Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/7042—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings
  • A61K31/7052—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides
  • A61K31/706—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/7064—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom containing condensed or non-condensed pyrimidines
  • A61K31/7076—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom containing condensed or non-condensed pyrimidines containing purines, e.g. adenosine, adenylic acid
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H19/00—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof
  • C07H19/02—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof sharing nitrogen
  • C07H19/04—Heterocyclic radicals containing only nitrogen atoms as ring hetero atom
  • C07H19/16—Purine radicals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
  • A61K9/0053—Mouth and digestive tract, i.e. intraoral and peroral administration
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/08—Solutions
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
  • A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
  • A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
  • A61P27/06—Antiglaucoma agents or miotics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K2121/00—Preparations for use in therapy

Definitions

• IOP intraocular pressure
• Glaucoma refers to a group of optic neuropathies that are characterized by loss of retinal ganglion cells and atrophy of the optic nerve with resultant visual field loss. The disease is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide and the second leading cause of blindness, behind cataracts. Clinical trials have demonstrated that elevated IOP is a major risk factor for glaucoma and have validated the role of lowering IOP in the management of glaucoma.
• Glaucoma is classified according to three parameters: 1) the underlying cause, i.e., primary (idiopathic) or secondary (associated with some other ocular or systemic conditions); 2) the state of the anterior chamber angle, i.e., open angle (open access of the outflowing aqueous humor to trabecular meshwork) or closed angle (narrow angle; the trabecular meshwork is blocked by apposition of the peripheral iris and the cornea); and 3) chronicity, i.e., acute or chronic.
• POAG primary open angle glaucoma
• OHT is a condition in which IOP is elevated but no glaucomatous findings have been observed (Bell, 2005).
• the Ocular Hypertension Study demonstrated that patients with OHT have an overall risk of 10% over 5 years of developing glaucoma and that this risk can be cut in half by the institution of medical treatment that reduces IOP.
• Drug therapies that have proven to be effective for the reduction of intraocular pressure include both agents that decrease aqueous humor production and agents that increase the outflow facility.
• Such therapies are in general administered by one of two possible routes: topically (direct application to the eye) or orally.
• pharmaceutical ocular anti-hypertension approaches have exhibited various undesirable side effects.
• miotics such as pilocarpine can cause blurring of vision, headaches, and other negative visual side effects.
• Systemically administered carbonic anhydrase inhibitors can also cause nausea, dyspepsia, fatigue, and metabolic acidosis.
• Certain prostaglandins cause hyperemia, ocular itching, and darkening of eyelashes and periorbital tissues.
• beta-blockers have increasingly become associated with serious pulmonary side-effects attributable to their effects on beta-2 receptors in pulmonary tissue. Sympathomimetics cause tachycardia, arrhythmia and hypertension. Such negative side-effects may lead to decreased patient compliance or to termination of therapy such that normal vision continues to deteriorate. Additionally, there are individuals who simply do not respond well when treated with certain existing glaucoma therapies.
• diseases and conditions caused by elevated IOP in a human are selected from the group consisting of normal-tension glaucoma, OHT, and POAG.
• a method of reducing intraocular pressure comprising the step of: applying an effective amount of an ophthalmic pharmaceutical composition to an affected eye of a human, the composition comprising an effective amount of a compound according to Formula I,
• A is -CH 2 ONO 2 -CH 2 OSO 3 H; B and C are -OH; and D is
• the method comprises applying from about 0.05 mg/ml to about 7.0 mg/ml of a compound according to Formula I from 1 to 4 times daily. In another embodiment the method comprises applying from about 20-700 ⁇ g of a compound according to Formula I froml to 2 times daily. In another embodiment the method comprises applying about 350 ⁇ g of a compound according to Formula I from 1 to 2 times daily.
• the compound can be administered in drops, e.g., 1 to 2 drops.
• the IOP of the affected eye is reduced by at least 10%, e.g., at least 10-20%, e.g., by 20% or more.
• the IOP of the affected eye is reduced by at least 10% for more than 3 hours, e.g., at least 10-20% for more than 3 hours, e.g., by 20% or more for more than 3 hours.
• the IOP of the affected eye is reduced by at least 10% for at least 6 hours.
• the method further includes prior, simultaneous or sequential, application of a second IOP-reducing agent.
• the second IOP-reducing agent is selected from the group consisting of ⁇ -blockers, prostaglandin analogs, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, rho-kinase inhibitors, ⁇ 2 agonists, miotics, neuroprotectants, A3 antagonists, A2A agonists, ion channel modulators and combinations thereof.
• the present invention is directed to a method of reducing IOP and associated diseases and conditions caused by elevated IOP in a human subject by administering an effective amount of a selective Al agonist to an affected eye of the subject.
• the diseases and conditions caused by elevated IOP in a human are selected from the group consisting of normal-tension glaucoma, OHT, and POAG.
• the selective Al agonist can be a compound of Formula I as defined above.
• the selective Al agonist can be administered in drops, e.g., 1 to 2 drops.
• the IOP of the affected eye is reduced by at least 10%, e.g., at least 10-20%, e.g., by 20% or more.
• the IOP of the affected eye is reduced by at least 10% for more than 3 hours, e.g., at least 10-20% for more than 3 hours, e.g., by 20% or more for more than 3 hours.
• the IOP of the affected eye is reduced by at least 10% for at least 6 hours.
• the effective amount of the selective adenosine Al agonist is at least 20 ⁇ g, e.g., between 60 ⁇ g and 350 ⁇ g, e.g., between 60 ⁇ g and 700 ⁇ g.
• the effective amount of the selective adenosine Al agonist is administered as a single dose. In another embodiment, the effective amount of the selective adenosine Al agonist is administered as a twice daily dose.
• an ophthalmic pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I as defined above and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle or excipient.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle or excipient can be selected from the group consisting of: ophthalmologically acceptable preservatives, surfactants, viscosity enhancers, penetration enhancers, gelling agents, hydrophobic bases, vehicles, buffers, sodium chloride, and water.
• the composition further comprises a second IOP reducing agent in addition to a compound of Formula I as defined above.
