WO2011102130A1 - 超音波測定方法および超音波測定装置 - Google Patents
超音波測定方法および超音波測定装置 Download PDFInfo
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- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 title claims description 76
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S15/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of acoustic waves, e.g. sonar systems
- G01S15/02—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of acoustic waves, e.g. sonar systems using reflection of acoustic waves
- G01S15/06—Systems determining the position data of a target
- G01S15/42—Simultaneous measurement of distance and other co-ordinates
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S15/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of acoustic waves, e.g. sonar systems
- G01S15/02—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of acoustic waves, e.g. sonar systems using reflection of acoustic waves
- G01S15/06—Systems determining the position data of a target
- G01S15/08—Systems for measuring distance only
- G01S15/10—Systems for measuring distance only using transmission of interrupted, pulse-modulated waves
- G01S15/102—Systems for measuring distance only using transmission of interrupted, pulse-modulated waves using transmission of pulses having some particular characteristics
- G01S15/104—Systems for measuring distance only using transmission of interrupted, pulse-modulated waves using transmission of pulses having some particular characteristics wherein the transmitted pulses use a frequency- or phase-modulated carrier wave
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
- G01S7/52—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S15/00
- G01S7/523—Details of pulse systems
- G01S7/526—Receivers
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a measurement method and a measurement apparatus using ultrasonic waves.
- a measurement method and a measurement apparatus that can accurately measure the propagation distance or propagation direction of ultrasonic waves even when a relative velocity exists between the measurement object and the measurement apparatus using ultrasonic waves encoded by spread spectrum.
- the ultrasonic measurement apparatus includes a transmitter that transmits ultrasonic waves and a receiver that receives ultrasonic waves, and it is necessary for the receiver to receive ultrasonic waves after transmission of ultrasonic waves by the transmitter. From the time, measure the distance between the transmitter and receiver. Alternatively, after the transmission of the ultrasonic wave by the transmitter, the ultrasonic wave transmitted from the transmitter reaches the object, and from the time required for the receiver to receive the ultrasonic wave reflected by the object, The distance between the object and the ultrasonic measurement device is measured.
- FIG. 11 shows a block diagram of a conventional ultrasonic measurement device disclosed in Patent Document 1. As shown in FIG. The basic operation of this conventional ultrasonic measurement apparatus 101 will be described below.
- the ultrasonic measurement apparatus 101 includes a transmitter 8, a receiver 9, a correlator 103, a peak detector 104, and a pulse generator 105.
- the pulse generator 105 generates a drive signal for the transmitter 8, and the transmitter 8 transmits an ultrasonic signal to space.
- the transmitted ultrasonic signal reaches the object 3 through the ultrasonic propagation path 4 and is reflected by the object 3.
- the reflected ultrasonic signal reaches the receiver 9 through the ultrasonic propagation path 7.
- the drive signal is encoded with a different code for each ultrasonic measurement device so that the ultrasonic signal of each ultrasonic measurement device can be distinguished even if interference occurs.
- it is desirable that the other signal is not at all similar to the desired signal.
- An irregular signal having such characteristics and artificially created based on a predetermined rule is called a pseudo irregular signal.
- M-sequence, Barker sequence, and Golay sequence are known as pseudo-random signals composed of binary values.
- the M-sequence is a code used in a communication system using spread spectrum technology, and it acts as a carrier wave that can be identified by using correlation processing by pulse compression, although it is noise-like for transmitted information. To do. That is, between different M sequences, the other party can only see noise, so it is very effective for extracting its own signal. In addition, if you shift the time even a little, you will only look like noise. Therefore, by encoding a transmission signal with an M-sequence pseudo-random signal, it is possible to extract a desired reception signal from the time series of interference reception signals and specify the reception time. It is.
- the drive signal generated by the pulse generator 105 is a random wave by spread spectrum (M-sequence discrete).
- M-sequence discrete a pseudo irregular signal having such characteristics is realized by a binary frequency shift keying method in which the frequency corresponding to the code “1” is different from the frequency corresponding to the code “0”. .
- the ultrasonic wave transmitted from the wave transmitter 8 and reaches the wave receiver 9 through the ultrasonic wave propagation path 7 is correlated with the pseudo irregular signal generated by the pulse generator 105 by the correlator 103.
- the peak detector 104 obtains the peak of the correlation value.
- the peak time of the correlation value indicates the arrival time of the ultrasonic wave transmitted from the transmitter 8 to the receiver 9. Since the time from the time when the ultrasonic wave is transmitted to the time of the peak of the correlation value is the propagation time of the ultrasonic wave to the object 3, the ultrasonic measurement apparatus 101 to the object 3 is based on the propagation speed of the ultrasonic wave. The distance can be determined.
- the pseudo irregular signal due to spread spectrum (M-sequence discrete) is a unique signal that is different for each ultrasonic measurement device, even if an ultrasonic wave transmitted from another ultrasonic measurement device reaches the receiver 9.
- the correlation with the pseudo irregular signal generated in the pulse generator 105 is very small. For this reason, no peak is detected in the correlator 103, and the ultrasonic measurement apparatus 101 can identify a pseudo irregular signal obtained from another ultrasonic measurement apparatus.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing this deterioration phenomenon.
- FIG. 12A shows a received signal 70 encoded with an M sequence.
- FIG. 12B is obtained by correlation processing.
- a large correlation peak occurs in the portion synchronized with the reception time 73, and the portion of the correlation noise before and after that is sufficiently suppressed, and a large S / N is obtained.
- the correlation peak is significantly lowered as in the despread waveform 72 of FIG. 12C, and the level of the front and rear correlation noise portions is increased, so that the S / N is greatly reduced.
- FIG. 13 is a basic block diagram of the Doppler shift compensation method disclosed in Non-Patent Document 1.
