WO2011043026A1 - リチウムイオン二次電池用負極およびリチウムイオン二次電池 - Google Patents
リチウムイオン二次電池用負極およびリチウムイオン二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011043026A1 WO2011043026A1 PCT/JP2010/005789 JP2010005789W WO2011043026A1 WO 2011043026 A1 WO2011043026 A1 WO 2011043026A1 JP 2010005789 W JP2010005789 W JP 2010005789W WO 2011043026 A1 WO2011043026 A1 WO 2011043026A1
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- negative electrode
- lithium ion
- secondary battery
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- active material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1395—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/70—Carriers or collectors characterised by shape or form
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery and a lithium ion secondary battery using the same. Specifically, the present invention relates to improvement of a negative electrode using an alloy-based active material.
- a lithium ion secondary battery is a battery that satisfies such requirements.
- the lithium ion secondary battery includes a positive electrode and a negative electrode that occlude and release lithium ions, a separator that separates the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and an electrolyte having lithium ion conductivity.
- the negative electrode is usually formed by supporting a negative electrode active material layer on the surface of a negative electrode current collector such as a copper foil.
- carbon-based negative electrode active materials such as graphite have been used as the negative electrode active material contained in the negative electrode active material layer.
- alloy-based negative electrode active materials are also known as negative electrode active materials having higher capacity and higher energy density than carbon-based negative electrode active materials.
- the alloy-based negative electrode active material includes, for example, a simple substance, an oxide, or an alloy of silicon or tin.
- the alloy-based negative electrode active material When charging and discharging a lithium ion secondary battery, the alloy-based negative electrode active material reversibly occludes or releases lithium ions.
- the alloy-based negative electrode active material reversibly expands by being alloyed with lithium by occlusion of lithium ions, and dealloyed and contracted by releasing lithium ions.
- the negative electrode active material expands significantly by occlusion of lithium ions.
- the expansion rate of the alloy-based negative electrode active material by occlusion of lithium ions is significantly higher than that of the carbon-based negative electrode active material.
- the negative electrode current collector itself cannot deform sufficiently following the significant expansion of the alloy-based negative electrode active material. For this reason, the negative electrode current collector may be partially damaged or the negative electrode active material layer may be partially peeled from the negative electrode current collector during charging. In this case, a gap is formed between the negative electrode current collector and the negative electrode active material layer, and there is a concern that charge / discharge characteristics may be deteriorated due to a decrease in electrical conductivity between the two.
- a negative electrode in which a void is provided inside the negative electrode active material layer is known.
- a silicon thin film is formed on a flat surface of a negative electrode current collector, and a silicon columnar convex portion is formed by partially removing the formed silicon thin film.
- voids can be formed between adjacent columnar convex portions of silicon, thereby relieving internal stress of the alloy-based active material generated during expansion. It discloses that generation of soot can be suppressed.
- the present invention relates to a lithium ion secondary battery using a high capacity alloy-based negative electrode active material, in which a reduction in cycle characteristics is suppressed by reducing the occurrence of cracks due to repeated charge and discharge, and a high capacity lithium
- An object is to provide an ion secondary battery.
- a negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery includes a current collector sheet and a negative electrode active material layer supported by the current collector sheet, and the current collector sheet has a pattern having regular intervals.
- Each of the convex portions has a surface comprising a plurality of convex portions arranged along the plurality of convex portions and a plurality of flat portions existing between the plurality of convex portions, and the negative electrode active material layer is made of an alloy-based negative electrode active material.
- the central portion of two adjacent columnar bodies and a virtual straight line passing through the central portion of the raised body sandwiched between the two columnar bodies are collected.
- the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the raised body to the cross-sectional area of the space defined by the line segment connecting the closest positions of the two columnar bodies, the surface of the flat portion, and the side surfaces of the two columnar bodies is an average of 25%. That's it.
- the columnar body and the raised body that are expanded during charging of the battery come into contact with each other to disperse the internal stress generated in the negative electrode active material layer and The expansion of the material is limited. Thereby, it can suppress that a crack etc. generate
- the raised body arranged in the space formed between the plurality of columnar bodies contributes to securing the capacity of the battery. Therefore, when the same amount of the alloy-based negative electrode active material is supported on the current collector, the space can be used effectively, so that concentration of internal stress generated in the negative electrode active material layer can be suppressed.
- a lithium ion secondary battery includes a negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery, a positive electrode that absorbs and releases lithium ions, a separator that separates the negative electrode and the positive electrode, and an electrolyte having lithium ion conductivity. And comprising.
- Such a lithium ion secondary battery has a high capacity and excellent cycle characteristics.
- a high-capacity lithium ion secondary battery excellent in cycle characteristics can be provided.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic top view of a negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery in the present embodiment.
- 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view taken along the line II-II in FIG.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic vertical cross-sectional view of one surface of the negative electrode 10 during charging of the lithium ion secondary battery.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a vapor deposition apparatus for forming the negative electrode active material layer.
- FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram for explaining the formation of a raised body.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic vertical cross-sectional view of the stacked lithium ion secondary battery in the present embodiment.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic top view of one surface of the negative electrode 10.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a longitudinal section taken along line II-II in FIG.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of one surface of the negative electrode 10 during charging of a lithium ion secondary battery (hereinafter also simply referred to as a battery).
- the negative electrode 10 includes a negative electrode current collector 1 and a negative electrode active material layer 2 supported on both surfaces of the negative electrode current collector 1. As shown in FIG.
- the negative electrode current collector 1 has a plurality of convex portions 1a having a height H3 arranged along a pattern having regular intervals on both surfaces thereof, and the convex portions 1a. It is a metal sheet which has the flat part 1b in between.
- the negative electrode active material layer 2 is made of an alloy-based negative electrode active material that absorbs and releases lithium ions (hereinafter also simply referred to as a negative electrode active material).
- the negative electrode active material layer 2 includes a substantially spindle-shaped columnar body 2a having a height H1 supported by the convex portion 1a of the current collector 1 and a raised central portion supported by the flat portion 1b of the current collector 1. And a raised body 2b having a height H2.
- FIG.1 and FIG.2 the mode of the negative electrode active material layer 2 of a discharge state is shown.
- the alloy-based negative electrode active material conventionally known materials that form an alloy with lithium ions, such as simple substances, oxides, and alloys of silicon and tin, are used without particular limitation.
- silicon oxide represented by SiO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.5) is particularly preferable from the viewpoint of maintaining a high capacity.
- x exceeds 1.5, it is necessary to form a thicker negative electrode active material layer 2 in order to ensure capacity, and in this case, the negative electrode current collector 1 tends to warp.
- x is more preferably 0.3 or more and 1.2 or less. When x is 0.3 or more, expansion and contraction of the negative electrode active material accompanying charge / discharge is smaller than that of silicon alone, and a change in stress generated during expansion and contraction can be reduced.
- the raised body 2b is present on the surface of the flat portion 1b sandwiched between the adjacent columnar bodies 2a.
- the raised body 2b is obtained by vertically cutting along a straight line passing through the central part of the raised body 2b when the negative electrode 10 is viewed from above and the central parts of the two columnar bodies 2a adjacent to the raised body 2b.
- the imaginary longitudinal section it exists in the space B defined by the line segment A connecting the closest positions of the columnar bodies 2a, the surface of the flat portion 1b, and the side surfaces of the two columnar bodies 2a.
- the space B is an area surrounded by a broken line.
- the “discharge state” means a discharge state in a charge / discharge period (break-in / discharge) in an initial stage of use of the lithium ion secondary battery in which the negative electrode 10 is incorporated.
- the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the raised body 2b to the cross-sectional area of the space B is determined by taking out the negative electrode 10 from the discharged lithium ion secondary battery and observing the negative electrode 10 from any cross-section or horizontal direction with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) It is obtained by taking an image of the measured surface, measuring the cross-sectional area of the space B and the cross-sectional area of the raised body 2b, and calculating the cross-sectional area of the raised body 2b with respect to the cross-sectional area of the space B.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- a raised body 2b made of a negative electrode active material that contributes to the charge / discharge reaction is formed in a space formed between the plurality of columnar bodies 2a.
- the negative electrode active material layer 2 having such a raised body 2b when the negative electrode active material is expanded, as shown in FIG. 3, the expanded raised body 2b and the expanded columnar body 2a come into contact with each other. The internal stress generated in the negative electrode active material layer 2 is dispersed. Further, when the battery is charged, the columnar body 2a and the raised body 2b are occluded and swelled with lithium ions. The expanded columnar body 2a is supported by contacting the expanded bulge 2b.
- the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the raised body 2b to the cross-sectional area of the space B is 25% or more, preferably 30 to 60%, more preferably 30 to 40%.
- the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the raised body 2b to the cross-sectional area of the space B is less than 25%, the contribution of the raised body 2b for securing the capacity is reduced, and cracks are caused by excessive expansion of the negative electrode active material. Occur.
- the upper limit of the ratio of the area of the raised body 2b to the area of the space B is not particularly limited, but if it is too high, the effect of stress relaxation due to the space existing between the columnar bodies 2a tends to be low.
- the lithium ion secondary battery in which the negative electrode 10 in the initial stage of use is incorporated is charged. For example, in the environment of 20 ° C., constant current charging is performed until the battery voltage becomes 4.2 V at a charging rate of 1 C, and then constant voltage charging is performed until the current value becomes 0.05 C. Then, the charged lithium ion secondary battery is discharged. Discharge is performed at a discharge rate of 0.2 C and constant current discharge until the battery voltage reaches 2.5V. Such a state after the constant current discharge in the initial use of the lithium ion secondary battery is referred to as an “initial discharge state”.
- the electrode plate group including the negative electrode 10 is taken out from the lithium ion secondary battery in the initial discharge state. And the negative electrode 10 is taken out from the taken-out electrode plate group. Then, an arbitrary cross section or a horizontal plane of the obtained negative electrode 10 is observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), for example, at a magnification of 2000 times. Then, a line segment A connecting the closest positions of the two columnar bodies 2a is drawn from the obtained SEM image. And the cross-sectional area of the space B which is the area
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- the cross-sectional area of the raised body 2b existing in the space B is measured from the same SEM image.