• the second IOP reducing agent can be selected from the group comprising: ⁇ -blockers, prostaglandin analogs, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, rho-kinase inhibitors, ⁇ 2 agonists, miotics, neuroprotectants, A3 antagonists, A2A agonists, ion channel modulators and combinations thereof.
• the therapeutic composition can comprise from about 0.05 mg/ml to about 7.0 mg/ml, e.g., about 0.4 mg/ml to about 7.0 mg/ml, of said compound of Formula I.
• the compound of Formula I is selected from the group consisting of: ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-(cyclopentylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl nitrate;
• the selective adenosine Al agonist compounds of Formula I can be used to lower and/or control IOP associated with normal-tension glaucoma, OHT, and POAG in humans.
• the compounds of Formula I when used to treat normal-tension glaucoma or OHT, can be formulated in pharmaceutically acceptable compositions suitable for topical delivery to the eye.
• Another embodiment of the present invention comprises an ophthalmic pharmaceutical composition useful in the reduction of intraocular pressure, comprising an effective amount of a compound according to Formula I.
• an ophthalmic formulation for reducing intraocular pressure comprising about 0.05mg.ml to about 7mg/ml of a compound of Formula I as defined above and from 1 mg/ml to about 140mg/ml of hydroxypropyl ⁇ -cyclodextrin in saline for injection.
• the formulation comprises about 7mg/ml of a compound of Formula I selected from: ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2-chloro-6-(cyclopentylamino)-9H-purin-9- yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl nitrate; sodium ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-(cyclopentylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl sulfate; and
• Figure 1 shows the dose escalation scheme over the 7 treatment groups of the multi-center, randomized, double-blinded clinical study. Twelve subjects were randomly assigned to each treatment group: 8 subjects received Compound A and 4 subjects received placebo.
• Figure 2a shows the mean IOP (mmHg) in the study eye at each time point across all treatment groups.
• Figure 2b shows the median IOP (mmHg) in the study eye across all treatment groups at each time point.
• Figure 3a shows the mean absolute IOP change from predose IOP (mmHg) in the study eye across all treatment groups at each time point.
• Figure 3b shows the median absolute IOP change from predose IOP (mmHg) in the study eye across all treatment groups.
• Figure 4a presents a summary chart of the responder analysis in the 7 treatment groups at approximately 2 hours post-dose where the largest portion of the difference in IOP between drug-treated and placebo-treated eyes is apparent.
• Figure 4b presents a summary chart of the responder analysis in the 7 treatment groups using the mean responder rate over a 6 hour postdose observation period.
• Figure 5 shows the mean and median % decrease from baseline (BL; predose) and the categorical responder analysis of the 350 meg cohort over the entire postdose observation period
• Figure 6 shows the statistically significant percent decrease in the mean and median IOPs (from the predose baseline IOP determinations) observed in the 350 meg cohort relative to the placebo response.
• Figure 7 shows the mean and median % decrease from baseline (BL; predose) and the categorical responder analysis of the 700 meg cohort over a 10 hour postdose observation period.
• Figure 8 shows the statistically significant percent decrease in the mean and median IOPs (from the predose baseline IOP determinations) observed in the 700 meg cohort relative to the placebo response.
• Embodiments of the present invention provide compounds useful for treating reducing and controlling normal or elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and/or treating glaucoma.
• IOP intraocular pressure
• Adenosine is a purine nucleoside that modulates many physiologic processes.
• Cellular signaling by adenosine occurs through four adenosine receptor subtypes: A 1 , A 2A , A 2B , and A 3 as reported by Ralevic and Burnstock (Pharmacol Rev. 50:413-492, 1988) and Fredholm BB et al. (Pharmacol Rev. 53:527-552, 2001).
• adenosine Ai receptor agonists lower IOP in mice, rabbits and monkeys (Tian B et al. Exp Eye Res. 64:979-989, 1997; Crosson CE. J Pharmacol Exp Ther.
• A is -CH 2 ONO 2 or -CH 2 OSO 3 H; B and C are -OH; D is
• a and B are trans with respect to each other
• B and C are cis with respect to each other;
• C and D are cis or trans with respect to each other;
• R 1 is -H, -Ci-Cio alkyl, -aryl, -3- to 7-membered monocyclic heterocycle, -8- to 12-membered bicyclic heterocycle, -C 3 -Cs monocyclic cycloalkyl, -C 3 -Cs monocyclic cycloalkenyl, -Cs-Cn bicyclic cycloalkyl, -Cs-Cn bicyclic cycloalkenyl -(CH 2 ) n - (C 3 -Cs monocyclic cycloalkyl), -(CH 2 ) n -(C 3 -Cs monocyclic cycloalkenyl), -(CH 2 ) n -(Cs-Ci 2 bicyclic cycloalkyl), -(CH 2 ) n -(Cs-Ci 2 bicyclic cycloalkyl), -(CH 2 ) n -(Cs-Ci
• R 4 is -C 1 -C 15 alkyl, -aryl, -(CH 2 ) n -aryl, -(CH 2 ) n -(3- to 7-membered monocyclic heterocycle), -(CH 2 ) n -(8- to 12-membered bicyclic heterocycle), -(CH 2 ) n -(C 3 -Cs monocyclic cycloalkyl), -(CH 2 ) n -(C 3 -Cs monocyclic cycloalkenyl), -(CH 2 ) n -(Cs-Ci 2 bicyclic cycloalkyl), -(CH 2 )D-(C 8 -C 12 bicyclic cycloalkenyl), -OC-(C 1 -C 10 alkyl) or - C ⁇ C-aryl;
• R 6 is -Ci-Cio alkyl, -aryl, -(CH 2 ) n -aryl, -(CH 2 ) n -(3- to 7-membered monocyclic heterocycle), -(CH 2 ) n -(8- to 12-membered bicyclic heterocycle), -(CH 2 ) n -(C 3 -Cs monocyclic cycloalkyl), -(CH 2 ) n -(C 3 -Cs monocyclic cycloalkenyl), -(CH 2 ) n -(Cs-Ci 2 bicyclic cycloalkyl), -(CH 2 ) n -(Cs-Ci 2 bicyclic cycloalkenyl), -(CH 2 ) n -(Cs-Ci 2 bicyclic cycloalkenyl), -(CH 2 ) n -(Cs-Ci 2 bicyclic cycloalken
• R 7 is -H, -Ci-Cio alkyl, -aryl, -(CH 2 ) n -aryl, -(CH 2 ) n -(3- to 7-membered monocyclic heterocycle), -(CH 2 ) n -(8- to 12-membered bicyclic heterocycle), -(CH 2 ) n - (C 3 -Cs monocyclic cycloalkyl), -(CH 2 ) n -(C 3 -Cs monocyclic cycloalkenyl), -(CH 2 ) n -(Cs- Ci 2 bicyclic cycloalkenyl) or -(CH 2 ) n -(Cs-Ci 2 bicyclic cycloalkyl); and each n is independently an integer ranging from 1 to 5, and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.