- the basic system of FIG. 13 includes a plurality of despreading units 81a to 81e having reference signals that are expanded and contracted in a range where Doppler shift is expected, and received signals encoded in M-sequence are respectively received by the respective despreading units 81a to 81e.
- the despread waveforms 82a to 82e are output for each despreading unit.
- FIG. 13 is a basic block diagram of the Doppler shift compensation method disclosed in Non-Patent Document 1.
- the basic system of FIG. 13 includes a plurality of despreading units 81a to 81e having reference signals that are expanded and contracted in a range where Doppler shift is expected, and received signals encoded in M-sequence are respectively received by the respective despreading units 81a to 81e.
- the despread waveforms 82a to 82e are output
- the reference signal of the despreading unit 81c matches the Doppler shift, a large correlation peak is seen in the despread signal 82c, and a slightly small correlation peak is found in the despread signals 82b and 82d before and after that. As can be seen, only the correlation noise is observed in the despread waveforms 82a and 82e in which the expansion and contraction of the reference signal is significantly different from the Doppler shift.
- the maximum correlation peak is selected from the plurality of despread waveforms 82 and used for measuring propagation time and the like.
- FIG. 14 illustrates the basic principle of the Doppler correction method disclosed in Patent Document 2.
- an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, hereinafter referred to as OFDM) that performs encoding in the frequency domain is employed.
- OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
- the code originally divided into subcarriers 91 as shown in FIG. 14A is expanded and contracted in the frequency domain due to Doppler shift, and is received as the expanded subcarrier 93 shown in FIG. 14B. Will be. If demodulated as it is, the original signal cannot be reproduced.
- a Doppler shift compensation signal 92 is provided in a portion higher than the subcarriers originally used for encoding. Due to the Doppler shift, the Doppler shift compensation signal 92 becomes a signal 94 in FIG. 14B, and is measured as a frequency shift 95 as a result of the Doppler shift.
- all the subcarriers 93 are resampled using the frequency deviation 95 described above, and after the subcarrier 96 of the original signal shown in FIG. Reproduce.
- the frequency shift of the highest frequency band of the subcarrier 91 is used as the Doppler shift correction signal, and the Doppler shift of the subcarrier is corrected in the same manner as Patent Document 2.
- Non-Patent Document 1 has high processing speed and high reliability as a Doppler shift compensation method.
- it is not a method of measuring and correcting the Doppler shift, it is possible to cope with a case where the received signal includes a plurality of Doppler shifts.
- it is difficult to completely compensate the Doppler shift and recover the correlation gain. Therefore, since it is necessary to reduce the interval of expansion and contraction of the reference signal in order to ensure measurement accuracy, the required despreading section increases, which increases the hardware scale and costs, and is applicable to consumer equipment. Is difficult.
- Patent Documents 2 to 3 are systems in which a Doppler shift compensation signal is separately provided or a part of the signal is used as a Doppler shift correction signal, and Doppler shift is estimated therefrom, so that accurate correction is possible. Is possible. However, since the entire subcarrier is resampled, it is necessary to record the entire signal, and memory and processing time are required for correction. Therefore, when the acoustic wave is used as a carrier, the methods of Patent Documents 2 to 3 are applicable to low-speed data communication that is allowed even if the processing is relatively low speed. It is considered unsuitable for a processing method that requires high-speed response.
- the present invention solves such problems of the prior art, and can perform highly accurate measurement with simple processing even when the ultrasonic measurement apparatus operates in an environment that is affected by an unspecified number of Doppler shifts.
- An object is to provide an ultrasonic measurement apparatus and an ultrasonic measurement method.
- the ultrasonic measurement method of the present invention uses the encoded spectrum spread ultrasonic signal, which is modulated using a code having a predetermined carrier frequency and having a code period synchronized with the carrier frequency.
- Despread processing based on the time interval generated to generate despread I ′′ and Q ′′ components, and the respective received signals from the I ′′ and Q ′′ components.
- a state of 0 degree and 180 degrees of the phase of the carrier frequency is assigned to the code.
- the phase difference process in the step (C) includes (However, ⁇ 0 is the code period at the time of transmission) Meet.
- the code is an M-sequence pseudo spread code.
- the code different from the code in the step (D) is an M-sequence pseudo spread code obtained by rotating the phase of the code.
- the ultrasonic measurement apparatus of the present invention uses the encoded spread spectrum ultrasonic signal, which is modulated by using a code having a predetermined carrier frequency and having a code period synchronized with the carrier frequency, and uses the encoded spectrum.
- a receiving unit that generates a signal, quadrature detection of each of the at least two received signals using the carrier frequency, and generating an I component and a Q component of each received signal, and the respective reception Phase difference processing is performed on the I component and Q component of the signal based on the code period synchronized with the period of the carrier frequency, and by Doppler shift
- a vector operation unit that generates an I ′ component and a Q ′ component from which phase fluctuation has been removed, and the carrier frequency and the I ′ component and the Q ′ component of the respective received signals, using a code different from the code.
- a despreading unit that generates a despread I ′′ component and a Q ′′ component by performing a despreading process based on the synchronized time interval, and the I ′′ component and the Q ′′ component of each received signal,
- a demodulation unit that calculates amplitude information and phase information of each received signal, and a distance direction that calculates at least one of the propagation distance and propagation direction of the ultrasonic wave from the amplitude and phase information calculated for each received signal A calculation unit.
- a state of 0 degree and 180 degrees of the phase of the carrier frequency is assigned to the code.
- the processing of the vector calculation unit is (However, ⁇ 0 is the code period at the time of transmission) Meet.
- the code is an M-sequence pseudo spread code.
- the code different from the code is an M sequence obtained by rotating the phase of the code.
