WO2010063612A1 - Silsesquioxane photoinitiators - Google Patents

Silsesquioxane photoinitiators Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2010063612A1
WO2010063612A1 PCT/EP2009/065695 EP2009065695W WO2010063612A1 WO 2010063612 A1 WO2010063612 A1 WO 2010063612A1 EP 2009065695 W EP2009065695 W EP 2009065695W WO 2010063612 A1 WO2010063612 A1 WO 2010063612A1
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alkyl
phenyl
substituted
branched
linear
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PCT/EP2009/065695
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Markus Frey
Christophe Frossard
Katia Studer
Karin Powell
Jean-Luc Birbaum
Martin Müller
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Basf Se
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Priority to CN200980148222.5A priority Critical patent/CN102232081B/zh
Priority to US13/130,796 priority patent/US8637585B2/en
Priority to KR1020117015080A priority patent/KR101706395B1/ko
Priority to EP09756320.9A priority patent/EP2370449B1/en
Priority to JP2011538951A priority patent/JP5656859B2/ja
Publication of WO2010063612A1 publication Critical patent/WO2010063612A1/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F7/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F7/02—Silicon compounds
    • C07F7/21—Cyclic compounds having at least one ring containing silicon, but no carbon in the ring

Definitions

  • the present invention pertains to photoinitiators which are grafted to polyhedral silsequiox- ane structures and which additionally comprise amine functionalities. Further, mixtures of corresponding compounds as well as their use as photoinitiators is subject of the invention.
  • Amines on the other hand are often used together with alpha-hydroxy ketones in order to increase cure speed by virtue of reducing oxygen inhibition (see for example J. V. Crivello, K. Dietliker in Photoinitiators for Free Radical Cationic & Anionic Photopolymerisation, G. Bradley (Ed.), John Wiley, New York 1998, pp. 83-86).
  • photoinitiators e.g. WO 03/033452 or WO 03/033492
  • WO 03/033452 WO 03/033452
  • WO 03/033492 WO 03/033492
  • photoinitiators grafted together with amine-type co-initiators or synergists (amine functionality) to fully condensed cage-type polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes are useful in such applications, where low migration and low emission of photoinitia- tor and its photodecomposition products is crucial.
  • Subject of the invention therefore is a photoinitiator compound comprising both a photoactive moiety and an amine functionality, preferably a tertiary amino group, bonded to a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane.
  • photoinitiators provide excellent reactivity in spite of their high molecular weight (MW) and also exhibit low migration and emission properties due to higher MW.
  • the starlike macroinitiators further have reduced sensitivity towards oxygen inhibition, a feature especially useful in thin film applications. Due to the star-like arrangement also the through-cure is excellent through high accessability of the photoinitiator. Further, the photoinitiators pro- vide improved surface-cure properties. This applies in particular for initiators comprising benzophenone or thioxanthone photoactive moieties. Also the yellowing properties of the initiators are satisfactory.
  • photoactive moiety in the above compounds for example corresponding moieties of al- pha-hydroxy ketones, benzophenones, thioxanthones, phenylglyoxylates and ketocoumari- nes are suitable, which are linked to the polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane via appropriate linker groups.
  • linker groups are the definitions given below for E, Z 1 -Z 5 .
  • suitable photoactive moieties including the linker groups are the definitions of Qi and Q given below.
  • n 2m
  • m is an integer of 2 to 30
  • the sum of n' + a is an integer 4-60
  • n' is an even-numbered integer, except zero
  • a is an even-numbered integer or uneven-numbered integer, except zero
  • different A independently of each other are linear or branched CrC ⁇ alkyl, C 2 -C 2 oalkyl inter-
  • Cecycloalkenyl-L-, Cs-Cecycloalkyl-L-, , C(R' 24 ) 2 C(R 24 )-L-, R 24 O(CO)-L-, OR 24 or a photoactive moiety Q1 , or different A independently of each other are a group of formula (2)
  • E is a direct bond, linear or branched C 2 -C 6 alkylene-O or linear or branched C 2 -C 6 alkylene- S which C 2 -C 6 alkylene-O and C 2 -C 6 alkylene-S are unsubstituted or substituted by one or more OR 6 , or E is linear or branched Ci-C 6 alkylene(CO)O,
  • E is , wherein the asterisk * denotes the bond to L and the double asterix ** denotes the bond to the N-atom, or E is linear or branched C 2 -C 6 alkyleneN(R 3 ) or linear or branched C 2 -C 6 alkylene(N R 3 )C 2 -
  • L is linear or branched Ci-C 4 alkylene, preferably propylene, or is linear or branched C 2 - C 4 alkylene which is substituted by OR 6 ; or L, if E is a direct bond or linear or branched C 2 -C 6 alkyleneN(R 3 ), additionally is linear or branched C 2 -C 4 alkylene which is interrupted by phenylene; or L, if E is a direct bond, additionally is phenylene;
  • Ri and R 2 independently of each other are a photoactive moiety Q, hydrogen, C 6 -Ci 4 aryl which is unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more R 32 , or R 1 and R 2 are linear or branched Ci-C 6 alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more OR 6 , SR 29 , NR 7 R 8 ,