• the compounds for use in the invention are compounds having the formula
• A is -CH 2 ONO 2 or -CH 2 OSO 3 H;
• a and B are trans with respect to each other
• R 1 is -C 3 -C 8 monocyclic cycloalkyl, -3- to 7-membered monocyclic heterocycle, or -C 8 -C 12 bicyclic cycloalkyl;
• R 2 is -H or -halo.
• the compounds for use in the invention are compounds having the formula
• A is -CH 2 ONO 2 ; B and C are -OH;
• a and B are trans with respect to each other
• R 1 is -C 3 -Cg monocyclic cycloalkyl, -3- to 7-membered monocyclic heterocycle, or -C 8 -C 12 bicyclic cycloalkyl;
• R 2 is -H or -halo.
• the compound of Formula I is one of the following compounds: Compound A
• provided herein is a method of reducing intraocular pressure, comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of Formula I to a human.
• a method of reducing intraocular pressure comprising applying an effective amount of a compound of Formula I to an affected eye of a human.
• a method of treating glaucoma comprising administering to an affected eye of a human an effective amount of a compound of Formula I.
• a method of treating OHT comprising administering to an affected eye of a human an effective amount of a compound of Formula I.
• a method of treating POAG comprising administering to an affected eye of a human an effective amount of a compound of Formula I.
• about 0.05 mg/ml to about 7.0 mg/ml of a compound of Formula I is applied to an affected eye of a human from 1 to 4 times daily.
• about 20-700 ⁇ g of a compound of Formula I is applied to an affected eye of a human from 1 to 4 times daily.
• about 350 ⁇ g of a compound of Formula I is applied to an affected eye of a human from 1 to 4 times daily.
• a compound of Formula I can be administered in drops, e.g., 1 to 2 drops.
• provided herein is a method of reducing intraocular pressure, comprising administering an effective amount of Compound A to a human.
• a method of reducing intraocular pressure comprising applying an effective amount of Compound A to an affected eye of a human.
• a method of treating glaucoma comprising administering to an affected eye of a human an effective amount of Compound A.
• a method of treating OHT comprising administering to an affected eye of a human an effective amount of Compound A.
• provided herein is a method of treating POAG, comprising administering to an affected eye of a human an effective amount of Compound A.
• about 0.05 mg/ml to about 7.0 mg/ml of Compound A is applied to an affected eye of a human from 1 to 4 times daily. In one embodiment, about 20-700 ⁇ g of Compound A is applied to an affected eye of a human from 1 to 4 times daily. In another embodiment, about 350 ⁇ g of Compound A is applied to an affected eye of a human from 1 to 4 times daily.
• the Compound A can be administered in drops, e.g., 1 to 2 drops.
• a topical ophthalmic formulation for reducing intraocular pressure in a human comprising 0.05mg.ml to about 7mg/ml of Compound A, and from lmg/ml to about 140mg/ml of hydroxypropyl ⁇ -cyclodextrin in saline for injection.
• This formulation can be used to treat n glaucoma, OHT, or POAG in a human.
• provided herein is the use of a compound of Formula I for the manufacture of a medicament for reducing intraocular pressure in a subject.
• a compound of Formula I for the manufacture of a medicament for treating glaucoma in a subject.
• a compound of Formula I for the manufacture of a medicament for treating OHT in a subject.
• a compound of Formula I for the manufacture of a medicament for treating POAG in a subject.
• a compound of Formula I for reducing intraocular pressure in a subject is provided herein.
• provided herein is the use of a compound of Formula I for treating glaucoma in a subject. In another embodiment, provided herein is the use of a compound of Formula I for treating OHT in a subject. In another embodiment, provided herein is the use of a compound of Formula I for treating POAG in a subject.
• provided herein is the use of Compound A for reducing intraocular pressure in a subject. In another embodiment, provided herein is the use of Compound A for treating glaucoma in a subject. In another embodiment, provided herein is the use of Compound A for treating OHT in a subject. In another embodiment, provided herein is the use of Compound A for treating POAG in a subject.
• certain embodiments of the present invention comprise pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds according to Formula I.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts comprise, but are not limited to, soluble or dispersible forms of compounds according to Formula I that are suitable for treatment of disease without undue undesirable effects such as allergic reactions or toxicity.
• Representative pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, acid addition salts such as acetate, citrate, benzoate, lactate, or phosphate and basic addition salts such as lithium, sodium, potassium, or aluminum.
• selective adenosine Ai agonist means an Ai agonist that has a high affinity to the Ai receptor while simultaneously having a low affinity for the A 2 and A 3 adenosine receptors.
• Compounds of Formula I e.g., Compounds A to H
• affinities to the Ai receptor considerably greater than their respective affinities to the A 2A and A 3 receptors.
• the Ai selectivity data for compounds A to H is summarized in the Table below.
• a selective Ai agonist is considered a compound that has a selectivity of Ai binding affinity relative to the A 3 binding affinity greater than about 130 (i.e., Ai>A 3 [KiA 3 (nm)/KiAi(nm)]) .
• CPA and CCPA are examples of known Al agonists. However, these compounds have a lower Al receptor/A3 receptor selectivity ratio:
• alkyl refers to a fully saturated branched or unbranched hydrocarbon moiety.
• the alkyl comprises 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 16 carbon atoms, 1 to 10 carbon atoms, 1 to 7 carbon atoms, or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• alkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, w-propyl, wo-propyl, w-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-buty ⁇ , tert-butyl, w-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, w-hexyl, 3-methylhexyl, 2,2- dimethylpentyl, 2,3-dimethylpentyl, w-heptyl, w-octyl, w-nonyl, w-decyl and the like.