- the Doppler shift is removed by processing the orthogonal detection signal of the received signal based on the code period synchronized with the carrier frequency, and a code different from the code used for transmission is used for the despreading process.
- a despread signal having the same S / N ratio as when there is no Doppler shift.
- a plurality of Doppler shifts that is, reflective objects having different relative velocities may exist within a predetermined Doppler shift range. Therefore, according to the present invention, the influence of the Doppler shift can be suppressed without measuring the Doppler shift, and the distance and direction to the object can be accurately measured.
- the ultrasonic measurement apparatus of the present invention has a non-zero relative velocity between the transmitter and receiver of the ultrasonic measurement apparatus, and suppresses the influence of Doppler shift even when the ultrasonic carrier frequency is subjected to Doppler shift, and the propagation of ultrasonic waves. At least one of the distance and the propagation direction is measured.
- FIG. 1 shows an example of the usage environment of the ultrasonic measurement apparatus of the present invention.
- the moving body 1 is an autonomous mobile robot or the like.
- the ultrasonic measurement device 2 is mounted on the moving body 1.
- the ultrasonic measurement device 2 transmits an ultrasonic wave toward the object 3 and receives a reflected wave reflected by the object 3, thereby the length of the ultrasonic propagation path 4 or the object 3 and the ultrasonic measurement device 2. And measure the distance. It is also possible to obtain the orientation of the object 3 viewed from the ultrasonic measurement device 2.
- the moving body 1 moves in the direction of the arrow in the figure, the moving body 1 and the object 3 have a relative speed. Actually, it is also assumed that the object 3 moves.
- the relative speed is (1) when one of the moving body 1 and the object 3 is stationary and the other moves in an arbitrary direction at an arbitrary speed.
- both the moving body 1 and the object 3 are different directions.
- both the moving body 1 and the object 3 are moving in the same direction at different speeds.
- the ultrasonic signal transmitted and received by the ultrasonic measurement device 2 is affected by the Doppler shift.
- the ultrasonic measurement device 2 includes a transmitter for transmitting ultrasonic waves and a drive unit that drives the transmitter.
- the present invention does not include a transmitter and a drive unit, and receives an ultrasonic wave transmitted from an independent ultrasonic wave transmission device, thereby measuring a distance from the ultrasonic wave transmission device or determining an azimuth. Also included are embodiments of an ultrasonic measurement apparatus for measuring and an ultrasonic measurement method using the same.
- the ultrasonic wave transmitted by the ultrasonic measurement device 2 shown in FIG. 1 is encoded by an M-sequence code and spread spectrum.
- ultrasonic waves may be encoded by other pseudo-random signal sequences such as a Barker sequence and a Golay sequence.
- “1” of the spreading code corresponds to a sine wave of a predetermined frequency
- “ ⁇ 1” of the spreading code corresponds to a sine wave of a predetermined frequency whose phase is inverted by 180 degrees.
- Two-phase phase shift modulation is used.
- This sine wave having a predetermined frequency is referred to as “carrier”. That is, the states of 0 degree and 180 degrees of the phase of the carrier frequency are assigned to the spread codes “1” and “ ⁇ 1”.
- the wave number of a sine wave present in a single code of the spreading code is preferably determined according to the band of the transmitter and receiver used. When the band is narrow, the wave number is increased, and vice versa. The smaller the wave number, the higher the spread factor of the spread spectrum, so that the noise resistance is improved. Noise resistance improves as the order of the M sequence (the length of the M sequence) increases. However, as the order increases, the transmitted ultrasonic waves become longer and are more susceptible to changes in the environment, particularly Doppler shift. For example, when the frequency of a carrier wave is 40 kHz and the wave number of a sine wave existing in one code is 3, using a 7th order M-sequence, the duration time of ultrasonic waves to be transmitted is about 9.5 ms. .
- FIGS. 2A and 2B are diagrams for explaining the two-phase phase shift modulation method.
- FIG. 2A when a sinusoidal carrier wave is spread by a two-phase phase shift modulation method using a spreading code 5 represented by “1, ⁇ 1, 1, 1”, FIG. A random wave having a waveform 6 shown in (b) is obtained. In the waveform 6, there are four carriers per code, and the phase is inverted at the boundary between the code “1” and the code “ ⁇ 1”.
- FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing a basic configuration of the ultrasonic measurement apparatus 2 according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- the ultrasonic measurement apparatus 2 includes a transmitter 12, a first receiver 13 (1), a second receiver 13 (2), a transmission unit 14, a calculation unit 15, and a first reception unit 17 (1).
- Second receiver 17 (2), window setting unit 18, first Doppler remover 20 (1), second Doppler remover 20 (2), first despreader 21 (1), A second despreader 21 (2) and a distance direction calculation unit 22 are provided.
- the first receiver 13 (1) and the second receiver 13 (2) are disposed adjacent to each other with a distance L therebetween.
- ultrasonic waves are received by the first receiver 13 (1) and the second receiver 13 (2), the propagation times of the ultrasonic waves received by the respective receivers are obtained, and the distance is calculated. presume. Further, the direction in which the ultrasonic wave has propagated is calculated from the difference in propagation time.
- the first receiver 13 (1) and the second receiver 13 (2) are collectively referred to, they may be referred to as the receiver 13.
- the first Doppler removal unit 20 (1) and the second Doppler removal unit 20 (2) are referred to as the Doppler removal unit 20
- the first despreader 21 (1) and the second despreader 21 are called.
- (2) may be referred to as a despreader 21.
- the ultrasonic measurement device 2 includes two receivers in order to calculate the azimuth.
- the present invention may be implemented in the form of an ultrasonic measurement device having three or more receivers and related configurations, such as when obtaining a three-dimensional orientation.
