing layer based on information acquired by the information acquisition unit during operation of the fuel cell system And a determining unit that determines whether or not to limit the supply amount based on the calculated gap amount.
- the moving body of the present invention includes the fuel cell system of the present invention, and the tank is configured to be able to be filled with fuel gas from a gas station outside the moving body.
- the present invention when it is decided to limit the supply amount according to the gap amount, and this limitation is executed, the temperature decrease rate and the pressure decrease rate in the tank can be suppressed. Thereby, since the expansion of the gap amount is suppressed, the amount of expansion of the liner can be suppressed when the fuel gas is filled in the tank after the operation of the fuel cell system is stopped.
- the present invention in the operation stage of the fuel cell system before filling, it is possible to reduce the load on the liner during filling by actively limiting the supply amount according to the gap amount. .
- the calculation unit may also calculate a predicted value after a predetermined time for the gap amount based on the temperature change amount and the pressure change amount in the tank during operation of the fuel cell system.
- the determination unit may determine whether to limit the supply amount based on the predicted value.
- This configuration makes it possible to gradually limit the supply amount. For example, when the supply amount is limited according to the predicted value compared to when the supply amount is not limited according to the predicted value, the supply according to the current gap amount (during operation of the fuel cell system) is performed. The amount limit can be reduced. As a result, for example, the user's feeling that the fuel cell is not accelerated can be reduced when the moving body is accelerated, which increases the required output of the fuel cell.
- the fuel cell system of the present invention compares the state quantity related to the fuel gas in the tank with a predetermined reference value to determine at least one of the shortage of fuel gas in the tank and its possibility.
- a display unit that displays that when the determination unit determines that there is at least one of the shortage of fuel gas and its possibility.
- the determination unit may change the predetermined reference value based on the calculated gap amount.
- the criteria for determining what is called out of gas changes according to the gap amount. For example, if the gap amount is large and the gas shortage is determined and displayed earlier than when the gap amount is small, the user is conscious of driving to reduce fuel gas consumption (supply amount). It is a trigger to let you. Thereby, if the supply amount of the fuel gas is limited, it is possible to suppress an increase in the gap amount before filling.
- the state quantity is a pressure in the tank or a fuel gas quantity.
- the fuel gas amount is preferably calculated by the determination unit based on information on the pressure and temperature in the tank acquired by the information acquisition unit during operation of the fuel cell system.
- the information acquired by the information acquisition unit can be used not only for calculation of the gap amount but also for determination of gas shortage.
- the determination unit determines that the temperature in the tank is at least lower than 0 ° C. when the elongation of the liner necessary for setting the calculated gap amount to zero exceeds a predetermined threshold.
- the predetermined reference value regarding the pressure or the amount of fuel gas may be changed to the high-pressure side or the large-volume side.
- the determination unit calculates the elongation of the liner necessary for making the calculated gap amount zero, and if the calculated elongation exceeds a predetermined threshold, the supply amount is larger than the case where it is not so. It is good to decide to limit.
- the predetermined threshold value may be the elongation at break of the liner, and the value may vary depending on the temperature in the tank.
- the adjustment device sets the supply amount to zero, lowers the maximum value of the supply flow rate of the fuel gas to the fuel cell, and reduces the supply flow rate.
- the supply amount may be limited by performing one of the reductions.
- the fuel cell system includes a tank having a liner and a reinforcing layer formed on the outer peripheral surface thereof, and a fuel gas supply destination from the tank. And a fuel cell.
- the fuel gas supply method includes a step of calculating a gap amount between the liner and the reinforcing layer based on information on pressure and temperature in the tank acquired during operation of the fuel cell system, and the calculated gap amount The step of determining whether the liner elongation necessary to reduce the fuel flow to zero exceeds a predetermined threshold, and if it is determined that the predetermined threshold is exceeded, the fuel from the tank is compared to the case where it does not. Limiting the amount of fuel gas supplied to the battery.
- the supply amount is positively limited. Therefore, since the expansion of the gap amount is suppressed, it is possible to suppress the load on the liner due to the subsequent filling.
- FIG. 1 is a configuration diagram of a fuel cell system according to an embodiment. It is sectional drawing of the tank which concerns on embodiment. It is a figure which shows the time change of the tank pressure and tank temperature when external temperature is 20 degreeC, and is related with the case where the hydrogen gas discharge
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing a state where there is a gap between the liner and the reinforcing layer in the tank of FIG. 3.
- a vehicle 3 is filled with hydrogen gas from a filling nozzle 12 of the hydrogen station 2 in, for example, a hydrogen station 2 as a gas station.
- the vehicle 3 is equipped with a fuel cell system 4 that supplies electric power to a traction motor that is a drive source.
- the fuel cell system 4 includes a fuel cell 28 and a tank 30.
- the fuel cell 28 is made of, for example, a solid polymer electrolyte type and has a stack structure in which a large number of single cells are stacked.
- the fuel cell 28 generates power by an electrochemical reaction between a fuel gas (for example, hydrogen gas) and an oxidizing gas (for example, air).
- a fuel gas for example, hydrogen gas
- an oxidizing gas for example, air
- hydrogen gas is demonstrated to an example as fuel gas.
- the tank 30 is a hydrogen gas supply source to the fuel cell 28 and is a high-pressure tank capable of storing, for example, 35 MPa or 70 MPa hydrogen gas. When a plurality of tanks 30 are mounted, the tanks 30 are connected in parallel to the fuel cell 28.
- the hydrogen gas supply system from the tank 30 to the fuel cell 28 includes a supply line 31 and an adjusting device 33 provided in the supply line 31.
- the supply line 31 connects the tank 30 and the fuel cell 28.
- the adjusting device 33 adjusts the supply amount of hydrogen gas from the tank 30 to the fuel cell 28.
