WO2010102903A1 - Verwendung von kammpolymeren als antifatigue-additive - Google Patents
Verwendung von kammpolymeren als antifatigue-additive Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010102903A1 WO2010102903A1 PCT/EP2010/052361 EP2010052361W WO2010102903A1 WO 2010102903 A1 WO2010102903 A1 WO 2010102903A1 EP 2010052361 W EP2010052361 W EP 2010052361W WO 2010102903 A1 WO2010102903 A1 WO 2010102903A1
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- comb polymer
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- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M145/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular compound containing oxygen
- C10M145/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10M145/10—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate
- C10M145/12—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate monocarboxylic
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- C10M149/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
- C10M149/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10M149/04—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to an amino group
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- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F20/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride, ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
- C08F20/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms, Derivatives thereof
- C08F20/10—Esters
- C08F20/34—Esters containing nitrogen, e.g. N,N-dimethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate
- C08F20/36—Esters containing nitrogen, e.g. N,N-dimethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate containing oxygen in addition to the carboxy oxygen, e.g. 2-N-morpholinoethyl (meth)acrylate or 2-isocyanatoethyl (meth)acrylate
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- C08F290/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers modified by introduction of aliphatic unsaturated end or side groups
- C08F290/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers modified by introduction of aliphatic unsaturated end or side groups on to polymers modified by introduction of unsaturated end groups
- C08F290/04—Polymers provided for in subclasses C08C or C08F
- C08F290/048—Polymers of monomers having two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds as defined in group C08F36/00
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- C10M149/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
- C10M149/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
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- C10M149/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
- C10M149/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10M149/10—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a nitrogen-containing hetero ring
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- C10M149/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
- C10M149/12—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10M149/14—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds a condensation reaction being involved
- C10M149/18—Polyamides
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- C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2203/10—Petroleum or coal fractions, e.g. tars, solvents, bitumen
- C10M2203/1006—Petroleum or coal fractions, e.g. tars, solvents, bitumen used as base material
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- C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2203/10—Petroleum or coal fractions, e.g. tars, solvents, bitumen
- C10M2203/102—Aliphatic fractions
- C10M2203/1025—Aliphatic fractions used as base material
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- C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2203/10—Petroleum or coal fractions, e.g. tars, solvents, bitumen
- C10M2203/106—Naphthenic fractions
- C10M2203/1065—Naphthenic fractions used as base material
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- C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2209/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10M2209/08—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate type
- C10M2209/084—Acrylate; Methacrylate
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- C10M2217/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2217/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained from nitrogen containing monomers by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10M2217/022—Macromolecular compounds obtained from nitrogen containing monomers by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to an amino group
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- C10M2217/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2217/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained from nitrogen containing monomers by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10M2217/024—Macromolecular compounds obtained from nitrogen containing monomers by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to an amido or imido group
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- C10M2217/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2217/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained from nitrogen containing monomers by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10M2217/028—Macromolecular compounds obtained from nitrogen containing monomers by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a nitrogen-containing hetero ring
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- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
- C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
- C10N2020/02—Viscosity; Viscosity index
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- C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
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- C10N2020/04—Molecular weight; Molecular weight distribution
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- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/02—Pour-point; Viscosity index
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- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
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- C10N2070/00—Specific manufacturing methods for lubricant compositions
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the use of comb polymers as antifatigue additives.
- the present invention describes comb polymers having improved properties and processes for their preparation.
- the present invention relates to a lubricating oil composition comprising the above-described comb polymers.
- Eating damage can be reduced by more than a factor of 5 in the lubricant due to extreme pressure additives (extreme pressure EP additive).
- polyalkyl (meth) acrylates have long been used in lubricating oils, for example gear oils or motor oils, some of which may be functionalized with comonomers, in particular nitrogen or oxygen-containing monomers.
- VI improvers include, in particular, polymers which have been reacted with dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (US Pat. No. 2,737,496 to EI Dupont de Nemours and Co.), dimethylaminoethyl methacrylamide (US Pat. No. 4,021,357 to Texaco Inc.) or hydroxyethyl methacrylate (US Pat. No. 3,249,545 to Shell OiI Co) were functionalized.
- PAMA-based VI improvers for lubricating oil applications are steadily improving.
- polymers having block-like sequences for use in lubricating oils have also been frequently used in recent times.
- HSD hydrogenated styrene-diene copolymers
- A is a block of hydrogenated polyisoprene and B is a divinylbenzene cross-linked polystyrene core or a block of polystyrene.
- the Infineum SV series of Infineum International Ltd Abington / UK includes products of this type. Typical star polymers are given with Infineum SV 200, 250 and 260. Infineum SV 150 is a diblock polymer. The products mentioned are free of carrier oils or solvents.
- the star polymers such as the Infineum SV 200 are extremely advantageous in terms of thickening effect, viscosity index and shear stability. Other star polymers are described inter alia in WO 2007/025837 (RohMax Additives).
- polyalkyl (meth) acrylates can also be used to improve the viscosity index (VI).
- VI viscosity index
- WO 2004/087850 describes block copolymer-containing lubricating oil formulations having excellent frictional properties.
- the block copolymers act as friction modifiers.
- WO 2006/105926 describes inter alia block copolymers which are derived from specifically selected N / O-functional monomers and their use as coefficients of friction and dispersants (dispersant).
- WO 2006/007934 of RohMax Additive GmbH describes the use of graft polymers as anti-wear additives in lubricating oil formulations, in particular in motor oils.
- WO 2005/097956 of RohMax Additives describes lubricating oil formulations containing H-bridge-containing graft polymers as wear protection additive.
- a further object of the invention was to provide additives which can be prepared simply and inexpensively, in particular commercially available components should be used. Here, the production should be possible on an industrial scale without the need for new or structurally complex systems.
- Lubricant causes. As a result, the number of different additives can be minimized. Furthermore, the additive should not show adverse effects on fuel economy or environmental compatibility of the lubricant.
- the additives should show a particularly long shelf life and low degradation during use, so that appropriately modified lubricating oils can be used over a long period of time.
- the present invention accordingly provides the use of comb polymers comprising in the main chain repeating units derived from polyolefin-based macromonomers having a molecular weight of at least 500 g / mol and repeating units derived from low molecular weight monomers having a molecular weight of less than 500 g / mol are, as an antifatigue additive in lubricants.
- the present invention accordingly further provides a comb polymer comprising in the backbone repeat units derived from polyolefin-based macromonomers having a molecular weight of at least 500 g / mol and repeat units derived from low molecular weight monomers having a molecular weight of less than 500 g / mol which is characterized in that the comb polymer repeating units derived from alkyl (meth) acrylates having 8 to 30 carbon atoms in the alcohol group has a polarity of at least 50% THF and an intrinsic viscosity of 15 to 50 mL / g.
- a comb polymer is the subject of the present invention, comprising in the main chain recurring units derived from polyolefin-based macromonomers having a molecular weight of at least 500 g / mol, and repeating units derived from low molecular weight monomers having a molecular weight of less than 500 g / mol which is characterized in that the comb polymer at least 10 wt .-% of repeating units derived from styrene monomers having 8 to 17 carbon atoms, at least 5 wt .-% of repeating units of alkyl (meth) acrylates with 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and having a polarity of at least 30% THF.
- the polymers to be used according to the invention show a particularly favorable property profile.
- the polymers can be made surprisingly shear stable, so that the lubricants have a very long shelf life.
- the additive to be used in accordance with the invention may have a variety of desirable properties in the art
- lubricants having excellent low temperature properties or viscosity properties can be made which comprise the present comb polymers.
- the number of different additives can be minimized.
- the present comb polymers are compatible with many additives.
- the lubricant can be adapted to a wide variety of requirements.
- the additives to be used show no adverse effects on the fuel consumption or the environmental compatibility of the lubricant.