- the frequency of the ultrasonic wave to be used is determined by considering the maximum measurement distance and the attenuation characteristic of the ultrasonic wave in the atmosphere. be able to. Since the wavelength becomes shorter if the frequency of the ultrasonic wave is higher, the time resolution in the propagation time measurement is improved. However, the higher the frequency, the greater the attenuation of the ultrasonic wave in the atmosphere.
- the maximum measurement distance is 5 m to 10 m
- ultrasonic waves of 100 kHz or less are suitable. In this embodiment, 40 kHz ultrasonic waves are used for measurement.
- an ultrasonic vibrator using a piezoelectric ceramic flexural vibrator, or a transmitter and a receiver using a PVDF piezoelectric polymer film as a vibrator are used. be able to.
- ultrasonic transducers of the same standard are used as the first receiver 13 (1) and the second receiver 13 (2), variations in the characteristics of the receivers have almost an effect on the measurement accuracy. Absent.
- the calculation unit 15 is configured by a microcomputer or the like, generates a drive signal, and controls the Doppler removal unit 20, the despreader 21, the window setting unit 18, and the distance and direction calculation unit 22.
- the drive signal generated by the calculation unit 15 is a random wave 6 spread by the M-sequence spread code 5 (FIGS. 2A and 2B), and is changed to an analog signal by the transmission unit 14 to be transmitted to the transmitter. 12 is driven.
- FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing an embodiment of an ultrasonic measurement method executed in the ultrasonic measurement apparatus 2 of the present embodiment. A specific ultrasonic measurement method will be described below with reference to the steps of FIG. 4 and the block diagram of FIG.
- Step S1 corresponds to step A.
- the first receiver 13 (1) and the second receiver 13 (2) receive the ultrasonic waves transmitted from the transmitter 12 and reflected by the object 2, respectively.
- the first receiver 13 (1) and the second receiver 13 (2) convert the received ultrasonic waves into electrical reception signals.
- the first receiving unit 17 (1) and the second receiving unit 17 (2) each amplify the received signal and convert it into a digital signal by AD conversion.
- Each of the reception signal obtained by the first reception unit 17 (1) and the reception signal obtained by the second reception unit 17 (2) is processed according to the following procedure.
- the sampling frequency for AD conversion is preferably four times or more the carrier frequency during transmission, and is generally set to an integer multiple of the carrier frequency during transmission.
- the received signal is affected by the Doppler shift, and the position where the carrier phase shown in FIG. Has changed since transmission. For this reason, even if the A / D converted received signal is despread as it is, the correlation gain of the despread signal is remarkably lowered and the correlation cannot be determined correctly. For this reason, a Doppler removal process is required.
- the ultrasonic measurement apparatus 2 obtains a reception signal in which the influence of the Doppler shift is reduced by performing signal processing on the reception signal without detecting the Doppler shift amount in the following steps S2 to S6.
- Step S2 Step S2 is included in Step A.
- the window setting unit 18 controlled by the calculation unit 15 cuts out signals for (T2 ⁇ T1) from T1 and T2 after a certain time from the transmission start time T0, from the reception signal converted into digital data in step S1. .
- the window setting unit 18 outputs 0 or a preset constant other than 0 to the multipliers 19 (1) and 19 (2), and a part of the received signal converted into digital data. Cut out.
- the cut-out time (T1, T2) is set based on the measurement distance that can be measured by the ultrasonic measurement apparatus and the length of the ultrasonic wave used for measurement.
- the ultrasonic wave travels back and forth between an object in the measurement range and the ultrasonic measurement device, so that the propagation distance is 2 m to 10 m. Since the speed of sound in the air of ultrasonic waves is about 340 m / sec, when 2 m and 10 m are converted into propagation times, they are about 6 msec and about 30 msec, respectively.
- the duration of the 7th order M-sequence signal is about 9.5 msec when the frequency of the carrier wave is 40 kHz and the wave number of a sine wave existing in a single code is 3.
- Multipliers 19 (1) and 19 (2) output the cut reception signals to the Doppler removal unit 20.
- Doppler removal is performed using the sampling frequency (integer multiple of the carrier frequency) synchronized with the carrier frequency at the time of ultrasonic transmission.
- FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing a specific configuration of the Doppler removal units 20 (1) and 20 (2).
- the Doppler removal units 20 (1) and 20 (2) include an orthogonal detection unit 23 and a vector calculation unit 26.
- Quadrature detection section 23 a multiplier 24 for multiplying cos .omega 0 T and sin .omega 0 T based on the carrier frequency omega 0 at the time of transmission to the reception signal (1), 24 (2), a low-pass filter 25 (1), 25 ( 2).
- the vector calculation unit 26 includes delay units 27 (1), 27 (2), multipliers 28 (1), 28 (2), 28 (3), 28 (4), and adders 29 (1), 29 (2).
- Step S3 corresponds to step B.
- Step S3 is executed by the quadrature detection unit 23.
- the received signal is decomposed into two I and Q components that are orthogonal signals that are orthogonal to each other.
- a received signal that has undergone Doppler shift is expressed as shown in Equation (1).
- w (t) is the received signal
- a d (t) is the amplitude value of the received signal
- ⁇ d is the carrier frequency subjected to Doppler shift
- T p is the propagation time of the ultrasonic wave from transmission to reception.
- b d (t) is an M sequence subjected to Doppler shift, and is expressed by the following equation (2).
- M n is the n-th value ( ⁇ 1 or 1) of the M sequence
- N is the number of data in the M sequence
- ⁇ d is the code period of the M sequence at the carrier frequency subjected to Doppler shift.
- the code period indicates the product of the carrier period and the wave number of the carrier included in one code.
- the actual received signal is converted into a digital signal (discrete signal) by A / D conversion in the receiving unit 17, but here it is expressed as a continuous wave signal for convenience.