  • Ci 4 aryl both of which aryl are unsubstituted or substituted by R 32 ; or R 1 and R 2 independently of each other are linear or branched C 2 -C 26 alkyl which is inter- rupted by one or more O, O(CO), (CO)O, C(R 24 ) C(R' 24 ), or R 16 N(CO) and which interrupted
  • C 2 -C 26 alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more OR 6 , SR 29 , NR 7 R 8 , (CO)R 24 ,
  • R 1 and R 2 independently of each other are C 5 -C 6 cycloalkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more OR 6 or SR 29 ;
  • R 1 and R 2 independently of each other are (CO)CrC 3 alkylene-OR 25 ,
  • R 3 and R 4 independently of each other are (CO)CrC 3 alkylene-OR 25 ,
  • R 5 is hydrogen or linear or branched Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • R 6 is hydrogen, C r C 8 alkyl, Si(CH 3 ) 3 , (CO)R 15 , (CO)N(R 16 )(R 30 ), * ⁇ ( ⁇ ⁇ , * ⁇ ) or n-V n R 7 and Re independently of each other are linear or branched C-i-C ⁇ alkyl or phenyl, or R 7 and Rs together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded form a group — N o
  • Q is a group of formula (3), (4), (5), (6), (6a) or (7)
  • Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 and Z 4 independently of each other denote a direct bond, CO, Ci-C 6 alkylene which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more OR 6 , or independently of each other are C 2 -C 6 alkylene which is interrupted by one or more O or
  • O(CO) and which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more OR ⁇ , or independently of each other are ** OCi-C 6 alkylene which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more OR 6 , or independently of each other are ** OC 2 -Ci 2 alkylene which is interrupted by one or more O, (CO)O or O(CO) and which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more OR 6 , or independently of each other are ** SCrCi 2 alkylene which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more OR 6 , or independently of each other are ** SC 2 -Ci 2 alkylene which is interrupted by one or more O or O(CO), or are * O-C r C 6 alkylene-(CO) or ** S-C r C 6 alkylene-(CO); in which definitions the double asterisk ** denotes the bonding to the phenyl ring;
  • Z 5 is a direct bond, linear or branched O-C 2 -C 6 alkylene which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more OR 6 ; or is linear or branched O-C 2 -Csalkylene interrupted by one or more O and which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more OR 6 ;
  • Z 6 , Z 7 , Z 8 and Z 9 independently of each other are linear or branched -Ci-C 3 alkylene-,
  • Z 10 is ** -0-L- or ** -0-E2-L-, in which definitions the double asterisk ** denotes the bonding to the phenyl ring;
  • E2 is , in which defini- tions the asterisk * denotes the bonding to L;
  • X is OR 5 or NR 7 R 8 ;
  • R 9 and Ri 0 independently of each other are CrC 6 alkyl, C 2 -Ci 2 alkenyl or phenylCi-C 3 alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more Ci-C 6 alkyl;
  • Rn has one of the definitions given for R 1 and R 2 ;
  • Ri 2 , Ri3 and Ru independently of each other are hydrogen, linear or branched CrCi 2 alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more OH, d-C 4 alkoxy, phenyl, halogen or by CN; or R 12 , R 13 and R 14 independently of each other are C 2 -C 12 alkyl which is interrupted by one or more non-consecutive O; or
  • R 12 , R 13 and R 14 are halogen, OH, NR 7 R 8 , (CO)R 23 , C 1 - C 12 alkoxy, C r C 12 alkylthio, -(C r C
  • R 15 is C 5 -C 6 -cycloalkyl, oorr wherein the aster- isk * represents the bond to the C-atom of the carbonyl group of (CO)R 15 ;
  • Ri6 and R'i 6 independently of one another are hydrogen, phenyl or linear or branched C 1 -
  • Ri7, R'i7, Ri8 and R'i 8 independently of one another are hydrogen, linear or branched C 1 -
  • Ri9, R 2 0, R 21 and R 22 independently of one another are hydrogen, Cl or methyl;
  • R 2 3 is CrC 6 alkyl, phenyl which is unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more CrC 4 alkyl, halogen, d-C 4 alkoxy or by Ci-C 4 alkylthio;
  • R 24 , R' 24 , R 2 6 and R 2 7 independently of one another are hydrogen or d-C 6 alkyl
  • R 25 is hydrogen, Si(CH 3 ) 3 , (CO)R 15 , (CO)N(R 16 )(R 30 ), or o- f O '
  • R 2 8 is hydrogen, linear or branched C- ⁇ -C 6 alkyl which is unsubstituted or is substituted by phenyl; or is C 5 -C 6 cycloalkyl or phenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more CrC 4 alkyl or by halogen;
  • R 2 9 is hydrogen, linear or branched C- ⁇ -C 6 alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more OH, NR 7 R 8 , (CO)R 24 , (CO)OR 24 , (CO)N(R 16 (R' 16 ) or by CN, or R 29 is linear or branched C 2 -C 2o alkyl which is interrupted by one or more O, O(CO) or N(R 16 )(CO) and which interrupted C 2 -C 2o alkyl is unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more OH, NR 7 R 8 , (CO)R 24 ,
  • R 31 is C 5 -C 6 -cycloalkyl, wherein the asterisk * represents the bond to the C-atom of the carbonyl group of (CO)R 3 i;
  • R 32 is halogen, CN, OH, C r C 4 alkoxy, (CO)OR 24 , NR 7 R 8 , vinyl or d-C 6 alkyl which is unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more CN, OH, (CO)R 24 or by NR 8 Rg; provided that at least one Q and at least one amine functionality via a group of the formula (2) are present in the photoinitiator compound.