- the comb polymers according to the invention can be prepared simply and inexpensively, it being possible in particular to use commercially available components.
- the comb polymers of the present invention can be produced industrially without the need for new or structurally complex systems.
- comb polymer as used herein is known per se, whereby longer side chains are bound to a polymeric main chain, frequently also called a backbone or "backbone.”
- the Polymers have at least one repeating unit derived from polyolefin-based macromonomers.
- main chain does not necessarily mean that the chain length of the backbone is greater than that of the side chains, but rather refers to the composition of this chain, while the side chain contains very high levels of olefinic repeating units, especially units derived from alkenes or alkadienes
- the backbone is derived from major proportions of more polar unsaturated monomers containing other alkyl (meth) acrylates, styrenic monomers, fumarates, maleates, vinyl esters, and / or Vinyl ethers include.
- the term repeating unit is well known in the art.
- the present comb polymers can preferably be obtained via radical polymerization of macromonomers and low molecular weight monomers. This double bonds are opened to form covalent bonds. Accordingly, the repeat unit results from the monomers used.
- the present comb polymers can also be obtained by polymer-analogous reactions and / or graft copolymerization. In this case, the reacted repeating unit of the main chain counts as a repeating unit derived from a polyolefin-based macromonomer. The same applies in the preparation of the comb polymers according to the invention by graft copolymerization.
- the present invention describes comb polymers which preferably have high oil solubility.
- oil-soluble means that a mixture of a base oil and a comb polymer according to the invention without macroscopic phase formation can be produced which comprises at least 0.1 wt .-%, preferably at least 0.5 wt .-% of the comb polymers of the invention.
- the comb polymer may be dispersed and / or dissolved.
- the oil solubility depends in particular on the proportion of the lipophilic side chains and on the base oil. This property is known to the person skilled in the art and can easily be adjusted for the respective base oil via the proportion of lipophilic monomers.
- the comb polymers of the invention include repeating units derived from polyolefin-based macromonomers.
- Polyolefin-based macromonomers are known in the art. These repeating units comprise at least one group derived from polyolefins.
- Polyolefins are known in the art, these being obtained by polymerization of alkenes and / or alkadienes which consist of the elements carbon and hydrogen, for example C 2 -C 10-alkenes such as ethylene, propylene, n-butene, isobutene, norbornene and / or C 4 C10 alkadienes such as butadiene, isoprene, norbornadiene can be obtained.
- the repeating units derived from polyolefin-based macromonomers preferably comprise at least 70% by weight and more preferably at least 80% by weight and most preferably at least 90% by weight of groups derived from alkenes and / or alkadienes Weight of repeating units derived from polyolefin-based macromonomers.
- the polyolefinic groups may in particular also be hydrogenated.
- repeat units derived from polyolefin-based macromonomers may include other groups. These include low levels of copolymerizable monomers.
- These monomers are known per se and include inter alia alkyl (meth) acrylates, styrene monomeric, marate, maleate, vinyl esters and / or vinyl ethers.
- the proportion of these groups based on copolymerizable monomers is preferably at most 30% by weight, particularly preferably at most 15% by weight, based on the weight of the repeating units derived from polyolefin-based macromonomers.
- the repeating units derived from polyolefin-based macromonomers may include initial groups and / or end groups that function to functionalize or that are due to the production of repeating units derived from polyolefin-based macromonomers.
- the proportion of these initial groups and / or end groups is preferably at most 30 wt .-%, particularly preferably at most 15 wt .-%, based on the weight of the polyolefin-based macromonomer derived repeating units.
- the number average molecular weight of repeating units derived from polyolefin-based macromonomers is in the range of 500 to 50,000 g / mol, more preferably 700 to 10,000 g / mol, especially 1,500 to 5500 g / mol, and most preferably 4000 to 5000 g / mol.
- the melting temperature of derived from the polyolefin-based macromonomers repeating units less than or equal to -10 0 C, particularly preferably less than or equal to -20 0 C, particularly preferably less than or equal to -40 ° C is preferred. Most preferably, no melting temperature can be measured according to DSC in the repeating units derived from the polyolefin-based macromonomers.
- the comb polymers of the present invention include repeating units derived from low molecular weight monomers having a molecular weight of less than 500 g / mole.
- low molecular weight makes it clear that a part of the repeating units of the backbone of the comb polymer has a low molecular weight.
- the molecular weight may, depending on the preparation, result from the molecular weight of the monomers used to prepare the polymers
- the low molecular weight monomer is preferably at most 400 g / mol, particularly preferably at most 200 g / mol and very particularly preferably at most 150 g / mol
- monomers include, inter alia, alkyl (meth) acrylates, styrene monomials, fumarates, maleates, vinyl esters and / or vinyl ethers
- Preferred low molecular weight monomers include styrene monomers having 8 to 17 carbon atoms, alkyl (meth) acrylates having 1 to 30 carbon atoms in the alcohol group, vinyl esters having 1 to 11 carbon atoms in the Acyl group, vinyl ethers having 1 to 30 carbon atoms in the alcohol group, (di) alkyl fumarates having 1 to 30 carbon atoms in the alcohol group, (di) alkyl maleates having 1 to 30 carbon atoms in the alcohol group and mixtures of these monomers are derived. These monomers are well known in the art.
- styrene monomers having 8 to 17 carbon atoms are styrene, substituted styrenes having an alkyl substituent in the side chain, such.
- styrene substituted styrenes having an alkyl substituent in the side chain
- ⁇ -methylstyrene and ⁇ -ethylstyrene substituted styrenes having an alkyl substituent on the ring, such as vinyltoluene and p-methylstyrene
- halogenated styrenes such as monochlorostyrenes, dichlorostyrenes, tribromostyrenes and tetrabromostyrenes.
- (meth) acrylates includes acrylates and methacrylates as well as mixtures of acrylates and methacrylates.
- the alkyl (meth) acrylates having 1 to 30 carbon atoms in the alcohol group include in particular (meth) acrylates derived from saturated alcohols such as methyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl (meth) acrylate, n-propyl (meth) acrylate, iso-propyl (meth) acrylate, n-butyl (meth) acrylate, tert-butyl (meth) acrylate, pentyl (meth) acrylate, hexyl (meth) acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth) acrylate,
- vinyl esters having 1 to 30 carbon atoms in the acyl group include vinyl formate, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate.
- Preferred vinyl esters include 2 to 9, more preferably 2 to 5 carbon atoms in the acyl group.
- the acyl group here may be linear or branched.
- vinyl ethers having 1 to 30 carbon atoms in the alcohol group include vinyl methyl ether, vinyl ethyl ether, vinyl propyl ether, vinyl butyl ether.
- Preferred vinyl ethers comprise 1 to 8, more preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alcohol group.
- the alcohol group here may be linear or branched.
- the notation (di) ester means that monoesters, diesters and mixtures of esters, especially fumaric acid and / or maleic acid can be used.
- the (di) alkyl fumarates having 1 to 30 carbon atoms in the alcohol group include, but are not limited to, monomethyl fumarate, dimethyl fumarate, monoethyl fumarate, diethyl fumarate, methyl ethyl fumarate, monobutyl fumarate, dibutyl fumarate, dipentyl fumarate, and dihexyl fumarate.
- Preferred (di) alkyl fumarates comprise 1 to 8, more preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms. atoms in the alcohol group.
- the alcohol group may hereby be linear or branched.
- the (di) alkyl maleates having 1 to 30 carbon atoms in the alcohol group include, among others, monomethyl maleate, dimethyl maleate, monoethyl maleate, diethyl maleate, methyl ethyl maleate, monobutyl maleate, dibutyl maleate.
- Preferred (di) alkyl maleates include 1 to 8, more preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alcohol group.
- the alcohol group may hereby be linear or branched.