- the I (t) component and Q (t) component obtained by quadrature detection of the received signal of the above equation (1) are expressed by equations (3) and (4), respectively.
- ⁇ d indicates the Doppler shift frequency.
- the amplitude A d (t) is considered to change sufficiently slowly, it is set as a constant A d .
- C is a constant inherent to the quadrature detection unit 23. From Equations (3) and (4), the I component and Q component fluctuate gently at the Doppler shift frequency ⁇ d in addition to the positive / negative conversion of the amplitude accompanying M-sequence encoding by two-phase phase modulation that should occur originally It includes a sine wave component.
- the I (t) component and Q (t) component of the orthogonal signal are input to the vector calculation unit 26.
- Step S4 corresponds to step C.
- Step S4 is executed by the vector calculation unit 26.
- the vector calculation unit 26 includes a delay unit 27, a multiplier 28, and an adder 29, and executes a vector calculation represented by the following equation (5). (However, ⁇ 0 is the code period at the time of transmission)
- the vector calculation unit 26 converts the I ′ (t) component and the Q ′ (t) component, which are orthogonal difference signals, from the I (t) component and the Q (t) component of the received signal. Generate.
- the I ′ (t) component and the Q ′ (t) component are represented by formula (6) and formula (7), respectively.
- ⁇ 0 represents the code period at the time of transmission, and represents the delay time of the delay unit 27 in FIG. Actually, the code period changes from ⁇ 0 to ⁇ d due to the influence of the Doppler shift. However, since ⁇ d is an unknown number, ⁇ 0 is used intentionally in the embodiment of the present invention.
- I ′ (t) and Q ′ (t) generated by the vector calculation unit 26 are orthogonal output components having a fixed phase determined by Doppler shifts ⁇ d and ⁇ 0 . Since the vector calculation process of Expression (5) essentially calculates a phase difference for each code period, this process is called a phase difference process. Due to the phase difference processing, the component that fluctuates at the Doppler shift frequency ⁇ d found in the I (t) component and the Q (t) component is an internal constant (fixed) determined by the Doppler shift frequency ⁇ d and the code period ⁇ 0. Phase). That is, I ′ (t) and Q ′ (t) have substantially constant amplitude values regardless of time. In this state, if a despreading process is performed using an appropriate reference code, a decrease in correlation output due to amplitude fluctuation can be suppressed.
- FIG. 6A shows the received signal 30 input to the quadrature detection unit 23.
- the received signal 30 is a signal including a carrier that is modulated with a code period subjected to Doppler shift.
- FIG. 6B shows an I component envelope 31 and a Q component envelope 32 output from the quadrature detection unit 23 by executing step S3, and an I component 33 and a Q component indicated by a modulated code. 34.
- the I component and the Q component include a sine wave component that gently varies at the Doppler shift frequency ⁇ d , the amplitude is not constant.
- FIG. 6C shows an envelope 35 of the I ′ component and an envelope 36 of the Q ′ component output from the vector calculation unit 26, and an I ′ component 37 and a Q ′ component 38 indicated by the modulated code.
- the I ′ component and the Q ′ component have substantially constant amplitude values regardless of time.
- the code sequences of the I ′ component and the Q ′ component are different from those before performing quadrature detection or from the code sequence of the transmission signal. ing.
- Step S5 corresponds to step D. Since the amplitude fluctuation due to the Doppler shift is suppressed by Step S3 and Step S4, the reference code used for the despreading is considered next.
- the original M sequence is changed to another sequence by the processing of the vector calculation unit 26 in step S4. For this reason, the I ′ component and the Q ′ component are despread based on a time interval synchronized with the carrier frequency using a code different from the code used for transmission.
- U (t ⁇ T p ) in Equation (8) is a unit function representing the propagation time.
- the I ′ component and the Q ′ component of the orthogonal difference signal of the vector calculation unit 26 are the original M sequence (hereinafter referred to as the original M sequence) and the M sequence obtained by shifting the original M sequence by one code period ⁇ 0. Multiplication.
- the multiplication M n ⁇ 1 M n of the M sequence and the M sequence obtained by shifting the M sequence by one code period is obtained by shifting the phase of the original M sequence.
- FIG. 7A (1) shows the original M sequence, that is, the M sequence 40 that is a code used at the time of transmission.
- An M sequence 41 delayed by one code period with respect to the M sequence 40 is shown in (2).
- the product ((1) ⁇ (2)) of the M sequence 40 and the M sequence 41 delayed by one code period is a sequence 42 indicated by (3).
- the series starting from the position of S in this series 42 (returns to the beginning and compares it to the beginning) is the one in which the phase of the original M series 40 is inverted.
- the order of the M sequence is set to 3 (the number of code strings is 7 for 2 3 ⁇ 1).
- the third order M-sequence is assumed to be 1, 1, 1, -1, -1, 1, -1.
- numbers indicating the code order are indicated by 1 to 7 on the right shoulder of the code (1 1 , 1 2 , 1 3 , ⁇ 1 4 , ⁇ 1 5 , 1 6 , ⁇ 1 7 ).
- (Ii) shows an M sequence shifted by one code period from the tertiary M sequence shown in (i).
- a code sequence represented by (i) ⁇ (ii) is obtained.
- the code sequence obtained by inverting this is (i ′). Seven consecutive codes from the sixth code indicated by the broken line in (i ′) are equal to the M series indicated by the broken line in (i).
- the codes from the top of (i ′) to the fifth are the same as the third to seventh codes of the M sequence shown in (i).
- the code sequence shown in (i ′) is an M sequence 1, ⁇ 1, ⁇ 1, 1, ⁇ 1, in which the M sequence code shown in (i) is rotated by three codes and the phase is rotated in the positive direction.