- the occupation ratio of the cross-sectional area of the protruding body 2b with respect to the cross-sectional area of the measured space B is calculated.
- several points, for example, five points are calculated for the cross-sectional area of the raised body 2b with respect to the cross-sectional area of the space B, and the area ratio of each point is arithmetically averaged. In this way, the occupation ratio of the cross-sectional area of the raised body 2b to the cross-sectional area of the space B of the negative electrode 10 in the initial discharge state is calculated.
- the cross-sectional shape of the columnar body 2a in a discharged state is a substantially spindle shape whose side surfaces are partially expanded, and preferably a substantially spindle shape that is expanded above the center portion.
- the height H1 of the columnar body 2a is preferably about 20 to 30 ⁇ m, more preferably about 22 to 24 ⁇ m, as the height from the flat portion 1b of the negative electrode current collector 1 to the top thereof.
- the expanded columnar bodies 2a come into close contact with each other, so that the expansion is regulated between the columnar bodies 2a.
- the height H2 of the top of the raised body 2b in the discharge state is preferably about 3 to 6 ⁇ m, more preferably about 3 to 4 ⁇ m, as the height from the surface of the flat portion 1b of the negative electrode current collector 1 to the top. .
- the height H2 of the top of the raised body 2b in the discharged state is preferably 10 to 30%, more preferably 10 to 25% with respect to the height H1 of the top of the columnar body 2a.
- the ratio of the height H2 of the top of the raised body 2b is too low with respect to the height H1 of the top of the columnar body 2a, the effect of securing the capacity by the raised body 2b is reduced, and the height 2 is in contact with the columnar body 2a. The effect of restricting the expansion due to this tends to be small.
- the proportion of the height of the raised body 2b is too high, the effect of stress relaxation due to the space existing between the columnar bodies 2a tends to be reduced.
- the shape of the raised body 2 b in the discharge state is that the central part is raised in a hill shape rather than the surrounding area, and the shape along the lower part of the substantially spindle-shaped columnar body. It is preferable because there is.
- the height of the top portion of the central portion of the raised body 2b is preferably 1.3 times or more, more preferably 1.3 to 2.5 times the height of the end portion 2c.
- the porosity of the negative electrode active material layer 2 in the initial discharge state is preferably about 20 to 70%, more preferably about 30 to 40%. When the porosity is too high, the density of the negative electrode active material tends to be small, and when the porosity is too low, the effect of stress relaxation due to the space existing between the columnar bodies 2a tends to be low.
- the porosity of the negative electrode active material layer 2 can be determined, for example, by measurement using a mercury porosimeter.
- the volume ratio of the raised body 2b in the negative electrode active material layer 2 tends to be low. That is, between the adjacent columnar bodies 2a, there is a tendency that the raised body 2b having a sufficient volume that sufficiently contributes to securing the capacity is not formed.
- the porosity of the active material layer 2 is too low, the volume ratio of the raised bodies 2b in the negative electrode active material layer 2 tends to be high. In such a case, the stress relaxation effect due to the space existing between the columnar bodies 2a tends to be low.
- the negative electrode 10 uses, for example, a vapor-phase thin film formation method such as a vapor deposition process on the surface of the negative electrode current collector 1 having a plurality of convex portions 1a and flat portions 2b arranged along a regular pattern.
- a vapor-phase thin film formation method such as a vapor deposition process on the surface of the negative electrode current collector 1 having a plurality of convex portions 1a and flat portions 2b arranged along a regular pattern.
- the growth rate of the alloy-based negative electrode active material in the convex portion 1a and the growth rate of the alloy-based negative electrode active material in the flat portion 1b that is shaded by the convex portion 1a are controlled. However, it is obtained by growing the columnar body 2a and the raised body 2b.
- the negative electrode current collector 1 can be formed, for example, by pressing a sheet-shaped current collector material with a steel roller having a concave portion corresponding to the shape of the convex portion 1a on the surface.
- the current collector material include copper foil, copper alloy foil, and nickel foil.
- Specific examples of the copper alloy foil include a copper alloy foil in which 0.2% by mass of chromium, tin, zinc, silicon, nickel and the like are added to copper, and 0.05 to 0.2% by mass of tin with respect to copper. % Copper alloy foil, copper alloy foil in which zirconium is added in an amount of 0.02 to 0.2 mass%, copper alloy foil in which titanium is added in an amount of 1 to 4 mass%, and the like.
- the height H3 of the convex portion 1a is not particularly limited, but is preferably 3 to 15 ⁇ m, more preferably 5 to 10 ⁇ m.
- a shadowing effect that controls the deposition rate on the flat portion 1b when depositing the alloy-based negative electrode active material by the shielding effect of the convex portion 1a appears.
- the alloy-based active material grows too much on the flat portion 1b.
- the shadowing effect becomes too high, and the raised body 2b tends not to be formed on the surface of the flat part 1b.