  • E is a direct bond, linear or branched C 2 -C 6 alkylene-O or linear or branched C 2 -C 6 alkylene- S which C 2 -C 6 alkylene-O and C 2 -C 6 alkylene-S are unsubstituted or substituted by one or more OR 6 , or E is linear or branched Ci-C 6 alkylene(CO)O, or E is , wherein the asterisk * denotes the bond to L and
  • E is linear or branched C 2 -C 6 alkyleneN(R 3 ) or linear or branched C 2 -C 6 alkylene(N R 3 )C 2 - C 6 alkyleneN(R 4 );
  • L is linear or branched Ci-C 3 alkylene, preferably propylene, or is linear or branched C 2 - C 3 alkylene which is substituted by OR 6 ;
  • R 1 and R 2 independently of each other are (CO)CrC 3 alkylene-OR 25 ,
  • R 3 and R 4 independently of each other are (CO)CrC 3 alkylene-OR 25 ,
  • R 5 is hydrogen or linear or branched CrC 6 alkyl
  • R 6 is hydrogen, Si(CH 3 ) 3 , (CO)R 15 , (CO)N(R 16 )(R 30 ), *-( ⁇ ⁇ , * ⁇ ) or
  • R 14 R 7 and R 8 independently of each other are linear or branched CrC 6 alkyl or phenyl, or R 7 and R 8 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded form a group — N o
  • Q is a group of formula (3), (4), (5), (6) or (7)
  • R 14 isk * denotes the bonding to the silicon atom; p is an integer 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4; Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 and Z 4 independently of each other denote a direct bond, CO, Ci-C 6 alkylene which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more OR 6 , or independently of each other are C 2 -C6alkylene which is interrupted by one or more O or
  • O(CO) and which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more OR 6 , or independently of each other are ** OCrC 6 alkylene which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more OR 6 , or independently of each other are ** OC 2 -Ci 2 alkylene which is interrupted by one or more O or O(CO) and which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more OR 6 , or independently of each other are ** SCrCi 2 alkylene which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more OR 6 , or independently of each other are ** SC 2 -Ci 2 alkylene which is interrupted by one or more O or O(CO), or are * O-C r C 6 alkylene-(CO) or ** S-C r C 6 alkylene-(CO); in which definitions the double asterisk ** denotes the bonding to the phenyl ring;
  • Z 5 is a direct bond, linear or branched O-C 2 -C 6 alkylene which is unsubstituted or substi- tuted by one or more OR 6 ;
  • Z 6 , Z 7 , Z 8 and Z 9 independently of each other are linear or branched -Ci-C 3 alkylene-,
  • X is OR 5 or NR 7 R 8 ;
  • R 9 and Ri 0 independently of each other are CrC 6 alkyl, C 2 -Ci 2 alkenyl or phenylCi-C 3 alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more Ci-C ⁇ alkyl;
  • Rn has one of the definitions given for R 1 and R 2 ;
  • Ri 2 , Ri3 and Ru independently of each other are hydrogen, linear or branched Ci-Ci 2 alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more OH, d-C 4 alkoxy, phenyl, halogen or by
  • R 12 , R 13 and R 14 independently of each other are C 2 -C 12 alkyl which is interrupted by one or more non-consecutive O; or R 12 , R 13 and R 14 are halogen, OH, NR 7 R 8 , (CO)R 23 , C 1 -
  • Ri5 is hydrogen, linear or branched CrC 2 oalkyl which unsubstituted or substituted by
  • R 15 is C 5 -C 6 -cycloalkyl, wherein the aster- isk * represents the bond to the C-atom of the carbonyl group of (CO)R 15 ;
  • Ri6 and R'i ⁇ independently of one another are hydrogen, phenyl or linear or branched C 1 -
  • Ri7, R'i7, Ri8 and R'i 8 independently of one another are hydrogen, linear or branched C 1 -
  • Ri9, R 2 o, R 21 and R 22 independently of one another are hydrogen, Cl or methyl;