- the adjusting device 33 can be configured by at least one of a shut-off valve, a pressure regulating valve, a flow control valve, and an injector, for example.
- the shut-off valve it can also function as the original valve of the tank 30 and allows and shuts off the supply of hydrogen gas to the fuel cell 28.
- a pressure regulating valve, a flow control valve, or an injector the flow rate of hydrogen gas to the fuel cell 28 can be adjusted.
- Such an adjusting device 33 can limit the amount of hydrogen gas supplied to the fuel cell 28.
- the hydrogen gas filling system for the tank 30 includes a receptacle 32 and a filling flow path 34.
- the receptacle 32 is connected to the filling nozzle 12 when filling the hydrogen gas.
- the filling flow path 34 connects the receptacle 32 and the tank 30, and a check valve 35 for preventing the backflow of hydrogen gas is provided in the middle of the filling flow path 34.
- the fuel cell system 4 also includes a pressure sensor 36, a temperature sensor 38, a display device 42, and a control device 46.
- the pressure sensor 36 detects a pressure that substantially reflects the pressure of the hydrogen gas in the tank 30 (hereinafter referred to as “tank pressure”).
- tank pressure a pressure that substantially reflects the pressure of the hydrogen gas in the tank 30
- the pressure sensor 36 is provided in the filling flow path 34 that is downstream of the check valve 35 and immediately before the tank 30, but may be disposed in the tank 30.
- the temperature sensor 38 detects a temperature reflecting the temperature in the tank 30 (hereinafter referred to as “tank temperature”).
- the temperature sensor 38 is provided in the tank 30, for example.
- the display device 42 can be used as a part of a car navigation system, for example, and displays various types of information on the screen.
- the control device 46 is configured as a microcomputer having a CPU, a ROM, and a RAM therein, and controls the vehicle 3 and the fuel cell system 4.
- the CPU executes a desired calculation according to a control program, and performs various processes and controls.
- the ROM stores control programs and control data to be processed by the CPU, and the RAM is mainly used as various work areas for control processing.
- the control device 46 is connected to the adjustment device 33, the pressure sensor 36, the temperature sensor 38, the display device 42, and the like. For example, the control device 46 controls the supply amount of the hydrogen gas by controlling the adjustment device 33 based on the information about the pressure and temperature acquired by the pressure sensor 36 and the temperature sensor 38 as the information acquisition unit.
- the tank 30 includes a liner 53 formed in a hollow shape so that a storage space 51 is defined therein, and a reinforcing layer 55 that covers the outer peripheral surface of the liner 53. .
- a base 57 for connecting a valve assembly is provided at least at one end in the axial direction of the liner 53 and the reinforcing layer 55.
- the liner 53 has a gas barrier property and suppresses the permeation of hydrogen gas to the outside.
- the material of the liner 53 is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include polyethylene, polypropylene resin, and other hard resins in addition to metals.
- the reinforcing layer 55 plays a role to withstand the pressure of the stored hydrogen gas, and is formed by winding a fiber impregnated with a matrix resin around the outer surface of the liner 53 and then heat-curing the matrix resin.
- An epoxy resin, a modified epoxy resin, or the like is used as the matrix resin, and a carbon fiber or an aramid fiber is used as the fiber.
- Examples of the winding method include a filament winding method (FW method), a tape winding method, and the like. Examples of the winding method include known hoop winding and helical winding.
- the reinforcing layer 55 of CFRP is formed on the resin liner 53 by using the FW method.
- This CFRP uses a thermosetting epoxy resin as a matrix resin and carbon fibers as fibers.
- the reinforcing layer 55 may include a layer other than the CFRP layer laminated on the outer circumferential surface of the liner 53, for example, a GFRP (Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics) layer laminated on the outer circumferential surface of the CFRP layer. .
- FIGS. 4A and 4B are graphs showing temporal changes in tank pressure and tank temperature when the outside air temperature is 20 ° C.
- FIG. 4A shows a slow hydrogen gas release rate.
- FIG. 4B relates to the case where the hydrogen gas release rate is high.
- the higher the hydrogen gas release rate from the tank 30 the supply rate to the fuel cell 28
- the tank temperature rises due to the outside air and approaches the outside air temperature (20 ° C.). At that time, the tank pressure slightly increases. In general, when the outside air temperature is low, the tank temperature further decreases.
- the tank 30 mounted on the vehicle 3 it can be filled at the hydrogen station 2 immediately after the hydrogen gas is released. Therefore, it is considered that the tank temperature and the tank pressure are often lowered when the hydrogen gas is filled. At this time, in the case of filling immediately after running at a high hydrogen gas release speed (for example, accelerated running), the tank temperature and the tank pressure are further lowered.
- Figure 5 for the occurrence of gaps in the tank 30 is a sectional view showing a state in which a gap 60 between the liner 53 and the reinforcing layer 55. The reason why the gap 60 is generated will be described.
- the gap 60 is generated in the following manufacturing process of the tank 30. Specifically, in forming the reinforcing layer 55, first, a carbon fiber impregnated with an epoxy resin is wound by a FW method around a normal temperature liner 53 that maintains an internal pressure so as not to be deformed by the tension of the FW method. At the stage where the winding is finished, the gap 60 does not occur. As the next step, heating is performed while maintaining the internal pressure, and the epoxy resin of CFRP is hardened by thermosetting treatment. Even at this stage, the gap 60 does not occur. However, when the internal pressure is released and the temperature returns to room temperature after the thermosetting treatment, the liner 53 contracts. As a result, a gap 60 as shown in FIG. 5 is generated. This occurs because the liner 53 is more easily contracted / expanded than the reinforcing layer 55 due to the difference in elastic modulus and linear expansion coefficient between the liner 53 and the reinforcing layer 55.