• C x -C y - alkyl indicates a particular alkyl group (straight- or branched-chain) of a particular range of carbons.
• C 1 -C 4 - alkyl includes, but is not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl and isobutyl.
• alkyl includes, but is not limited to, C 1 -C 15 alkyl, Ci-Cio alkyl and Ci-C 6 alkyl.
• C 1 -C 15 alkyl refers to a straight or branched chain, saturated hydrocarbon having from 1 to 15 carbon atoms.
• Representative C 1 -C 15 alkyl groups include, but are not limited to methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec- butyl, tert-buty, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, neohexyl, heptyl, isoheptyl, neoheptyl, octyl, isooctyl, neooctyl, nonyl, isononyl, neononyl, decyl, isodecyl, neodecyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl and pentadecyl.
• C 1 -C 15 alkyl group is substituted with one or more of the following groups: -halo, -O- (Ci-C 6 alkyl), -OH, -CN, -COOR 1 , -OC(O)R 1 , -N(R') 2 , -NHC(O)R 1 or -C(O)NHR 1 groups wherein each R 1 is independently -H or unsubstituted -Ci-C 6 alkyl. Unless indicated, the
• C 1 -C 15 alkyl is unsubstituted.
• C 1 -C 1O alkyl refers to a straight or branched chain, saturated hydrocarbon having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
• Representative C 1 -C 1O alkyl groups include, but are not limited to methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec- butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, neohexyl, heptyl, isoheptyl, neoheptyl, octyl, isooctyl, neooctyl, nonyl, isononyl, neononyl, decyl, isodecyl and neodecyl.
• the C 1 -C 1O alkyl group is substituted with one or more of the following groups: -halo, -0-(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -OH, -CN, -COOR 1 , - OC(O)R 1 , -N(R') 2 , - NHC(O)R 1 or -C(O)NHR 1 groups wherein each R 1 is independently -H or unsubstituted -
• Ci-C 6 alkyl Unless indicated, the C 1 -C 1O alkyl is unsubstituted. C 1 -C 1O alkyl includes, but is not limited to, Ci-C 6 alkyl.
• Ci-C 6 alkyl refers to a straight or branched chain; saturated hydrocarbon having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
• Representative Ci-C 6 alkyl groups include, but are not limited to methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec- butyl, tert-buty, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, and neohexyl. Unless indicated, the C1-C6 alkyl is unsubstituted.
• aryl refers to a phenyl group or a naphthyl group.
• the aryl group is substituted with one or more of the following groups: -halo, -0-(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -OH, -CN, -COOR 1 , -OC(O)R 1 , -N(R') 2 , - NHC(O)R 1 or -
• C 3 -Cs monocyclic cycloalkyl as used herein is a 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7- or 8- membered saturated non-aromatic monocyclic cycloalkyl ring.
• Representative C 3 -Cs monocyclic cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl.
• the C 3 -Cg monocyclic cycloalkyl group is substituted with one or more of the following groups: - halo, -0-(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -OH, -CN, -COOR 1 , -OC(O)R 1 , -N(R') 2 , -NHC(O)R 1 or - C(O)NHR 1 groups wherein each R 1 is independently -H or unsubstituted -Ci-C 6 alkyl. Unless indicated, the C 3 -Cs monocyclic cycloalkyl is unsubstituted.
• C 3 -Cg monocyclic cycloalkenyl as used herein is a 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-membered non-aromatic monocyclic carbocyclic ring having at least one endocyclic double bond, but which is not aromatic. It is to be understood that when any two groups, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a C 3 -Cs monocyclic cycloalkenyl group, the carbon atom to which the two groups are attached remains tetravalent.
• Representative C 3 -Cs monocyclic cycloalkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, 1,3-cyclobutadienyl, cyclopentenyl, 1,3- cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexenyl, 1,3-cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptenyl, 1,3- cycloheptadienyl, 1,4-cycloheptadienyl, -1,3,5-cycloheptatrienyl, cyclooctenyl, 1,3- cyclooctadienyl, 1,4-cyclooctadienyl, -1,3,5-cyclooctatrienyl.
• the C 3 -Ce monocyclic cycloalkenyl group is substituted with one or more of the following groups: -halo, -0-(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -OH, -CN, -COOR 1 , -OC(O)R 1 , -N(R') 2 , -NHC(O)R 1 or - C(O)NHR 1 groups wherein each R 1 is independently -H or unsubstituted -Ci-C 6 alkyl. Unless indicated, the C 3 -Cs monocyclic cycloalkenyl is unsubstituted.
• Cs-Ci 2 bicyclic cycloalkyl as used herein is a 8-, 9-, 10-, 11- or 12- membered saturated, non-aromatic bicyclic cycloalkyl ring system.
• Representative Cs- Ci 2 bicyclic cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, decahydronaphthalene, octahydroindene, decahydrobenzocycloheptene, and dodecahydroheptalene.
• the Cs-Ci 2 bicyclic cycloalkyl group is substituted with one or more of the following groups: -halo, -0-(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -OH, - CN, -COOR 1 , -OC(O)R 1 , -N(R') 2 , - NHC(O)R 1 or -C(O)NHR 1 groups wherein each R 1 is independently -H or unsubstituted - Ci-C 6 alkyl. Unless indicated, the Cs-Ci 2 bicyclic cycloalkyl is unsubstituted.
• Cs-Ci 2 bicyclic cycloalkenyl as used herein is a 8-, 9-, 10-, 11- or 12- membered non-aromatic bicyclic cycloalkyl ring system, having at least one endocyclic double bond. It is to be understood that when any two groups, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a Cs-Cn bicyclic cycloalkenyl group, the carbon atom to which the two groups are attached remains tetravalent.
• Representative Cs-Cn bicyclic cycloalkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, octahydronaphthalene, hexahydronaphthalene, hexahydroindene, tetrahydroindene, octahydrobenzocycloheptene, hexahydrobenzocycloheptene, tetrahydrobenzocyclopheptene, decahydroheptalene, octahydroheptalene, hexahydroheptalene, and tetrahydroheptalene.
