WO2011041232A1 - Dispositifs électroniques organiques, compositions, et procédés - Google Patents

Dispositifs électroniques organiques, compositions, et procédés Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2011041232A1
WO2011041232A1 PCT/US2010/050250 US2010050250W WO2011041232A1 WO 2011041232 A1 WO2011041232 A1 WO 2011041232A1 US 2010050250 W US2010050250 W US 2010050250W WO 2011041232 A1 WO2011041232 A1 WO 2011041232A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
layer
polythiophene
nanowires
polymers
conductive
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2010/050250
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Brian E. Woodworth
Sergey B. Li
Shawn P. Williams
Pierre-Marc Allemand
Rimple Bhatia
Hash Pakbaz
Original Assignee
Plextronics, Inc.
Cambrios Technologies Corp.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Plextronics, Inc., Cambrios Technologies Corp. filed Critical Plextronics, Inc.
Priority to KR1020127010175A priority Critical patent/KR101797783B1/ko
Priority to EP10771234.1A priority patent/EP2471117B1/fr
Priority to JP2012532215A priority patent/JP5667195B2/ja
Priority to CN2010800533970A priority patent/CN102648542A/zh
Publication of WO2011041232A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011041232A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
    • H10K30/80—Constructional details
    • H10K30/81—Electrodes
    • H10K30/82—Transparent electrodes, e.g. indium tin oxide [ITO] electrodes
    • H10K30/83—Transparent electrodes, e.g. indium tin oxide [ITO] electrodes comprising arrangements for extracting the current from the cell, e.g. metal finger grid systems to reduce the serial resistance of transparent electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
    • H10K30/80—Constructional details
    • H10K30/81—Electrodes
    • H10K30/82—Transparent electrodes, e.g. indium tin oxide [ITO] electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
    • H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
    • H10K85/113—Heteroaromatic compounds comprising sulfur or selene, e.g. polythiophene
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells

Definitions

  • OLEDs organic light emitting diodes
  • OLEDs organic photovoltaic devices
  • Transparent conductors based on conductive nanowires have been proposed to address shortcomings of traditional metal oxide materials, such as indium tin oxide (ITO).
  • ITO indium tin oxide
  • transparent conductors, including those based on nanowires, may not function well with other materials.
  • Embodiments described herein include, for example, compositions, both liquid and solid, devices, articles, methods of making, and methods of using compositions, article, and devices.
  • One embodiment provides a device comprising: a first layer comprising a plurality of electrically conductive nanowires on a substrate; and a second layer disposed on the nanowires comprising one or more polymers or copolymers, said one or more polymers or copolymers comprising (i) at least one conjugated repeat group, or (ii) at least one heteroaryl group, optionally linked through a keto group or a fluorinated alkylene oxide group.
  • An example of a heteroaryl group is arylamine which can be part of a polyarylamine.
  • Another embodiment provides a device comprising: a plurality of electrically conductive nanowires on a substrate, and a composition disposed on the nanowires comprising one or more conjugated polymers or copolymers, wherein said device comprises an OPV with ⁇ greater than about 2%.
  • Another embodiment provides a device comprising: a plurality of electrically conductive nanowires on a substrate, and at least one composition disposed on the nanowires comprising a water soluble or water dispersible polythiophene comprising (i) at least one organic substituent, and (ii) at least one sulfonate substituent comprising sulfonate sulfur bonding directly to the polythiophene backbone.
  • a device comprising: a conductive layer comprising a plurality of conductive nanowires and a non-conductive matrix, and an HTL layer disposed on said conductive layer, said HTL layer comprising one or more polythiophene polymers or copolymers.
  • Another embodiment provides a device comprising at least one conductive layer, said at least one conductive layer comprising: a plurality of electrically conductive nanowires, and at least one composition comprising a water soluble or water dispersible regioregular polythiophene comprising (i) at least one organic substituent, and (ii) at least one sulfonate substituent comprising sulfonate sulfur bonding directly to the polythiophene backbone.
  • Another embodiment provides a device comprising at least one conductive layer and at least one other layer disposed on the conductive layer, said at least one conductive layer comprising a plurality of electrically conductive nanowires, and said at least one other layer selected from the group: hole injection layer, hole transport layer, overcoat layer, or hole collection layer, wherein said at least one other layer comprises at least one composition comprising a water soluble or water dispersible regioregular polythiophene comprising (i) at least one organic substituent, and (ii) at least one sulfonate substituent comprising sulfonate sulfur bonding directly to the polythiophene backbone.
  • Another embodiment provides a device comprising: a first layer comprising a plurality of electrically conductive nanowires on a substrate; and a second layer disposed on the nanowires comprising one or more polymers or copolymers, said one or more polymers or copolymers comprising at least one heteroaryl group or at least one polyarylamine, wherein said heteroaryl group or polyarylamine are optionally linked through a keto group or a fluorinated alkyleneoxy group.
  • At least one advantage of at least one embodiment includes solution processing of electrodes. Use of vacuum can be avoided. Use of traditional ITO can be avoided. At least one additional advantage of at least one embodiment includes high conductivity electrodes. At least one advantage of at least one embodiment includes efficient charge collection and/or injection. At least one advantage of at least on embodiment includes high electrode conductivity combined with efficient charge collection and/or injection. At least one advantage of at least one embodiment includes flexibility in the substrate and the electrode, avoiding relatively brittle materials. At least one advantage of at least one embodiment includes good performance of nanowire based electrodes in organic electronic devices including relatively high efficiency, particularly for organic photovoltaic cells with high power conversion efficiency. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
  • Transparent conductors can refer to thin conductive films coated on high- transmittance surfaces or substrates. Transparent conductors can be manufactured to have surface conductivity while maintaining reasonable optical transparency. Such surface conducting transparent conductors can be used as transparent electrodes in, for example, flat liquid crystal displays, touch panels, electroluminescent devices, thin film photovoltaic cells, anti-static layers, and as electromagnetic wave shielding layers.
  • ITO indium tin oxide
  • metal oxide films can be fragile and prone to damage during bending or other physical stresses. They can also require elevated deposition temperatures and/or high annealing temperatures to achieve high conductivity levels. They may also have difficulties adhering to some plastic or organic substrates.
  • Described herein are embodiments which use conductive nanowires in transparent conductors which can be used in combination with an overcoat material.
  • Overcoat materials used with conductive nanowires can suffer from inefficient charge collection and injection, leading to low device efficiencies.
  • Other overcoat materials intended to improve device efficiencies can be injurious to the nanowire network. Accordingly, described herein are superior overcoat materials that can provide efficient charge collection and/or injection, without sacrificing the high conductivity provided by the nanowire network.
  • the conductive layer can comprise a sparse network of metal nanowires.
  • the conductive layer can be transparent, flexible and can include at least one surface that is conductive. It can be coated or laminated on a variety of substrates, including flexible and rigid substrates.
  • the conductive layer can also form part of a composite structure comprising a matrix material and the nanowires.
  • the matrix material can typically impart certain chemical, mechanical and optical properties to the composite structure.
  • Suitable nanowires typically can have aspect ratios in the range of, for example, about 10 to about 100,000.
  • the term "aspect ratio" can mean the ratio of a nanowire's length to its diameter, or to a cross-sectional perimeter length for non-spherical structures. Larger aspect ratios can be favored for obtaining a transparent conductor layer since they may enable more efficient conductive networks to be formed while permitting lower overall density of wires for a high transparency.
  • the density of the nanowires that achieves a conductive network can be low enough that the conductive network is substantially transparent.
  • One method to define the transparency of a layer to light is by its absorption coefficient.
  • the illumination of light passing through a layer can be defined as:
  • I 0 is the illumination level of the incoming light on a first side of the layer
  • I is the illumination level that is present on a second side of the layer
  • exp(-ax) is the transparency factor.
  • a is the absorption coefficient
  • x is the thickness of the layer.
  • a layer having a transparency factor near 1 , but less than 1 can be considered to be substantially transparent.
  • the aspect ratio, size, shape and the distribution of the physical parameters of the nanowires can be selected to provide the desired optical and electrical properties.
  • the number of such wires that will provide a given density of nanowires can be selected to provide acceptable electrical conduction properties.
  • a plurality of nanowires can extend between terminals to provide a low resistance electrical conduction path, and the concentration, aspect ratio, size and shape can be selected to provide a substantially transparent conductor.
  • terminal can includes contact pads, conduction nodes and any other starting and ending points that may be electrically connected.
  • the distance between terminals may be such that the desired optical properties are not obtained with a single nanowire.
  • a plurality of many nanowires may need to be linked to each other at various points to provide a conductive path between terminals.
  • the nanowires can be selected based on the desired optical properties. Then, the number of nanowires that provides the desired conduction path and overall resistance on that path can be selected to achieve acceptable electrical properties for an electrical conduction between terminals.
  • the electrical conductivity of the transparent layer can be controlled by factors such as a) the conductivity of a single nanowire, b) the number of nanowires between terminals, and c) the connectivity between the nanowires. Below a certain nanowire concentration (also can be referred to as the percolation threshold, or electrical percolation level), the
  • conductivity between the terminals can be zero or close to zero, i.e. there is no or
  • Conductive nanowires include metal nanowires and other conductive particles having high aspect ratios (e.g., higher than 10).
  • Examples of non-metallic nanowires include, but are not limited to, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), metal oxide nanowires, conductive polymer fibers and the like.
  • metal nanowire can refer to a metallic wire comprising element metal, metal alloys or metal compounds (including metal oxides). At least one cross-sectional dimension of the metal nanowire can be less than about 500 nm, or less than about 200 nm, or less than about 100 nm. As noted above, the metal nanowire can have an aspect ratio
  • Suitable metal nanowires can be based on a variety of metals, including without limitation, silver, gold, copper, nickel, and gold-plated silver.
  • the metal nanowires can be prepared by known methods in the art.
  • silver nanowires can be synthesized through solution-phase reduction of a silver salt (e.g., silver nitrate) in the presence of a polyol (e.g., ethylene glycol) and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone).
  • a silver salt e.g., silver nitrate
  • a polyol e.g., ethylene glycol
  • poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) e.g., ethylene glycol
  • Large-scale production of silver nanowires of uniform size can be prepared according to the methods described in, e.g., Xia, Y. et al, Chem. Mater., 2002, 14, 4736- 4745, and Xia, Y. et al, Nanoletters, 2003, 3(7), 955-960.
  • a transparent conductor comprises a conductive layer coated on or otherwise disposed on a substrate.
  • the conductive layer can comprise a plurality of metal nanowires.
  • the metal nanowires can form a conductive network.
  • a conductive layer comprises a plurality of metal nanowires embedded in or otherwise mixed with a matrix.
  • Substrate can refer to a material onto which the conductive layer is coated or laminated or otherwise disposed on.
  • the substrate can be rigid or flexible.
  • the substrate can be clear or opaque.
  • the term “substrate of choice” can be used in connection with a lamination process.
  • Suitable rigid substrates include, for example, glass, polycarbonates, acrylics, and the like.
  • Suitable flexible substrates include, but are not limited to: polyesters (e.g., polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene naphthalate), polycarbonates, polyolefms (e.g., linear, branched, and cyclic polyolefms), polyvinyls (e.g., polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl acetals, polystyrene, polyacrylates, and the like), cellulose ester bases (e.g., cellulose triacetate, cellulose acetate), polysulphones such as polyethersulphone, polyimides, silicones and other conventional polymeric or plastic films. Additional examples of suitable substrates can be found in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,975,067, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • Conductive layer can refer to a network layer of metal nanowires that provide the conductive media of the transparent conductor.
  • a matrix When a matrix is present, the combination of the network layer of metal nanowires and the matrix can also be referred to as a "conductive layer". Since conductivity is achieved by electrical charge percolating from one metal nanowire to another, sufficient metal nanowires can be present in the conductive layer to reach an electrical percolation threshold and become conductive.
  • the surface conductivity of the conductive layer can be inversely proportional to its surface resistivity, sometimes referred to as sheet resistance, which can be measured by known methods in the art.
  • threshold loading level refers to a percentage of the metal nanowires by weight after loading of the conductive layer at which the conductive layer has a surface resistivity of no more than about 10 6 ohm/square ( ⁇ /sq). More typically, the surface resistivity is no more than 10 5 ⁇ /sq, no more than 10 4 ⁇ /sq, no more than 1,000 ⁇ /sq, no more than 500 ⁇ /sq, or no more than 100 ⁇ /sq.
  • the threshold loading level depends on factors such as the aspect ratio, the degree of alignment, degree of agglomeration and the resistivity of the metal nanowires.
  • the mechanical and optical properties of the matrix can be altered or compromised by a high loading of any particles therein.
  • the high aspect ratios of the metal nanowires can allow for the formation of a conductive network through the matrix at a threshold surface loading level preferably of about 0.05 ⁇ g/cm 2 to about 10 ⁇ g/cm 2 , more preferably from about 0.1 ⁇ g/cm 2 to about 5
  • ⁇ g/cm and more preferably from about 0.8 . ⁇ g/cm to about 3 ⁇ g/cm for nanowires including silver nanowires.
  • These surface loading levels do not affect the mechanical or optical properties of the matrix. These values can depend on the dimensions and spatial dispersion of the nanowires.
  • transparent conductors of tunable electrical conductivity (or surface resistivity) and optical transparency can be provided by adjusting the loading levels of the metal nanowires.
  • Microx can refer to a solid-state material into which the metal nanowires are dispersed or embedded. Portions of the nanowires may protrude from the matrix material to enable access to the conductive network.
  • the matrix can be a host for the metal nanowires and provides a physical form of the conductive layer.
  • the matrix can protect the metal nanowires from adverse environmental factors, such as, for example, corrosion and abrasion. In particular, the matrix can significantly lower the permeability of corrosive elements in the environment, such as moisture, trace amount of acids, oxygen, sulfur and the like.
  • the matrix can offer favorable physical and mechanical properties to the conductive layer. For example, it can provide adhesion to the substrate.
  • polymeric or organic matrices embedded with metal nanowires can be robust and flexible. Flexible matrices can make it possible to fabricate transparent conductors in a low-cost and high throughput process.
  • the optical properties of the conductive layer can be tailored by selecting an appropriate matrix material. For example, reflection loss and unwanted glare can be effectively reduced by using a matrix of a desirable refractive index, composition and thickness.
  • the matrix is an optically clear material.
  • a material can be considered “optically clear” or “optically transparent”, if the light transmission of the material is at least 80% in the visible region (400 nm-700 nm).
  • all the layers (including the substrate and the nanowire network layer) in a transparent conductor described herein are optically clear.
  • the optical clarity of the matrix can be determined by a multitude of factors, including without limitation: the refractive index (RI), thickness, consistency of RI throughout the thickness, surface (including interface) reflection, and haze (a scattering loss caused by surface roughness and/or embedded particles).
  • the matrix can be a polymer, which is also referred to as a polymeric matrix.
  • a polymeric matrix Optically clear polymers are known in the art.
  • suitable polymeric matrices include, but are not limited to: polyacrylics such as polymethacrylates (e.g., poly(methyl methacrylate)), polyacrylates and polyacrylonitriles, polyvinyl alcohols, polyesters (e.g., polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene naphthalate),
  • polycarbonates polymers with a high degree of aromaticity such as phenolics or cresol- formaldehyde (Novolacs®), polystyrenes, polyvinyltoluene, polyvinylxylene, polyimides, polyamides, polyamideimides, polyetherimides, polysulfides, polysulfones, polyphenylenes, and polyphenyl ethers, polyurethane (PU), epoxy, polyolefms (e.g.
  • TFE polytetrafluoroethylene
  • hydrocarbon olefin e.g., Lumifion®
  • amorphous fiuorocarbon polymers or copolymers e.g., CYTOP® by Asahi Glass Co., or Teflon AF® by Du Pont.
  • the polymeric matrix described herein can comprise partially polymerized or partially cured polymer. Compared to a fully polymerized or fully cured matrix, a partially cured matrix can have lesser degree of cross-linking and/or polymerization and lower molecular weight. Thus, the partially polymerized matrix can be etched under certain conditions and patterning is possible using conventional photolithography. Under a proper polymerization condition, the partially cured matrix may be further cured whereby further cross-linking and polymerization are carried out to provide a matrix of higher molecular weight than that of a partially cured matrix. The partially cured matrix can be etched, followed by a further curing step, to provide a patterned and fully-cured transparent conductor film.
  • Suitable partially cured polymers include, but are not limited to partially cured acrylate, silicone-epoxy, siloxane, novolac, epoxy, urethane, silsesquioxane or polyimide.
  • etching condition solution
  • the partially cured matrix has an acceptable degree of physical integrity to protect the nanowires within. This is desirable because an end-user may carry out her own patterning and the subsequent curing to obtain a final transparent conductor film.
  • the matrix itself can be conductive.
  • the matrix can be a conductive polymer.
  • Conductive polymers are well known in the art, including without limitation: poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), polyanilines,
  • conductive polymers comprising regioregular polythiophene or sulfonated polythiophene, or sulfonated regioregular polythiophenes can be used to decrease the corrosion that may occur when using such polymers as PEDOT.
  • PEDOT may not allow sufficient charge transfer to occur when it is used in an organic electronic device, including, for example, in an OLED or and OPV.