- the gap 60 can be generated under low pressure or low temperature conditions. For example, when the tank pressure decreases from a state where the gap as shown in FIG. 3 is zero, a gap 60 as shown in FIG. 5 is generated. This is because the liner 53 contracts while the reinforcing layer 55 hardly deforms due to the difference in elastic modulus and the like. Similarly, when the tank temperature decreases from a state where the gap as shown in FIG. 3 is zero, a gap 60 as shown in FIG. 5 is generated. The size of the gap 60 increases as the tank pressure or the tank temperature decreases. That is, the higher the hydrogen gas release rate (see: FIGS. 4A and B), the larger the gap 60 tends to be.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram schematically showing the relationship between the size of the gap 60 and the tank pressure for a plurality of tank temperatures T 1 to T 4 (T 1 ⁇ T 2 ⁇ T 3 ⁇ T 4 ).
- T 1 to T 4 tank temperatures
- the size of the gap 60 decreases as the tank pressure increases.
- the tank pressure is the same, the size of the gap 60 decreases as the tank temperature increases. Therefore, even if the hydrogen gas is not filled in the tank 30, it can be said that the gap 60 is reduced if the tank temperature is increased by the outside air temperature. It can also be seen that, under the same condition of the gap 60, the lower the tank temperature, the higher the tank pressure required to fill the gap 60.
- the size of the gap 60 does not depend only on the tank pressure and the tank temperature, but also depends on the specifications of the tank 30.
- the size of the gap 60 varies depending on the material constituting the tank 30 (the material of the liner 53 and the reinforcing layer 55) and the physique (length, diameter, capacity, etc.) of the tank 30.
- a gap amount 62 corresponding to the distance between the liner 53 and the reinforcing layer 55 is used.
- the gap amount 62 corresponds to the distance between the liner 53 and the reinforcing layer 55 when it is uniform, and when it is not uniform, it is the largest distance between the two. It shall be equivalent.
- the gap amount 62 can be measured by various methods.
- the gap amount 62 between the liner 53 and the reinforcing layer 55 can be measured by radiographing the tank 30 and visualizing the inside of the tank 30.
- the gap 62 can be mechanically measured by making a hole in the reinforcing layer 55 of the tank 30 and inserting a measurement probe of a displacement meter through the hole. Such a measurement of the gap amount 62 is made at the stage of development of the tank 30, and the gap amount 62 is not measured by the above method at the time of filling. Therefore, in the fuel cell system 4, the gap amount 62 of the tank 30 is already grasped, and is prepared in advance as a map, for example.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example of a map M related to the gap amount 62.
- a unique map M is prepared for the tank 30 of the fuel cell system 4.
- the map M related to the gap amount 62 defines the gap amount corresponding to each condition with the vertical axis as the tank pressure and the horizontal axis as the tank temperature. To do. For example, under the tank temperature T 1, gap amount 62 shown in FIGS. 7 as B1 ⁇ E1 decreases as the tank pressure increases. Under the tank pressure of 0 MPa, the gap amounts 62 shown as A2 to A5 in FIG. 7 decrease as the tank temperature increases.
- the map M is stored in a storage unit (ROM or the like) of the control device 46.
- the gap amount 62 is calculated by referring to the tank pressure and tank temperature at that time in the map M of the storage unit, and based on this, the subsequent supply amount is calculated. Decide whether to set limits.
- the clearance specification value is one of indexes used in the supply control in consideration of the gap amount described later in “7.” (refer to step S3 in FIG. 11), and the breaking elongation ⁇ of the liner 53 or this Means the value multiplied by the safety factor.
- the elongation at break ⁇ is defined by the material properties of the liner 53 and varies depending on the tank temperature. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 8, the breaking elongation ⁇ increases as the tank temperature increases. Similar to the map M, the specified clearance value for the tank 30 is stored in advance in the storage unit of the control device 46.
- the elongation at break ⁇ can be obtained from the results of the tensile test and is represented by the following formula (1).
- ⁇ 100 ⁇ (l f ⁇ l 0 ) / l 0 (1)
- the meaning of each parameter is as follows. l 0 : initial length of liner 53 l f : permanent elongation of liner 53 after breakage
- Target to be Compared with Clearance Specified Value is the elongation ⁇ of the liner 53 necessary to fill the gap 60.
- r 0 initial outer diameter of the liner 53
- r f outer diameter of the liner 53 when the gap 60 is filled.
- r f 55.
- the necessary elongation ⁇ of the liner 53 is 10%.
- the elongation ⁇ required to fill the gap 60 can be calculated from the above equation (2). Then, the calculated required elongation ⁇ is compared with a clearance specification value. If the required elongation ⁇ exceeds the clearance specification value, the liner 53 is subjected to an excessive load during filling after the fuel cell system 4 is stopped. Predict.
- the specified clearance (predetermined threshold value) to be compared with the calculated required elongation ⁇ a value corresponding to the tank temperature at the time of comparison is used. This is because, as described above, the breaking elongation ⁇ depends on the tank temperature (see FIG. 8). Therefore, as the tank temperature increases, the set clearance specified value also increases.
- FIG. 10 is a block diagram showing functional blocks that the control device 46 has in order to realize this control.
- the control device 46 includes a storage unit 70, a calculation unit 71, a determination unit 72, and an operation control unit 73.
- the storage unit 70 stores the above-described map M corresponding to the tank 30 and a clearance specification value.
- the calculating unit 71 calculates the gap amount 62 by referring to the detected tank pressure and tank temperature in the map M of the storage unit 70.
- the determination unit 72 determines whether to limit the supply amount of hydrogen gas to the fuel cell 28 based on the calculated gap amount 62.
- the operation control unit 73 controls the adjustment device 33 based on the determination result by the determination unit 72. In particular, when the determination unit 72 determines to limit the supply amount, the operation control unit 73 controls the adjustment device 33 so as to obtain the supply amount related to the determined limit.