  • R 2 3 is CrC 6 alkyl, phenyl which is unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more CrC 4 alkyl, halogen, d-C 4 alkoxy or by Ci-C 4 alkylthio;
  • R 24 , R' 24 , R 2 6 and R 2 7 independently of one another are hydrogen or d-C 6 alkyl
  • R 25 is hydrogen, Si(CH 3 ) 3 , (CO)R 15 , (CO)N(R 16 )(R 30 ), * ⁇ or * ⁇ ] ;
  • R 2 8 is hydrogen, linear or branched C-i-C ⁇ alkyl which is unsubstituted or is substituted by phenyl; or is Cs-C ⁇ cycloalkyl or phenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more CrC 4 alkyl or by halogen;
  • R 2 9 is hydrogen, linear or branched CrC 6 alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more OH, NR 7 R 8 , (CO)R 24 , (CO)OR 24 , (CO)N(R 16 (R' 16 ) or by CN, or R 29 is linear or branched C 2 -C 2o alkyl which is interrupted by one or more O, O(CO) or N(R 16 )(CO) and which interrupted C 2 -C 2o alkyl is unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more OH, NR 7 R 8 , (CO)R 24 ,
  • R 30 phenyl or linear or branched CrC 6 alkyl
  • R 31 is C 5 -C 6 -cycloalkyl, wherein the asterisk * represents the bond to the C-atom of the carbonyl group of (C0)R 3 i;
  • R 32 is halogen, CN, OH, C r C 4 alkoxy, (CO)OR 24 , NR 7 R 8 or C r C 6 alkyl which is unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more CN, OH, (CO)R 24 or by NR 8 Rg; provided that at least one Q and at least one amine functionality via a group of the formula (2) are present in the photoinitiator compound.
  • alkyf and alkylene standing single or in connection with a defined group, e.g. Oalkylene etc. are meant to be linear or branched.
  • d-C ⁇ ⁇ alkyl is linear or branched and is, for example CrC 24 -, CrCi 2 -, C 1 -C 1 0-, CrC 8 -, CrC 6 - or CrC 4 alkyl.
  • Examples are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert- butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, 2,4,4-trimethylpentyl, 2-ethylhexyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl or dodecyl.
  • CrC ⁇ alkyl and CrC 4 alkyl have the same meanings as given above for Ci-C 2 6alkyl up to the corresponding number.
  • Alkyl which is substituted one or more times by a defined subsitutent is for examples substituted 1-8, 1-6, 1-4, 1-3, or twice or once by the corresponding substituents.
  • C 2 -C 2 6alkyl which is substituted one or more times by a defined subsitutent is for examples substituted 1-8, 1-6, 1-4, 1-3, or twice or once by the corresponding substituents.
  • Cs-C ⁇ cycloalkyl is cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl. If the radicals are substituted one or more times by a defined subsitutent they are for example substituted three times, or twice or once by the corresponding substituents.
  • C 2 -C 12 alkenyl is mono or polyunsaturated, linear or branched and is for example C 2 -C 8 -, C 2 - C 6 - or C 2 -C 4 alkenyl.
  • Examples are allyl, methallyl, vinyl, 1 ,1-dimethylallyl, 1-butenyl, 3- butenyl, 2-butenyl, 1 ,3-pentadienyl, 5-hexenyl or 7-octenyl, especially allyl or vinyl.
  • C 5 -C 6 cycloalkenyl has one or more double bonds and is for example cyclopentenyl or cyclo- hexenyl.
  • Halogen is fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, especially fluorine, chlorine and bromine, preferably fluorine and chlorine, in particular chlorine.
  • Ci-Ci 2 alkoxy is linear or branched and is for example CrC 8 -, CrC 6 - or d-C 4 -alkoxy.
  • Examples are methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butyloxy, sec-butyloxy, iso-butyloxy, tert- butyloxy, pentyloxy, hexyloxy, heptyloxy, 2,4,4-trimethylpentyloxy, 2-ethylhexyloxy, octyloxy, nonyloxy, decyloxy or dodecyloxy CrC 8 -, CrC 6 - and Ci-C 4 -alkoxy also are linear or branched and have the same meanings as given above up to the corresponding number of C-atoms.