  • one may make an organic electronic device with PEDOT, one may try to use it, and the device may not work or may not work well.
  • a method of fabricating a transparent conductor comprising: depositing a plurality of metal nanowires on a substrate, the metal nanowires being dispersed in a fluid; and forming a metal nanowire network layer on the substrate by allowing the fluid to dry.
  • the metal nanowires can be prepared as described above.
  • the metal nanowires are typically dispersed in a liquid to facilitate the deposition. It is understood that, as used herein, "deposition” and “coating” are used interchangeably. Any non-corrosive liquid in which the metal nanowires can form a stable dispersion (also called “metal nanowires dispersion”) can be used.
  • the metal nanowires are dispersed in water, an alcohol, a ketone, ethers, hydrocarbons or an aromatic solvent (benzene, toluene, xylene, etc.). More preferably, the liquid is volatile, having a boiling point of no more than 200°C, no more than 150°C, or no more than 100°C.
  • the metal nanowire dispersion may contain additives and binders to control viscosity, corrosion, adhesion, and nanowire dispersion.
  • suitable additives and binders include, but are not limited to, carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC), 2- hydroxy ethyl cellulose (HEC), hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), methyl cellulose (MC), poly vinyl alcohol (PVA), tripropylene gylcol (TPG), and xanthan gum (XG), and surfactants such as ethoxylates, alkoxylates, ethylene oxide and propylene oxide and their copolymers, sulfonates, sulfates, disulfonate salts, sulfosuccinates, phosphate esters, and fluorosurfactants (e.g., Zonyl® by DuPont).
  • CMC carboxy methyl cellulose
  • HEC 2- hydroxy ethyl cellulose
  • HPMC hydroxy propyl
  • a nanowire dispersion, or "ink” includes, by weight, from 0.0025% to 0.1% surfactant (e.g., a preferred range is from 0.0025% to 0.05% for Zonyl® FSO-100), from 0.02%) to 4%> viscosity modifier (e.g., a preferred range is 0.02%> to 0.5%> for HPMC), from 94.5% to 99.0% solvent and from 0.05% to 1.4% metal nanowires.
  • surfactants include Zonyl® FSN, Zonyl.RTM.
  • Suitable viscosity modifiers include hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), methyl cellulose, xanthan gum, polyvinyl alcohol, carboxy methyl cellulose, and hydroxy ethyl cellulose.
  • suitable solvents include water and isopropanol.
  • the nanowire concentration in the dispersion can affect or determine parameters such as thickness, conductivity (including surface conductivity), optical transparency, and mechanical properties of the nanowire network layer.
  • the percentage of the solvent can be adjusted to provide a desired concentration of the nanowires in the dispersion.
  • the relative ratios of the other ingredients can remain the same.
  • the ratio of the surfactant to the viscosity modifier is preferably in the range of about 80 to about 0.01; the ratio of the viscosity modifier to the metal nanowires is preferably in the range of about 5 to about 0.000625; and the ratio of the metal nanowires to the surfactant is preferably in the range of about 560 to about 5.
  • the ratios of components of the dispersion may be modified depending on the substrate and the method of application used.
  • the preferred viscosity range for the nanowire dispersion can be between about 1 and 100 cP.
  • the substrate can be pre-treated to prepare a surface to better receive the subsequent deposition of the nanowires.
  • Surface pre-treatments serve multiple functions. For example, they enable the deposition of a uniform nanowire dispersion layer. In addition, they can immobilize the nanowires on the substrate for subsequent processing steps.
  • the pre-treatment can be carried out in conjunction with a patterning step to create patterned deposition of the nanowires. Pre-treatments include solvent or chemical washing, heating, deposition of an optionally patterned intermediate layer to present an appropriate chemical or ionic state to the nanowire dispersion, as well as further surface treatments such as plasma treatment, UV-ozone treatment, or corona discharge.
  • the liquid can be removed by evaporation.
  • the evaporation can be accelerated by heating (e.g., baking, "annealing").
  • the resulting nanowire network layer may require post-treatment to render it electrically conductive.
  • This post-treatment can be a process step involving exposure to heat, plasma, corona discharge, UV-ozone, or pressure as described below.
  • a method of fabricating a transparent conductor comprising: depositing a plurality of metal nanowires on a substrate, the metal nanowires being dispersed in a fluid; forming a metal nanowire network layer on the substrate by allowing the fluid to dry, coating a matrix material on the metal nanowire network layer, and curing the matrix material to form a matrix.
  • Microx material refers to a material or a mixture of materials that can cure into the matrix, as defined herein.
  • Curing refers to a process where monomers or partial polymers (fewer than 150 monomers) polymerize and/or cross-link so as to form a solid polymeric matrix. Suitable polymerization conditions are well known in the art and include by way of example, heating the monomer, irradiating the monomer with visible or ultraviolet (UV) light, electron beams, and the like. In addition, “solidification” of a polymer/solvent system simultaneously caused by solvent removal is also within the meaning of "curing".
  • the degree of curing can be controlled by selecting the initial concentrations of monomers and the amount of the cross-linkers. It can be further manipulated by adjusting curing parameters such as the time allowed for the polymerization and the temperature under which the polymerization takes place, and the like. In certain embodiments, the partially cured matrix can be quenched in order to arrest the curing process.
  • the degree of curing or polymerization can be monitored, for example, by the molecular weight of the curing polymer or by the optical absorbance at wavelengths indicative of the reactive chemical species.
  • the matrix material comprises a polymer, which may be fully or partially cured.
  • Optically clear polymers are known in the art.
  • the matrix material comprises a prepolymer.
  • a "prepolymer” refers to a mixture of monomers or a mixture of oligomers or partial polymers that can polymerize and/or crosslink to form the polymeric matrix, as described herein. It is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to select, in view of a desirable polymeric matrix, a suitable monomer or partial polymer.
  • the prepolymer is photo-curable, i.e., the prepolymer polymerizes and/or cross-links upon exposure to irradiation. In other embodiments, the prepolymer is thermal-curable.
  • Patterning and other process steps can be carried out as described in, for example, PCT publication WO 2008/046058 (Cambrios), including at, for example, pages 49-59 and associated figures and examples.
  • matrix materials comprise sulfonated regioregular polythiophenes.
  • the transparent conductors can be fabricated by, for example, sheet coating, web-coating, printing, and lamination.
  • Another embodiment comprises use of slot die coating.
  • the ink formulations can be adapted for the deposition method, including use of slot die coating.
  • viscosity can be adapted, whether increased or decreased.
  • nanowire based electrodes are coated with a hole transport layer (HTL), hole collection layer (HC1), or hole injection layer (HIL).
  • HTLs are less acidic and corrosive than PEDOT and are more compatible with nanowire based electrodes.
  • PEDOT materials are excluded.
  • Preferred HTLs comprise one or more inherently conductive polymers (ICPs) or hole transporting materials (HTMs).
  • ICPs inherently conductive polymers
  • HTMs hole transporting materials
  • HTLs can enable devices with nanowire based electrodes to perform similarly to devices using ITO electrodes.
  • HTLs may include, in addition to the HTMs and/or ICPs, such components as planarizing agents, surfactants, dopants, solvents, and the like.
  • HTMs Hole transport materials are conductive or semiconductive materials that facilitate conduction of holes between adjacent layers typically electrode and emissive layers, or electrode and photoactive layer. HTMs can be organic or inorganic based materials.
  • Examples of traditional organic based HTMs include heteroaryl amine compounds and polymers, including arylamines and or doped arylamines, aryloxys, and organometallic complex moieties.
  • Aryl amine moieties are known in the art. See, for example, Lim et al., Organic Letter, 2006, 8, 21, 4703-4706; Fukase et al., Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 13, 601-604 (2002). Shirota, Y. et al, Chem Rev 107, 2007, 953-1010; Z. Li and H. Meng, eds., Organic Light-Emitting Materials and Devices, CRC Press (Taylor an Francis Group, LLC), Boca Raton (2007) and references therein.
  • the arylamine moieties can each comprise at least one nitrogen atom and at least one benzene ring. As a non-limiting example, they can comprise one benzene ring bonded to a nitrogen atom; two benzene rings bonded to a nitrogen atom; or three benzene rings bonded to a nitrogen atom; or three benzene rings bonded to a nitrogen atom.
  • the repeat moiety can be adapted to provide hole injection and/or hole transport properties.
  • arylamines include but are not limited to triarylamines, bistriarylamines such as N.N-diphenylbenzeneamine.
  • the aryl amine rings may be bonded to at least one other aryl ring through a direct covalent bond, or linked by a group comprising one ore more carbon atoms, one or more oxygen atoms, or one or more halo atoms.
  • the linking group can be at least one fluorinated alkyleneoxy group or a keto group.
  • Non-limiting examples of aryl amines and appropriate linking groups can be found in US Provisional Applications 61/108851, filed October 27, 2008 to Seshadri et al. (see also US Publication No. 2010-0108954), and 61/115877, filed November 18, 2008 to Seshadri et al. (see also US application 12/620,514 filed November 17, 2009), each of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.
  • Inherently conductive polymers are organic polymers that, due to their conjugated backbone structure, show high electrical conductivities under some conditions (relative to those of traditional polymeric materials). Performance of these materials as a conductor of holes or electrons is increased when they are doped, oxidized or reduced to form polarons and/or bipolarons.
  • Electrically conductive polymers are described in The Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, Wiley, 1990, pages 298-300, including polyacetylene, poly(p-phenylene), poly(p-phenylene sulfide), polyanilines, polypyrroles, polythiophenes, polyethylenedioxythiophenes, and poly(p-phenylene vinylene)s, and derivatives thereof, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. This reference also describes blending and copolymerization of polymers, including block copolymer formation.
  • Polythiophenes and derivatives of polythiophenes are examples of ICPs useful in the some embodiments.
  • Polythiophenes are described, for example, in Roncali, J., Chem. Rev. 1992, 92, 711; Schopf et al., Polythiophenes: Electrically Conductive Polymers, Springer: Berlin, 1997. See also for example US Patent Nos. 4,737,557 and 4,909,959.
  • Regioregular Polythiophenes are described, for example, in Roncali, J., Chem. Rev. 1992, 92, 711; Schopf et al., Polythiophenes: Electrically Conductive Polymers, Springer: Berlin, 1997. See also for example US Patent Nos. 4,737,557 and 4,909,959. Regioregular Polythiophenes
  • ICPs also include regioregular polythiophenes.
  • US provisional patent application serial no. 60/832,095 “Sulfonation of Conducting Polymers and OLED and Photovoltaic Devices” filed July 21, 2006 to Seshadri et al. is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety including figures, working examples, and claims.
  • US provisional patent application serial no. 60/845,172 “Sulfonation of Conducting Polymers and OLED, Photovoltaic, and ESD Devices” filed September 18, 2006 to Seshadri et al. is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety including figures, working examples, and claims.
  • Alkyl can be for example straight chain and branched monovalent alkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or from 1 to 15 carbon atoms, or from 1 to 10, or from 1 to 5, or from 1 to 3 carbon atoms. This term is exemplified by groups such as for example methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, z ' so-propyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, ethylhexyl, dodecyl, isopentyl, and the like.
  • Optionally substituted groups can be for example functional groups that may be substituted or unsubstituted by additional functional groups.
  • groups when a group is unsubstituted by an additional group it can be referred to as the group name, for example alkyl or aryl.
  • groups when a group is substituted with additional functional groups it may more generically be referred to as substituted alkyl or substituted aryl.
  • Substituted alkyl can be for example an alkyl group having from 1 to 3, and preferably 1 to 2, substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aryl, substituted aryl, aryloxy, substituted aryloxy, hydroxyl.
  • Aryl can be for example a monovalent aromatic carbocyclic group of from 6 to 14 carbon atoms having a single ring (e.g., phenyl) or multiple condensed rings (e.g., naphthyl or anthryl) which condensed rings may or may not be aromatic provided that the point of attachment is at an aromatic carbon atom.
  • Preferred aryls include phenyl, naphthyl, and the like.
  • Substituted aryl can be for example to an aryl group with from 1 to 5 substituents, or optionally from 1 to 3 substituents, or optionally from 1 to 2 substituents, selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted aryl, aryloxy, substituted aryloxy, and sulfonate
  • Alkoxy can be for example the group “alkyl-O-" which includes, by way of example, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propyloxy, z ' so -propyloxy, n-butyloxy, t-butyloxy, n-pentyloxy, 1-ethylhex-l-yloxy, dodecyloxy, isopentyloxy, and the like.
  • Substituted alkoxy can be for example the group “substituted alkyl-O-.”
  • Alkylene can be for example straight chain and branched divalent alkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or from 1 to 15 carbon atoms, or from 1 to 10, or from 1 to 5, or from 1 to 3 carbon atoms. This term is exemplified by groups such as methylene, ethylene, n-propylene, z ' so-propylene, n-butylene, t-butylene, n-pentylene, ethylhexylene, dodecylene, isopentylene, and the like.
  • Alkenyl can be for example an alkenyl group preferably having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms and more preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms and having at least 1 and preferably from 1-2 sites of alkenyl unsaturation. Such groups are exemplified by vinyl, allyl, but-3-en-l-yl, and the like.
  • Substituted alkenyl can be for example alkenyl groups having from 1 to 3 substituents, and preferably 1 to 2 substituents, selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, substituted amino, aminoacyl, aryl, substituted aryl, aryloxy, substituted aryloxy, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, carboxyl, carboxyl esters, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic with the proviso that any hydroxyl substitution is not attached to a vinyl (unsaturated) carbon atom.
  • Aryloxy can be for example the group aryl-O- that includes, by way of example, phenoxy, naphthoxy, and the like.
  • Substituted aryloxy can be for example substituted aryl-O- groups.
  • Alkylene oxide or “alkyleneoxy” or “polyether” can be for example the group -O- (R a -0) n -R b where R a is alkylene and R b is alkyl or optionally substituted aryl and n is an integer from 1 to 6, or from 1 to 3.
  • Alkylene oxide can be for example groups based on such as groups as ethylene oxides or propylene oxides.
  • substituents with further substituents to themselves are not intended for inclusion herein.
  • the maximum number of such substituents is three. That is to say that each of the above descriptions can be constrained by a limitation that, for example, substituted aryl groups are limted to -substituted aryl-(substituted aryl)-substituted aryl.
  • impermissible substitution patterns e.g., methyl substituted with 5 fluoro groups or a hydroxyl group alpha to ethenylic or acetyl enic unsaturation.
  • impermissible substitution patterns are well known to the skilled artisan.
  • Polythiophenes can be homopolymers, copolymers, or block copolymers. Synthetic methods, doping, and polymer characterization, including regioregular polythiophenes with side groups, is provided in, for example, U.S. Patent Nos. 6,602,974 to McCullough et al. and 6,166,172 to McCullough et al., which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. Additional description can be found in the article, "The Chemistry of Conducting Polythiophenes," by Richard D. McCullough, Adv. Mater. 1998, 10, No. 2, pages 93-116, and references cited therein, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • Block copolymers are described in, for example, Block Copolymers, Overview and Critical Survey, by Noshay and McGrath, Academic Press, 1977. For example, this text describes A-B diblock copolymers (chapter 5), A-B-A triblock copolymers (chapter 6), and - (AB)n- multiblock copolymers (chapter 7), which can form the basis of block copolymer types in some embodiments.
  • the degree of regioregularity can be, for example, about 90% or more, or about 95% or more, or about 98%> or more, or about 99% or more.
  • Methods known in the art such as, for example, NMR can be used to measure the degree of regioregularity.
  • Regioregularity can arise in multiple ways.
  • asymmetric monomers such as a 3-alkylthiophene to provide head-to-tail (HT) poly(3-substituted)thiophene.
  • HT head-to-tail
  • monomers which have a plane of symmetry between two portions of monomer such as for example a bi-thiophene, providing for example regioregular HH-TT and TT-HH poly(3- substituted thiophenes).
  • substituents which can be used to solubilize conducting polymers with side chains include alkoxy and alkyl including for example CI to C25 groups, as well as heteroatom systems which include for example oxygen and nitrogen.
  • substituents having at least three carbon atoms, or at least five carbon atoms can be used.
  • Mixed substituents can be used.
  • the substituents can be nonpolar, polar or functional organic substituents.
  • the side group can be called a substituent R which can be for example alkyl, perhaloalkyl, vinyl, acetylenic, alkoxy, aryloxy, vinyloxy, thioalkyl, thioaryl, ketyl, thioketyl, and optionally can be substituted with atoms other than hydrogen.