- each convex part 1a is not specifically limited, Specifically, column shape, such as a rhombus shape, cone shape, trapezoid shape, etc. are mentioned, for example. Among these, a rhombus shape is preferable from the viewpoint of ease of processing. Further, the regular arrangement pattern of the convex portions 1a is not particularly limited, and specific examples thereof include a lattice arrangement and a staggered arrangement. Among these, the staggered arrangement is preferable from the viewpoint of excellent stress relaxation because the porosity after deposition is appropriate.
- the area ratio of the flat portion 1b occupying the surface of the negative electrode current collector 1 is preferably 30 to 50%, more preferably 30 to 35%.
- the area ratio of the flat portion 1b is too low, a sufficient space cannot be maintained between the adjacent columnar bodies 2a, and the shadowing effect during the vapor deposition process described later becomes too high, resulting in a bulge.
- the body 2b tends to be difficult to be formed.
- the area ratio of the flat part 1b is too high, the space between adjacent columnar bodies 2a becomes too large, and therefore, the shadowing effect during the vapor deposition process described later becomes too low, There is a tendency that a space is hardly formed between the adjacent columnar bodies 2a.
- the columnar body 2a and the raised body 2b are formed by vapor deposition of an alloy-based negative electrode active material source under a predetermined condition (hereinafter also referred to as oblique vapor deposition process) from the oblique direction with respect to the surface of the negative electrode current collector 1.
- a predetermined condition hereinafter also referred to as oblique vapor deposition process
- the flat part 1b becomes the shade of the convex part 1a at the time of vapor deposition. Therefore, the growth rate of the alloy type active material in the flat part 1b becomes lower than the growth rate of the alloy type active material in the convex part 1a.
- the columnar body 2a and the raised body 2b smaller than the columnar body 2a are formed.
- a raised body 2b having a shape in which the central part protrudes compared to the periphery thereof is formed.
- the oblique vapor deposition process is performed by, for example, multi-stage vapor deposition using a vapor deposition apparatus 40 as shown in FIG. 4 while vapor-depositing while changing the angle of the negative electrode current collector 1 with respect to the target 45.
- the vapor deposition apparatus 40 is composed of a vacuum chamber 41, a nozzle 43 for supplying a raw material gas and the like, a fixing base 44 for fixing the negative electrode current collector 1, silicon, tin, oxides or alloys thereof, and the like.
- a target 45 which is a vapor deposition source and an electron beam gun 46 for evaporating the target are provided.
- the fixed base 44 is movable in the direction indicated by the arrow in FIG.
- the negative electrode current collector 1 is fixed to the fixing base 44.
- the angle ⁇ 1 formed with the horizontal direction of the fixing base 44 is set to 50 to 72 °, for example, so that the vapor from the target 45 contacts the surface of the negative electrode current collector 1 from an oblique direction. Is preferably adjusted to be in the range of about 60 to 65 °.
- gas is flowed from the nozzle 43 with a predetermined
- the gas include a carrier gas that is an inert gas such as helium (He), argon (Ar), and nitrogen, in addition to a source gas such as oxygen for forming silicon oxide.
- the pressure in the vacuum chamber 41 is adjusted to a predetermined pressure by a regulator (not shown).
- the target 45 made of silicon or the like is evaporated by irradiating the target 45 with the electron beam while adjusting the acceleration voltage of the electron beam gun 46.
- the evaporated material of the target 45 and the source gas such as oxygen supplied from the nozzle 43 are deposited on the surface of the negative electrode current collector 1.
- Such a vapor deposition process is performed for a predetermined time.
- the flat portion 1 b formed between the convex portions 1 a with respect to the direction of the target 45 is partially Is shaded.
- the growth of the vapor deposition film on one side of the convex portion 1a is accelerated, and the growth of the vapor deposition film on the surface of the flat portion 1b which is the shadow portion is delayed.
- the effect of adjusting the growth rate of the deposited film by using the shade of the convex portion 1a is called a shadowing effect. In this way, the first stage vapor deposition is performed.
- the flow rate of the gas supplied from the nozzle 43 is relatively increased, the pressure in the vacuum chamber 41 is relatively increased, or the acceleration voltage of the electron beam gun 46 is increased. It is preferable to increase the collision frequency between the source atoms 50 evaporated from the target 45 and the gas 51 supplied from the nozzle 43 by appropriately changing it. Thereby, as shown in FIG. 5, it is possible to change the incident direction of the source atoms 50 evaporated from the target 45 with respect to the surface of the negative electrode current collector 1. As a result, it is possible to adjust the amount of source atoms 50 and gas 51 deposited on the flat portion 1b that is a shadow of the convex portion 1a.
- the inside of the vacuum chamber 41 is reduced to, for example, 7 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Pa (abs) or less, and then an inert gas is introduced, for example, 1 ⁇ 10 6.
- the pressure is adjusted to about -2 to 5 ⁇ 10 -2 Pa (abs). According to such conditions, since the collision frequency of molecules increases, it is possible to promote the growth of the deposited film on the flat portion 1b.
- the inclination of the surface of the negative electrode current collector 1 with respect to the target 45 is adjusted to an angle ⁇ 2 formed with the horizontal direction by moving the fixed base 44.