  • Ci-Ci 2 alkylthio is linear or branched and is for example CrCi 0 -, CrC 8 -, CrC 6 - or d- C 4 alkylthio. Examples are methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, isopropylthio, n-butylthio, sec- butylthio, iso-butylthio, tert-butylthio, pentylthio, hexylthio, heptylthio, 2,4,4- trimethylpentylthio, 2-ethylhexylthio, octylthio, nonylthio, decylthio or dodecylthio, in particular methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, isopropylthio, n-butylthio, sec-butylthio, iso-butylthio, tert- but
  • Substituted phenyl or phenyld-Csalkyl is for example substituted one to five times, e.g. once, twice or three times, in particular once or twice at the phenyl ring.
  • C 6 -Cuaryl is for example phenyl, naphthyl, anthryl or phenanthryl, in particular phenyl or naphthyl, preferably phenyl.
  • Ci-C 6 alkylene is linear or branched alkylene, e.g. CrC 4 alkylene, for example methylene, ethylene, propylene, 1-methylethylene 1 ,1-dimethylethylene, butylene, 1-methylpropylene, 2- methyl-propylene, pentylene or hexylene.
  • Linear or branched CrCsalkylene has the meanings as given above up to the corresponding number of C-atoms.
  • Ci-C 6 alkylene-O linear or branched CrC 6 alkylene-S, S-Ci-Ci 2 alkylene, linear or branched CrC 6 alkylene-(CO), linear or branched Ci-C 6 alkylene-N(R 3 ), linear or branched Ci-C 6 alkylene-(NR3)-Ci-C6alkylene-N(R4), (CO)-Ci-C 3 alkylene-OR 6 , C 2 -C 6 alkylene which is interrupted by one or more O, (CO)O or O(CO), O-C 2 -Ci 2 alkylene which is inter- rupted by one or more O or O(CO), S-C 2 -Ci 2 alkylene which is interrupted by one or more O, (CO)O or O(CO), O-Ci-C 6 alkylene-(CO) and S-C r C 6 alkylene-(CO) with respect to the al- kylene or interrupted alkylene are
  • Photoactive moiety is a group which upon exposure to radiation, in particular with light of the wavelengths 150-800 nm, e.g. 200-800 nm or 200-600 nm, builds up a species which is capable to initiate a reaction, for example radicals are formed which are capable to initiate a radical polymerization reaction.
  • photoactive moieties are the groups Q or Q 1 as defined above.
  • the terms "and/or” or “or/and” in the present context are meant to express that not only one of the defined alternatives (substituents) may be present, but also several of the defined alternatives (substituents) together, namely mixtures of different alternatives (substituents).
  • the term “at least' is meant to define one or more than one, for example one or two or three, preferably one or two.
  • optionalally substituted means, that the radical to which it refers is either unsubsti- tuted or substituted.
  • (meth)acrylate in the context of the present application is meant to refer to the acrylate as well as to the corresponding methacrylate.
  • the compounds of the present invention advantageously are prepared by reacting an amino- substituted p_olyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS-1 ) with a photoacitive moiety which bears a glycidyl or epoxide end-group (P1 ) by means of ring-opening addition.
  • PPS-1 amino- substituted p_olyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane
  • P1 glycidyl or epoxide end-group
  • O epoxide Q / ⁇ (P1a) may also be employed in the above reaction.
  • P2 H could be employed and reacted with an amino-substituted polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS-1 ) by means of Michael addition.
  • PES-1 amino-substituted polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane
  • Alkylation of amines, i.e. via ring-opening addition of epoxides or Michael addition of acry- lates is well known and described for example in Houben-Weyl, Methoden der Organischen Chemie, G. Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 1957, vol. XI/1 , pp. 311 and pp. 267, respectively.
  • solvents e.g. non-polar, dipolar aprotic and protic solvents; preferred are protic solvents such as alcohols, in particular methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, i-propanol and the like.
  • a broad temperature range in these reactions is possible; preferred is a temperature range between ambient temperature and the boiling point of the alcohol, e.g. between 25°C and 100 0 C, preferably between 40 0 C and 80°C.
  • amino group used in the above reaction is completely alkylated.
  • aminoalkyltrialkoxysilane is first hydrolyzed (i.e. subjected to hydrolytic poly- condensation conditions) to afford a mixture of aminoalkyl-POSS which subsequently is N- alkylated.
  • Amine substituted silsesquioxanes are for example prepared by acid or base catalyzed, or e.g. by autocatalyzed, hydrolytic polycondensation of a trialkoxy-aminoalkyl silane, for example a triethoxy-aminoalkyl silane or a trimethoxy-aminoalkyl silane, in protic solvents like alcohols (e.g. methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, i-propanol and the like) as reported by e.g. J. Roziere et al., Chemistry of Materials, 1996, 8, 1758-1769 (CAN 125: 130645) according to:
  • a trialkoxy-aminoalkyl silane for example a triethoxy-aminoalkyl silane or a trimethoxy-aminoalkyl silane
  • protic solvents like alcohols (e.g. methanol, ethanol, n-propanol
  • POSS-1 wherein E and n are defined as above.