  • R can be for example alkyl, perhaloalkyl, vinyl, acetylenic, alkoxy, aryloxy, vinyloxy, thioalkyl, thioaryl, ketyl, thioketyl, and optionally can be substituted with atoms other than hydrogen.
  • Thiophene polymers can be star shaped polymers with the number of branches being for example more than three and comprising thiophene units.
  • Thiophene polymers can be dendrimers. See for example Anthopoulos et al, Applied Physics Letters, 82, 26, June 30, 2003, 4824-4826, and further description of dendrimers hereinafter.
  • Heterocyclic polymers are particularly preferred.
  • a particularly preferred system is the polythiophene system and the regioregular polythiophene system.
  • Polymers can be obtained from Plextronics, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA including for example polythiophene-based polymers such as for example Plexcore, Plexcoat, and similar materials.
  • Another embodiment includes heterocyclic conjugated polymers which are relatively regioirregular.
  • the degree of regioregularity can be about 90% or less, or about 80%) or less, or about 70%> or less, or about 60%> or less, or about 50%> or less.
  • Polymers including the aforementioned polymers can be subjected to sulfonation.
  • Sulfonation schemes are known in the art for different conducting polymers and heterocyclic types of conducting polymers, including those which have a heterocyclic atom such as S, N, Se, Te, and Si.
  • the organic based substituents on the sulfonated polythiophenes are not particularly limited but can be, for example, a group which provides a solubilizing function such as alkyl or alkoxy.
  • Polythiophene systems comprising sulfonate groups are known.
  • some embodiments provide a composition comprising: a water soluble or water dispersible regioregular polythiophene comprising (i) at least one organic substituent, and (ii) at least one sulfonated substituent comprising sulfur bonding directly to the polythiophene backbone.
  • a regioregular polymer is subjected to sulfonation, the polymer composition can be yet called regioregular for present purposes.
  • R can be optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, and optionally substituted aryloxy.
  • substituents for the optional substitution include hydroxyl, phenyl, and additional optionally substituted alkoxy groups.
  • the alkoxy groups can be in turn optionally substituted with hydroxyl, phenyl, or alkoxy groups; or
  • R can be an optionally substituted alkylene oxide.
  • Substituents can be for example hydroxyl, phenyl, or alkoxy groups; or
  • R can be optionally substituted ethylene oxide or optionally substituted propylene oxide or other lower alkyleneoxy units.
  • Substituents can be for example hydroxyl, phenyl, or alkoxy groups; or
  • R can be an optionally substituted alkylene such as for example methylene or ethylene, with substituents being for example optionally substituted alkyleneoxy such as ethyleneoxy or propyl eneoxy; substituents can be for example hydroxyl, phenyl, or alkoxy.
  • substituent group R in (I) can be linked to the thiophene by an oxygen atom as alkoxy or phenoxy, wherein the substituent can be characterized by the
  • the alcohol for example, can be linear or branched, and can have C2 - C20, or C4 - CI 8, or C6 to C14 carbon atoms.
  • the alcohol can be for example an alkyl alcohol, or an ethylene glycol, or a propylene glycol, or a diethylene glycol, or a dipropylene glycol, or a tripropylene glycol. Additional examples can be monoethylene glycol ethers and acetates, diethylene glycol ethers and acetates, triethylene glycol ethers and acetates, and the like.
  • alcohols which can be linked to the thiophene ring through the oxygen atom include hexyl cellosolve, Dowanol PnB, ethyl carbitol, Dowanol DPnB, phenyl carbitol, butyl cellosolve, butyl carbitol, Dowanol DPM, diisobutyl carbinol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, methyl isobutyl carbinol, Dowanol Eph, Dowanol PnP, Dowanol PPh, propyl carbitol, hexyl carbitol, 2-ethylhexyl carbitol, Dowanol DPnP, Dowanol TPM, methyl carbitol, Dowanol TPnB.
  • Trade names are well known in this art. See for example DOW P-series and E-series glycol ethers.
  • the structure shown in (I) can stand alone as a polymer or it can be part of a block copolymer with another segment.
  • Molecular weights can be, for example, 25 - 5,000, or 50 - 1,000;
  • compositions comprising 3,4-disubstituted polythiophenes and redox dopants may be employed in the HIL compositions, as described in US Provisional Applications 61/044,380, filed April 11, 2008 to Brown et al, and 61/119,239, filed
  • planarization for the hole injection or hole transport layers.
  • planarizing agents when blended with the hole injection component, will facilitate the formation of the hole injection layer (HIL), hole transport layer (HTL), or hole collection layer (HCL) in a device such as an OLED or PV device. It will also be soluble in the solvent that is used to apply the HIL system. (Note that we use the term "HIL" in this application to refer to any of the terms HIL, HTL, or HCL generically, where a specific device or device configuration does not require use of one of the specific terms.)
  • More than one non-conductive polymer can be used in the formulation.
  • planarizing agent and the hole injection component could be represented by a copolymer that contains an ICP segment and a non-conjugated segment with a composition like similar to that described herein.
  • the planarizing agent can also be a "non-fugitive", small molecule that is soluble in the application solvent, but does not evaporate upon removal of the solvent. It may possess alkyl, aryl, or functional alkyl or aryl character.
  • the other components can also provide other useful functions such as resistivity control and
  • Planarity can be determined by methods known in the art including AFM measurements.
  • the solvent system can be a mixture of water and organic solvent, including water miscible solvents, and solvents that comprise oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen, such as for example an alcohol or an etheric alcohol.
  • water miscible solvents include alcohols such as isopropanol, ethanol, and methanol, and ethylene glycols and propylene glycols from Dow Chemical and Eastman Chemical. See for example Cellosolve, Carbitol, propane diol, methyl carbitol, butyl cellosolve, Dowanol PM,
  • the amount of water can be greater than the amount of organic solvent.
  • a wide variety of combination of solvents can be used including non-aqueous including alcohols and other polar solvents.
  • the composition can comprise a first solvent and a second solvent, different than the first solvent.
  • Aqueous dispersions can be for example poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (i.e. PSS dispersion), Nafion dispersion (e.g., sulfonated fluorinated polymers), latex, and polyurethane dispersions.
  • water soluble polymers examples include polyvinylpyrollidinone and polyvinylalcohol.
  • resins include cellulose acetate resins (CA, CAB, CAP - Eastman).
  • Surfactants can be used including for example ionic and non-ionic surfactants, as well as polymer surfactants, fluorinated surfactants, and ionomers.
  • Resins and HIL inks can be dispersed and/or dissolved by any method known in the art including for example sonication.
  • the formulation can be formulated to include crosslinking agents which provide crosslinked structures which may swell but not dissolve upon crosslinking.
  • additional ingredients can be mixed in including for example a second type of polymer.
  • the HIL system can be applied by spin casting, drop casting, dip-coating, spray-coating, ink-jetting, gravure coating, doctor blading, and the like.
  • the HIL film in some embodiments can be provided that is about 10 nm to about 50 ⁇ in thickness with typical thickness ranging from about 50 nm to about 1 ⁇ . In another embodiment, thickness can be about 10 nm to about 500 nm, and more particularly, about 10 nm to about 100 nm.
  • a composition such as an HTL, HCL, or HIL composition does not comprise PEDOT or PEDOT:PSS.
  • coated electrodes can be used in various organic based electronic devices, for example in multilayered structures which can be prepared by for example solution processing or vacuum deposition, as well as printing and patterning processes, or combinations thereof.
  • the embodiments described herein are useful for solution process depositions of anodes for organic electronic devices, e.g. OPVs and OLEDs.
  • photovoltaic devices are known in the art.
  • the devices can comprise, for example, multi-layer structures including for example coated anodes; optionally additional hole injection or hole transport layers; a P/N bulk heterojunction layer; a conditioning layer such as LiF; and a cathode such as for example Ca, Al, or Ba.
  • Devices can be adapted to allow for current density versus voltage measurements. Inverted structures can be made.
  • Photovoltaic devices can be prepared with photoactive layers comprising fullerene derivatives mixed with for example conducting polymers as described in for example US Patent Nos. 5,454,880 (Univ. CaL); 6,812,399; and 6,933,436. Photovoltaic devices can be prepared with photoactive bulk heterojunctions using materials described in the following US patent applications: US Provisional Patent Application 60/812,961 filed on 6/13/2006, US Patent Application 11/743,587 filed on 5/2/2007and US Patent Application 12/040,776 filed on 2/29/2008. Fullerene derivatives including derivatives comprising indene, or the PCBM fullerene derivative, can be used as an n-type material.
  • OLED devices are known in the art.
  • the devices can comprise, for example, multi-layer structures including for example coated anodes; optionally additional hole injection or hole transport layers; an electroluminescent layer such as a polymer layer; a conditioning layer such as LiF, and a cathode such as for example Ca, Al, or Ba.
  • OLED patents include for example US Patent Nos. 4,356,429 and 4,539,507 (Kodak). Conducting polymers which emit light are described in for example US Patent Nos. 5,247,190 and 5,401,827 (Cambridge Display Technologies). See also Kraft et al, "Electroluminescent Conjugated Polymers - Seeing Polymers in a New Light," Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 1998, 37, 402-428, including device architecture, physical principles, solution processing, multilayering, blends, and materials synthesis and formulation, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • Light emitters known in the art and commercially available can be used including various conducting polymers as well as organic molecules, such as materials available from Sumation, Merck Yellow, Merck Blue, American Dye Sources (ADS), Kodak (e.g, A1Q3 and the like), and even Aldrich such as BEHP-PPV. Examples of such organic molecules
  • electroluminescent materials include:
  • rigid rod polymers such as poly(p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisthiazole), poly(p- phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole), polyp-phenylene-2,6-benzimidazole), and their derivatives.
  • Preferred organic emissive polymers include SUMATION Light Emitting Polymers ("LEPs”) that emit green, red, blue, or white light or their families, copolymers, derivatives, or mixtures thereof; the SUMATION LEPs are available from Sumation KK.
  • SUMATION LEPs are available from Sumation KK.
  • Other polymers include polyspirofluorene-like polymers available from Covion Organic
  • small organic molecules that emit by fluorescence or by phosphorescence can serve as the organic electroluminescent layer.
  • organic electroluminescent materials include: (i) tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato) aluminum (Alq); (ii) l,3-bis(N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)-l,3,4-oxidazole (OXD-8); (iii) -oxo- bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinato)aluminum; (iv) bis(2-methyl-8-hydroxyquinolinato) aluminum; (v) bis(hydroxybenzoquinolinato) beryllium (BeQ.sub.2); (vi) bis(diphenylvinyl)biphenylene (DPVBI); and (vii) arylamine-substituted distyrylarylene (DSA amine).
  • Electrode materials and substrates, as well as encapsulating materials can be used.
  • PLED Testing Methods known in the art can be used to measure OLED parameters. For example, measurements can be carried out at 10 mA/cm .
  • Voltage can be for example about 2 to about 8, or about 3 to about 7 including for example about 2 to about 5.
  • Brightness can be, for example, at least 250 cd/m 2 , or at least 500 cd/m 2 , or at least 750 cd/m 2 , or at least 1,000 cd/m 2 .
  • Efficiency can be, for example, at least 0.25 Cd/A, or at least 0.45 Cd/A, or at least 0.60 Cd/A, or at least 0.70 Cd/A, or at least 1.00 Cd/A, or at least 2.5 Cd/A, or at least 5.00 Cd/A, or at least 7.50 Cd/A, or at least 10.00 Cd/A.
  • Lifetime can be measured at 50 mA/cm in hours and can be, for example, at least 50 hours, or at least 100 hours, or at least about 900 hours, or at least 1,000 hours, or at least 1100 hours, or at least 2,000 hours, or at least 5,000 hours.
  • brightness can be at least 1,000 cd/m
  • efficiency can be at least 1.00 Cd/A
  • lifetime can be at least 1,000 hours, at least 2,500 hours, or at least 5,000 hours.
  • Jsc values (mA/cm ) can be for example at least 6, or at least 7, or at least 8, or at least 9, or at least 10, or at least 11, or at least 12.
  • the values can be for example about 5 to about 12, or about 5 to about 15, or about 5 to about 20.
  • Voc values (V) can be for example at least about 0.5, or at least about 0.6, or at least about 0.7, or at least about 0.8, or at least about 0.9, or at least about 1.0, including for example about 0.5 to about 1.0, or about 0.55 to about 0.65.
  • FF values can for example at least about 0.2, or at least about 0.3, or at least about 0.4, or at least about 0.5, or at least about 0.6, or at least about 0.7, including also for example about 0.5 to about 0.8, or about 0.5 to about 0.73.
  • ⁇ (%) values can be for example at least about 1%, or at least about 2%, or at least about 3%, or at least about 4%, or at least about 5%, or at least about 6%, or at least about 7%, including for example about 1% to about 8%, or about 1% to about 7%, or about 1% to about 6%, or about 1% to about 5%, or about 1% to about 3.4%, or about 2% to about 3.4%.
  • Sulfonated polymers and formulations thereof as described herein can be made into an ink that can be used to produce high-performance hole-extraction or hole collection layer for organic photovoltaic devices.
  • Control materials can be formulated such as PEDOT materials described in US Patent No. 4,959,430 to Jonas et al. Baytron materials can be obtained from H.C. Stark.
  • Degradation rate and degradation time for a cell can also be examined.
  • Inverted solar devices can be made. Roll-to-roll processing can be carried out. Solar modules can be prepared. See, for example, Sun and Sariciftci, Organic Photovoltaics, 2005.
  • Aqueous coating solution available from Cambrios Technologies Corporation was prepared containing silver nanowires, Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC),
  • Triton X-100 Triton X-100, and water. Clean Eagle 2000 glass supplied by Coresix Precision Glass Inc. was used to prepare silver coated glass substrates. The Glass was 152.4 mm by 152.4 mm in size. The Glass was pretreated by using UV Ozone for 10 minutes. Spin coater Model # PWM32-PS-CB15PL from Headway Research Inc. was used to prepare the substrates. A recessed chuck was used to obtain uniform coatings. 10 ml of the coating solution was dispensed on the glass substrate on the spinner spinning at 500 rpm for 60 seconds. The coating was then dried at 50°C for 2 minutes in a convection oven and baked at 180°C for 90- 120 seconds on a hot plate. The coating was measured to have a sheet resistance of 15-17 ohms/sq (as measured by Delcom 717B Conductance Monitor) with a transmission of 95% transmission with a haze of 3% as measured by Haze Gard Plus.
  • AZ® 3330F product of AZ Electronic Material was used as photoresist.
  • a layer of photoresist was spun on the silver coating at a spin speed of 2000 rpm for 60 seconds.
  • the photoresist was pre-baked at 110 for 3 minutes on a hotplate.
  • a film mask was used for exposure @ 220mJ energy.
  • the photoresist was then post baked for 60 seconds.
  • AZ® 300 MIF developer was used for 30-60 seconds to develop the resist material.
  • Transene Aluminium Etchant Type A was used as etchant for the silver nanowires.
  • a DI water wash step was involved after the develop and etch step.
  • Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether (PGME) was used to strip the photoresist.
  • Example 2 Coating Silver Nanowire Substrates with PLEXCORE OC HIL A formulation
  • the patterned silver coatings as described in Example 1 were coated with HIL material as prepared in Example 5, which resulted in non uniform hazy film on top of the coating of silver nanowires.
  • the HIL was diluted 3 parts to 2 parts methanol by weight. This diluted formulation was spun coated on the patterned film of Example 1 at 1000 rpm for 30 seconds. This was followed by a dry step at 50°C for 5 minutes and a bake at 160°C for 25-30 minutes. This resulted in a 70-80 nm coating as measured by a surface profilometry tool. The combined transmission of the conductive coating and the HIL top coating was measured at 86% for film only.
  • Inks were prepared from P3HT and fullerene derivatives by adding 542 mg of the solids to 23.5 g 1,2-dichlorobenzene. The inks were stirred for 2 hours at approximately 60°C, then allowed to cool.
  • a pH 3 HIL formulation was prepared by adding 5.4 g of poly(4-vinylphenol) (DuPont or Sigma-Aldrich) to a container containing 127.2 g 1 ,2-propanediol and 110.0 g isopropanol. The mixture was stirred until all of the solids dissolved. To this solution was added 1.7 g of poly(styrene sulfonate) 18% aqueous solution (Sigma-Aldrich) with stirring. 100.8 g PLEXCORE MPX 0.7%> aqueous solution was then added dropwise with stirring.
  • a pH 5 HIL formulation was prepared by adding dimethylethanolamine (Sigma- Aldrich) dropwise to the pH3 HIL formulation until pH 5 was achieved (approximately 5 drops).
  • a PLEXCORE OC HIL A formulation was prepared by adding 3.2 g of poly(4- vinylphenol) (DuPont or Sigma-Aldrich) to a container containing 49.0 g of 1 ,2-propanediol and 39.2 g of isopropanol. The mixture was stirred until all of the solids dissolved. To this solution was added 0.2 g of poly(styrene sulfonate) 18% aqueous solution (Sigma-Aldrich), followed by 1.2 g of 10% aqueous dispersion NAFION perfluorinated resin (Sigma Aldrich) with stirring. 104.5 g PLEXCORE MPX 0.7% aqueous solution dropwise with stirring. 2.8 g of water was then added and the formulation stirred until homogeneous.
  • a PLEXCORE OC HIL B formulation was prepared by adding 0.9 g of poly(4- vinylphenol) (DuPont or Sigma-Aldrich) to 17.2 g of 2-butoxyethanol (Sigma-Aldrich). The mixture was stirred until all of the solids dissolved. To this solution was added 9.5 g PLEXCORE MPX 0.7% aqueous solution dropwise with stirring. 22.4 g of water was then added and the formulation stirred until homogeneous.