- the similarity of the M series is used. Specifically, the M sequence used for transmission is determined, and the sequence of the M sequence shifted by one code period and the sequence obtained by inverting the product of the M sequence is rotated. Find out if it is.
- the code and the code length of the M sequence used to transmit the order N m (e.g., m is 1 or -1) when a, M series, m 1, ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ m k, in ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ m N (K is a natural number satisfying 2 ⁇ k ⁇ N).
- demodulation M sequence phase rotated the M-sequence, m i, ⁇ , m k , ⁇ m N, m 1, represented by ⁇ m i-1 (i is 1 ⁇ i ⁇ k, a natural number)).
- the M sequence with the phase rotated is used as a demodulation M sequence, and each of the I ′ component and the Q ′ component of the orthogonal difference signal is despread.
- the demodulation M-sequence needs to rotate the phase of the original M-sequence and further invert the phase.
- the despreading processing of the I ′ component and the Q ′ component is performed using the demodulation M sequence that does not invert the phase, only the phases of the I ′ component and the Q ′ component are inverted, and the I ′ component and the Q ′ component 'Does not affect the result of the operation for obtaining the amplitude and phase of the received signal.
- FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing basic processing of the despreading unit in the embodiment of the present invention.
- the despreading unit 45 performs despreading processing on the I ′ component and Q ′ component of the orthogonal difference signal obtained from the vector calculation unit 26 of the Doppler removal unit 20 using the demodulation M sequence 46.
- the despreading unit 45 further includes a delay unit 47, a multiplier 48, and an adder 49. By using a correlator configured by these, the I ′ component and the Q ′ component are correlated for each code period. Ask for.
- the delay time of the delay unit 47 is ⁇ 0 .
- the output of the despreading unit 45 is an orthogonal despread signal, which is the despread I ′′ component and Q ′′ component (the real part and the imaginary part when the received signal is represented by a complex number).
- Step S6 corresponds to step E.
- the amplitude and phase signal of the received signal from which the influence of the Doppler shift is removed are estimated.
- the I ′′ component and Q ′′ component of the orthogonal despread signal that is the output of the despreading unit 45 in FIG. 8 is input to the demodulation unit 52.
- the demodulator 52 includes an amplitude estimator 50 and a phase estimator 51, and estimates the amplitude and phase by the processing shown in FIG.
- the amplitude estimator 50 finds the amplitude of the received signal by squaring each of the I ′′ and Q ′′ components and calculating the square root of the sum.
- the phase estimator 51 obtains the phase of the received signal by calculating the arc tangent of the ratio between the Q ′′ component and the I ′′ component.
- the first reception unit By executing steps S2 to S6 for each of the reception signal obtained by the first reception unit 17 (1) and the reception signal obtained by the second reception unit 17 (2), the first reception unit The amplitude and phase of the reception signal obtained by 17 (1) and the reception signal obtained by the second reception unit 17 (2) are respectively obtained.
- Step S7 corresponds to step F.
- the estimated values of the amplitude and phase estimated in step S6 are input to the distance and azimuth calculation unit 22, where the propagation time and azimuth of the ultrasonic wave are estimated, and the position information of the object 3 is calculated.
- the time when the received signal becomes equal to or greater than a predetermined amplitude value is set as the arrival time of the ultrasonic wave from the object 3.
- a value obtained by multiplying a half of the time from the time when the ultrasonic wave is transmitted from the transmitter 12 to the arrival time by the propagation speed of the ultrasonic wave is the distance D1 between the object 3 and the first receiving unit 17 (1) and The distance D2 to the second receiving unit 17 (2) is obtained. Since the distance between the first receiving unit 17 (1) and the second receiving unit 17 (2) is L, the position or direction of the apex of the triangle having the three sides of the distances D1, D2, and L can be determined by triangulation.
- the orientation of the object 3 can be obtained.
- the phase of the received signal may be used. Both the orientation of the object 3 and the distance to the object 3 may be obtained, or only one of them may be obtained.
- the delay time in the delay unit is set to ⁇ 0 . Since the actual code periods of stretched M sequence receiving Doppler shift is tau d, even when it is ⁇ 0 ⁇ ⁇ d, in the case of the next number of large M-sequence difference period will be credited to each code As a result, a mismatch between the code of the received data and the demodulation M-sequence code occurs from the end of the M-sequence, and the correlation gain gradually decreases. In particular, the deviation of the code period in the last code of the M sequence is the largest.
- the peak value of the correlation is about 2.
- a relative velocity of 7 m / s occurs, a shift of one code period occurs in the final code.
- the correlation peak is considered to coincide with the case where there is no Doppler shift even if the code period is regarded as ⁇ 0 .
- a general speed of a person is 1.6 m / s, and a general speed for an autonomous mobile robot to operate in an indoor environment is 1 m / s or less. Therefore, in consideration of these speeds, the present method is a very effective method that can remove the influence of the Doppler shift without measuring the Doppler shift itself only by adding relatively simple hardware or software.
- the orthogonal detection output of the received signal is processed at intervals synchronized with the code period based on the carrier frequency at the time of transmission, thereby suppressing the influence of Doppler shift and using the M sequence used for the despreading process.
- a despread signal having the same S / N as that without Doppler shift can be obtained. Therefore, according to the present invention, Doppler shift compensation is possible, and the distance and direction to the object can be accurately measured.
- the M-sequence pseudo-random signal is used for encoding the transmission signal.
- other pseudo-random signals such as a Barker sequence and a Golay sequence are used. It may be used.
- codes used for despreading the I ′ component and the Q ′ component of the received signal Is not obtained by rotating the phase of another pseudo-random signal such as a Barker sequence or Golay sequence used for transmission.
- the code used for the component despreading process can be obtained.