  • methanol or an excess of water e.g. if >1.5 eq H 2 O were used
  • the preparation of POSS in general is known to the person skilled in the art and for example described by M. Voronkov et al., Topics in Current Chemistry 1982, 102, 199- 236 (CAN 97:103150).
  • Photoactive moieties with glycidyl or epoxide groups are for example obtained by reacting a corresponding hydroxyl-substituted compound with glycidyl chloride.
  • Such preparation methods are familiar to the person skilled in the art and described in the usual textbooks of chemistry such as e.g. Houben-Weyl, Methoden der Organischen Chemie, G. Thieme Ver- lag, Stuttgart 1965, vol. VI/3, pp.421.
  • Still other methods to prepare the compounds of the formula (1 ) would for example include reacting an epoxide-substituted silsesquisiloxane (POSS-2) with a corresponding hydroxy- sustituted photoactive moiety (P4) and a secondary amine by means of ring-opening addition, or co-hydrolysing a trialkoxysilylated photoactive moiety (P5) together with a trialkoxy- aminoalkyl silane:
  • PPS-2 epoxide-substituted silsesquisiloxane
  • P4 a corresponding hydroxy- sustituted photoactive moiety
  • P5 a secondary amine
  • MW molecular weight
  • the molecular weight of the compounds of the present invention for example ranges from 1 O00-10O00. Further different grades of condensation can be formed, i.e. not all positions at the Si-atom are reacted with a group comprising the photoactive moiety or amine functionality.
  • the index of poyldispersity (PDI, determined by Gel Permeation Chromatography [GPC] analysis) for example is in the range of 1.1 ⁇ PDI ⁇ 1.5, preferably 1.2 ⁇ PDI ⁇ 1.4.
  • the amount of photoactive moiety in the presently claimed compounds perfereably is high, e.g. higher than 35%wt, preferably higher than 40%wt.
  • the particle size of the reaction product of the above described processes as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) is ⁇ 25nm, preferably ⁇ 10nm.
  • the compounds can be isolated by methods known to the person skilled in the art, e.g. distillation, chromatography etc..
  • trialkoxysilane for example aminopropyl-trimethoxy silane
  • mixture in the context of the present invention also encompasses byproducts formed during hydrolysis of trialkoxysilanes that are incompletely condensed.
  • Tn notation where T represents a silicon atom and n the number of bridging oxygen atoms (i.e. oxygen atoms that are bonded to another silicon atom), is used to describe the condensation degree as for example published by C. Croutxe-Barghorn et al., RadTech Europe 05 [Conference Proceedings] 2005, 2, 305-309 (CAN 145:507142).
  • TO represents non-condensed (monomeric), T1 simply-condensed, T2 doubly- condensed and T3 triply-condensed (completely or fully condensed) sites.
  • condensation degree is determined by 29 Si-NMR, as the chemical shift of the silicon atom is high-field shifted by 8 to 9ppm for each condensation step.
  • the 29 Si chemical shifts range from ca. -35ppm (TO; 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane: ca. -42ppm) to ca. -75ppm (T3; 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane: ca. -66 - -69ppm) according to
  • the term "mixture" in the context of the present invention encompasses, in addition to completely condensed T3-species of formula (1 ), also incompletely condensed side products or precursors of formula (1 ') - [(ASiOi 5V(A(R 24 O)SiOi 0 ) a ] - that are characterized by the presence of T2 domains.
  • Incompletely condensed T3-species containing T2-sit.es are for example structures V-XVIII and isomers.
  • Subject of the invention therefore is a mixture of photoinitiator compounds of the formula
  • Another subject of the invention is a mixture of photoinitiator compounds of the formula (1 ) as defined above with compounds of the formula (1 ') selected from the group consisting of compounds of formula (W 1 ), (W2), (W3) and (W4), wherein
  • mixtures as defined above which additionally comprise linear or branched siloxane compounds, which siloxanes for example also comprise photoinitiator moieties as described above.
  • Ci-C 6 alkylene(CO)O is for example -CH 2 CH 2 -(CO)O-
  • E as linear or branched C 2 -C 6 alkyleneN(R 3 ) is for example -CH 2 CH 2 -N(R 3 )-
  • E as linear or branched Ci-C 6 alkylene(NR 3 )Ci-C 6 alkyleneN(R 4 ) is for example -CH 2 CH 2 - N(Ra)-CH 2 CH 2 -N(R 4 )-.
  • E in particular is a direct bond or C 2 -C 6 alkyleneN(R 3 ).