  • Example 6 OPV Devices made from PEDOT/PSS HIL and Soap Washes
  • Silver nanowire substrates of Example 1 were cleaned in a Class 10,000 clean room by sonicating for 20 min in a soap solution (Deconoex OP 162, Borer, 1 drop per litre deionized water), followed by 20 min of sonication in water, followed by 20 min of sonication in acetone. The substrates were then exposed to UV and ozone for 10 min.
  • a soap solution (Deconoex OP 162, Borer, 1 drop per litre deionized water)
  • the substrates were then exposed to UV and ozone for 10 min.
  • HIL hole injection layer
  • PEDOT/PSS poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)- poly(styrenesulfonate)
  • BAYTRON ® AI 4083 from H.C. Starck
  • the active layer inks of Example 3 were spin-coated over the HIL-coated substrates for 3 min at 350 rpm in a nitrogen atmosphere.
  • the coated substrates were then annealed for 30 min on a 175 C hot plate in a nitrogen atmosphere.
  • the cathode was applied on top of the active layer by first vapor depositing an approximately 10 nm thick Ca layer and then vapor depositing an approximately 200 nm thick Al layer.
  • the devices were then encapsulated with a glass cover slip that was sealed with a UV-curable adhesive (EPO-TEK ® OGl 12-4 from Epoxy Technology) and cured under UV radiation for 4 min at 80 mW/cm intensity.
  • the contact pads were then wiped with isopropyl alcohol to remove the organic layer from the electrode.
  • Each encapsulated device comprised light-sensitive pixels on the substrate whose electrodes extend outside the encapsulated region of the device.
  • the typical area of each pixel was 0.09 cm .
  • the photovoltaic characteristics of the devices were measured using a system equipped with a Keithly 2400 source meter and an Oriel 300W Solar Simulator, based on a Xe lamp with 100 mW/cm output intensity, using an Air Mass 1.5 global spectral filter, which approximates the Sun's spectrum.
  • the lamp intensity was calibrated using an NREL- certified Si-KG5 silicon photodiode.
  • the source meter supplied a bias voltage that was applied to the silver nanowire electrode, while the aluminum electrode was grounded. The resulting photocurrent was measured as a function of the bias voltage applied to each pixel.
  • the power conversion efficiency of a solar cell was determined for four pixels per device as r
  • (FFl JsclVoc)/Pin, where FF is the fill factor, Jsc is the current density at short circuit, Voc is the photovoltage at open circuit, and Pin is the incident light power density, with "Best ⁇ " being the best efficiency measured among the four pixels. Results are summarized in Table 1.
  • control device is glass/lTO/PEDOT/active layer/Ca:Al/glass
  • Example 7 OPV Devices made from PEDOT/PSS HIL and isopropyl alcohol washes
  • Example 6 The procedure of Example 6 was used, except for the substitution of isopropyl alcohol for soap solution during sonication. Results of device testing are summarized in Table 2.
  • control device is glass/lTO/PEDOT/active layer/Ca:Al/glass
  • Example 8 OPV Devices made from pH3 and pH5 HILs and using isopropyl alcohol pad cleaning
  • pH 3 and pH 5 HIL-coated nano-wire substrates were cleaned in a Class 10,000 clean room by blowing with compressed, dry, particle-free nitrogen.
  • the active layer inks of Example 3 were spin-coated over the HIL-coated substrates for 3 min at 350 rpm in a nitrogen atmosphere.
  • the coated substrates were then annealed for 30 min on a 175°C hot plate in a nitrogen atmosphere.
  • the cathode was applied on top of the active layer by first vapor depositing an approximately 10 nm thick Ca layer and then vapor depositing an approximately 200 nm thick Al layer.
  • the devices were then encapsulated with a glass cover slip that was sealed with a UV-curable adhesive (EPO-TEK ® OGl 12-4 from Epoxy Technology) and cured under UV radiation for 4 min at 80 mW/cm intensity.
  • the contact pads were then wiped with isopropyl alcohol to remove the organic layer from the electrode. Results of device testing are summarized in Table 4.
  • control device is glass/lTO/PEDOT/active layer/Ca:Al/glass
  • Example 9 OPV Devices made from pH3 and pH5 HILs and using toluene pad cleaning
  • control device is glass/lTO/PEDOT/active layer/Ca:Al/glass
  • Example 10 OPV Devices made from PLEXCORE OC HIL B and using toluene pad cleaning
  • Example 9 The procedure of Example 9 was used, except for the substitution of PLEXCORE OC HIL B of Example 5 for the pH 3 and pH 5 HILs. Results of device testing are summarized in Table 6.
  • control device is glass/lTO/PEDOT/active layer/Ca:Al/glass
  • Example 11 PLED Devices made from pH5 HIL and optionally PLEXCORE OC HIL B pH5-coated substrates of Example 2 were cleaned in a Class 10,000 clean room by blowing with compressed, dry, particle-free nitrogen.
  • the PLEXCORE OC HIL B formulation of Example 5 was spin-coated over some of the pH5 -coated substrates for 5 sec at 350 rpm, followed by 40 sec at 600 rpm.
  • the PLEXCORE OC HIL B-coated substrates were then annealed for 15 min at 175°C in a nitrogen atmosphere. This resulted in an approximately 60 nm layer on the coated devices.
  • an interlayer was applied, also in a dry box.
  • the approximately 15 nm interlayer was spin-coated for 4 sec at 300 rpm, followed by 6 sec at 2000 rpm, in a nitrogen atmosphere, followed by drying for 30 sec at 400 rpm.
  • the interlayer-coated substrates were then annealed for 60 min at 180°C in a nitrogen atmosphere.
  • an emissive layer was applied over the interlayer, also in a dry box.
  • the approximately 58 nm emissive layer was spin-coated for 4 sec at 400 rpm, followed by 6 sec at 5500 rpm, in a nitrogen atmosphere, followed by drying for 30 sec at 400 rpm.
  • the emissive layer-coated substrates were then annealed for 10 min at 130°C in a nitrogen atmosphere.
  • the cathode was applied on top of the emissive layer by first vapor depositing an approximately 5 nm thick Ba layer and then vapor depositing an approximately 200 nm thick Al layer.
  • the devices were then encapsulated with a getter and a glass cover slip that was sealed with an epoxy adhesive (Delo GmbH). Table 7 summarizes the devices that were constructed.
  • the devices were then tested at a fixed current density (30 mA/cm2).
  • the voltage, efficiency, and color coordinates were measured using a photoresearch camera (PR
  • Example 12 Preparation of Patterned Silver Nano wires Disposed on Substrate using Slot- Die Coater
  • aqueous coating solution suitable for slot-die coating processes was supplied by Cambrios Technologies Corporation. This solution included silver nanowires, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), Triton X-100, and water.
  • the coating was then dried at 50°C for 2 minutes in a convection oven and baked at 180°C for 90-120 seconds on a hot plate.
  • the coating was measured by handheld 4-point probe RCheck+ (by Electronic Design to Market, Inc., Model RC 3175) to have a sheet resistance of 7-9 ohms/sq with a transmission of 85% at 550 nm measured on UV-Vis
  • AZ® 1512 product of AZ Electronic Material was used as photoresist.
  • a layer of photoresist was spun on the silver coating at a spin speed of 2,500 rpm for 60 seconds.
  • the photoresist was soft-baked at 95 °C for 2 minutes on a hotplate equipped with vacuum chuck.
  • An ABM mask Aligner was used to expose the photoresist through a photomask with 120mJ energy dose.
  • AZ® 300 MIF developer was used for 60-90 seconds to develop the photoresist material.
  • the photoresist AZ® 1512 was hard-baked at 110°C on the same hot plate.
  • Transene Aluminum Etchant Type A was used as etchant for the silver nanowires.
  • a DI water wash step was applied after the develop and etch step.
  • Propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME) was used to strip the photoresist.
  • the photomask design is shown below:
  • EXAMPLE 13 OPV Devices made from HIL and PV2000 Active Layer
  • the Ag nanoparticle transparent conductor was deposited and patterned as described in Example 12.
  • the patterned substrate was exposed to a flow of N 2 to remove particles from the surface.
  • Each substrate was then coated with a about 30 nm thick layer of HIL (formulation below) by spin coating for 3 seconds at 350 rpm in air, followed by a 30 seconds at 1000 rpm.
  • the devices were then heated on a hotplate for 1 minute at 120°C in air and were then transferred to a N 2 atmosphere glovebox and annealed on a hot plate at 170°C for 15 min.
  • the formulation information for the HIL is shown below. Methanol was added to the HIL in order to improve the wetting on the Ag nanoparticle surface.
  • the cathode was vapor deposited from a base pressure of about 7 x 10 "7 .
  • the cathode for the devices was a bilayer of Ca (10 nm) and Al (200 nm).
  • the Ca and Al were deposited at rates of 0.3 A/s and 4 A/s, respectively.
  • the devices were then encapsulated using a cavity glass with one SAES Dynic getter and the edges of the cavity glass sealed with EPO-TEK OGl 12- 4 UV curable glue.
  • the encapsulated device was cured under UV irradiation (80 mW/cm ) for 4 minutes and tested as follows.
  • the photovoltaic characteristics of devices under white light exposure were measured using a system equipped with a Keithley 2400 source meter and an Oriel 300W Solar Simulator based on a Xe lamp with output intensity of 100 mW/cm (AMI .5G).
  • the light intensity was set using an NREL-certified Si-KG5 silicon photodiode.
  • Table 9 summarizes the resulting performance for the standard devices with ITO as the TC versus the devices with Ag nanowire as the TC.
  • Embodiment 1 A device comprising: a first layer comprising a plurality of electrically conductive nanowires on a substrate; and a second layer disposed on the nanowires comprising one or more polymers or copolymers, said one or more polymers or copolymers comprising (i) at least one conjugated repeat group, or (ii) at least one heteroaryl group, optionally linked through a keto group or a fluorinated alkylene oxide group.
  • Embodiment 2 The device of embodiment 1, wherein the conjugated repeat groups comprise polythiophene.
  • Embodiment 3. The device of embodiment 2, wherein the polythiophene comprises at least one organic substituent.
  • Embodiment 4 The device of embodiment 3, wherein the substituent is an alkylene oxide, alkoxy or alkyl substituent.
  • Embodiment 5 The device of embodiment 4, wherein the polythiophene is a regioregular polythiophene.
  • Embodiment 6 The device of embodiment 5, wherein the degree of regioregularity is at least about 90%.
  • Embodiment 7 The device of embodiment 2, wherein the polythiophene comprises a regular head-to-tail coupled poly(3 -substituted thiophene) having a degree of regioregularity of at least about 90%.
  • Embodiment 8 The device of embodiment 2, wherein the polythiophene comprises at least one sulfonate substituent comprising sulfonate sulfur bonding directly to the polythiophene backbone.
  • Embodiment 9 The device of embodiment 8, wherein the polythiophene further comprises at least one organic substituent.
  • Embodiment 10 The device of embodiment 9, wherein the substituent is an alkylene oxide, alkoxy or alkyl substituent.
  • Embodiment 11 The device of embodiment 10, wherein the polythiophene is a regioregular polythiophene.
  • Embodiment 12 The device of embodiment 11, wherein the degree of regioregularity is at least about 90% apart from the sulfonation.
  • Embodiment 13 The device of embodiment 12, wherein the polythiophene comprises a 3,4- disubstituted polythiophene.
  • Embodiment 14 The device of embodiment 13, wherein the 3,4-disubstitued polythiophene comprises an alkylene oxide, alkoxy or alkyl substituent in each of the 3 and 4 positions.
  • Embodiment 15 The device of embodiment 14, wherein the 3,4-disubstitued polythiophene comprises an alkylene oxide in each of the 3 and 4 positions.
  • Embodiment 16 The device according to embodiment 2, wherein said repeat groups comprise arylamine.
  • Embodiment 17 The device according to embodiment 16, wherein said repeat groups comprise arylamine groups linked by at least one fluorinated alkyleneoxy group.
  • Embodiment 18 The device according to embodiment 16, wherein said repeat groups comprise arylamine groups linked by a keto group.
  • Embodiment 19 The device of embodiment 2, wherein the polythiophene comprises a water soluble polythiophene.
  • Embodiment 20 The device of embodiment 2, wherein the polythiophene comprises a doped polythiophene.
  • Embodiment 21 The device of embodiment 2, wherein the polythiophene comprises a self- doped polythiophene.
  • Embodiment 22 The devices according to embodiment 2, wherein the polymers or copolymers comprise non-regioregular thiophene repeat units.
  • Embodiment 23 The device of embodiment 1, wherein the plurality of electrically conductive nanowires is at or above an electrical percolation level.
  • Embodiment 24 The device of embodiment 1, wherein the plurality of electrically conductive nanowires comprises silver.
  • Embodiment 25 The device of embodiment 1, wherein the device comprises at least two electrodes and at least one light emitting or photoactive layer.
  • Embodiment 26 The device of embodiment 1, further comprising electrodes, wherein toluene is used to clean said electrodes.
  • Embodiment 27 The device of embodiment 1, wherein said device comprises an OPV with ⁇ greater than about 2%.
  • Embodiment 28 The device of embodiment 1, wherein the first layer comprises a matrix material.
  • Embodiment 29 The device of embodiment 1, wherein the first layer comprises a non- conductive matrix material.
  • Embodiment 30 The device of embodiment 1, wherein the first layer comprises a conductive matrix material.
  • Embodiment 31 A device comprising: a plurality of electrically conductive nanowires on a substrate, and a composition disposed on the nanowires comprising one or more conjugated polymers or copolymers, wherein said device comprises an OPV with ⁇ greater than about 2%.
  • Embodiment 32 The device of embodiment 31, wherein the conjugated polymers or copolymers are polythiophenes.
  • Embodiment 33 The device of embodiment 31, wherein the conjugated polymers or copolymers are regioregular polythiophenes.
  • Embodiment 34 The device of embodiment 31, wherein the conjugated polymers or copolymers are sulfonated regioregular polythiophenes.
  • Embodiment 35 The device according to embodiment 31, wherein the nanowires are mixed with a matrix material.
  • Embodiment 36 The device according to embodiment 31, wherein the nanowires are mixed with a conductive matrix material.
  • Embodiment 37 The device according to embodiment 31, wherein the nanowires are mixed with a non-conductive matrix material.
  • Embodiment 38 A device comprising: a plurality of electrically conductive nanowires on a substrate, and at least one composition disposed on the nanowires comprising a water soluble or water dispersible polythiophene comprising (i) at least one organic substituent, and (ii) at least one sulfonate substituent comprising sulfonate sulfur bonding directly to the polythiophene backbone.
  • Embodiment 39 The device according to embodiment 38, wherein the device comprises an OPV with with ⁇ greater than about 2%.
  • Embodiment 40 The device according to embodiment 38, wherein the polythiophene comprises a regular head-to-tail coupled poly(3 -substituted thiophene) having a degree of regioregularity of at least about 90% apart from sulfonation.
  • Embodiment 41 The device according to embodiment 38, wherein the polythiophene comprises a water soluble polythiophene.
  • Embodiment 42 The device according to embodiment 38, wherein the polythiophene comprises a doped polythiophene.
  • Embodiment 43 The device according to embodiment 38, wherein the polythiophene comprises at least one alkylene oxide, alkoxy or alkyl substituent.
  • Embodiment 44 The device according to embodiment 38, wherein the polythiophene comprises a polythiophene characterized by an acid number of about 250 or less mg KOH/g polymer.
  • Embodiment 45 A device comprising: a conductive layer comprising a plurality of conductive nanowires and a non-conductive matrix, and an HTL layer disposed on said conductive layer, said HTL layer comprising one or more polythiophene polymers or copolymers.
  • Embodiment 46 The device according to embodiment 45, wherein said device comprises an OPV.
  • Embodiment 47 The device according to embodiment 45, wherein said device comprises an OPV with ⁇ greater than about 2%.
  • Embodiment 48 The device according to embodiment 45, wherein said one or more polythiophene polymers or copolymers comprises one or more regioregular polythiophene polymers or copolymers.
  • Embodiment 49 The device according to embodiment 45, wherein said one or more polythiophene polymers or copolymers comprises one or more regioregular polythiophene polymers or copolymers comprising at least one sulfonate sulfur bonding directly to the polythiophene backbone.
  • Embodiment 50 The device according to embodiment 45, where said HTL layer is a hole injection layer.
  • Embodiment 51 The device according to embodiment 45, where said HTL layer comprises multiple layers.
  • Embodiment 52 The device according to embodiment 45, where said HTL layer is a hole collection layer.
  • Embodiment 53 The device according to embodiment 45, further comprising electrodes, where toluene is used to clean said electrodes.
  • Embodiment 54 A device comprising at least one conductive layer, said at least one conductive layer comprising: a plurality of electrically conductive nanowires, and at least one composition comprising a water soluble or water dispersible regioregular polythiophene comprising (i) at least one organic substituent, and (ii) at least one sulfonate substituent comprising sulfonate sulfur bonding directly to the polythiophene backbone.
  • Embodiment 55 A device comprising at least one conductive layer and at least one other layer disposed on the conductive layer, said at least one conductive layer comprising a plurality of electrically conductive nanowires, and said at least one other layer selected from the group: hole injection layer, hole transport layer, overcoat layer, or hole collection layer, wherein said at least one other layer comprises at least one composition comprising a water soluble or water dispersible regioregular polythiophene comprising (i) at least one organic substituent, and (ii) at least one sulfonate substituent comprising sulfonate sulfur bonding directly to the polythiophene backbone.
  • Embodiment 56 The device according to embodiment 55, wherein the device comprises an OPV with with ⁇ greater than about 2%.
  • Embodiment 57 A device comprising: a first layer comprising a plurality of electrically conductive nanowires on a substrate; and a second layer disposed on the nanowires comprising one or more polymers or copolymers, said one or more polymers or copolymers comprising at least one heteroaryl group or at least one polyarylamine, wherein said heteroaryl group or polyarylamine are optionally linked through a keto group or a fluorinated alkyleneoxy group.