- Dispersing monomers have long been used for the functionalization of polymeric additives in lubricating oils and are therefore known to the person skilled in the art (see RM Mortier, ST Orszulik (eds.): “Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants", Blackie Academic & Professional, London, 2 nd ed. 1997).
- R is hydrogen or methyl
- X is oxygen, sulfur or an amino group of the formula -NH- or -NR a -
- R a is an alkyl radical having 1 to 10, preferably 1 to 4, carbon atoms
- R 1 is a 2 to 50, especially 2 to 30, preferably 2 to 20 carbon atoms radical having at least one, preferably at least two heteroatoms
- R 2 and R 3 are independently hydrogen or a group of the formula -COX'R 1 , wherein X 'is oxygen or an amino group of the formula -NH - or -NR a -, wherein R a is an alkyl radical having 1 to 10, preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and R 1 is a radical comprising 1 to 50, preferably 1 to 30 and particularly preferably 1 to 15 carbon atoms, as a dispersing Monomers can be used.
- radical comprising 2 to 50 carbon atoms denotes radicals of organic compounds having 2 to 50 carbon atoms. Similar definitions apply to corresponding terms. It includes aromatic and heteroaromatic groups and also alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, alkenyl, alkanoyl, alkoxycarbonyl groups and heteroalipatic groups. The groups mentioned can be branched or unbranched. Furthermore, these groups may have conventional substituents.
- Substituents are, for example, linear and branched alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, such as, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, 2-methylbutyl or hexyl; Cycloalkyl groups such as cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl; aromatic groups, such as phenyl or naphthyl; Amino groups, hydroxyl groups, ether groups, ester groups and halides.
- aromatic groups are radicals of mononuclear or polynuclear aromatic compounds having preferably 6 to 20, in particular 6 to 12, carbon atoms.
- Heteroaromatic groups denote aryl radicals in which at least one CH group has been replaced by N and / or at least two adjacent CH groups have been replaced by S, NH or O, heteroaromatic groups having from 3 to 19 carbon atoms.
- Preferred aromatic or heteroaromatic groups according to the invention are derived from benzene, naphthalene, biphenyl, diphenyl ether, diphenylmethane, diphenyldimethylmethane, bisphenone, diphenylsulfone, thiophene, furan, pyrrole, thiazole, oxazole, imidazole, isothiazole, isoxazole, pyrazole, 1,3,4-oxadiazole , 2,5-Diphenyl-1, 3,4-oxadiazole, 1, 3,4-thiadiazole, 1, 3,4-triazole, 2,5-diphenyl-1, 3,4-triazole, 1, 2.5 -Triphenyl-1, 3,4-triazole, 1, 2,4-oxadiazole, 1, 2,4-thiadiazole, 1, 2,4-triazole, 1, 2,3-triazole, 1, 2,3,4 Tetrazole, benzo [b] thiophene
- the preferred alkyl groups include the methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, 1-butyl, 2-butyl, 2-methylpropyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, 2-methylbutyl, 1, 1-dimethylpropyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl, nonyl, 1-decyl, 2-decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, pentadecyl and the eicosyl group ,
- Preferred cycloalkyl groups include the cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl groups, which optionally substituted with branched or unbranched alkyl groups.
- Preferred alkanoyl groups include the formyl, acetyl, propionyl, 2-methylpropionyl, butyryl, valeroyl, pivaloyl, hexanoyl, decanoyl and dodecanoyl groups.
- the preferred alkoxycarbonyl groups include the methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, propoxycarbonyl, butoxycarbonyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl, hexyloxycarbonyl, 2-methylhexyloxycarbonyl, decyloxycarbonyl or dodecyloxycarbonyl group.
- the preferred alkoxy groups include alkoxy groups whose hydrocarbon radical is one of the aforementioned preferred alkyl groups.
- the preferred cycloalkoxy groups include cycloalkoxy groups whose hydrocarbon radical is one of the aforementioned preferred cycloalkyl groups.
- radical R 1 Among the preferred heteroatoms contained in the radical R 1 are, inter alia, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, boron, silicon and phosphorus, with oxygen and nitrogen being preferred.
- the radical R 1 comprises at least one, preferably at least two, preferably at least three heteroatoms.
- the radical R 1 in ester compounds of the formula (I) preferably has at least 2 different heteroatoms.
- the radical R 1 in at least at least one of the ester compounds of the formula (I) at least one nitrogen atom and at least one oxygen atom.
- Examples of ethylenically unsaturated, polar ester compounds of the formula (I) include aminoalkyl (meth) acrylates, aminoalkyl (meth) acrylamides, hydroxylalkyl (meth) acrylates, heterocyclic (meth) acrylates and / or carbonyl-containing (meth) acrylates.
- hydroxyalkyl (meth) acrylates include 2-hydroxypropyl (meth) acrylate,
- carbonyl-containing (meth) acrylates include, for example
- heterocyclic (meth) acrylates include 2- (1-imidazolyl) ethyl (meth) acrylate
- the aminoalkyl (meth) acrylates include, in particular, N, N-dimethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate, N, N-dimethylaminopropyl (meth) acrylate, N, N-diethylaminopentyl (meth) acrylate, N, N-dibutylaminohexadecyl (neth) acrylate.
- aminoalkyl (meth) acrylamides can be used as dispersing monomers, such as N, N-dimethylaminopropyl (meth) acrylamide.
- phosphorus-, boron- and / or silicon-containing (meth) acrylates can be used as dispersing monomers, such as 2- (dimethylphosphato) propyl (meth) acrylate, 2- (ethylenphosphito) propyl (meth) acrylate, dimethylphosphinomethyl (meth ) acrylate, Dimethylphosphonoethyl (meth) acrylate, diethyl (meth) acryloylphosphonate,
- heterocyclic vinyl compounds include 2-vinylpyridine, 3-vinylpyridine, 4-vinylpyridine, 2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine, 3-ethyl-4-vinylpyridine, 2,3-dimethyl-5-vinylpyridine, vinylpyrimidine, vinylpiperidine, 9-vinylcarbazole, 3-vinylcarbazole, 4-vinylcarbazole, 1-vinylimidazole, N-vinylimidazole, 2-methyl-1-vinylimidazole, N-vinylpyrrolidone, 2-vinylpyrrolidone, N-vinylpyrrolidine, 3-vinylpyrrolidine, N-vinylcaprolactam, N- Vinyl butyrolactam, vinyloxolane, vinylfuran, vinylthiophene, vinylthiolane, vinylthiazoles and hydrogenated vinylthiazoles, vinyloxazoles and hydrogenated vinyloxazoles, wherein N-vinylimidazole and N-
- the monomers set forth above may be used singly or as a mixture.
- comb polymers prepared by using 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, succinic acid mono-2-methacryloyloxyethyl ester, N- (2-methacryloyloxyethyl) ethyleneurea.
- 2-acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate, 2- (4-morpholinyl) ethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminodiglycol methacrylate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate and / or dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide Particular preference is given in particular to those comb polymers which comprise repeating units of the above-described aminoalkyl (meth) acrylamides, in particular dimethylaminopropyl (meth) acrylamide.
- the aforementioned ethylenically unsaturated monomers can be used individually or as mixtures. It is further possible to vary the monomer composition during the main chain polymerization to obtain defined structures such as block copolymers or graft polymers.
- the comb polymer in particular the main chain of the comb polymer, a glass transition temperature in the range -60 to 110 0 C, preferably in the range -30 to 100 0 C, more preferably in the range 0 to 90 ° C, and especially before - In the range 20 to 80 0 C have.
- the glass transition temperature is determined by DSC.
- the glass transition temperature can be estimated from the glass transition temperature of the corresponding homopolymers, taking into account the proportions of repeating units in the main chain.