  • Different A in the formula A must not by all means have the same meaning, that is, different A in the formula may have different meanings in the defined scope.
  • n 8
  • one A is Ci-Ci 2 alkyl, while 7 A are a group of the formula (2); or 2 A are Ci-Ci 2 alkyl, while 6 A are a group of the formula (2); or for example in case that n is 6, one A is d- Ci 2 alkyl, while 5 A are a group of the formula (2), etc.
  • a in particular is Ci-Ci 2 alkyl or a group of formula (2).
  • Ci-Ci 2 alkyl is preferably ethyl, isobutyl or isooctyl.
  • L as linear or branched Ci-C 3 alkylene preferably is propylene.
  • E preferably is a direct bond.
  • L preferably is not is C 2 -C 3 alkylene which is substituted by OR 6 .
  • Ri and R 2 for example are identical or different, that is they for example independently of one another denote a photoactive moiety, linear or branched C 2 -C 2 oalkyl, e.g. heptylene, which is interrupted by one or more O and which is substituted by OR 6 ,
  • Z 1 -Z 4 as ** OCrC 6 alkylene which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more OR 6 are for example ** -O-CH2CH(OH)CH 2 -; as ** OC2-C-i2alkylene which is interrupted by one or more O or O(CO) and which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more OR 6 are for example ** - 0-CH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 -, "-0-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 -, "-0-CH 2 C(O)-O-CH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 -, * - (C r C 6 alkylene)-O-CH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 -, "-0-CH 2 CH 2 -O-C(O)CH 2 CH 2 -; as ** SC r C 12 alkylene which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more OR 6 are for example "-S- CH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 -; as
  • Z 1 -Z 4 for example are "OC 2 -C 12 alkylene, e.g. ** Opropylene, ** Obutylene or "Opentylene, which is interrupted by (CO)O or O and which optionally is substituted by one or more OR 6 ; or are OC- ⁇ -C 6 alkylene which is substituted by one or more OR 6 .
  • Q is for example a group of formula (3) or (4), in which formula (3) p for example is O, Rs and R 9 and R 1 O are CrC 4 alkyl, in particular methyl, and X is OR 5 ; and in which formula (4) for ex- ample R 12 , R 13 and R 14 are hydrogen.
  • Q 1 is for example a group of formula (8) or (9), in which formula (8) p for example is O, R 8 and R 9 and R 1 O are CrC 4 alkyl, in particular methyl, and X is OR 5 ; and in which formula (9) for example R 12 , R 13 and R 14 are hydrogen.
  • X is OR 5 or NR 7 R 8 , in particular OR 5 .
  • OR 5 R 5 is hydrogen.
  • R 7 and R 8 preferably are methyl or together with the N-atom to which they are bonded are morpholino ( -N O ).
  • R 1 or R 2 is Q and Z 1 or Z 2 or Z 3 or Z 4 is (CO), * O-C r C 6 alkylene-(CO) or ** S-C r C 6 alkylene-(CO), or Z 5 is a direct bond, then the other R 2 or R 1 is not (CO)R 15 , (CO)N(R 16 ) 2 , Ri 6 (SO 2 ), (CO)OR 16 , P(O)(OR 16 ) 2 or (CO)C r C 3 alkylene-OR 25 and
  • R 1 and R 2 together are ,_ , or if A is glycidyl-O-L-,
  • R 1 and R 2 not simultaneously are a group Q wherein Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 or Z 4 are ** O-CrC 6 alkylene- (CO) or ** S-C r C 6 alkylene-(CO) and wherein
  • R 3 and R 4 not simultaneously are a group Q wherein Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 or Z 4 are ** O-CrC 6 alkylene- (CO) or ** S-C r C 6 alkylene-(CO).