- FIG. 11 is a flowchart illustrating this control example.
- the fuel cell system 4 starts to operate.
- hydrogen gas starts to be supplied from the tank 30 to the fuel cell 28.
- the tank pressure and the tank temperature are read by the pressure sensor 36 and the temperature sensor 38, and the clearance amount 62 at the time of reading (that is, the current) is calculated (step S2).
- the calculation unit 71 refers to the temporarily stored information in the map M of the storage unit 70. As a result, the current gap amount 62 is calculated.
- the determining unit 72 calculates the elongation ⁇ of the liner 53 necessary to fill the gap 60 based on the calculated current gap amount 62, and the calculated required elongation ⁇ is within the clearance specified value. It is determined whether or not. At this time, as the clearance regulation value to be compared with the calculated necessary elongation ⁇ , a value corresponding to the current tank temperature read in step S2 is used.
- step S3 if the clearance is within the specified value (step S3; Yes), it is determined that the liner 53 is not subjected to an excessive load even if hydrogen gas is charged after the operation of the fuel cell system 4 is stopped.
- Supply hydrogen gas In this normal hydrogen gas supply, hydrogen gas corresponding to the required output of the fuel cell 28 is supplied.
- the adjustment device 33 supplies the fuel cell 28 with supply pressure, supply flow rate, and supply amount of hydrogen gas corresponding to the required output of the fuel cell 28.
- step S3 if it is not within the specified clearance (step S3; No), it is determined that a load exceeding the allowable level is applied to the liner 53 when normal hydrogen gas supply is performed, and the supply amount of hydrogen gas is limited (step S3). S4).
- the limitation of the supply amount means that the supply amount of hydrogen gas released from the tank 30 is limited as compared with normal hydrogen gas supply.
- the limitation of the supply amount of hydrogen gas can be executed by several methods under the control of the adjusting device 33.
- the supply amount can be limited by reducing the supply flow rate of hydrogen gas from that in the normal hydrogen gas supply (for example, reducing the supply flow rate by a predetermined percentage). This method is possible not only when the adjusting device 33 is an injector or the like, but also when the adjustment device 33 is a shutoff valve, by repeatedly opening and closing it.
- the supply amount can be limited by lowering the maximum value of the supply flow rate (for example, setting the maximum flow rate to a predetermined flow rate or less). According to these methods, the supply of hydrogen gas from the tank 30 to the fuel cell 28 can be continued.
- step S5 No
- step S2 the tank pressure and the tank temperature are read at any time, the gap amount 62 at that time is calculated (step S2), and it is determined whether or not the clearance is within the specified clearance (step S3).
- step S3 the state in which the supply amount is limited is continued (step S3; No, step S4), or the restriction on the supply amount is released and normal hydrogen gas supply is performed (step S3; Yes).
- step S5; Yes the operation of the fuel cell system 4 is finished, and the supply of hydrogen gas from the tank 30 to the fuel cell 28 is also stopped (step S6).
- a gap amount 62 in the tank 30 during operation of the fuel cell system 4 is calculated, and it is determined whether or not a load is applied to the liner 53 due to filling after the operation of the fuel cell system 4 is stopped. If judged, the supply amount from the tank 30 is limited. By limiting the supply amount, the temperature decrease rate and the pressure decrease rate in the tank 30 can be suppressed (see: FIGS. 4A and 4B). This is because even when hydrogen gas is released from the tank 30, the temperature decrease accompanying the adiabatic expansion of the hydrogen gas in the tank 30 is performed at a relatively slow rate.
- the tank 30 is easily warmed to the outside air, and the lower temperature and the lower pressure state are suppressed, so that the expansion of the gap amount is suppressed.
- the expansion amount of the liner 53 is suppressed in the filling after the stop, it is possible to suppress a large load from being applied to the liner 53.
- the control device 46 performs an operation satisfying this demand. It is preferable to prohibit it. By doing so, it is possible to reliably maintain the supply amount restriction state and to reduce the load on the liner 53.
- step S11 the second control example will be described with a focus on differences from the first control example.
- the main difference is not only the calculation of the current gap amount (step S11), but also the predicted value of the gap amount after a predetermined time (step S14), and the supply amount is also limited based on this predicted value. This is a point for determining whether or not (step S15).
- the block diagram of the control device 46 for realizing this control is the same as that shown in FIG.
- step S11 the current gap amount 62 is calculated from the current tank pressure and tank temperature.
- step S12 the required elongation ⁇ is calculated based on the calculated current gap amount 62, and it is determined whether or not the calculated required elongation ⁇ is within the specified clearance value. Then, the hydrogen gas supply amount is limited (step S13), and thereafter the gap amount 62 is calculated (step S11) and compared (step S12) until the clearance is within the specified value (step S12; Yes).
- a predicted value of the gap amount 62 after x hours is calculated based on the gradient of the tank pressure and the gradient of the tank temperature (Ste S14). This calculation is also performed by the calculation unit 71.
- the calculation unit 71 first calculates the tank pressure gradient per unit time ( ⁇ P / ⁇ t) and the gradient ( ⁇ T / ⁇ t) of the tank temperature, and the tank pressure and the tank temperature after x hours are estimated from each gradient. Next, the calculation unit 71 refers to these estimated values in the map M, thereby calculating a predicted value of the gap amount 62 after x hours. In another embodiment, the calculation unit 71 may calculate a predicted value of the gap amount 62 based on a change amount other than the gradient of the tank pressure and the tank temperature. x time can be set to arbitrary time, for example, can be 5 minutes.
- the determination unit 72 calculates the elongation ⁇ of the liner 53 necessary to fill the gap 60 based on the predicted value of the gap amount 62, and the calculated required elongation ⁇ is within the clearance specification value. Judge whether there is. At this time, a clearance corresponding to the tank temperature after x hours estimated in step S14 is used as the clearance regulation value to be compared with the calculated necessary elongation ⁇ .