- FIGS. 9A to 9C show an example of an experimental result of a real-time waveform of Doppler shift removal performed using the ultrasonic measurement apparatus 2 of the present embodiment.
- the experiment is an experimental result in the case of using a 9th order M sequence (symbol 511) at a carrier frequency of 40 kHz.
- the wave transmitter was placed on a linear moving stage, a speed of 480 mm / s was applied, and the wave receiver was fixed.
- As a transmission wave two periods of ultrasonic waves encoded with a 9th-order M sequence were used.
- FIG. 9A shows the received waveform 60.
- the sampling frequency on the receiving side was set to 160 kHz, and was set to 4 times the carrier frequency of 40 kHz during transmission.
- FIG. 9B shows the despread signal 61 when the demodulation M sequence is corrected (compressed) using the set relative speed 480 mm / s and Doppler compensation is performed.
- the Doppler shift is completely corrected, an S / N of 40 dB or more is shown.
- a very large S / N ratio was not obtained. This is largely due to the set speed error.
- it is essential to measure the relative speed with high accuracy.
- FIG. 9C shows the despread signal 62 from which the Doppler shift is removed using the ultrasonic measurement method according to the present embodiment. Compared with the despread signal 61, the S / N is high, and it can be seen that the ultrasonic measurement method of the present invention is effective.
- FIG. 10 shows the experimental results of examining to what extent the Doppler shift can actually be corrected when the 7th order M series is used.
- the horizontal axis represents the relative velocity
- the vertical axis represents the peak amplitude value of the despread signal.
- a broken line 63 indicates a change in speed of the peak amplitude value when no Doppler shift is corrected.
- a broken line 64 indicates a result of correction using the set speed information. In this example, since the speed information can be acquired relatively well, a good correction result is obtained in a wide range.
- a solid line 65 indicates a change in velocity of the peak amplitude value obtained by the ultrasonic measurement method of the present embodiment. In the range where the relative speed is about ⁇ 3 m / s, a large maximum amplitude value is obtained. The change in the peak value itself is the same result as when there is no Doppler shift.
- the moving speed of a person walking is about 1.6m / s.
- a self-propelled device or autonomous mobile robot used in cooperation with a person is preferably slower than the walking speed of the person so as not to give a sense of intimidation to the person, for example, about 0.5 m / s. It is preferable.
- the autonomous mobile robot moves at a speed similar to that of a person, the relative speed generated when the autonomous mobile robot passes a person or another self-supporting mobile robot is about 3.2 m / s. For this reason, as shown in the above experimental results, if a large maximum amplitude value is obtained in a range of about ⁇ 3 m / s, the ultrasonic measurement method and ultrasonic measurement apparatus of this embodiment have sufficient practicality. It can be said. According to the present embodiment, it is possible to detect an ultrasonic wave having a high S / N without obtaining a relative velocity, and a sufficient effect can be obtained by a very simple method that does not use velocity information.
- the ultrasonic measurement apparatus and ultrasonic measurement method of the present invention compensates for Doppler shift without using speed information when a relative velocity occurs between the ultrasonic measurement apparatus and an object or between a transmitter and a receiver.
- Distance and direction can be measured. It is suitably used for rangefinders and azimuth meters mounted on autonomous mobile robots. For example, it is suitably used for a transfer robot in an indoor environment such as a railway station or an airport.