- the comb polymer preferably has from 10 to 80% by weight, more preferably from 30 to 70% by weight, of repeating units derived from polyolefin-based macromonomers, based on the total weight of repeating units.
- polymers generally also include starting and ending groups that may be formed by initiation reactions and termination reactions.
- the polydispersity of the comb polymers will be apparent. Therefore, these figures refer to an average over all comb polymers.
- comb polymers which preferably have a weight average molecular weight M w in the range from 20,000 to 1,000,000 g / mol, more preferably 50,000 to 500,000 g / mol and most preferably 150,000 to 450,000 g / mol exhibit.
- the number-average molecular weight M n may preferably be in the range of 20,000 to 800,000 g / mol, more preferably 40,000 to 200,000 g / mol, and most preferably 50,000 to 150,000 g / mol.
- comb polymers whose polydispersity index M w / M n is in the range from 1 to 5, particularly preferably in the range from 2.5 to 4.5, are expedient.
- the number average and weight average molecular weights can be determined by known methods, for example gel permeation chromatography (GPC). This method is described in detail in WO 2007/025837 filed on 04.08.2006 at the European Patent Office with the application number PCT / EP2006 / 065060 and in WO 2007/03238 filed on 07.04.2006 with the European Patent Office with the application number PCT / EP2007 / 003213 wherein the methods of determining molecular weight set forth therein are included in this application for purposes of disclosure.
- the comb polymers can be modified in particular by grafting with dispersing monomers.
- Dispersing monomers are understood in particular to be monomers having functional groups, by means of which particles, in particular soot particles, can be kept in solution. These include, in particular, the monomers described above, which are derived from oxygen and nitrogen. functionalized monomers, in particular derived from heterocyclic vinyl compounds.
- the comb polymers of the invention can be prepared in various ways.
- a preferred method consists in the known per se radical copolymerization of low molecular weight monomers and macromolecular monomers.
- ATRP Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization
- RAFT Reversible Addition Fragmentation Chain Transfer
- the usual free radical polymerization is i.a. in Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Sixth Edition.
- a polymerization initiator and optionally a chain transfer agent are used for this purpose.
- Useful initiators include the azo initiators well known in the art, such as AIBN and 1-azobiscyclohexanecarbonitrile, and peroxy compounds such as methylethyl ketone peroxide, acetylacetone peroxide, dilauryl peroxide, tert-butyl per-2-ethylhexanoate, ketone peroxide, tert-butyl peroctoate, Methyl isobutyl ketone peroxide, cyclohexanone peroxide, dibenzoyl peroxide, tert-butyl peroxybenzoate, tert-butyl peroxyisopropyl carbonate, 2,5-bis (2-ethylhexanoylperoxy) -2,5-dimethylhexane, tert-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate, tert-butylperoxy-3 , 5,5-trimethylhexanoate, di
- the ATRP method is known per se. It is believed that this is a "living" radical polymerization without any limitation to the description of the mechanism.
- a transition metal compound is reacted with a compound having a transferable atomic group.
- the transferable atomic group is transferred to the transition metal compound, whereby the metal is oxidized.
- This reaction forms a radical that adds to ethylenic groups.
- the transfer of the atomic group to the transition metal compound is reversible so that the atomic group is re-transferred to the growing polymer chain, forming a controlled polymerization system. Accordingly, the structure of the polymer, the molecular weight and the molecular weight distribution can be controlled.
- the polymerization can be carried out at atmospheric pressure, lower or higher pressure.
- the polymerization temperature is not critical. In general, however, it is in the range of -20 ° - 200 0 C, preferably 50 ° - 150 0 C and particularly preferably 80 ° - 130 0 C.
- the polymerization can be carried out with or without solvent.
- the term of the solvent is to be understood here broadly.
- the selection of the solvent is carried out according to the polarity of the monomers used, wherein preferably 100N oil, lighter gas oil and / or aromatic hydrocarbons, for example toluene or xylene can be used.
- the low molecular weight monomers to be used for the preparation of the comb polymers according to the invention in a free-radical copolymerization are generally available commercially.
- Macromonomers which can be used according to the invention preferably have exactly one free-radically polymerizable double bond, which is preferably terminal.
- the double bond may be conditionally present due to the preparation of the macromonomers.
- a polyisobutylene (PIB) having a terminal double bond is formed.
- functionalized polyolefinic groups can be converted by suitable reactions into a macromonomer.
- polyolefin-based macro alcohols and / or macroamines may be subjected to transesterification or aminolysis with low molecular weight monomers comprising at least one unsaturated ester group, such as methyl (meth) acrylate or ethyl (meth) acrylate.
- This transesterification is well known.
- this may be a heterogeneous catalyst system, such as lithium hydroxide / calcium oxide mixture (LiOH / CaO), pure lithium hydroxide (LiOH), lithium methoxide (LiOMe) or sodium methoxide (NaOMe) or a homogeneous catalyst system such as the isopropyl titanate (Ti (OiPr) 4 ) or Dioctyltin oxide (Sn (OCt) 2 O).
- the reaction is an equilibrium reaction. Therefore, the liberated low molecular weight alcohol is usually removed, for example, by distillation.
- these macromonomers can be obtained by direct esterification or direct amidation, starting, for example, from methacrylic acid or methacrylic anhydride, preferably with acid catalysis by p-toluenesulfonic acid or methanesulfonic acid, or from the free methacrylic acid by the DCC method (dicyclohexylcarbodiimide).
- the present alcohol or amide can be converted to a macromonomer by reaction with an acid chloride such as (meth) acryloyl chloride.
- an acid chloride such as (meth) acryloyl chloride.
- suitable macromonomers can be obtained by reacting a terminal PIB double bond with methacrylic acid or by Friedel-Crafts alkylation of the PIB double bond to styrene.
- Macromonomer polymerization inhibitors such as e.g. the 4-hydroxy-2, 2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidino-oxyl radical and / or hydroquinone monomethyl ether used.
- the polyolefin-based macro alcohols and / or macroamines to be used for the reactions set forth above can be prepared in a known manner.
- PIB polyisobutylene
- the preparation of macroamines is set forth, for example, in EP 0 244 616 of BASF AG.
- the representation of the macroamines takes place via oxination and amination preferably of polyisobutylene.
- Polyisobutylene has the advantage of showing no crystallization at low temperatures.
- Advantageous macro-alcohols can furthermore according to the known patents of BASF AG either hydroboration (WO 2004/067583) of highly reactive polyisobutylene HR-PIB (EP 0 628 575), which contains an increased proportion of terminal ⁇ -double bonds, or by oxidation followed by Hydrogenation (EP 0 277 345) are shown.
- the hydroboration provides higher alcohol functionalities than the oxo and hydrogenation.
- Preferred macro-alcohols based on hydrogenated polybutadienes can be obtained according to GB 2270317 of Shell International Research Maatschappij. A high proportion of 1,2-repeat units of about 60% and more can lead to significantly lower crystallization temperatures.
- the macromonomers set out above are also commercially available part, such as the Kraton prepared from the Kraton Liquid L-1203 ® Liquid ® L-1253, a to about 96wt% of methacrylate-functionalized hydrogenated polybutadiene having about 50% 1, 2- Repeat units and 1, 4 repeating units, Kraton Polymers GmbH (Eschborn, Germany).
- Polyolefin-based macromonomers and their preparation are also set forth in EP 0 621 293 and EP 0 699 694.
- the comb polymers according to the invention can be obtained by polymer-analogous reactions.
- a polymer of low molecular weight monomers is first prepared in a known manner, which is subsequently reacted.
- the backbone of a comb polymer can be synthesized from a reactive monomer such as maleic anhydride, methacrylic acid or else glycidyl methacrylate and other short chain backbone inreactive monomers.
- the initiator systems set out above such as t-butyl perbenzoate or t-butyl per-2-ethylhexanoate and regulators such as n-dodecylmercaptan can be used.