- the angle ⁇ 2 is normally adjusted to be ⁇ 1 degree with respect to the horizontal direction with respect to the angle ⁇ 1 adjusted in the first step.
- the vapor deposition process is performed under the same conditions as the first-stage vapor deposition conditions. In this way, the second stage vapor deposition is performed.
- the columnar body 2 a and the raised body 2 b are formed on the surface of the negative electrode current collector 1. Is done. In this way, the negative electrode 10 is obtained.
- the laminated lithium ion secondary battery 11 includes an electrode group including a negative electrode 10, a positive electrode 12, and a separator 13 that separates them, and an electrolyte having lithium ion conductivity.
- the electrode group and the electrolyte are accommodated in the outer case 14.
- the negative electrode 10 includes a negative electrode current collector 1 and a negative electrode active material layer 2 formed on the negative electrode current collector 1.
- the positive electrode 12 includes a positive electrode current collector 17 and a positive electrode active material layer 18 formed on the positive electrode current collector 17.
- One end of a negative electrode lead 19 and a positive electrode lead 20 is connected to the negative electrode current collector 1 and the positive electrode current collector 17, respectively, and the other end of each lead 19, 20 is led out of the exterior case 14.
- the exterior case 14 is a laminate film in which an aluminum foil is laminated on a resin film, and the opening 21 is sealed with a gasket 22 made of a resin material.
- the positive electrode 12 can be obtained, for example, by applying a positive electrode mixture liquid in which a positive electrode active material, a conductive agent, a binder, and the like are dispersed in a dispersion medium, and drying and rolling the positive electrode current collector plate.
- a positive electrode active material include, for example, lithium cobaltate and modified products thereof (such as lithium cobaltate in which aluminum or magnesium is dissolved), lithium nickelate and modified products thereof (partially replacing nickel with cobalt) Composite oxides such as lithium manganate and modified products thereof. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the conductive agent include carbon black such as acetylene black, ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, and thermal black, and various graphites.
- the binder include, for example, polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, rubber particles having an acrylate unit, and the like. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the separator and the non-aqueous electrolyte in the present embodiment are not particularly limited, and various materials known in this field can be used.
- Example 1 Production of negative electrode current collector A negative electrode current collector having convex portions on both surfaces by rolling an alloy copper foil using a pair of steel rollers having a plurality of circular concave portions on the surface of one roller.
- the alloy copper foil an alloy copper foil having a thickness of 26 ⁇ m (Zr content: 0.02 mass%, manufactured by Hitachi Cable, Ltd.) was used.
- the linear pressure of rolling was 1000 kgf / cm (about 9.81 kN / cm).
- each convex portion had a height of about 7 ⁇ m and a diameter of about 10 ⁇ m. Further, the center-to-center distance between adjacent convex portions was 30 ⁇ m. The area ratio of the flat portion of the negative electrode current collector was 30 to 40%.
- Silicon having a purity of 99.9999% was used as a target as a deposition source.
- the obtained negative electrode current collector was placed on the fixing base 44 of the vapor deposition apparatus 40, and the angle ⁇ 1 formed between the surface of the negative electrode current collector and the horizontal direction was adjusted to 60 °.
- the pressure in the vacuum chamber 41 was reduced to 7 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Pa (abs).
- oxygen gas and He gas were supplied into the vacuum chamber 41 from the nozzle 43.
- the flow rate of oxygen gas was set to 400 sccm (25 ° C.), and the flow rate of He gas was set to 80 sccm (25 ° C.).
- the pressure in the vacuum chamber 41 was adjusted to 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 Pa (abs) by supplying gas and adjusting the regulator. Then, the first stage deposition was performed by irradiating the target with an electron beam from an electron beam gun under the conditions of an acceleration voltage of ⁇ 8 kV and an emission of 500 mA. The vapor deposition time was 5 seconds. By this first-stage vapor deposition, a silicon oxide layer having a thickness of 80 nm was formed on the surface of the convex portion.
- the angle ⁇ 2 formed between the surface of the negative electrode current collector and the horizontal direction was adjusted to 60 ° by moving the fixed base 44. Then, the second-stage vapor deposition was performed under the same conditions as the first-stage vapor deposition. Furthermore, the odd-stage deposition is the same as the first stage, the even-stage deposition is the same as the second stage, and alternately changing the angle between the surface of the negative electrode current collector and the horizontal direction, A total of 8 stages of vapor deposition were performed.
- negative electrode A1 was obtained.
- a raised body with a raised central portion was formed.
- the columnar body had a substantially spindle shape that swelled above the center part, and the diameter of the swelled part was about 25 ⁇ m.
- the height of the raised body was lower than the height of the closest position of the adjacent columnar body.
- An electrode group was produced by laminating a negative electrode, a positive electrode, and a separator interposed between the negative electrode A1 and the positive electrode.
- a separator a polyethylene microporous membrane (trade name: Hypore, thickness 20 ⁇ m, manufactured by Asahi Kasei Corporation) was used.
- a nickel negative electrode lead on which a gasket tab made of polypropylene was formed was welded to the lead mounting portion of the negative electrode A1.