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Electroluminescent Light Sources (AREA)
  • Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
  • Non-Insulated Conductors (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne des dispositifs électroniques organiques, des compositions, et des procédés employant des nanofils électriquement conducteurs et des matériaux conducteurs tels que des polymères conjugués, p.ex. des polythiophènes regioréguliers sulfonés, qui offrent des performances de dispositif élevées, tel qu'un bon rendement de pile solaire. Des dispositifs requérant des conducteurs transparents, qui sont souples aux contraintes physiques, peuvent être fabriqués avec une réduction des problèmes de corrosion.
PCT/US2010/050250 2009-09-29 2010-09-24 Dispositifs électroniques organiques, compositions, et procédés WO2011041232A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
KR1020127010175A KR101797783B1 (ko) 2009-09-29 2010-09-24 유기 전자 소자, 조성물 및 방법
EP10771234.1A EP2471117B1 (fr) 2009-09-29 2010-09-24 Dispositifs électroniques organiques
JP2012532215A JP5667195B2 (ja) 2009-09-29 2010-09-24 有機電子デバイス、組成物、および方法
CN2010800533970A CN102648542A (zh) 2009-09-29 2010-09-24 有机电子器件、组合物和方法

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US24691309P 2009-09-29 2009-09-29
US61/246,913 2009-09-29

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2011041232A1 true WO2011041232A1 (fr) 2011-04-07

Family

ID=43087061

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US2010/050250 WO2011041232A1 (fr) 2009-09-29 2010-09-24 Dispositifs électroniques organiques, compositions, et procédés