- step S15; Yes if it is within the clearance specification value (step S15; Yes), normal hydrogen gas supply is performed and the ignition is turned off (step S17). On the other hand, if it is not within the specified clearance (step S15; Yes), the supply amount of hydrogen gas is limited (step S16), and the ignition is turned off (step S17). The steps S11 to S16 are repeated until the ignition is turned off (step S17; Yes). Therefore, even if the supply amount is not limited at the beginning (step S12; Yes, step S15; Yes), if the required elongation ⁇ for the gap amount 62 exceeds the clearance specified value, it is positively thereafter. Supply amount will be limited.
- the limitation of the supply amount in steps S13 and S16 can be performed by the same method as in the first control example (step S4).
- steps S13 and S16 the same supply amount can be set as the limit amount, but it is preferable that the supply amount is different.
- the limit amount in step S13 may be larger than the limit amount in step S16.
- the supply flow rate may be made smaller than in step S16.
- the limit amount in step S13 can be set to be smaller than the limit amount in step S4 of the first control example. That is, when the supply amount is limited based on the current gap amount 62, the supply amount can be made larger in step S13 of the second control example than in step S4 of the first control example. This is because in the second control example, the supply amount can be limited even in step S16.
- the present control example described above in addition to the same effects as the first control example, it is possible to gradually limit the supply amount as compared to the first control example. Thereby, at the time of acceleration of the vehicle 3 accompanied with much consumption of hydrogen gas, the hydrogen gas amount for the consumption can be secured to some extent. For this reason, the user who is driving the vehicle 3 can reduce the feeling that the vehicle 3 suddenly stops accelerating.
- the third control example is to change the so-called out-of-gassing criterion based on the gap amount 62 calculated during operation of the fuel cell system 4.
- FIG. 14 is a block diagram showing functional blocks included in the control device 46 in order to realize this control.
- the control device 46 includes a determination unit 75 that determines the lack of gas.
- FIGS. 15A and 15B show a gas shortage determination method according to the comparative example and the present control example, respectively.
- the lack of gas is determined by comparing the tank pressure with a reference value.
- the reference value in the gas shortage determination two out of gas lines L 1 and L 2 showing the shortage and boundaries of its potential fuel gas in the tank 30 is used.
- out of gas line L 1 is a line of the tank pressure indicative of whether the remaining amount of hydrogen gas is eliminated completely or boundary in the tank 30. If the tank pressure is the low pressure side than out of gas line L 1, the remaining amount of hydrogen gas in the tank 30 is completely eliminated, thus stopping the vehicle 3.
- out of gas line L 2 is a line of tank pressure indicating whether the boundaries indicating that cruising distance of the vehicle 3 is 0 km. If the tank pressure is the low pressure side than out of gas lines L 2, appears to be traveling enable distance is 0 km, the user such as the driver is prompted to fill the hydrogen gas.
- a display is made by a display device 42 typified by a gas shortage lamp or the like, for example. In the case where the tank pressure is between the gas shortage lines L 1 and out of gas line L 2, the tank 30 there remains a small amount of hydrogen gas, the vehicle 3 can be cruising.
- the gas shortage lines L 1 and L 2 are vertical straight lines that pass through the tank pressures x and y, respectively. That is, the out-of-gassing lines L 1 and L 2 are constant regardless of the tank temperature.
- the out-of-gassing lines L 1 and L 2 are the same as those in the comparative example shown in FIG. 15A above the tank temperature Tb. However, below the tank temperature Tb, the out-of-gassing lines L 1 and L 2 of this control example shown in FIG. 15B are inclined so as to increase in pressure as the tank temperature decreases.
- the gas shortage lines L 1 and L 2 are changed to the high pressure side under the condition of the tank temperature Tb or lower than in the condition of the tank temperature Tb or higher.
- the tank temperature Tb is at least less than 0 ° C., and an example thereof is ⁇ 30 ° C.
- FIGS. 16A and 16B show another method for determining the lack of gas, and relate to the comparative example and the present control example, respectively.
- the lack of gas is determined by comparing the amount of hydrogen gas in the tank 30 with a reference value.
- the two gas depletion lines L 1 and L 2 are lines of the hydrogen gas amount n, respectively, and whether or not the remaining amount of hydrogen gas in the tank 30 is completely eliminated as described above.
- a boundary and a boundary indicating whether or not to display that the cruising range of the vehicle 3 is 0 km are shown.
- the gas shortage lines L 1 and L 2 are inclined straight lines that pass through the tank pressures x and y, respectively.
- the out-of-gassing lines L 1 and L 2 are the same as those in the comparative example shown in FIG. 16A above the tank temperature Tb, but below the tank temperature Tb.
- the tank is inclined so that the pressure increases as the tank temperature decreases. That is, the gas shortage lines L 1 and L 2 are changed to a larger amount of hydrogen gas when the temperature is lower than the tank temperature Tb, compared to when the temperature is higher than the tank temperature Tb.
- FIG. 17 is a flowchart illustrating a third control example.
- the vehicle 3 is turned on as a trigger for starting operation of the fuel cell system 4 (step S21).
- the current gap amount 62 is calculated from the tank pressure and the tank temperature (step S23, S24).
- the process proceeds to the process of determining the gas shortage line (step S27).
- step S22; Yes When it is displayed that the cruising range is 0 km (step S22; Yes), if the calculated current gap amount 62 exceeds zero (step S25; Yes), the process for determining the gas shortage line (step) On the other hand, if the calculated current gap amount 62 is zero (step S25; No), it is determined that hydrogen gas is filled in the tank 30 because the gap 60 is filled, and the display is canceled. (Step S26), the process proceeds to the process of determining the gas shortage line (Step S27).