- one end of an aluminum positive electrode lead on which a gasket tab made of polypropylene was formed was welded to the lead mounting portion of the positive electrode.
- the electrode group was inserted in the exterior case which consists of an aluminum laminate sheet. Further, an electrolytic solution was injected into the outer case.
- an electrolytic solution a nonaqueous electrolytic solution in which LiPF 6 was dissolved at a concentration of 1 mol / L in a mixed solvent containing ethylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, and diethyl carbonate in a volume ratio of 3: 5: 2 was used. .
- the negative electrode A1 was taken out from the battery A in the initial discharge state. Then, the surface and cross-sectional state of the negative electrode A1 in the initial discharge state were observed with an SEM.
- the height of the columnar body in the initial discharge state was 23 ⁇ m on the average, and the height of the raised body was 6 ⁇ m on the average. Therefore, the height of the raised body in the initial discharge state was about 26% of the height of the columnar body. Further, the height of the central portion of the raised body in the initial discharge state was about 2.5 times the height of the end of the raised body.
- the height of the raised body was lower than the height of the closest position between the adjacent columnar bodies, and existed in the space formed between the adjacent columnar bodies. Further, in the discharged state, the columnar body and the raised body were not in contact with each other.
- the section of the space B defined by the line segment connecting the closest positions of two adjacent columnar bodies, the surface of the flat portion, and the side surfaces of the columnar bodies.
- the area and the cross-sectional area of the raised body were obtained, and the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the raised body to the cross-sectional area of the space B was obtained.
- the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the raised body to the cross-sectional area of the space B was obtained by averaging the data measured at 5 points selected uniformly.
- the cross-sectional area of the raised body with respect to the cross-sectional area of the space B of the negative electrode A1 during the initial discharge obtained was 60% on average.
- the columnar body and the raised body were significantly expanded.
- the adjacent columnar bodies are in contact with each other, and the upper portion of the bulging body that has expanded in the space formed between the adjacent columnar bodies is in contact with the lower portion of the adjacent columnar bodies.
- the discharge capacity W 1 [mAh] at the first cycle and the discharge capacity W 100 [mAh] at the 100th cycle were measured, and the cycle capacity retention rate [%] was calculated by the formula of W 100 / W 1 ⁇ 100. .
- the cycle capacity maintenance rate of battery A was 90%. Further, almost no cracks were observed in the columnar body and the raised body of the negative electrode A1 after the evaluation of the cycle capacity retention rate.
- Example 2 Implementation was performed except that the pressure after gas supply was adjusted to 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 Pa (abs) instead of adjusting the pressure after gas supply to 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 Pa (abs) in “Preparation of negative electrode (2)”.
- a negative electrode B1 was produced.
- battery B was produced like Example 1 except having used negative electrode B1 instead of negative electrode A1. Then, in the same manner as in Example 1, the negative electrode and the battery were evaluated.
- the height of the columnar body was about 23 ⁇ m
- the height of the raised body was about 3 ⁇ m
- the ratio of the height of the raised body to the height of the columnar body was about 13%.
- the cross-sectional area of the raised body of the negative electrode B1 was 30% of the cross-sectional area of the space. Further, the cycle capacity retention rate of the battery B was 85%. Further, almost no cracks were observed in the columnar body and the raised body of the negative electrode B1 after the evaluation of the cycle capacity retention rate.
- Example 3 Implementation was performed except that the pressure after gas supply was adjusted to 2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 Pa (abs) instead of adjusting the pressure after gas supply to 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 Pa (abs) in “Preparation of negative electrode (2)”.
- a negative electrode C1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the battery C was produced like Example 1 except having used the negative electrode C1 instead of the negative electrode A1. Then, in the same manner as in Example 1, the negative electrode and the battery were evaluated.
- the height of the columnar body was about 23 ⁇ m
- the height of the raised body was about 4.9 ⁇ m
- the ratio of the height of the raised body to the height of the columnar body was about 21%.
- the cross-sectional area of the raised body of the negative electrode C1 was 40% of the cross-sectional area of the space.
- the cycle capacity retention rate of the battery C was 87%. Further, almost no cracks were observed in the columnar body and the raised body of the negative electrode C1 after the evaluation of the cycle capacity retention rate.
- the height of the columnar body was about 23 ⁇ m
- the height of the raised body was about 2.6 ⁇ m
- the ratio of the height of the raised body to the height of the columnar body was about 11%.
- the cross-sectional area of the raised body of the negative electrode D1 was 20% of the cross-sectional area of the space.
- the cycle capacity maintenance rate of the battery C was 80%.
- both the columnar body and the raised body were expanded. The adjacent columnar bodies were in contact with each other, but the columnar bodies and the upper portions of the raised bodies were hardly in contact with each other.
- cracks were observed in the columnar body. This is considered to be caused by the columnar body expanding too much due to the internal stress generated in the columnar body.
- the growth of the coating film of the alloy-based negative electrode active material on the flat portion can be adjusted by adjusting the degree of vacuum in the vacuum chamber 41 during the deposition of the alloy-based negative electrode active material.