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Abstract
Description
ステップS1は、ステップAに対応する。第1の受波器13(1)、第2の受波器13(2)は、送波器12から送波され、物体2において反射した超音波をそれぞれ受信する。第1の受波器13(1)、第2の受波器13(2)は、受信した超音波を電気的な受信信号に変換する。第1の受信部17(1)、第2の受信部17(2)は、それぞれ受信信号を増幅し、A-D変換によりデジタル信号に変換する。第1の受信部17(1)によって得られた受信信号および、第2の受信部17(2)によって得られた受信信号のそれぞれが、以下の手順にしたがって処理される。A-D変換のサンプリング周波数は、送信時のキャリアの周波数の4倍以上であることが望ましく、また一般には送信時のキャリアの周波数の整数倍に設定される。
ステップS2は、ステップAに含まれる。演算部15によって制御された窓設定部18は、ステップS1でデジタルデータに変換された受信信号から、送信開始時刻T0より一定時間経過したT1およびT2までの(T2-T1)分の信号を切り出す。
ステップS3はステップBに対応する。ステップS3は直交検波部23により実行される。受信信号は直交検波部23において、送信時のキャリア周波数ω0に基づき、2つの互いに直交する直交信号であるI成分およびQ成分に分解される。ドプラシフトを受けた受信信号は式(1)のように表現される。
ステップS4はステップCに対応する。ステップS4はベクトル演算部26により実行される。ベクトル演算部26は、遅延部27、乗算器28および加算器29を含み、次式(5)で示されるベクトル演算を実行する。
ステップS5はステップDに対応する。ステップS3およびステップS4によってドプラシフトによる振幅変動が抑制されたので、次に逆拡散に用いる参照符号を考える。ステップS4におけるベクトル演算部26の処理により元のM系列は別の系列に変化する。このため、I’成分およびQ’成分を、送信に用いた符号とは異なる符号を用いて、キャリア周波数と同期した時間間隔に基づき逆拡散処理する。
ステップS6はステップEに対応する。ステップS5によって逆拡散された直交逆拡散信号を用いて、ドプラシフトの影響が除去された受信信号の振幅および位相信号が推定される。具体的には、図8の逆拡散部45の出力である直交逆拡散信号のI’’成分およびQ’’成分は、復調部52に入力される。復調部52は、振幅推定器50および位相推定器51を含み、図8に示される処理により、振幅および位相を推定する。具体的には、振幅推定器50は、I’’成分およびQ’’成分のそれぞれを二乗し、足し合わせた値の平方根を計算することにより、受信信号の振幅を求める。また、位相推定器51は、Q’’成分とI’’成分との比のアークタンジェントを計算することにより、受信信号の位相を求める。
ステップS7は、ステップFに対応する。ステップS6で推定された振幅および位相の推定値は、距離方位算出部22へ入力され、超音波の伝搬時間や方位が推定され、物体3の位置情報が計算される。
本実施形態の超音波測定装置2によって、ドプラシフトによる影響を除去する実験を行った、結果を以下に説明する。
2,101 超音波測定装置
3 物体
4,7 超音波伝搬経路
5 拡散符号
6 キャリア信号(送信信号)
8,12 送波器
9,13 受波器
14 送信部
15 演算部
17 受信部
18 窓設定部
19,24,28,48 乗算器
20 ドプラ除去部
21,81a,81b,81c,81d,81e 逆拡散部
22 距離方位算出部
23 直交検波部
25 ローパスフィルタ
26 ベクトル演算部
27,47 遅延部
29,49 加算器
30,60,70,80 受信波形
31 I成分の包絡線
32 Q成分の包絡線
33 I成分
34 Q成分
35 I’成分の包絡線
36 Q’成分の包絡線
37 I’成分
38 Q’成分
40 原M系列
41 1ビットシフトしたM系列
42 乗算後のM系列(復調用M系列)
45 相関器
46 復調用M系列
50 振幅推定器
51 位相推定器
52 復調部
61,62 逆拡散振幅波形
63,64,65 逆拡散振幅最大値
71,72,82a,82b,82c,82d,82e 逆拡散波形
91,93,96 サブキャリア
92,94,97 ドプラシフト補償用信号
95 周波数ずれ
103 相関器
104 ピーク検出器
105 パルス発生器
Claims (10)
- 所定のキャリア周波数を有し、前記キャリア周波数に同期した符号周期を持つ符号を用いて変調された、符号化スペクトラム拡散超音波信号を用いて、前記符号化スペクトラム拡散超音波信号の伝搬距離および伝搬方位のうち、少なくとも一方を計測する超音波測定方法であって、
前記符号化スペクトラム拡散超音波信号を少なくとも2個の受波器で受信し、少なくとも2つの受信信号を生成するステップAと、
前記少なくとも2つの受信信号を、前記キャリア周波数を用いてそれぞれ直交検波し、それぞれの受信信号のI成分およびQ成分を生成するステップBと、
前記それぞれの受信信号のI成分およびQ成分を、前記キャリア周波数の周期に同期した符号周期に基づき位相差分処理し、ドプラシフトによる位相変動が除去されたI’成分およびQ’成分を生成するステップCと、
前記それぞれの受信信号のI’成分およびQ’成分を、前記符号とは異なる符号を用いて、前記キャリア周波数と同期した時間間隔に基づき逆拡散処理して、逆拡散されたI’’成分およびQ’’成分を生成するステップDと、
前記それぞれの受信信号のI’’成分およびQ’’成分から前記それぞれの受信信号の振幅情報および位相情報を演算するステップEと、
前記それぞれの受信信号について計算された振幅情報および位相情報から、超音波の伝搬距離および伝搬方位のうちの少なくとも一方を算出するステップFと
を包含する超音波測定方法。 - 前記符号に、前記キャリア周波数の位相の0度および180度の状態を割り当てる請求項1記載の超音波測定方法。
- 前記符号はM系列の擬似拡散符号である請求項1から3のいずれかに記載の超音波測定方法。
- 前記ステップ(D)における前記符号とは異なる符号は、前記符号の位相を回転させたM系列の擬似拡散符号である請求項4に記載の超音波測定方法。
- 所定のキャリア周波数を有し、前記キャリア周波数に同期した符号周期を持つ符号を用いて変調された、符号化スペクトラム拡散超音波信号を用いて、前記符号化スペクトラム拡散超音波信号の伝搬距離および伝搬方位のうち、少なくとも一方を計測する超音波測定装置であって、
前記符号化スペクトラム拡散超音波信号を少なくとも2個の受波器で受信し、少なくとも2つの受信信号を生成する受信部と、
前記少なくとも2つの受信信号を、前記キャリア周波数を用いてそれぞれ直交検波し、それぞれの受信信号のI成分、およびQ成分を生成する直交検波部と、
前記それぞれの受信信号のI成分およびQ成分を、前記キャリア周波数の周期に同期した符号周期に基づき位相差分処理し、ドプラシフトによる位相変動が除去されたI’成分およびQ’成分を生成するベクトル演算部と、
前記それぞれの受信信号の前記I’成分およびQ’成分を、前記符号とは異なる符号を用い、前記キャリア周波数と同期した時間間隔に基づき逆拡散処理して、逆拡散されたI’’成分およびQ’’成分を生成する逆拡散部と、
前記それぞれの受信信号のI’’成分およびQ’’成分から前記それぞれの受信信号の振幅情報および位相情報を演算する復調部と、
前記それぞれの受信信号について計算された振幅および位相情報から、超音波の伝搬距離および伝搬方位のうちの少なくとも一方を算出する距離方位算出部と
を備える超音波測定装置。 - 前記符号に、前記キャリア周波数の位相の0度および180度の状態を割り当てる請求項6記載の超音波測定装置。
- 前記符号はM系列の擬似拡散符号である請求項6から8のいずれかに記載の超音波測定装置。
- 前記符号とは異なる符号は、前記符号の位相を回転させたM系列である請求項9に記載の超音波測定装置。
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US8726733B2 (en) | 2014-05-20 |
JPWO2011102130A1 (ja) | 2013-06-17 |
US20120055250A1 (en) | 2012-03-08 |
JP4783481B1 (ja) | 2011-09-28 |
CN102449500A (zh) | 2012-05-09 |
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