- the side chains which are also referred to as arms, are generated become.
- the side chains which are also referred to as arms, are generated become.
- the macroalcohols and / or macroamines set forth above can be used.
- reaction of the initially formed backbone polymers with macro alcohols and / or macroamines corresponds essentially to the above-described reactions of the macroalcohols and / or macroamines with low molecular weight compounds.
- the macro-alcohols and / or macroamines may be applied to known grafting reactions, for example to the present maleic anhydride or methacrylic acid functionalities in the backbone polymer, with catalysis e.g. be converted by p-toluenesulfonic acid or methanesulfonic acid to esters, amides or imides to the comb polymers of the invention.
- catalysis e.g. be converted by p-toluenesulfonic acid or methanesulfonic acid to esters, amides or imides to the comb polymers of the invention.
- low molecular weight alcohols and / or amines such as n-butanol or N- (3-aminopropyl) morpholine, this polymer-analogous reaction is led to complete conversions, especially with maleic anhydride backbones.
- an addition of the macroalcohol and / or the macroamine can be carried out to form comb polymers.
- the macro-alcohols and / or the macroamines can be reacted by a polymer-analogous alcoholysis or aminolysis with a backbone containing short-chain ester functionalities to generate comb polymers.
- suitably functionalized polymers obtained by reacting low molecular weight monomers can be reacted with other low molecular weight monomers to form comb polymers.
- the initially prepared backbone polymer has several functionalities that serve as initiators of multiple graft polymerizations.
- a multiple cationic polymerization of i-butene can be initiated, resulting in comb polymers with polyolefin side arms.
- Suitable for such Pfroftcopolymerisationen are also the previously outlined ATRP and / or RAFT process to obtain comb polymers having a defined architecture.
- comb polymers to be used in accordance with the present invention have a low content of olefinic double bonds.
- the iodine number is less than or equal to 0.2 g per g of comb polymer, more preferably less than or equal to 0.1 g per g of comb polymer. This proportion can be determined mers in a vacuum at 180 0 C according to DIN 53241 after 24 hours of withdrawing carrier oil and low molecular weight residual monomer.
- Particularly effective comb polymers comprise at least 10% by weight of repeat units derived from styrene monomers having 8 to 17 carbon atoms and at least 5% by weight of repeat units derived from alkyl (meth) acrylates having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. These figures refer to the total weight of repeating units of the comb polymer. These data result from the weight ratios of the monomers in the preparation of the comb polymer Furthermore, these comb polymers are characterized by a polarity of at least 30% THF. These comb polymers are new and therefore also the subject of the present invention. These comb polymers preferably exhibit an effect as viscosity index improvers and are also referred to below as comb polymers with VI effect. These comb polymers are characterized in particular by a multifunctionality with relatively high load capacity and durability.
- the comb polymer having VI activity may have from 30 to 60% by weight, more preferably from 35 to 50% by weight, of repeat units derived from polyolefin-based macromonomers having a molecular weight of at least 500 g / mol , These figures refer to the total weight of repeating units of the comb polymer. These data are given by the weight ratios of the monomers in the preparation of the comb polymer. These monomers have been previously set forth, with reference to these teachings.
- Stryrenic monomers and alkyl (meth) acrylates having 1 to 6 carbon atoms have been set out above, with n-butyl methacrylate being particularly preferred for preparing the viscous index improving comb polymers of the present invention having VI activity.
- comb polymers having VI activity the recurring units derived from styrene and repeating units derived from n-butyl methacrylate.
- VI activity the recurring units derived from styrene and repeating units derived from n-butyl methacrylate.
- comb polymers with VI effect in which the ratio of recurring units derived from styrene to repeat units derived from n-butyl methacrylate ranges from 4: 1 to 1.5: 1.
- a Vl-effect comb polymer according to the present invention has repeating units derived from dispersing monomers. These monomers have been set forth above, with aminoalkyl (meth) acrylamides being particularly preferred.
- the proportion of repeating units derived from dispersing monomers is preferably from 1 to 8% by weight, more preferably from 2 to 4% by weight. These figures refer to the total weight of repeating units of the comb polymer. These data are given by the weight ratios of the monomers in the preparation of the comb polymer.
- the weight ratio of repeating units derived from polyolefin-based macromonomers to repeating units derived from dispersing monomers in the comb polymer having VI activity is preferably in the range of 30: 1 to 8: 1, more preferably in the range from 25: 1 to 10: 1.
- the comb polymer having VI activity has a polarity of at least 30% THF, preferably at least 80% THF, and more preferably at least at least 100% THF.
- the polarity of the polymers is determined by their elution behavior of defined HPLC column material.
- the polarity therefore corresponds to the volume fraction THF in the eluent (% by volume of THF, starting from 100% by volume of i-octane) which is necessary for the desorption.
- a polarity of at least 100% THF means that the adhesion of the polymer to a CN-functionalized silica column is so great that the polymer can not be eluted with THF. Further details for determining the polarity are set forth in the examples.
- the polarity can be adjusted by the use of dispersing monomers, the mode of incorporation of the dispersing monomers, the proportion and molecular weight of the macromonomers, and the molecular weight of the comb polymer.
- High polarities can be achieved in particular by high molecular weights of the macromonomers and a high proportion of dispersing monomers.
- comb polymers with random repeating units derived from dispersing monomers are superior to comb polymers to which dispersing monomers have been grafted. Further valuable information can be found in the attached examples.
- the intrinsic viscosity of the comb polymer having VI activity is preferably in the range of 40 to 100 ml / g, preferably in the range of 50 to 90 ml / g, and more preferably in the range of 55 to 70 ml / g.
- the intrinsic viscosity is determined in chloroform as a solvent at 20 0 C using an Ubbelohde capillary.
- the size of the Ubbelhode capillary is chosen so that the throughput times of the pure solvent and the polymer-containing solutions is between 200 and 300 seconds.
- the mass concentration ⁇ in g / mL is chosen such that the throughput time of the polymer-containing solution does not exceed that of the pure solvent by more than 10%. From the transit times of the polymer-containing solution and the solvent and from the mass concentration of the polymer in the solution, the intrinsic viscosity can be calculated as follows:
- comb polymers having VI activity which preferably have repeating units derived from methyl methacrylate and repeating units derived from alkyl (meth) acrylates having 8 to 30 carbon atoms in the alcohol group.
- the present invention provides novel antifatigue additives which are particularly shear stable and therefore durable in use which are also the subject of the present invention.
- These shear-stable comb polymers have repeating units derived from alkyl (meth) acrylates having 8 to 30 carbon atoms in the alcohol group, a polarity of at least 50% THF and an intrinsic viscosity in the range of 20 to 50 mL / g.
- These comb polymers are characterized in particular by particularly high resilience and durability, with other additives that show, for example, VI improvers a high compatibility.
- the polarity of the present shear-stable comb polymers is at least 50% THF, more preferably at least 80% THF, and most preferably 100% THF.
- the method for determining the polarity has been previously stated. Furthermore, it should be noted that this depends on the proportion and type of dispersing monomers, the proportion and molecular weight of the macromonomers and the molecular weight of the comb polymers, the above relations also applies with respect to the shear-stable comb polymers and valuable information taken from the examples can be.
- Alkyl (meth) acrylates having 8 to 30 carbon atoms in the alcohol group have been previously set forth, with reference being made to these statements.
- the proportion of repeat units derived from alkyl (meth) acrylates having 8 to 30 carbon atoms in shear-stable comb polymers is preferably at least 5% by weight, more preferably at least 10% by weight and most preferably at least 15% by weight.
- These figures refer to the total weight of repeating units of the comb polymer. These data are given by the weight ratios of the monomers in the preparation of the comb polymer.