- the determination unit 75 determines a gas shortage line to be used for determining a gas shortage based on the calculated gap amount 62. Specifically, the required elongation ⁇ is calculated from the calculated gap amount 62, and if the calculated required elongation ⁇ is within the clearance specification value, the gas shortage line L 1 shown in FIG. 15A or FIG. , L 2 is used. On the other hand, if not (if not within the clearance specification value), it is decided to use the gas depletion lines L 1 and L 2 shown in FIG. 15B or FIG. 16B.
- hydrogen gas amount n in the tank 30 is the tank pressure or at any time is calculated from time to time detected during operation of the fuel cell system 4, whether or not the determined out of gas line L 2 or is monitored from time to time (Step S28). If it is less than the determined gas shortage line L 2 (step S28; No), the display device 42 displays that the cruising distance is 0 km (step S29). If this display has already been made, step S29 is omitted. Thereafter, the tank pressure or the amount of hydrogen gas n is from time to time acquired similarly, whether or not the determined out of gas line L 1 or more is monitored from time to time (step S30). If it is less than determined out of gas line L 1 (Step S30; No), the vehicle 3 stops (step S31). On the other hand, if the determined gas shortage line L 1 or more (step S30; Yes), until the vehicle 3 is ignition-off (step S32; Yes), the above similar process returns to step S22 is performed .
- FIG. 15B or FIG. 15 is used as a reference for determining the lack of gas (gas shortage lines L 1 and L 2 ). 16B is used.
- the tank pressure is higher than in the case where the required elongation ⁇ is within the specified clearance (the gas depletion lines L 1 and L 2 shown in FIG. 15A or 16A). It is determined that the gas is running out.
- the clearance is not within the clearance specified value under the condition of the tank temperature Tb or less, it is determined early that the gas is short.
- the fact that there is a gas shortage is displayed, which can be a trigger for a user such as a driver to be aware of driving with low hydrogen consumption.
- the amount of hydrogen consumption in the fuel cell 28 is reduced, the amount of hydrogen gas supplied from the tank 30 to the fuel cell 28 is reduced, so that the increase in the gap amount 62 is suppressed. Thereby, in the filling after the fuel cell system 4 is stopped, the load on the liner 53 can be reduced.
- the third control example may be combined with the first control example or the second control example described above. In this case, for example, when the gas shortage line is determined (step S27), if the determination unit 72 determines to limit the supply amount, the operation control unit 73 limits the supply amount.
- the fuel cell system, fuel gas supply method and vehicle of the present invention can be applied not only to hydrogen gas but also to other fuel gases such as natural gas. Further, the present invention can be applied not only to a vehicle but also to a moving body equipped with a tank as a fuel gas filling destination such as an aircraft, a ship, and a robot.
- control is performed by reading the gap amount 62 as the map M during the operation of the fuel cell system 4.