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (2) US8431925B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP2471117B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP5667195B2 (fr)
KR (1) KR101797783B1 (fr)
CN (2) CN107104186B (fr)
SG (1) SG10201709677PA (fr)
TW (1) TWI499602B (fr)
WO (1) WO2011041232A1 (fr)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2014027174A (ja) * 2012-07-27 2014-02-06 Mitsubishi Chemicals Corp 光電変換素子、太陽電池モジュール、及び光電変換素子の製造方法
WO2014039687A1 (fr) * 2012-09-06 2014-03-13 Plextronics, Inc. Dispositifs électroluminescents comprenant des grilles métalliques sans isolant
DE102013002855A1 (de) 2013-02-20 2014-08-21 Heraeus Precious Metals Gmbh & Co. Kg Formulierungen aus gewaschenen Silberdrähten und PEDOT
JP2014148664A (ja) * 2013-01-31 2014-08-21 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives 光電子工学装置、特に逆型ｏｐｖセルの形成
EP2977993A1 (fr) 2014-07-25 2016-01-27 Heraeus Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG Formulations comprenant des nanofils métalliques et pedot
CN111915221A (zh) * 2020-08-18 2020-11-10 北京交通大学 一种适用于高速铁路的能力分析方法

Families Citing this family (23)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2013016455A (ja) * 2011-01-13 2013-01-24 Jnc Corp 透明導電膜の形成に用いられる塗膜形成用組成物
US8906752B2 (en) 2011-09-16 2014-12-09 Kateeva, Inc. Polythiophene-containing ink compositions for inkjet printing
US10029916B2 (en) 2012-06-22 2018-07-24 C3Nano Inc. Metal nanowire networks and transparent conductive material
US9920207B2 (en) 2012-06-22 2018-03-20 C3Nano Inc. Metal nanostructured networks and transparent conductive material
KR20140046923A (ko) * 2012-10-11 2014-04-21 제일모직주식회사 투명 도전체, 이를 제조하기 위한 조성물 및 이를 포함하는 광학표시 장치
TWI644463B (zh) * 2012-10-26 2018-12-11 黑拉耶烏斯貴金屬公司 在ＯＬＥＤｓ中具有高導電度及高效能之透明層及其製造方法
US9412921B2 (en) 2012-11-20 2016-08-09 Industrial Technology Research Institute Module structure
US10020807B2 (en) 2013-02-26 2018-07-10 C3Nano Inc. Fused metal nanostructured networks, fusing solutions with reducing agents and methods for forming metal networks
KR101976760B1 (ko) * 2013-03-29 2019-05-09 코오롱인더스트리 주식회사 나노와이어 기반 투명 전도성 필름 및 그 제조 방법
KR102080862B1 (ko) * 2013-08-30 2020-02-25 동우 화인켐 주식회사 투명 도전체
US11274223B2 (en) 2013-11-22 2022-03-15 C3 Nano, Inc. Transparent conductive coatings based on metal nanowires and polymer binders, solution processing thereof, and patterning approaches
US11343911B1 (en) 2014-04-11 2022-05-24 C3 Nano, Inc. Formable transparent conductive films with metal nanowires
US9166188B1 (en) * 2014-06-10 2015-10-20 Arolltech Co., Ltd. Organic light emitting diode device
US9183968B1 (en) 2014-07-31 2015-11-10 C3Nano Inc. Metal nanowire inks for the formation of transparent conductive films with fused networks
DE102015115004A1 (de) * 2015-09-07 2017-03-09 Leibniz-Institut Für Neue Materialien Gemeinnützige Gmbh Verfahren zur Herstellung von strukturierten Oberflächen
DE102015122788A1 (de) 2015-12-23 2017-06-29 Leibniz-Institut Für Neue Materialien Gemeinnützige Gmbh Verfahren zur Herstellung von leitfähigen Strukturen
EP3573119A4 (fr) * 2017-01-18 2020-08-26 Nissan Chemical Corporation Composition d'encre contenant un polymère conjugué sulfoné
CN108621753A (zh) * 2017-03-24 2018-10-09 凯姆控股有限公司 平面加热结构
CN109822996A (zh) * 2017-11-23 2019-05-31 宸美（厦门）光电有限公司 电控变色车用玻璃
JP7243636B2 (ja) * 2017-12-15 2023-03-22 日産化学株式会社 有機光電変換素子の正孔捕集層用組成物
CN110540197B (zh) * 2018-05-29 2021-03-12 北京石墨烯研究院 一种碳纳米材料清洁石墨烯表面的方法
KR102196345B1 (ko) * 2019-02-28 2020-12-29 부경대학교 산학협력단 신축성 전극 및 이의 제조 방법
JP2021150588A (ja) * 2020-03-23 2021-09-27 株式会社リコー 光電変換素子、光電変換モジュール、電子機器、及び電源モジュール

Citations (29)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3290508A (en) 1961-01-27 1966-12-06 Gen Electric Photoelectric correlation system and a time displacement discriminator therefor
US3447608A (en) 1966-04-15 1969-06-03 Dow Chemical Co Open hole cement plugging
US4077607A (en) 1977-02-23 1978-03-07 Lovelady Grady R Servicing rack for motorcycles
US4356429A (en) 1980-07-17 1982-10-26 Eastman Kodak Company Organic electroluminescent cell
US4438008A (en) 1981-02-26 1984-03-20 Basf Aktiengesellschaft Lubricant, containing esterified ethylene/acrylic acid or ethylene/maleic acid copolymers as the active ingredient, for moulding chlorine-containing thermoplastics
US4539507A (en) 1983-03-25 1985-09-03 Eastman Kodak Company Organic electroluminescent devices having improved power conversion efficiencies
US4737557A (en) 1986-03-20 1988-04-12 Agency Of Industrial Science And Technology 3-N-higher alkylthiophene polymer and composition thereof
US4909959A (en) 1986-04-01 1990-03-20 Solvay & Cie (Societe Anonyme) Conductive polymers derived from 3-alkylthiophenes, a process for manufacturing them and electroconductive devices containing them
US4959430A (en) 1988-04-22 1990-09-25 Bayer Aktiengesellschaft Polythiophenes, process for their preparation and their use
US5047687A (en) 1990-07-26 1991-09-10 Eastman Kodak Company Organic electroluminescent device with stabilized cathode
US5140910A (en) 1991-12-02 1992-08-25 Welter Jeff R Roller equipped dolly for a car wash
US5247190A (en) 1989-04-20 1993-09-21 Cambridge Research And Innovation Limited Electroluminescent devices
US5401827A (en) 1990-08-24 1995-03-28 Cambridge Display Technology Limited Semiconductive copolymers for use in luminescent devices
US5454880A (en) 1992-08-17 1995-10-03 Regents Of The University Of California Conjugated polymer-acceptor heterojunctions; diodes, photodiodes, and photovoltaic cells
US6166172A (en) 1999-02-10 2000-12-26 Carnegie Mellon University Method of forming poly-(3-substituted) thiophenes
US6602974B1 (en) 2001-12-04 2003-08-05 Carnegie Mellon University Polythiophenes, block copolymers made therefrom, and methods of forming the same
US6812399B2 (en) 2000-04-27 2004-11-02 Qsel-Quantum Solar Energy Linz Forschungs-Und Entwick-Lungs-Gesellsch Photovoltaic cell
US6933436B2 (en) 2000-04-27 2005-08-23 Konarka Austria Forschungs Und Entwicklungs Gmbh Photovoltaic cell
US6975067B2 (en) 2002-12-19 2005-12-13 3M Innovative Properties Company Organic electroluminescent device and encapsulation method
US20060292362A1 (en) * 2005-06-28 2006-12-28 Che-Hsiung Hsu Bilayer anode
WO2008046058A2 (fr) 2006-10-12 2008-04-17 Cambrios Technologies Corporation Conducteurs transparents à base de nanofils et leurs applications
WO2008073149A2 (fr) * 2006-07-21 2008-06-19 Plextronics, Inc. Sulfonation de polymères conducteurs et dispositifs oled, photovoltaïques et esd
US20080224128A1 (en) * 2007-03-13 2008-09-18 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Thin film transistor for display device and manufacturing method of the same
US20080319207A1 (en) 2006-06-13 2008-12-25 Plextronics, Inc. Organic photovoltaic devices comprising fullerenes and derivatives thereof
US20100108954A1 (en) 2008-10-27 2010-05-06 Plextronics, Inc. Polyarylamine Ketones
US10885108B2 (en) 2012-12-04 2021-01-05 Sonos, Inc. Media content search based on metadata
US10884408B2 (en) 2017-02-16 2021-01-05 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Vehicle communication system and vehicle control device
US11587708B2 (en) 2019-10-02 2023-02-21 Imec Vzw Magnetic device with a hybrid free layer stack
US11923908B2 (en) 2021-03-19 2024-03-05 The Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania Integrated coherent receiver with off PLL bandwidth demodulation

Family Cites Families (27)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20080140101A1 (en) * 2006-12-07 2008-06-12 Revascular Therapeutic, Inc. Apparatus for crossing occlusions or stenoses
US7317047B2 (en) * 2002-09-24 2008-01-08 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Electrically conducting organic polymer/nanoparticle composites and methods for use thereof
US6936761B2 (en) * 2003-03-29 2005-08-30 Nanosolar, Inc. Transparent electrode, optoelectronic apparatus and devices
US7390438B2 (en) * 2003-04-22 2008-06-24 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Water dispersible substituted polydioxythiophenes made with fluorinated polymeric sulfonic acid colloids
US20070004899A1 (en) 2003-09-24 2007-01-04 Che-Hsiung Hsu Water dispersible polythiophenes made with polymeric acid colloids
US20050222333A1 (en) * 2004-03-31 2005-10-06 Che-Hsiung Hsu Aqueous electrically doped conductive polymers and polymeric acid colloids
US7179574B2 (en) * 2004-03-31 2007-02-20 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Hydrazone-based charge transport materials
JP4807817B2 (ja) * 2004-08-05 2011-11-02 三菱レイヨン株式会社 導電性成形体の製造方法、及び導電性成形体
US20060062983A1 (en) * 2004-09-17 2006-03-23 Irvin Glen C Jr Coatable conductive polyethylenedioxythiophene with carbon nanotubes
JP4981672B2 (ja) * 2004-09-24 2012-07-25 プレックストロニクス インコーポレーティッド 光電池におけるヘテロ原子位置規則性ポリ（３−置換チオフェン）
KR101269256B1 (ko) * 2004-09-24 2013-05-29 플렉스트로닉스, 인크 헤테로 원자를 갖는 위치 규칙적 폴리(3-치환 티오펜)를 포함하는 전기발광 소자
KR101314985B1 (ko) * 2005-02-10 2013-10-04 플렉스트로닉스, 인크 정공 주입/수송 층 조성물 및 장치
EP1864300A4 (fr) * 2005-03-16 2009-12-02 Plextronics Inc Copolymeres de poly(thiophenes) solubles dotes d'un meilleur rendement electronique
JP5546763B2 (ja) * 2005-08-12 2014-07-09 カンブリオス テクノロジーズ コーポレイション ナノワイヤに基づく透明導電体
US20080023067A1 (en) * 2005-12-27 2008-01-31 Liangbing Hu Solar cell with nanostructure electrode
US20070246689A1 (en) * 2006-04-11 2007-10-25 Jiaxin Ge Transparent thin polythiophene films having improved conduction through use of nanomaterials
JP2008011266A (ja) 2006-06-29 2008-01-17 Ricoh Co Ltd 複合画像形成方法及び複合画像形成装置
US20080023066A1 (en) * 2006-07-28 2008-01-31 Unidym, Inc. Transparent electrodes formed of metal electrode grids and nanostructure networks
KR100809236B1 (ko) * 2006-08-30 2008-03-05 삼성전기주식회사 편광 발광 다이오드
US8018568B2 (en) * 2006-10-12 2011-09-13 Cambrios Technologies Corporation Nanowire-based transparent conductors and applications thereof
US20100096004A1 (en) * 2006-10-25 2010-04-22 Unidym, Inc. Solar cell with nanostructure electrode(s)
JP4362635B2 (ja) * 2007-02-02 2009-11-11 ローム株式会社 ＺｎＯ系半導体素子
JP5212377B2 (ja) * 2007-11-07 2013-06-19 コニカミノルタホールディングス株式会社 透明電極及び透明電極の製造方法
WO2009111339A1 (fr) * 2008-02-29 2009-09-11 Plextronics, Inc. Planarisation d'agents et de dispositifs
EP2257594B1 (fr) * 2008-03-06 2014-11-12 Plextronics, Inc. Agents et dispositifs d'aplanissement modifiés
US20090235988A1 (en) * 2008-03-21 2009-09-24 Washington, University Of Solar cells based on polymer nanowires
CA2720694C (fr) * 2008-04-11 2017-05-23 Plextronics, Inc. Polymeres conjugues dopes, dispositifs, et procedes de fabrication desdits dispositifs