- a shear-stable comb polymer may comprise from 30 to 80% by weight, more preferably from 40 to 70% by weight, of recurring units derived from polyolefin-based macromonomers having a molecular weight of at least 500 g / mol. in this connection these figures refer to the total weight of repeating units of the comb polymer. These data are given by the weight ratios of the monomers in the preparation of the comb polymer. These monomers have been previously set forth, with reference to these statements.
- a shear stable comb polymer according to the present invention may comprise repeating units derived from dispersing monomers. These monomers have been set forth above, with aminoalkyl (meth) acrylamides being particularly preferred.
- the proportion of repeating units derived from dispersing monomers in shear-stable comb polymers of the present invention is preferably at least 5% by weight, more preferably at least 10% by weight and most preferably at least 15% by weight.
- the upper limit results in particular from the oil-solubility of the shear-stable comb polymers, with the proportion of repeating units derived from dispersing monomers usually being less than 50% by weight, preferably less than 30% by weight.
- These figures refer to the total weight of repeating units of the comb polymer. These data are given by the weight ratios of the monomers in the preparation of the comb polymer.
- the weight ratio of repeating units derived from alkyl (meth) acrylates having 8 to 30 carbon atoms in the alcohol group to repeating units derived from dispersing monomers is preferably in the range of 3: 1 to 10 for shear stable comb polymers 1: 2, more preferably in the range of 2: 1 to 1: 1, 5.
- shear-stable comb polymers are preferred which are characterized in that the weight ratio of repeating units derived from polyolefin-based macromonomers to repeating units derived from dispersing monomers ranges from 8: 1 to 1: 1, more preferably 6: 1 to 2: 1.
- shear-stable comb polymers include repeating units derived from methyl methacrylate and repeating units derived from n-butyl methacrylate.
- the shear stable comb polymer has an intrinsic viscosity in the range of 15 to 50 mL / g, preferably 20 to 40, and most preferably 22 to 35.
- the determination of intrinsic viscosity is carried out according to the method set forth above at 20 0 C in chloroform as the solvent using a Ubbelohde capillary.
- shear-stable comb polymers having a ratio of the number average molecular weight M n of the polyolefin-based macromonomer to the number average molecular weight M n of the comb polymer in the range from 1: 2 to 1: 6, particularly preferably 1: 3 to 1: 5.
- the comb polymer of the present invention may be used in a lubricating oil composition.
- a lubricating oil composition comprises at least one lubricating oil.
- the lubricating oils include, in particular, mineral oils, synthetic oils and natural oils.
- Mineral oils are known per se and commercially available. They are generally obtained from petroleum or crude oil by distillation and / or refining and, if appropriate, further purification and refining processes, the term "mineral oil” in particular falling to the relatively high-boiling fractions of crude oil or crude oil.
- the boiling point of mineral oil is higher than 200 ° C., preferably higher than 300 ° C., at 5000 Pa.
- the production by smoldering of shale oil, coking of hard coal, distillation under exclusion of air from brown coal and hydrogenation of hard coal or lignite is also possible. Accordingly, mineral oils, depending on their origin, have different proportions of aromatic, cyclic, branched and linear hydrocarbons.
- paraffin-based, naphthenic and aromatic fractions in crude oils or mineral oils, the terms paraffin-based fraction being longer-chain or highly branched isoalkanes and naphthenic fraction being cycloalkanes.
- mineral oils depending on their origin and refinement, have different proportions of n-alkanes, isoalkanes with a low degree of branching, so-called monomethyl-branched paraffins, and compounds with heteroatoms, in particular O, N and / or S, which are attributed to polar properties .
- the assignment is difficult, however, since individual alkane molecules can have both long-chain branched groups and cycloalkane radicals and aromatic moieties.
- the assignment can be made, for example, according to DIN 51 378.
- Polar proportions may also be determined according to ASTM D 2007.
- the proportion of n-alkanes in preferred mineral oils is less than 3 wt .-%, the proportion of O, N and / or S-containing compounds less than 6 Wt .-%.
- the proportion of aromatics and monomethyl branched paraffins is generally in the range of 0 to 40 wt .-%.
- mineral oil comprises primarily naphthenic and paraffinic alkanes, which generally have greater than 13, preferably greater than 18, and most preferably greater than 20, carbon atoms.
- the proportion of these compounds is generally greater than or equal to 60 wt .-%, preferably greater than or equal to 80 wt .-%, without this being a restriction.
- a preferred mineral oil contains from 0.5 to 30% by weight of aromatic fractions, from 15 to 40% by weight of naphthenic fractions, from 35 to 80% by weight of para-based fractions, up to 3% by weight of n-alkanes and 0 , 05 to 5 wt .-% polar compounds, each based on the total weight of the mineral oil.
- n-alkanes having about 18 to 31 C atoms:
- Aromatics with 14 to 32 C atoms :
- An improved class of mineral oils (reduced sulfur content, reduced nitrogen content, higher viscosity index, lower pour point) is given by hydrotreating the mineral oils (hydro isomerization, hydro cracking, hydro treatment, hydro finishing). In this case, essentially all aromatic components are reduced in hydrogen presence and naphthenic components are built up.
- Synthetic oils include, but are not limited to, organic esters such as diesters and polyesters, polyalkylene glycols, polyethers, synthetic hydrocarbons, especially polyolefins, of which polyalphaolefins (PAO) are preferred, silicone oils and perfluoroalkyl ethers.
- synthetic base oils originating from gas to liquid (GTL), coal to liquid (CTL) or biomass to liquid (BTL) processes can be used. They are usually slightly more expensive than the mineral oils, but have advantages in terms of their performance.
- Natural oils are animal or vegetable oils, such as claw oils or jojoba oils.
- Base oils for lubricating oil formulations are grouped according to API (American Petroleum Institute). Mineral oils are divided into Group I (not hydrogen-treated) and, depending on the degree of saturation, sulfur content and viscosity index, in Groups II and III (both hydrogen-treated). PAOs correspond to Group IV. All other base oils are grouped in Group V.
- lubricating oils can also be used as mixtures and are often commercially available.
- the concentration of the comb polymer in the lubricating oil composition is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 40% by weight, more preferably in the range of 0.2 to 20% by weight, and most preferably in the range of 0.5 to 10% by weight. %, based on the total weight of the composition.
- a lubricating oil composition may contain other additives and additives.
- preferred additives can be based on a linear polyalkyl (meth) acrylate having 1 to 30 carbon atoms in the alcohol group (PAMA).
- PAMA alcohol group
- additives include, inter alia, Dl additives (dispersants, detergents, defoamers, corrosion inhibitors, antioxidants, wear protection and extreme pressure additives, coefficients of friction), pour point improvers (particularly preferably based on polyalkyl (meth) acrylate having 1 to 30 carbon atoms in the alcohol group ), and / or dyes.
- lubricating oil compositions set forth herein may be present in mixtures with conventional VI improvers in addition to the comb polymers of the present invention.
- VI improvers include in particular styrene-diene copolymers (HSD, US 4,116,917, US 3,772,196 and US 4,788,316 of the Shell OiI Company), in particular based on butadiene and isoprene, as well as olefin copolymers (OCP, K.
- VI improvers and pour point improvers for lubricating oils are described, for example, in T. Mang, W. Dresel (eds.): “Lubricants and Lubrication”, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2001; R.M. Morler, ST. Orszulik (eds.): “Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants”, Blackie Academic & Professional, London 1992; or J. Bartz: “additives for lubricants", Expert-Verlag, Renningen-Malmsheim 1994 set forth.
- Suitable dispersants include, but are not limited to, poly (isobutylene) derivatives, e.g. Poly (isobutylene) succinimide (PIBSI); Ethylene-propylene oligomers with N / O functionalities.
- poly (isobutylene) derivatives e.g. Poly (isobutylene) succinimide (PIBSI); Ethylene-propylene oligomers with N / O functionalities.