• the Cs-Ci 2 bicyclic cycloalkyl group is substituted with one or more of the following groups: -halo, -0-(C 1 - C 6 alkyl), -OH, -CN, -COOR 1 , -OC(O)R 1 , -N(R') 2 , -NHC(O)R 1 or -C(O)NHR 1 groups wherein each R 1 is independently -H or unsubstituted -C 1 -C 6 alkyl. Unless indicated, the C 8 -Ci 2 bicyclic cycloalkenyl is unsubstituted.
• halo refers to -F, -Cl, -Br or -I.
• 3- to 7-membered monocyclic heterocycle refers to: (i) a 3- or A- membered non-aromatic monocyclic cycloalkyl in which 1 of the ring carbon atoms has been replaced with an N, O or S atom; or (ii) a 5-, 6-, or 7-membered aromatic or non- aromatic monocyclic cycloalkyl in which 1-4 of the ring carbon atoms have been independently replaced with a N, O or S atom.
• the non-aromatic 3- to 7-membered monocyclic heterocycles can be attached via a ring nitrogen, sulfur, or carbon atom.
• the aromatic 3- to 7-membered monocyclic heterocycles are attached via a ring carbon atom.
• Representative examples of a 3- to 7-membered monocyclic heterocycle group include, but are not limited to furanyl, furazanyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, morpholinyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxazolidinyl, pyrimidinyl, phenanthridinyl, phenanthrolinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridaziny
• the 3- to 7-membered monocyclic heterocycle is unsubstituted.
• the term "8- to 12-membered bicyclic heterocycle” refers to a bicyclic 8- to 12- membered aromatic or non-aromatic bicyclic cycloalkyl in which one or both of the of the rings of the bicyclic ring system have 1-4 of its ring carbon atoms independently replaced with a N, O or S atom. Included in this class are 3- to 7- membered monocyclic heterocycles that are fused to a benzene ring.
• a non-aromatic ring of an 8- to 12- membered monocyclic heterocycle is attached via a ring nitrogen, sulfur, or carbon atom.
• 8- to 12-membered monocyclic heterocycles are attached via a ring carbon atom.
• 8- to 12-membered bicyclic heterocycles include, but are not limited to, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benztriazolyl, benztetrzolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzimidazolinyl, cinnolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, lH-indazolyl, indolenyl, indolinyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isobenzofuranyl, isoindazolyl, isoindolyl, isoindolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthyridinyl, octahydroisoquinolinyl
• each ring of a the -8- to 12- membered bicyclic heterocycle group can substituted with one or more of the following groups: -halo, -O- (Ci-C 6 alkyl), -OH, -CN, -COOR 1 , -OC(O)R 1 , -N(R') 2 , -NHC(O)R 1 . or -C(O)NHR 1 groups wherein each R 1 is independently -H or unsubstituted -Ci-C ⁇ alkyl. Unless indicated, the 8- to 12-membered bicyclic heterocycle is unsubstituted. Representative examples of a "phenylene group" are depicted below:
• phrases "pharmaceutically acceptable salt,” as used herein, is a salt of an acid and a basic nitrogen atom of a purine compound.
• Illustrative salts include, but are not limited, to sulfate, citrate, acetate, oxalate, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, bisulfate, phosphate, acid phosphate, isonicotinate, lactate, salicylate, acid citrate, tartrate, oleate, tannate, pantothenate, bitartrate, ascorbate, succinate, maleate, gentisinate, fumarate, gluconate, glucaronate, saccharate, formate, benzoate, glutamate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, and pamoate (i.e., l,r-methylene- bis-(
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salt can also be a camphorsulfonate salt.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salt also refers to a salt of a purine compound having an acidic functional group, such as a carboxylic acid functional group, and a base.
• Suitable bases include, but are not limited to, hydroxides of alkali metals such as sodium, potassium, and lithium; hydroxides of alkaline earth metal such as calcium and magnesium; hydroxides of other metals, such as aluminum and zinc; ammonia, and organic amines, such as unsubstituted or hydroxy- substituted mono-, di-, or tri-alkylamines, dicyclohexylamine; tributyl amine; pyridine; N-methyl, N- ethylamine; diethylamine; triethylamine; mono-, bis-, or tris-(2-OH-lower alkylamines), such as mono-; bis-, or tris-(2- hydroxyethyl)amine, 2-hydroxy-tert-butylamine, or tris- (hydroxymethyl)methylamine, N,N-di-lower alkyl-N-(hydroxyl-lower alkyl)-amines, such as N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-
• pharmaceutically acceptable salt also includes a hydrate of a purine compound.
• Some chemical structures herein are depicted using bold and dashed lines to represent chemical bonds. These bold and dashed lines depict absolute stereochemistry.
• a bold line indicates that a substituent is above the plane of the carbon atom to which it is attached and a dashed line indicates that a substituent is below the plane of the carbon atom to which it is attached.
• an effective amount refers to an amount of a selective adenosine Al agonist that is effective for: (i) treating or preventing elevated IOP; or (ii) reducing IOP in a human.
• subject is intended to include organisms, e.g., prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which are capable of suffering from or afflicted with a disease, disorder or condition associated with elevated IOP.
• subjects include mammals, e.g., humans, dogs, cows, horses, pigs, sheep, goats, cats, mice, rabbits, rats, and transgenic non-human animals.
• the subject is a human, e.g., a human suffering from, at risk of suffering from, or potentially capable of suffering from an increase in IOP.
• the subject is a cell.
• treat includes the diminishment or alleviation of at least one symptom associated or caused by the state, disorder or disease being treated.
• the treatment comprises the induction of elevated IOP, followed by the activation of the compound of the invention, which would in turn diminish or alleviate at least one symptom associated or caused by the elevated IOP.
• treatment can be diminishment of one or several symptoms of a disorder or complete eradication of a disorder.
• use includes any one or more of the following embodiments of the invention, respectively: the use in the treatment of elevated IOP; the use for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions for use in the treatment of these diseases, e.g., in the manufacture of a medicament; methods of use of compounds of the invention in the treatment of these diseases; pharmaceutical preparations having compounds of the invention for the treatment of these diseases; and compounds of the invention for use in the treatment of these diseases; as appropriate and expedient, if not stated otherwise.