- the present inventors have found that this phenomenon is caused by adjusting the degree of decompression during vapor deposition, thereby changing the mobility of evaporated silicon atoms and the like, and changing the amount of source gas entering the space formed between the convex portions. I think it depends on what you do.
- cycle capacity retention rate is greatly improved by forming a predetermined raised body and equalizing the stress in the active material.
- the negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention is useful as a negative electrode for providing a lithium ion secondary battery having a high charge / discharge capacity that is characteristic of an alloy-based active material and having excellent charge / discharge cycle characteristics. Moreover, the negative electrode for lithium ion secondary batteries of this invention is applicable also to the use of the negative electrode in a lithium ion capacitor.
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Abstract
Description
負極10は、規則的なパターンに沿って配置された複数の凸部1aと平坦部2bとを備えた負極集電体1の表面に、例えば、蒸着プロセスのような気相薄膜形成法を用いて合金系負極活物質を被着させる際に、凸部1aにおける合金系負極活物質の成長速度、及び、凸部1aの陰になる平坦部1bにおける合金系負極活物質の成長速度をコントロールしながら、柱状体2a、及び、隆起体2bを成長形成させることにより得られる。
また、凸部1aの規則的な配置パターンも特に限定されないが、具体的には、例えば、格子配列、千鳥配列等が挙げられる。これらの中では、千鳥配列が蒸着後の空隙率が適度であるために、応力緩和に優れる点から好ましい。
正極活物質の具体例としては、例えば、コバルト酸リチウムおよびその変性体(コバルト酸リチウムにアルミニウムやマグネシウムを固溶させたものなど)、ニッケル酸リチウムおよびその変性体(一部ニッケルをコバルト置換させたものなど)、マンガン酸リチウムおよびその変性体などの複合酸化物が挙げられる。これらは単独で用いても、2種以上を組み合わせて用いてもよい。
(1)負極集電体の作製
一方のローラの表面に複数の円形の凹部を有する一対の鋼鉄製ローラを用いて合金銅箔を圧延することにより、両表面に凸部を有する負極集電体を作製した。合金銅箔としては、厚さ26μmの合金銅箔(Zr含有量0.02質量%、日立電線(株)製)を用いた。また、圧延の線圧は、1000kgf/cm(約9.81kN/cm)であった。
図4に示したような蒸着装置40を用いて、次のようにして、得られた負極集電体の両表面に合金系負極活物質からなる負極活物質層を形成した。
平均粒径5μmのコバルト酸リチウム(LiCoO2)100質量部、アセチレンブラック3質量部、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)4質量部、及び所定量の分散媒(N-メチル-2-ピロリドン)を混合することにより、正極合剤ペーストを得た。この正極合剤ペーストを厚み15μmのアルミニウム箔からなる正極集電体の片面に塗布し、乾燥させることにより、正極活物質層を形成した。そして、正極活物質層の厚みが85μmとなるように圧延することにより正極が形成された。
負極と、正極と、負極A1と正極との間に介在させるセパレータとを積層することにより電極群を作製した。なお、セパレータとしては、ポリエチレン製微多孔膜(商品名:ハイポア、厚さ20μm、旭化成株式会社製)を用いた。次に、ポリプロピレンからなるガスケット用タブが形成されたニッケル製負極リードの一端を、負極A1のリード取付け部に溶接した。一方、ポリプロピレンからなるガスケット用タブが形成されたアルミニウム製正極リードの一端を、正極のリード取付け部に溶接した。そして、電極群をアルミニウムラミネートシートからなる外装ケースに挿入した。さらに、外装ケースに電解液を注液した。電解液としては、エチレンカーボネートとエチルメチルカーボネートとジエチルカーボネートとを体積比3:5:2の割合で含む混合溶媒に、LiPF6を1mol/Lの濃度で溶解させた非水電解液を用いた。
(2つの柱状体同士の最近接位置を結ぶ線分と平坦部の表面と柱状体の側面とによって規定される空間Bの断面積に対する隆起体の断面積の割合)
20℃の恒温槽に電池Aを所定の時間放置した。そして、両極間の電圧が4.2Vに達するまで、充電レート1Cで定電流充電を行った。両極間の電圧が4.2Vに達した後、電流値が0.05Cになるまで定電圧充電を行った。そして、充電後の電池Aを、両極間電圧が2.5Vになるまで放電レート0.2Cで定電流放電を行うことにより、初期放電状態とした。
なお、充電状態の電池Aから負極A1を取り出し、その断面の状態をSEMで観察したところ、柱状体及び隆起体は著しく膨張していた。そして、隣接する柱状体同士が互いに接触しているとともに、隣接する柱状体間に形成された空間において膨張した隆起体の上部が、隣接する柱状体の下部を支えるように接触していた。
初期放電状態の電池Aに対して、両極間の電圧が4.2Vになるまで充電レート1Cで定電流充電を行った。両極間の電圧が4.2Vに達した後、電流値が0.05Cになるまで定電圧充電を行った。そして、充電後、休止時間を20分間保持した。そして、充電後の電池Aを、両極間電圧が2.5Vになるまで放電レート0.2Cで定電流放電を行った。この充放電サイクルを1サイクルとして、合計100サイクル繰り返した。このとき、1サイクル目の放電容量W1[mAh]と100サイクル目の放電容量W100[mAh]を測定し、サイクル容量維持率[%]をW100/W1×100の式により算出した。その結果、電池Aのサイクル容量維持率は90%であった。また、サイクル容量維持率の評価後の負極A1の柱状体及び隆起体にはクラックが殆ど観察されなかった。