- the preferred detergents include, but are not limited to, metal-containing compounds such as phenates; salicylates; Thiophosphonates, in particular thiopyrophosphonates, thiophosphonates and phosphonates; Sulfonates and carbonates.
- metal these compounds may in particular contain calcium, magnesium and barium. These compounds can preferably be used neutral or overbased.
- Defoamers defoamer
- the silicone-containing antifoams include, but are not limited to, linear poly (dimethylsiloxane) and cyclic poly (dimethylsiloxane).
- silicone-free defoamers it is often possible to use polyethers, for example poly (ethylene glycol) or tributyl phosphate.
- the lubricating oil compositions according to the invention may comprise corrosion inhibitors. These are often subdivided into anti-rust additives and metal passivators / deactivators (metal passivator / desactivator).
- Sulphonates such as, for example, petroleum sulphonates or (often overbased) synthetic alkylbenzenesulphonates, for example dinonylnaphthene sulphonate; Carboxylic acid derivatives such as lanolin (wool grease), oxidized paraffins, zinc naphthenates, acylated succinic acids, 4-nonylphenoxyacetic acid, amides and imides (N-acylsarcosine, imidazoline dehydrate); Amine-neutralized mono- and dialkylphosphoric acid esters; morpholine; Dicy cylohexylamine or diethanolamine be used.
- the metal passivators / deactivators include, but are not limited to, benzotriazole, tolyltriazole, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, dialkyl-2,5-dimercapto-1, 3,4-thiadiazole; N 1 N'-disalicylidenethylenediamine, N, N'-disalicylidenepropylenediamine; Zinc dialkyldithiophosphates and dialkyldithiocarbamates.
- friction modifiers inter alia, mechanically effective compounds, such as molybdenum disulfide, graphite (also fluorinated), poly (trifluoroethylene), polyamide, polyimide; Adsorption layer-forming compounds, such as long-chain carboxylic acids, fatty acid esters, ethers, alcohols, amines, amides, imides; Compounds which form layers by tribochemical reactions, such as, for example, saturated fatty acids, phosphoric acid and thiophosphoric acid esters, xanthates, sulfurized fatty acids; Compounds which form polymer-like layers, such as, for example, ethoxylated dicarboxylic acid partial esters, dialkyl phthalic acid esters, methacrylates, unsaturated fatty acids, sulfurized olefins or organometallic compounds, for example molybdenum compounds (molybdenum dithiophosphates and molybdenum dithioc
- ZnDTP e.g. is primarily a wear protection additive and extreme pressure additive, but also has the character of an antioxidant and corrosion inhibitor (here: metal passivator / deactivator).
- Preferred lubricating oil compositions have a viscosity measured in accordance with ASTM D 445 at 40 ° C. in the range from 10 to 120 mm 2 / s, particularly preferably in the range from 22 to 100 mm 2 / s.
- the kinematic viscosity KV 10 O measured at 100 ° C. is preferably at least 5.5 mm 2 / s, more preferably at least 5.6 mm 2 / s and most preferably at least 5.8 mm 2 / s.
- preferred lubricating oil compositions have an ASTM D 2270 viscosity index in the range of 100 to 400, more preferably in the range of 150 to 350, and most preferably in the range of 175 to 275.
- HTHS high-shear viscosity
- the high-shear viscosity HTHS measured at 100 ° C. is preferably at most 10 mPas, particularly preferably at most 7 mPas and very particularly preferably at most 5 mPas.
- HTHS100-HTHS150 is preferably at most 4 mPas, particularly preferably at most 3.3 mPas and very particularly preferably at most 2.5 mPas.
- the ratio of high shear viscosity at 100 0 C HTHS100 to high-shear viscosity at 150 0 C HTHSi 50, HTHSi OO / HTHSi5 O is preferably at most 2.0, particularly preferably at most 1. 9
- the high-shear viscosity HTHS can be measured at the respective temperature in accordance with ASTM D4683.
- the permanent Shear Stability Index (PSSI) according to ASTM D2603 Ref. B (12.5 min. ment) is less than or equal to 35, more preferably less than or equal to 20.
- lubricating oil compositions can be obtained which have a permanent shear stability index (PSSI) according to DIN 51381 (30 cycles Bosch pump) of at most 5, preferably at most 2 and most preferably at most 1.
- the present lubricants can be used in particular as gear oil, engine oil or hydraulic oil. Surprising advantages can be found in particular when using the present lubricants in manual (manual) (automated), automated manual, (double clutch) or direct shift transmissions (DSG), automatic (automatic) and continuously variable transmissions (continuous variable transmission CVC). Furthermore, the present lubricants can be used in particular in transfer cases and axle or differential gears.
- the present comb polymers serve in particular as an antifatigue additive in lubricants. Surprisingly, it has been found that these additives counteract material fatigue so that the service life of gears, motors or hydraulic systems can be increased. This finding can be determined by various methods. The determination of the fatigue life (pitting capacity) of the lubricating oil formulations can be carried out according to methods for toothing as well as for roller bearings. The following methods cover a wide range of Hertzian pressures.
- the fatigue life (number of revolutions) can, for example, on a standard according to DIN 51350-1 four-ball apparatus (VKA, four-ball apparatus) are determined, in which a rotating ball is pressed under load on three similar also rotating balls. It uses test specification VW-PV-1444 of Volkswagen AG ("Pitting resistance of components with rolling friction - pitting test", VW-PV-1444, Volkswagen AG).
- the fatigue can be determined by a FAG FE8 test.
- the rolling bearing lubricant tester FE8 according to DIN 51819-1 of FAG (Schaeffler KG, Schweinfurt) can be used.
- the fatigue life (in hours) of two jointly mounted axial cylindrical roller bearings in accordance with test specification VW-PV-1483 ("Testing the dimple bearing capacity in rolling bearings - Fatigue test", VW-PV-1483, Volkswagen AG, draft September 2006; the oil standards VW TL52512 / 2005 for manual transmissions and VW TL52182 / 2005 for dual-clutch transmissions of Volkswagen AG) are being tested using bearing disks with an arithmetic roughness of 0.1-0.3 ⁇ m.
- the rolling bearing lubricant tester FE8 can also be operated according to the more stringent method ZF-702-232 / 2003 of ZF Friedrichshafen AG (see “ZF Bearing Pitting Test", ZF-702-232, ZF Friedrichshafen AG, 2004).
- the vinyl content of the Macromonomers was 55%, the degree of hydrogenation> 98.5% and the -OH functionality> 90%, all of these values were determined by H-NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy).
- the polarity of the polymers was determined by their elution behavior of defined HPLC column material.
- the eluent composition was continuously changed by admixing tetrahydrofuran THF until the eluent was strong enough to desorb the applied polymer again.
- the determined polarity accordingly corresponds to the volume fraction THF in the eluent necessary for the desorption.
- a liquid chromatograph from Agilent, series 1200 was used, consisting of: 2 binary mixer pumps with mixer, solvent degassing unit, autosampler, column oven and diode array detector.
- an evaporating light scattering detector from Alltech, type 2000 was used.
- the column material used was a commercially available Nucleosil-CN HPLC column, column size 250 ⁇ 4 mm, porosity 10 ⁇ m.
- the two solvents i-octane and THF were obtained in HPLC grade from Merck and used without further purification.
- the polymers were dissolved in THF at a mass concentration of 5 g / L. Before each measurement, the column was rinsed with pure i-octane for at least 5 minutes. To measure 10 ⁇ l were injected via the autosampler on the column. After injection of the sample, elution was again with pure i-octane for 2 min at a flow of 1 mL / min, followed by 5 min Vol% THF closed. 22 minutes after the start of the eluent was only THF. After one minute of isocratic elution with THF, pure i-octane was rewashed within 0.1 min.