• diseases to be treated and are thus preferred for use of a compound of the present invention are selected from glaucoma, POAG or OHT.
• the term “about” or “approximately” usually means within 20%, more preferably within 10%, and most preferably still within 5% of a given value or range. Alternatively, especially in biological systems, the term “about” means within about a log (i.e., an order of magnitude) preferably within a factor of two of a given value.
• a drop refers to a quantity of ophthalmic ally acceptable fluid that resembles a liquid drop.
• a drop refers to a liquid volume equivalent to about 5 ⁇ l to about 200 ⁇ l, e.g., about 30 ⁇ l to about 80 ⁇ l.
• CCPA is 2-chloro- N ⁇ -cyclopentyladenosine
• CPA is N6-cyclopentyladenosine
• NECA is adenosine-5'-(N-ethyl)carboxamido
• NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
• R-PIA is N6- (2-phenyl-isopropyl) adenosine, R-isomer
• OHT is ocular hypertension or POAG is primary open-angle glaucoma
• HP ⁇ CD is hydroxypropyl ⁇ -cyclodextrin.
• Scheme 1 shows methods for making nucleoside intermediates that are useful for making the compounds of the invention.
• R 2 is as defined above.
• the protected ribose compound of Formula 1 can be coupled with a purine compound of Formula 2 using lithium hexamethyldisilazide and trimethylsilyl triflate, followed by acetonide removal using trifluoroacetic acid to provide nucleoside intermediates of Formula 3 and their corresponding other anomers of Formula 4.
• the ribose diacetate of Formula 5 can be coupled with a compound of Formula 2 using lithium hexamethyldisilazide and trimethylsilyl triflate to provide acetonide- protected nucleoside intermediates of Formula 6 and their corresponding other anomers of Formula 7.
• Scheme 2 shows a method useful for making the adenosine intermediates of Formula 8 which are useful for making the compounds of the invention.
• R 1 and R 2 are defined above.
• the 6-chloroadenosine derivative of formula 3a is converted to its 2',3'- acetonide using acetone and 2,2-dimethoxypropane in the presence of camphorsulfonic acid.
• the acetonide can be futher derviatized using an amine of formula R*-NH 2 in the presence of base to provide compounds of formula 8.
• adenosine intermediates of formula 8 can be converted to their 5'-nitrate analogs using nitric acid in the presence of acetic anhydride, or other nitrating agents, such as MSCI/ONO 3 or nitrosonium tetrafluoroborate.
• TF A/water provides compounds of the invention.
• the adenosine intermediates of formula 8 can be treated with sulfur trioxide- pyridine complex to provide the corresponding 5'-sulfonic acid pyridine salt intermediate.
• the pyridine salt intermediate can then be neutralized using NaOH or KOH, followed by acetonide removal using TF A/water to provide the corresponding sodium or potassium salt, respectively, of the Purine Derivatives of Formula (Id) wherein A is -CH 2 OSO 3 H.
• Treatment of the sodium or potassium salt with strong aqueous acid, such as sulfuric or hydrochloric acid provides compounds of the invention wherein A is - CH 2 OSO 3 H.
• Formula I can be incorporated into various types of ophthalmic compositions or formulations for delivery.
• Formula I compounds may be delivered directly to the eye (for example: topical ocular drops or ointments; slow release devices such as pharmaceutical drug delivery sponges implanted in the cul-de- sac or implanted adjacent to the sclera or within the eye; periocular, conjunctival, sub- tenons, intracameral, intravitreal, or intracanalicular injections) or systemically (for example: orally, intravenous, subcutaneous or intramuscular injections; parenterally, dermal or nasal delivery) using techniques well known by those of ordinary skill in the art. It is further contemplated that the agents of the invention may be formulated in intraocular insert or implant devices.
• the compounds of Formula I are preferably incorporated into topical ophthalmic formulations with a pH of about 4-8 for delivery to the eye.
• the compounds may be combined with ophthalmologically acceptable preservatives, surfactants, viscosity enhancers, penetration enhancers, buffers, sodium chloride, and water to form an aqueous, sterile ophthalmic suspension or solution.
• Ophthalmic solution formulations may be prepared by dissolving a compound in a physiologically acceptable isotonic aqueous buffer. Further, the ophthalmic solution may include an ophthalmologically acceptable surfactant to assist in dissolving the compound.
• the ophthalmic solution may contain an agent to increase viscosity or solubility such as hydroxypropyl ⁇ -Cyclodextrin (HP ⁇ CD), hydroxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, methylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, or the like, to improve the retention of the formulation in the conjunctival sac.
• Gelling agents can also be used, including, but not limited to, gellan and xanthan gum.
• the active ingredient may be combined with a preservative in an appropriate vehicle such as mineral oil, liquid lanolin, or white petrolatum.
• Sterile ophthalmic gel formulations may be prepared by suspending the compound in a hydrophilic base prepared from the combination of, for example, carbopol-974, or the like, according to the published formulations for analogous ophthalmic preparations; preservatives and tonicity agents can be incorporated.
• Compounds in preferred embodiments are contained in a composition in amounts sufficient to lower IOP in patients experiencing elevated IOP and/or maintaining normal IOP levels in POAG or OHT patients. Such amounts are referred to herein as "an amount effective to control or reduce IOP," or more simply “an effective amount.”
• the compounds will normally be contained in these formulations in an amount 0.05 mg/ml to 7.0 mg/ml but preferably in an amount of 0.4 to 7.0 mg/ml.
• 1 to 2 drops of these formulations would be delivered to the surface of the eye from 1 to 4 times per day, according to the discretion of a skilled clinician.
• the compounds of Formula I can also be used in combination with other glaucoma treatment agents, such as, but not limited to, ⁇ -blockers, prostaglandin analogs, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, ⁇ 2 agonists, miotics, and neuroprotectants A3 antagonists, A2A agonists and combinations thereof.
• the clinical study described herein is a multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study of a single topical ocular application of the study drug (i.e., Compound A or placebo) to the one study eye of adults with OHT or POAG.