「負極の作製(2)」において、ガス供給後の圧力を5×10-2Pa(abs)に調整する代わりに、1×10-2Pa(abs)となるように調整した以外は、実施例1と同様にして負極B1を作製した。そして、負極A1の代わりに負極B1を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして、電池Bを作製した。そして、実施例1と同様にして、負極及び電池の評価を行った。
「負極の作製(2)」において、ガス供給後の圧力を5×10-2Pa(abs)に調整する代わりに、2×10-2Pa(abs)となるように調整した以外は、実施例1と同様にして負極C1を作製した。そして、負極A1の代わりに負極C1を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして、電池Cを作製した。そして、実施例1と同様にして、負極及び電池の評価を行った。
「負極の作製(2)」において、ガス供給後の圧力を5×10-2Pa(abs)に調整する代わりに、8×10-3Pa(abs)となるように調整した以外は、実施例1と同様にして負極D1を作製した。そして、負極A1の代わりに負極D1を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして、電池Dを作製した。そして、実施例1と同様にして、負極及び電池の評価を行った。
Claims (14)
- リチウムイオン二次電池に用いられる負極であって、
集電体シートと、前記集電体シートに支持された負極活物質層とを備え、
前記集電体シートは、規則的な間隔を有するパターンに沿って配置された複数の凸部と、前記複数の凸部間に存在する複数の平坦部と、からなる表面を有し、
前記負極活物質層は、合金系負極活物質からなる、前記各凸部に支持された複数の略紡錘状の柱状体と前記各平坦部に支持された複数の隆起体とを備え、
前記隆起体の高さは、隣接する前記柱状体の最近接位置の高さよりも低く、
リチウムイオン二次電池の放電状態において、
上面視した場合における、隣接する2つの前記柱状体のそれぞれの中央部及び前記2つの柱状体間に挟まれた前記隆起体の中央部を通過する仮想直線から、前記集電体シートの表面に向けて仮想切断した鉛直断面において、隣接する2つの前記柱状体同士の最近接位置を結ぶ線分と前記平坦部の表面と2つの前記柱状体の側面とによって規定される空間の断面積に対して、前記隆起体の断面積が占める割合が平均25%以上である、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極。 - 前記放電状態における、前記隆起体の高さが3~6μmの範囲である請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
- 前記放電状態においては前記柱状体と前記隆起体の上部とは接触せず、充電時においては前記柱状体の下部と前記隆起体の上部とが接触している請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
- 前記放電状態において、前記隆起体はその中央部がその周囲よりも隆起しており、前記中央部の頂部の高さが前記周囲の端部の高さの1.3倍以上である請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
- 前記柱状体が、中央部よりも上側で膨らんだ略紡錘状である請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
- 前記放電状態における、前記柱状体の高さが20~30μmの範囲である請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
- 前記放電状態における、前記隆起体の高さが前記柱状体の高さの10~30%の範囲である請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
- 前記柱状体が、前記合金系負極活物質からなる積層体である請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
- 前記凸部の高さが3~15μmの範囲である請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
- 前記規則的な間隔を有するパターンが千鳥配列である請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
- 前記集電体シートの表面における、前記平坦部の面積割合が30~50%の範囲である請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
- 前記負極活物質層の空隙率が、前記放電状態において20~70%である請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
- 前記放電状態が、リチウムイオン二次電池の初期充放電期間における放電状態である請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
- 請求項1に記載の負極と、リチウムイオンを吸蔵および放出する正極と、前記負極および前記正極を隔離するセパレータと、リチウムイオン伝導性を有する電解質と、を備える、リチウムイオン二次電池。
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CN107180941A (zh) * | 2011-12-07 | 2017-09-19 | 株式会社半导体能源研究所 | 锂二次电池用负极、锂二次电池及其制造方法 |
US10026966B2 (en) | 2011-12-07 | 2018-07-17 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Negative electrode for lithium secondary battery, lithium secondary battery, and manufacturing methods thereof |
CN107180941B (zh) * | 2011-12-07 | 2021-01-05 | 株式会社半导体能源研究所 | 锂二次电池用负极、锂二次电池及其制造方法 |
WO2014156053A1 (ja) * | 2013-03-26 | 2014-10-02 | 三洋電機株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池用負極及び非水電解質二次電池 |
CN110556541A (zh) * | 2018-05-31 | 2019-12-10 | 松下知识产权经营株式会社 | 锂二次电池 |
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US20110250501A1 (en) | 2011-10-13 |
CN102232252A (zh) | 2011-11-02 |
JPWO2011043026A1 (ja) | 2013-02-28 |
KR20110083750A (ko) | 2011-07-20 |
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