- the elution time of the peak maximum was used, however, the system volume (volume of the column and connecting lines) must be included in the calculation of the THF fraction.
- the system volume in the experimental setup described was 2.50 ml - with the used flow rate of 1 ml / min after 2.50 min.
- MM1 methacrylic acid ester of the macroalcohol described above
- AMA1 Methacrylic acid ester of a synthetic iso-C13 alcohol, iso fraction
- AMA Methacrylic acid ester of a linear C12-C14 alcohol
- DMAEMA N, N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate
- NVP N-vinylpyrrolidone
- BDtBPB 2,2-bis (tert-butylperoxy) butane
- DDM dodecylmercaptan tBPO: tert-butyl peroctoate tBPB: tert-butyl perbenzoate
- MOEMA morpholinoethyl methacrylate
- the base polymer was prepared. 29.4 g of monomer mixture (75% AMA and 25% MMA) and 0.0883 g of DDM were charged together with 265 g of 100N oil into a 2 L 4-flask round bottom flask with paddle stirrer, condenser, thermometer, feed pump and N 2 transfer. The apparatus was rendered inert and heated to 100 0 C using an oil bath. After the mixture reached a temperature of 100 ° C in the reaction flask, 2.26 g of tBPO was added. At the same time a mixture of 706 g of the above monomer mixture, 2.12 g of DDM and 19.8g tBPO evenly metered in over 3.5 hours at 105 0 C was added.
- Comparative Example 3 An apparatus consisting of 2 L 4-flasks round bottom flask with dropping funnel, saber stirrer, condenser, thermometer and N 2 feed line was used. First, 463 g of AMA, 56 g of 100N oil, 1, 5 g of CuCl and 2.7 g PMDETA were placed in the reaction flask and rendered inert with stirring. There was a heterogeneous mixture because the complexed catalyst was only partially dissolved. During the warm-up, the reaction was started at about 65 ° C with 6.1 g of EBiB. After recognizable exothermic reaction was allowed to react at 95 ° C for 2h.
- reaction mixture was prepared in a beaker: 90.0 g of 70% macromonomer solution in oil, 0.3 g of AMA, 12.6 g of BMA, 68.7 g of styrene, 0.3 g of MMA, 5.1 g of DMAEMA, 65.0 g of silver oil 907 (light African / paraffinic base oil) and 8.0 g KPE 100N oil.
- 50 g of the reaction mixture were placed in a 500 ml 4-round-bottomed flask with saber stirrer, nitrogen transfer, thermometer, controlled oil bath and reflux condenser and heated to 120 ° C. with stirring. During the heating phase, nitrogen was passed through the reaction flask for inerting.
- reaction mixture was prepared in a beaker: 94.3 g of 70% macromonomer solution in oil, 0.3 g of AMA, 12.6 g of BMA, 65.7 g of Sty, 0.3 g of MMA, 5.1 g of DMAPMAm, 65.0 g of Shell Risella 907 (light naphthenic / Parafinic base oil ) and 6.7 g of KPE 100N oil.
- 50 g of the reaction mixture were placed in a 500 ml 4-round-bottomed flask with saber stirrer, nitrogen transfer, thermometer, controlled oil bath and reflux condenser and heated to 120 ° C. with stirring. During the heating phase, nitrogen was passed through the reaction flask for inerting.
- reaction mixture was prepared in a beaker: 90.0 g of 70% macromonomer solution in oil, 27.0 g of BMA, 60.0 g of Sty, 65.0 g of Shell Rixa 907 (light naphthenic / paraffinic base oil) and 8.0 g of KPE 100N oil.
- 50 g of the reaction mixture were placed in a 500 ml 4-round-bottomed flask with saber stirrer, nitrogen transfer, thermometer, controlled oil bath and reflux condenser and heated to 120 ° C. with stirring. During the heating phase, nitrogen was passed through the reaction flask for inerting.
- API American Petroleum Institute
- Dl package dispersant, detergent, defoamer, corrosion inhibitor, antioxidant, antiwear and extreme pressure additive, coefficient of friction modifier
- Fatigue life can be represented as both the arithmetic mean and Weibull statistics as the mean fatigue life of the unreliability U.
- U is 50% (or 10%), i. 50% of all samples showed fatigue up to the specified time value.
- the unreliability with the confidence level which is typically 90% (or 95%).
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- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Lubricants (AREA)
- Macromonomer-Based Addition Polymer (AREA)
- Graft Or Block Polymers (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (7)
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CN2010800110976A CN102348789A (zh) | 2009-03-10 | 2010-02-25 | 梳形聚合物作为抗疲劳添加剂的用途 |
EP10705866A EP2406360A1 (de) | 2009-03-10 | 2010-02-25 | Verwendung von kammpolymeren als antifatigue-additive |
CA2755057A CA2755057C (en) | 2009-03-10 | 2010-02-25 | Use of comb polymers as antifatigue additives |
RU2011140693/04A RU2547463C2 (ru) | 2009-03-10 | 2010-02-25 | Применение гребневидных полимеров в качестве противоусталостных присадок |
SG2011061041A SG173835A1 (en) | 2009-03-10 | 2010-02-25 | Use of comb polymers as antifatigue additives |
JP2011553384A JP5705137B2 (ja) | 2009-03-10 | 2010-02-25 | 抗疲労添加剤としてのコームポリマーの使用 |
US13/202,744 US20110306533A1 (en) | 2009-03-10 | 2010-02-25 | Use of comb polymers as antifatigue additives |
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DE102009001446.2 | 2009-03-10 | ||
DE102009001446A DE102009001446A1 (de) | 2009-03-10 | 2009-03-10 | Verwendung von Kammpolymeren als Antifatigue-Additive |
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US (1) | US20110306533A1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP2406360A1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP5705137B2 (de) |
KR (1) | KR20110133474A (de) |
CN (1) | CN102348789A (de) |
CA (1) | CA2755057C (de) |
DE (1) | DE102009001446A1 (de) |
RU (1) | RU2547463C2 (de) |
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-
2009
- 2009-03-10 DE DE102009001446A patent/DE102009001446A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2010
- 2010-02-25 JP JP2011553384A patent/JP5705137B2/ja active Active
- 2010-02-25 RU RU2011140693/04A patent/RU2547463C2/ru active
- 2010-02-25 CA CA2755057A patent/CA2755057C/en active Active
- 2010-02-25 WO PCT/EP2010/052361 patent/WO2010102903A1/de active Application Filing
- 2010-02-25 CN CN2010800110976A patent/CN102348789A/zh active Pending
- 2010-02-25 EP EP10705866A patent/EP2406360A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2010-02-25 SG SG2011061041A patent/SG173835A1/en unknown
- 2010-02-25 US US13/202,744 patent/US20110306533A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2010-02-25 KR KR1020117020960A patent/KR20110133474A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
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JP2013129730A (ja) * | 2011-12-21 | 2013-07-04 | Sanyo Chem Ind Ltd | 粘度指数向上剤及び潤滑油組成物 |
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WO2018174188A1 (ja) | 2017-03-23 | 2018-09-27 | 三洋化成工業株式会社 | 粘度指数向上剤及び潤滑油組成物 |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN102348789A (zh) | 2012-02-08 |
EP2406360A1 (de) | 2012-01-18 |
RU2011140693A (ru) | 2013-04-20 |
RU2547463C2 (ru) | 2015-04-10 |
US20110306533A1 (en) | 2011-12-15 |
CA2755057C (en) | 2017-07-04 |
JP2012520359A (ja) | 2012-09-06 |
SG173835A1 (en) | 2011-09-29 |
JP5705137B2 (ja) | 2015-04-22 |
DE102009001446A1 (de) | 2010-09-23 |
CA2755057A1 (en) | 2010-09-16 |
KR20110133474A (ko) | 2011-12-12 |
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