- control is performed only by acquiring information on the tank pressure and the tank temperature. It is also possible to design.
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Abstract
Description
この点、隙間の発生を防止するために、ライナとCFRPとを接着する改善策が考えられる。しかし、これでは、ライナの局所的な変形が生じ、負荷が局所的にかかってしまうため、望ましくない。
図1に示すように、車両3は、例えばガスステーションとしての水素ステーション2にて、水素ステーション2の充填ノズル12から水素ガスをタンクに充填される。車両3には、駆動源であるトラクションモータに電力を供給する燃料電池システム4が搭載される。
燃料電池28は、例えば固体高分子電解質型からなり、多数の単セルを積層したスタック構造を有する。燃料電池28は、燃料ガス(例えば水素ガス)と酸化ガス(例えば空気)の電気化学反応によって発電する。以下では、燃料ガスとして水素ガスを例に説明する。
タンク30は、燃料電池28への水素ガス供給源であり、例えば35MPa又は70MPaの水素ガスを貯留可能な高圧タンクである。タンク30を複数搭載する場合には、タンク30は燃料電池28に対して並列に接続される。
図3に示すように、タンク30は、内部に貯留空間51が画成されるように中空状に形成されたライナ53と、ライナ53の外周面を覆う補強層55と、を有する。ライナ53及び補強層55の軸方向の少なくとも一端部には、バルブアッセンブリを接続するための口金57が設けられる。
図4A及びBは、外気温が20℃であるときのタンク圧力及びタンク温度の時間変化を示す図であり、図4Aは水素ガス放出速度が遅い場合に関するものであり、図4Bは、水素ガス放出速度が速い場合に関するものである。図4A及びBから分かるとおり、タンク30からの水素ガスの放出速度(燃料電池28への供給速度)が速いほど、タンク圧力の低下率は大きく、タンク温度はより低下する。水素ガス放出終了後(時間t0)、タンク温度は、外気によって上昇し、外気温(20℃)に近づいていく。その際、タンク圧力も僅かに上昇する。なお、一般的に、外気温が低いと、タンク温度はさらに低下する。
図5は、タンク30において、ライナ53と補強層55との間に隙間60がある状態を示す断面図である。この隙間60が発生する理由を説明する。
図6に示すように、タンク温度が同じ条件であれば、タンク圧力が大きくなると、隙間60の大きさは小さくなる。同様に、タンク圧力が同じ条件であれば、タンク温度が大きくなると、隙間60の大きさは小さくなる。それゆえ、水素ガスがタンク30に充填されなくとも、外気温によってタンク温度が上がれば、隙間60が小さくなるということが言える。また、隙間60の大きさが同じ条件では、タンク温度が低温であるほど、隙間60を埋めるためには、高いタンク圧力が必要であることがわかる。
隙間60の大きさは、タンク圧力及びタンク温度にのみ依存するのではなく、タンク30の仕様によっても異なる。例えば、タンク30を構成する材料(ライナ53及び補強層55の材質)や、タンク30の体格(長さ、径、容量など)によって、隙間60の大きさは異なる。
マップMは、燃料電池システム4のタンク30に固有のものが用意される。上述したように、隙間量62はタンク圧力及びタンク温度によって異なるので、隙間量62に関するマップMは、縦軸をタンク圧力とし、横軸をタンク温度として、それぞれの条件に対応する隙間量を規定する。例えば、タンク温度T1のもとでは、図7にB1~E1としてそれぞれ示す隙間量62は、タンク圧力が大きくなるほど小さくなる。また、タンク圧力0MPaのもとでは、図7にA2~A5として示すそれぞれ隙間量62は、タンク温度が大きくなるほど小さくなる。
スキマ規定値とは、後記「7.」の隙間量を考慮した供給制御において用いる指標の一つであり(参照:図11のステップS3など)、ライナ53の破断伸びδ又はこれに安全率を乗じた値を意味する。破断伸びδは、ライナ53の材料物性により規定され、タンク温度に応じて異なる。具体的には、図8に示すように、タンク温度が大きくなるほど、破断伸びδは大きくなる。タンク30に関するスキマ規定値は、マップMと同様に、制御装置46の記憶部に予め記憶される。
δ=100×(lf-l0)/l0 ・・・(1)
ここで、各パラメータの意味は以下のとおりである。
l0:ライナ53の初期の長さ
lf:破断後のライナ53の永久伸び
後記「7.」の供給制御において、スキマ規定値と比較する対象は、隙間60を埋めるのに必要なライナ53の伸びεである。
ここで、各パラメータの意味は以下のとおりである。
r0:ライナ53の初期の外径
rf:隙間60を埋めたときのライナ53の外径
一例を挙げると、r0=50mm、隙間量=5mmの場合、rf=55となるので、必要なライナ53の伸びεは、10%となる。
次に、燃料電池システム4で実行される水素ガス供給について、隙間量62を考慮した複数の制御例を説明する。いずれの制御例も、燃料電池システム4の稼働中に行われる。
図10は、本制御を実現するために、制御装置46が有する機能ブロックを示すブロック図である。制御装置46は、記憶部70、算出部71、決定部72及び運転制御部73を有する。記憶部70は、タンク30に対応する上記のマップM及びスキマ規定値などを記憶する。算出部71は、検出されたタンク圧力及びタンク温度を記憶部70のマップMに参照することで、隙間量62を算出する。決定部72は、算出された隙間量62に基づいて、燃料電池28への水素ガスの供給量を制限するか否かを決定する。運転制御部73は、決定部72による決定結果に基づいて、調整装置33を制御する。特に、決定部72が供給量を制限することに決定した場合、運転制御部73は、その決定した制限に係る供給量となるように、調整装置33を制御する。
先ず、運転者などのユーザーによって、車両3がイグニッションオンされると(ステップS1)、燃料電池システム4が稼動し始める。これにより、タンク30から燃料電池28に水素ガスが供給され始める。水素ガスの供給中では、タンク圧力及びタンク温度が圧力センサ36及び温度センサ38によって読み込まれ、この読み込んだときの(すなわち現在の)隙間量62が算出される(ステップS2)。詳細には、タンク圧力及びタンク温度の各情報が制御装置46の例えばRAMに一時的に記憶されるので、算出部71が、その一時的に記憶された情報を記憶部70のマップMに参照することで現在の隙間量62を算出する。
燃料電池システム4の稼働中のタンク30内の隙間量62を算出し、燃料電池システム4の稼働停止後の充填によってライナ53に負荷がかかるか否かを判断し、そのような負荷がかかると判断されると、タンク30からの供給量を制限している。この供給量を制限することで、タンク30内の温度低下速度及び圧力低下速度を抑えることができる(参照:図4A及びB)。これは、タンク30から水素ガスが放出される場合であっても、タンク30内の水素ガスの断熱膨張に伴う温度低下が、比較的ゆっくりとした速度で行われるからである。供給量を制限した結果、タンク30が外気に暖められ易くなり、より低温且つより低圧の状態になることが抑制されるので、隙間量の拡大が抑制される。これにより、停止後の充填において、ライナ53の膨張量が抑えられるので、ライナ53に大きな負荷がかかることを抑制することができる。