Patent Citations (30)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3290508A (en) 1961-01-27 1966-12-06 Gen Electric Photoelectric correlation system and a time displacement discriminator therefor
US3447608A (en) 1966-04-15 1969-06-03 Dow Chemical Co Open hole cement plugging
US4077607A (en) 1977-02-23 1978-03-07 Lovelady Grady R Servicing rack for motorcycles
US4356429A (en) 1980-07-17 1982-10-26 Eastman Kodak Company Organic electroluminescent cell
US4438008A (en) 1981-02-26 1984-03-20 Basf Aktiengesellschaft Lubricant, containing esterified ethylene/acrylic acid or ethylene/maleic acid copolymers as the active ingredient, for moulding chlorine-containing thermoplastics
US4539507A (en) 1983-03-25 1985-09-03 Eastman Kodak Company Organic electroluminescent devices having improved power conversion efficiencies
US4737557A (en) 1986-03-20 1988-04-12 Agency Of Industrial Science And Technology 3-N-higher alkylthiophene polymer and composition thereof
US4909959A (en) 1986-04-01 1990-03-20 Solvay & Cie (Societe Anonyme) Conductive polymers derived from 3-alkylthiophenes, a process for manufacturing them and electroconductive devices containing them
US4959430A (en) 1988-04-22 1990-09-25 Bayer Aktiengesellschaft Polythiophenes, process for their preparation and their use
US5247190A (en) 1989-04-20 1993-09-21 Cambridge Research And Innovation Limited Electroluminescent devices
US5047687A (en) 1990-07-26 1991-09-10 Eastman Kodak Company Organic electroluminescent device with stabilized cathode
US5401827A (en) 1990-08-24 1995-03-28 Cambridge Display Technology Limited Semiconductive copolymers for use in luminescent devices
US5140910A (en) 1991-12-02 1992-08-25 Welter Jeff R Roller equipped dolly for a car wash
US5454880A (en) 1992-08-17 1995-10-03 Regents Of The University Of California Conjugated polymer-acceptor heterojunctions; diodes, photodiodes, and photovoltaic cells
US6166172A (en) 1999-02-10 2000-12-26 Carnegie Mellon University Method of forming poly-(3-substituted) thiophenes
US6812399B2 (en) 2000-04-27 2004-11-02 Qsel-Quantum Solar Energy Linz Forschungs-Und Entwick-Lungs-Gesellsch Photovoltaic cell
US6933436B2 (en) 2000-04-27 2005-08-23 Konarka Austria Forschungs Und Entwicklungs Gmbh Photovoltaic cell
US6602974B1 (en) 2001-12-04 2003-08-05 Carnegie Mellon University Polythiophenes, block copolymers made therefrom, and methods of forming the same
US6975067B2 (en) 2002-12-19 2005-12-13 3M Innovative Properties Company Organic electroluminescent device and encapsulation method
US20060292362A1 (en) * 2005-06-28 2006-12-28 Che-Hsiung Hsu Bilayer anode
US20080319207A1 (en) 2006-06-13 2008-12-25 Plextronics, Inc. Organic photovoltaic devices comprising fullerenes and derivatives thereof
WO2008073149A2 (fr) * 2006-07-21 2008-06-19 Plextronics, Inc. Sulfonation de polymères conducteurs et dispositifs oled, photovoltaïques et esd
US20080248313A1 (en) 2006-07-21 2008-10-09 Plextronics, Inc. Sulfonation of conducting polymers and OLED, photovoltaic, and ESD devices
WO2008046058A2 (fr) 2006-10-12 2008-04-17 Cambrios Technologies Corporation Conducteurs transparents à base de nanofils et leurs applications
US20080224128A1 (en) * 2007-03-13 2008-09-18 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Thin film transistor for display device and manufacturing method of the same
US20100108954A1 (en) 2008-10-27 2010-05-06 Plextronics, Inc. Polyarylamine Ketones
US10885108B2 (en) 2012-12-04 2021-01-05 Sonos, Inc. Media content search based on metadata
US10884408B2 (en) 2017-02-16 2021-01-05 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Vehicle communication system and vehicle control device
US11587708B2 (en) 2019-10-02 2023-02-21 Imec Vzw Magnetic device with a hybrid free layer stack
US11923908B2 (en) 2021-03-19 2024-03-05 The Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania Integrated coherent receiver with off PLL bandwidth demodulation

Non-Patent Citations (26)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
"Conjugated Polymers", 1991, KLUWER ACADEMIC PRESS
"Electroluminescence in Conjugated Polymers", pages: 823 - 846
"Organic Light-Emitting Materials and Devices", 2007, CRC PRESS
"The Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering", 1990, WILEY, pages: 298 - 300
ANTHOPOULOS ET AL., APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 82, no. 26, 30 June 2003 (2003-06-30), pages 4824 - 4826
FRANCOIS ET AL., SYNTH. MET., vol. 69, 1995, pages 463 - 466
FUKASE ET AL., POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES, vol. 13, 2002, pages 601 - 604
HEMPENIUS ET AL., J AM. CHERFI. SOC., vol. 120, 1998, pages 2798 - 2804
JENEKHE ET AL., SCIENCE, vol. 279, 20 March 1998 (1998-03-20), pages 1903 - 1907
KATZ ET AL.: "Organic Transistor Semiconductors", ACCOUNTS OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH, vol. 34, no. 5, 2001, pages 359, XP008041762, DOI: doi:10.1021/ar990114j
KRAFT ET AL.: "Electroluminescent Conjugated Polymers - Seeing Polymers in a New Light", ANGEW. CHEM. INT. ED., vol. 37, 1998, pages 402 - 428, XP000879607, DOI: doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19980302)37:4<402::AID-ANIE402>3.0.CO;2-9
LI, MACROMOLECULES, vol. 32, 1999, pages 3034 - 3044
LIM ET AL., ORGANIC LETTER, vol. 8, no. 21, 2006, pages 4703 - 4706
MCCULLOUGH: "Handbook of Conducting Polymers", 1998, article "Rcgiorcgular, Head-to-Tail Coupled Poly(3-alkylthiophene) and its Derivatives", pages: 225 - 258
NOSHAY; MCGRATH: "Block Copolymers, Overview and Critical Survey", 1977, ACADEMIC PRESS
RICHARD D. MCCULLOUGH: "The Chemistry of Conducting Polythiophenes", ADV. MATER., vol. 10, no. 2, 1998, pages 93 - 116
RONCALI, J., CHEM. REV., vol. 92, 1992, pages 711
ROWELL MICHAEL ET AL: "Organic solar cells with carbon nanotube network electrodes", APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, AIP, AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS, MELVILLE, NY, US, vol. 88, no. 23, 6 June 2006 (2006-06-06), pages 233506 - 1, XP012082066, ISSN: 0003-6951, DOI: DOI:10.1063/1.2209887 *
SCHOPF ET AL.: "Polythiophenes: Electrically Conductive Polymers", 1997, SPRINGER
SHIROTA, Y. ET AL., CHEM REV, vol. 107, 2007, pages 953 - 1010
SUN; SARICIFTCI, ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAICS, 2005
WANG ET AL., J. AM. CHEM. SOC., vol. 122, 2000, pages 6855 - 6861
WIDAWSKI ET AL., NATURE (LONDON), vol. 369, 2 June 1994 (1994-06-02), pages 387 - 389
XIA, Y. ET AL., CHEM. MATER., vol. 14, 2002, pages 4736 - 4745
XIA, Y. ET AL., NANOLETTERS, vol. 3, no. 7, 2003, pages 955 - 960
YANG ET AL., MACROMOLECULES, vol. 26, 1993, pages 1188 - 1190

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2014027174A (ja) * 2012-07-27 2014-02-06 Mitsubishi Chemicals Corp 光電変換素子、太陽電池モジュール、及び光電変換素子の製造方法
WO2014039687A1 (fr) * 2012-09-06 2014-03-13 Plextronics, Inc. Dispositifs électroluminescents comprenant des grilles métalliques sans isolant
US9083006B2 (en) 2012-09-06 2015-07-14 Solvay Usa, Inc. Electroluminescent devices comprising insulator-free metal grids
JP2014148664A (ja) * 2013-01-31 2014-08-21 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives 光電子工学装置、特に逆型ｏｐｖセルの形成
DE102013002855A1 (de) 2013-02-20 2014-08-21 Heraeus Precious Metals Gmbh & Co. Kg Formulierungen aus gewaschenen Silberdrähten und PEDOT
WO2014127909A1 (fr) 2013-02-20 2014-08-28 Heraeus Precious Metals Gmbh & Co. Kg Formulations comprenant des nanofils d'argent lavés et un pedot
EP2977993A1 (fr) 2014-07-25 2016-01-27 Heraeus Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG Formulations comprenant des nanofils métalliques et pedot
CN111915221A (zh) * 2020-08-18 2020-11-10 北京交通大学 一种适用于高速铁路的能力分析方法
CN111915221B (zh) * 2020-08-18 2021-04-09 北京交通大学 一种适用于高速铁路的能力分析方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US8431925B2 (en) 2013-04-30
JP5667195B2 (ja) 2015-02-12
CN107104186B (zh) 2020-06-30
EP2471117B1 (fr) 2017-11-15
KR20120099216A (ko) 2012-09-07
JP2013506262A (ja) 2013-02-21
SG10201709677PA (en) 2017-12-28
EP2471117A1 (fr) 2012-07-04
KR101797783B1 (ko) 2017-11-14
TW201124434A (en) 2011-07-16
US20110095275A1 (en) 2011-04-28
US20130320313A1 (en) 2013-12-05
CN102648542A (zh) 2012-08-22
TWI499602B (zh) 2015-09-11
CN107104186A (zh) 2017-08-29

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US8431925B2 (en) Organic electronic devices, compositions, and methods
US9976023B2 (en) Modified planarizing agents and devices
US8399604B2 (en) Sulfonation of conducting polymers and OLED, photovoltaic, and ESD devices
US9402299B2 (en) Transparent electrode and organic electronic element using same
JP6222086B2 (ja) 垂直に相分離している有機半導体材料層
US9083006B2 (en) Electroluminescent devices comprising insulator-free metal grids
EP2350216A1 (fr) Couches d&#39;injection et de transport de charges
JP5949335B2 (ja) タンデム型の光電変換素子およびこれを用いた太陽電池
JP5991799B2 (ja) ホールブロック層の製造方法、およびそのホールブロック層を備える光電変換素子の製造方法
JP5527060B2 (ja) 有機光電変換素子、その製造方法及び太陽電池
JP5593900B2 (ja) 有機光電変換素子
JP2013171864A (ja) タンデム型有機光電変換素子およびこれを用いた太陽電池
WO2012078517A1 (fr) Encres pour structures de cellules solaires inversées
JP6003071B2 (ja) タンデム型有機光電変換素子
JP2012022959A (ja) 透明電極の製造方法

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 201080053397.0

Country of ref document: CN

121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 10771234

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 2012532215

Country of ref document: JP

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: DE

REEP Request for entry into the european phase

Ref document number: 2010771234

Country of ref document: EP

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 2010771234

Country of ref document: EP

ENP Entry into the national phase

Ref document number: 20127010175

Country of ref document: KR

Kind code of ref document: A