• the "study eye” was defined as the eye with the higher mean IOP, recorded between 7:00 and 8:00 AM on the day prior to dosing (Day 0).
• Subject enrollment criteria included males and females with no childbearing potential, aged 18 to 75 years (inclusive), who signed informed consent, have been diagnosed with OHT or POAG, and had a low risk for acute exacerbation of their eye disease while enrolled.
• the adult subjects were sequentially assigned to 1 of 7 treatment groups. Each treatment group included twelve subjects: 8 subjects randomized to receive 2.5, 7.5, 20, 60, 180, 350 or 700 micrograms of Compound A in the study eye and 4 randomized to receive matched placebo (see Table 1) on Day 1. Table 1. Randomization Scheme in the Clinical Trial
• Masked-intraocular pressures were determined in duplicate with a Goldmann tonometer following traditional corneal anesthesia. Following determination of the bilateral baseline (predose) IOP measurements on the morning of Day 1, the assigned study drug (Compound A or matched placebo) was instilled as a single 50 ⁇ L drop to the one study eye only. Subsequent bilateral external eye examinations and masked-IOP determinations were performed at 9:00 AM, 10:00 AM, 12:00 noon, and 2:00 PM (each ⁇ 5 minutes), corresponding to 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours post study drug application. In addition in the 700 meg cohort an IOP determination was performed at 6:00 PM (18:00), corresponding to 10 hours post study drug application.
• the study drug was only administered to one eye per subject (the study eye). Dosages ranged from 2.5 micrograms to 350 micrograms per 50 microliter drop, per respective treatment group.
• Cyclodextrin (HP ⁇ CD) (i.e., 1:20 wt/wt) reconstituted with 0.9% Saline for Injection, USP, at concentrations indicated below.
• the mean and median IOP (mmHg) in the study eye at each time point across all treatment groups is shown in Figures 2a and 2b, respectively.
• the mean absolute and median absolute IOP change from predose IOP (mmHg) in the study eye across all treatment groups at each time point is shown in Figures 3a and 3b.
• Figure 4a presents a summary chart of the responder analysis in the 7 treatment groups at 10:00 AM.
• In human subjects treated with topical ocular doses of Compound A at approximately 2 hours post-dose (approximately 10:00 AM), the largest portion of the difference in IOP between drug-treated and placebo-treated eyes is apparent.
• the 2 hours post-dose clinical IOP assessment is especially relevant for detecting the presence of an effect in human glaucoma/OHT patients with statistical significance.
• Figure 4b presents a summary chart of the responder analysis in the 7 treatment groups using the mean responder rate over a 6hr postdose observation period. To obtain the response rate, the percent decrease in IOP for each subject at each of the 3 postdose time points were averaged. The mean of this percentage was used to determine the responder rate.
• Figure 5 presents the mean and median % decrease from baseline (BL; predose) and the categorical responder analysis of the 350 meg cohort over the entire postdose observation period.
• Figure 7 presents the mean and median % decrease from baseline (BL; predose) and the categorical responder analysis of the 700 meg cohort over the postdose observation period.
• Dose-related decrement in IOP a. A trend in the mean and median decrease in IOP and percent change from baseline was observed, especially at the 2 hours postdose time point. The largest mean and median decreases in IOP were found at the 350 meg dose.
• the responder analysis showed a dose-response to Compound A in the numbers of subjects that achieved categorical mean decreases from baseline in IOP of >10%, >15% or >20%, throughout the observation period ( ⁇ 6hrs). The % of subjects achieving greatest IOP decrement (responder analysis) was in the 350 meg treatment group.
• N 6 -cyclohexyladenosine as a white solid (2.600 g).
• N 6 -Cyclohexyladenosine (2.6 g) was diluted with acetone (30 ml) and to the resultant solution was added 2, 2- dimethoxypropane (12 ml), followed by D-camphorsulphonic acid (3.01 g) and the mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for 18 hours.
• the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the resultant residue was diluted with ethyl acetate (150 ml), then neutralized to pH 8.0 using saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 .
• the organic layer was separated, dried over sodium sulfate, concentrated in vacuo.
• the residue was purified twice on the silica gel column using MeOH- CH 2 Cl 2 (4:96) as an eluent to provide 2', 3'-isopropylidene-N 6 -cyclohexyladenosine (3.16 g).
• N 6 -Cyclohexyladenosine-5'-O-nitrate (Compound E): Acetic anhydride (6 ml) was slowly added to a stirred solution of nitric acid (2 g, 63%) at -25° C (CCl 4 -CO 2 bath used for cooling) and the reaction temperature maintained at -7.5 to 0 0 C for additional 1 hr. A solution of 2', 3'-isopropylidene-N 6 -cyclohexyladenosine (1.0 g) in acetic anhydride (3 mL) was added slowly.
• N 6 -(exo-2-Norbornyl)adenosine-5'-O-nitrate 2', 3 - Isopropylidene-N 6 -exo-norbornyladenosine was prepared following the procedure of 2', 3'-isopropylidene-N 6 -cyclohexyladenosine and used for the subsequent reaction.
• Acetic anhydride (6 ml) was slowly added to a stirred solution of nitric acid (2 g, 63%) at -25° C (CCI 4 -CO 2 bath used for cooling) and the reaction temperature maintained at -7.5 to 0 0 C for additional 1 hr.
• the nitro product (0.245 g) was diluted in a mixture of TFA (15 mL) and water (5 mL) and the mixture was allowed to stir for 30 minutes at room temperature. It was concentrated under vacuo and diluted with water (10 mL) and concentrated in vacuo. The resultant residue was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was recrystallized from the mixture of ethyl acetate and hexane to provide N 6 -exo-2-norbornyladenosine-5'-O-nitrate (0.123 gm).
• 2-Chloro-N 6 -cyclohexyladenosine A mixture of 2,6-dichloroadenosine (1.0 g) and cyclohexylamine (0.926 g) in ethanol (30 ml) was heated at reflux for 6 hours then cooled to room temperature. The mixture was concentrated under vacuo. The residue was purified on the silica gel column using MeOH - CH 2 Cl 2 (1:6 to 1:5). The combined fractions were concentrated and dried under vacuum to provide 2-chloro-N 6 - cyclohexyladenosine as a white solid (2.600 g).