次に、図12を参照して、第2の制御例について第1の制御例との相違点を中心に説明する。主な相違点は、現在の隙間量の算出のみならず(ステップS11)、所定時間後の隙間量の予測値をも算出し(ステップS14)、この予測値に基づいても供給量を制限するか否かを決定する点である(ステップS15)。なお、本制御を実現するための制御装置46のブロック図は、図11に示したものと同じである。
次に、図14~図17を参照して、第3の制御例について説明する。第3の制御例は、燃料電池システム4の稼働中に算出した隙間量62に基づいて、いわゆるガス欠の判定の基準を変えるものである。
ここで、ガス欠判定における基準値として、タンク30内の燃料ガスの不足及びその可能性の境界を示す二つのガス欠ラインL1及びL2が用いられる。具体的には、ガス欠ラインL1は、タンク30内の水素ガスの残量が完全になくなるか否かの境界を示すタンク圧力のラインである。タンク圧力がガス欠ラインL1よりも低圧側になると、タンク30の水素ガスの残量が完全になくなり、車両3を停止させることになる。一方、ガス欠ラインL2は、車両3の航続可能距離が0kmであることを表示するか否かの境界を示すタンク圧力のラインである。タンク圧力がガス欠ラインL2よりも低圧側になると、航続可能距離が0kmであることが表示され、運転者などのユーザーは水素ガスを充填するよう促される。このような表示は、例えばガス欠ランプ等に代表される表示装置42によってなされる。なお、タンク圧力がガス欠ラインL1とガス欠ラインL2との間にある場合には、タンク30内には少量の水素ガスが残っており、車両3は航続可能である。
ここで、タンク30内の水素ガス量nは、気体の状態方程式より算出することができ、以下の式(3)で表すことができる。
n=PV/zRT ・・・(3)
P:タンク圧力
V:タンク30の体積
z:圧縮係数
R:気体定数
T:タンク温度
したがって、水素ガス量nは、タンク圧力及びタンク温度等から算出することができる。
先ず、燃料電池システム4の稼動開始のトリガーとして、車両3がイグニッションオンされる(ステップS21)。すると、航続可能距離が0kmであることが表示装置42に表示されているか否かが判断された後(ステップS22)、タンク圧力及びタンク温度から現在の隙間量62が算出される(ステップS23,S24)。航続可能距離が0kmであることが表示されていない場合には(ステップS22;No)、現在の隙間量62の算出後(ステップS24)、ガス欠ライン決定の処理(ステップS27)へと進む。
燃料電池システム4の稼働中において、現在の隙間量62から算出した必要な伸びεがスキマ規定値内でない場合、ガス欠の判定の基準(ガス欠ラインL1、L2)として図15B又は図16Bに示すのを用いている。これにより、氷点下であるタンク温度Tb以下では、必要な伸びεがスキマ規定値内である場合(図15A又は図16Aに示すガス欠ラインL1、L2)に比べて、タンク圧力が高いところでもガス欠である旨を判定する。
Claims (13)
- 燃料電池と、
ライナ及びその外周面に形成された補強層を有し、燃料ガスを貯留するためのタンクと、
前記タンクから前記燃料電池への燃料ガスの供給量を調整する調整装置と、
を備えた燃料電池システムにおいて、
前記タンク内の圧力及び温度に関する情報を取得する情報取得部と、
前記情報取得部が当該燃料電池システムの稼働中に取得した情報に基づいて、前記ライナと前記補強層との間の隙間量を算出する算出部と、
前記算出した隙間量に基づいて、前記供給量を制限するか否かを決定する決定部と、を備えた、燃料電池システム。 - 前記算出部は、当該燃料電池システムの稼働中におけるタンク内の温度変化量及び圧力変化量に基づいて、前記隙間量について所定時間後の予測値をも算出するものであり、
前記決定部は、前記予測値に基づいても、前記供給量を制限するか否かを決定する、請求項1に記載の燃料電池システム。 - 前記タンク内の燃料ガスに関する状態量を所定の基準値と比較することで、当該タンク内の燃料ガスの不足及びその可能性の少なくとも一つを判定する判定部と、
前記判定部が燃料ガスの不足及びその可能性の少なくとも一つであることを判定した場合、その旨を表示する表示部と、を備え、
前記判定部は、前記算出した隙間量に基づいて、前記所定の基準値を変更する、請求項1又は2に記載の燃料電池システム。 - 前記状態量は、前記タンク内の圧力であり、
前記所定の基準値は、圧力に関するものである、請求項3に記載の燃料電池システム。 - 前記判定部は、前記算出した隙間量をゼロとするために必要なライナの伸びが所定の閾値を越える場合には、そうではない場合に比べて、前記タンク内が少なくとも0℃未満の温度条件下では前記所定の基準値を高圧側に変更する、請求項4に記載の燃料電池システム。
- 前記状態量は、前記タンク内の燃料ガス量であり、
前記所定の基準値は、燃料ガス量に関するものであり、請求項3に記載の燃料電池システム。 - 前記判定部は、前記算出した隙間量をゼロとするために必要なライナの伸びが所定の閾値を越える場合には、そうではない場合に比べて、前記タンク内が少なくとも0℃未満の温度条件下では前記所定の基準値を多量側に変更する、請求項6に記載の燃料電池システム。
- 前記判定部は、前記情報取得部が当該燃料電池システムの稼働中に取得したタンク内の圧力及び温度に関する情報に基づいて、前記所定の基準値と比較する前記燃料ガス量を算出する、請求項6又は7に記載の燃料電池システム。
- 前記決定部は、前記算出した隙間量をゼロとするために必要なライナの伸びを算出すると共に、その算出した伸びが所定の閾値を越える場合には、そうではない場合よりも、前記供給量を制限することに決定する、請求項1ないし8のいずれか一項に記載の燃料電池システム。
- 前記所定の閾値は、前記ライナの破断伸びであり、前記タンク内の温度に応じて異なる、請求項9に記載の燃料電池システム。
- 前記決定部が前記供給量を制限することに決定した場合、前記調整装置は、前記供給量をゼロにすること、前記燃料電池への燃料ガスの供給流量の最大値を下げること、及び、前記供給流量を低減することのいずれかを実行することにより、前記供給量を制限する、請求項1ないし10のいずれか一項に記載の燃料電池システム。
- 請求項1ないし11のいずれか一項に記載の燃料電池システムを備えた移動体であって、
前記タンクが、当該移動体の外部にあるガスステーションから燃料ガスを充填可能に構成されている、移動体。 - 燃料電池システムの燃料ガス供給方法であって、当該燃料電池システムが、ライナ及びその外周面に形成された補強層を有するタンクと、当該タンクからの燃料ガスの供給先として燃料電池と、を有するものにおいて、
前記燃料電池システムの稼働中に取得されたタンク内の圧力及び温度に関する情報に基づいて、前記ライナと前記補強層との間の隙間量を算出するステップと、
前記算出した隙間量をゼロとするために必要なライナの伸びが所定の閾値を超えるか否かを判定するステップと、
前記所定の閾値を越えると判定された場合には、そうではない場合に比べて、前記タンクから前記燃料電池への燃料ガスの供給量を制限するステップと、を備えた、燃料電池システムの燃料ガス供給方法。
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