• 2-Chloro-2', S'-isopropylidene-N ⁇ cyclohexyladenosine 2-Chloro-N 6 - cyclohexyladenosine (0.5 g) was diluted with acetone (30 ml) and to the mixture was added 2,2-dimethoxypropane (2.04 g), followed by D-camphorsulphonic acid (CSA, 0.272 g). The resultant reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for 2 hours. Additional CSA (0.2 g) was added and stirred for 2 hours. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the resultant residue was diluted with ethyl acetate, then neutralized to pH 8.0 using concentrated aqueous NaHCO 3 .
• CSA 2,2-dimethoxypropane
• 2-Chloro-N 6 -cyclohexyladenosine-5'-O-nitrate (Compound H): Following the nitration and the TFA water deprotection reactions, 2-chloro-N 6 -cyclohexyladenosine- 5'-O-nitrate was prepared from 2-chloro-2', S'-isopropylidene-N ⁇ cyclohexyladenosine.
• N 6 -Cyclopentyladenosine A solution of 6-chloroadenosine (43 g) and cyclopentylamine (5 eq.) in ethanol (50 eq.) was heated at reflux for 3 hours then cooled to room temperature. The resultant reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the resultant residue was diluted with water (400 ml) and ethyl acetate (400 ml). The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted into ethyl acetate (2 x 400 ml).
• N 6 -cyclopentyladenosine 43 g was diluted with acetone (75 eq.) and to the resultant solution was added 2,2- dimethoxypropane (5 eq.), followed by D-camphorsulphonic acid (1 eq) and the resultant reaction was allowed to stir at room temperature for 3 hours.
• the resultant reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the resultant residue was diluted with ethyl acetate, then neutralized to pH 7.0 using concentrated aqueous NaHCO 3 .
• the resultant reaction was allowed to stir at -15 to -5° C for 1 hour and the resultant reaction mixture was slowly poured slowly into an ice-cold solution of aqueous NaHCO 3 (168 gm in 800 niL water) and ethyl acetate (350 rnL) and the resultant solution was allowed to stir for 5 minutes. The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted using ethyl acetate (350 mL).
• Compound A 2',3'-isopropylidene-N 6 -cyclopentyladenosine-5'-nitrate (4.8 g) was diluted with a mixture of TFA (20 mL) and water (5 mL) and the resultant reaction was allowed to stir for 30 minutes at room temperature. The resultant reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the resultant residue was diluted with water (10 mL) and concentrated in vacuo.
• reaction mixture was then cooled to -30 0 C and then a solution of 2',3'-Isopropylidene-2-chloro-N 6 - cyclopentyladenosine (655 mg, 0.0016 mol, as prepared in the previous step) in acetic anhydride (8.0 mL) was added slowly.
• acetic anhydride 8.0 mL
• the resulting reaction was allowed to warm to -5 0 C and monitored using TLC (solvent 5% MeOH- CH 2 Cl 2 or 70% EtOAc -hexane).
• TLC solvent 5% MeOH- CH 2 Cl 2 or 70% EtOAc -hexane
• the reaction mixture was poured slowly into an ice cold mixture of saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (300 equivalent in 75 mL water) and ethyl acetate (60 mL).
• the organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was back extracted with ethyl acetate.
• the combined organic layers were washed with water, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated in vacuo to provide a crude residue.
• the crude residue was purified using flash column column (5% methanol-dichloromethane as eluent) to provide 2',3'-Isopropylidene-2-chloro-N 6 - cyclopentyladenosine-5'-nitrate (0.435 g).
• CHO cells stably transfected with human adenosine Ai receptor are grown and maintained in Dulbecco's Modified Eagles Medium with nutrient mixture F12 (DMEM/F12) without nucleosides, containing 10% fetal calf serum, penicillin (100 U/mL), streptomycin (100 ⁇ g/mL), L-glutamine (2 mM) and Geneticin (G-418, 0.2 mg/mL; A 2B , 0.5 mg/mL) at 37°C in 5% CO 2 /95% air. Cells are then split 2 or 3 times weekly at a ratio of between 1:5 and 1:20.
• DMEM/F12 Dulbecco's Modified Eagles Medium with nutrient mixture F12
• Membranes for radioligand binding experiments are prepared from fresh or frozen cells as described in Klotz et al., Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol., 357:1-9 (1998). The cell suspension is then homogenized in ice-cold hypotonic buffer (5 mM Tris/HCl, 2 mM EDTA, pH 7.4) and the homogenate is spun for 10 minutes (4°C) at 1,000 g.
• hypotonic buffer 5 mM Tris/HCl, 2 mM EDTA, pH 7.4
• the membranes are then sedimented from the supernatant for 30 minutes at 100,000 g and resuspended in 50 mM Tris/HCl buffer pH 7.4 (for A 3 adenosine receptors: 50 mM Tris/HCl, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.25), frozen in liquid nitrogen at a protein concentration of 1-3 mg/mL and stored at -80 0 C.
• the affinities of selected Purine Compounds for the adenosine Ai receptor can be determined by measuring the displacement of specific [ 3 H] 2-chloro-N 6 -cyclopentyl adenosine binding in CHO cells stably transfected with human recombinant Ai adenosine receptor expressed as Ki (nM). Dissociation constants of unlabeled compounds (K 1 - values) are determined in competition experiments in 96-well microplates using the Ai selective agonist 2-chloro- N 6 -[ 3 H]cyclopentyladenosine ([ 3 H]CCPA, InM) for the characterization of Ai receptor binding.
• Nonspecific binding is determined in the presence of 100 ⁇ M R-PIA and 1 mM theophylline, respectively.
• Binding data can be calculated by non-linear curve fitting using the program SCTFIT (De Lean et al. MoI. Pharm. 1982, 21:5-16).
• the Ai and A 3 receptor-mediated inhibition of forskolin- stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity was tested in membranes prepared from CHO cells stably transfected with the human Ai and A 3 adenosine receptors.
• the A 2a and A 2b receptor- mediated stimulation of basal cyclase activity was tested in membranes prepared from CHO cells stably transfected with the human A 2a and A 3 adenosine receptors

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