  • n 2m
  • m is an integer of 3 to 6
  • different A independently of each other are linear or branched CrC ⁇ alkyl, glycidyl-O-L-,
  • CH 2 C(Rs)-(CO)O-L-, or a photoactive moiety Q1 , or different A independently of each other are a group of formula (2)
  • R 2 E is a direct bond, linear or branched C 2 -C 6 alkylene-O which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more OR 6 , or E is linear or branched Ci-C 6 alkylene(CO)O, or E is linear or branched C 2 -C 6 alkyleneN(R 3 ) or linear or branched C 2 -C 6 alkylene(N R 3 )C 2 - C 6 alkyleneN(R 4 ); L is linear or branched Ci-C 4 alkylene, preferably propylene;
  • R 3 and R 4 independently of each other are a photoactive moiety Q, hydrogen, linear or branched CrC 6 alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more OR 6 ; or R 3 and R 4 independently of each other are linear or branched C 2 -C 26 alkyl which is interrupted by one or more O, and which interrupted C 2 -C 26 alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more OR 6 ; R 5 is hydrogen; R 6 is hydrogen, C r C 4 alkyl or (CO)R 15 ; R 7 and Re independently of each other are linear or branched CrC 6 alkyl, or R 7 and R 8 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded form a group — N o ;
  • Q is a group of formula (3), (4) or (7);
  • Q1 is a group of formula (9), (10) or (11 );
  • P is O;
  • Z 1 , and Z 2 independently of each other are ** OCrC 6 alkylene which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more OR 6 , or independently of each other are ** OC 2 -Ci 2 alkylene which is interrupted by one or more O or O(CO) and which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more OR 6 ;
  • Z 5 is linear or branched O-C 2 -C 8 alkylene interrupted by one or more O;
  • Z 7 , Z 8 and Z 9 independently of each other are ** -0-E1-L-;
  • X is OR 5 ;
  • R 9 and Ri 0 independently of each other are Ci-C 6 alkyl; Ri 2 , Ri3 and Ru independently of each other are hydrogen or halogen; Ri5 is linear or branched CrC 2 oalkyl or is phenyl which is unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more N(R 7 )(R 8 ); and R 24 and R' 24 are hydrogen.
  • E is a direct bond or branched C 2 -C 6 alkyleneN(R 3 ); L is propylene;
  • Ri and R 2 independently of each other are a photoactive moiety Q, or R 1 and R 2 independently of each other are linear or branched C 2 -C 2 oalkyl which is interrupted by one or more O, and which interrupted C 2 -C 2 oalkyl is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more OR 6 ;
  • R 3 is a photoactive moiety Q, R 5 is hydrogen;
  • R 6 is hydrogen;
  • Q is a group of formula (3) or (4);
  • P is O;
  • Z 1 , and Z 2 independently of each other are ** OCi-C 6 alkylene which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more OR 6 , or independently of each other are ** OC 2 -Ci 2 alkylene which is interrupted by one or more O or O(CO) and which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more OR ⁇ ;
  • X is OR 5 ;
  • R 9 and Ri 0 are CrC 6 alkyl, in particular methyl; and Ri2, Ri3 and Ru are hydrogen.
  • the compounds of the formula (1 ) or mixtures as described above comprising said compounds can be used as photoinitiators for the photopolymeriza- tion of ethylenically unsaturated compounds.
  • the invention therefore also relates to photopolymerizable compositions comprising
  • composition may comprise additionally to the component (B) at least one further photoinitiator (C), and/or further coinitiators (D) and/or other additives.
  • the unsaturated compounds may include one or more olefinic double bonds. They may be of low (monomeric) or high (oligomeric) molecular mass. Examples of monomers containing a double bond are alkyl or hydroxyalkyl acrylates or methacrylates, for example methyl, ethyl, butyl, 2-ethylhexyl or 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, isobornyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate or ethyl methacrylate.
  • resins which are modified with silicon or fluor e.g. silicon acrylates.
  • acrylonitrile acrylamide, methacrylamide, N-substituted (meth)acrylamides
  • vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate
  • vinyl ethers such as isobutyl vinyl ether, styrene, alkyl- and halostyrenes
  • N-vinylpyrrolidone vinyl chloride or vinylidene chlo- ride.
  • Examples of monomers containing two or more double bonds are the diacrylates of ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, hexamethylene glycol or of bisphenol A, and 4,4'- bis(2-acryl-oyloxyethoxy)diphenylpropane, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, pentaerythritol tria- crylate or tetraacrylate, vinyl acrylate, divinylbenzene, divinyl succinate, diallyl phthalate, trial- IyI phosphate, triallyl isocyanurate or tris(2-acryloylethyl) isocyanurate.
  • polyunsaturated compounds of relatively high molecular mass examples include acrylated epoxy resins, acrylated polyesters, polyesters containing vinyl ether or epoxy groups, and also acrylated polyurethanes and polyethers.
  • unsaturated oligomers are unsaturated polyester resins, which are usually prepared from maleic acid, phthalic acid and one or more diols and have molecular weights of from about 500 to 3000.
  • oligomers which carry vinyl ether groups and of polymers as described in WO 90/01512.
  • copolymers of vinyl ether and maleic acid-functionalized monomers are also suitable.
  • Unsaturated oligomers of this kind can also be referred to as prepolymers.
  • esters of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids and polyols or polyepoxides and polymers having ethylenically unsaturated groups in the chain or in side groups, for example unsaturated polyesters, polyamides and polyurethanes and copolymers thereof, alkyd resins, polybutadiene and butadiene copolymers, polyisoprene and isoprene copolymers, polymers and copolymers containing (meth)acrylic groups in side chains, and also mixtures of one or more such polymers.
  • unsaturated carboxylic acids are acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, itaconic acid, cinnamic acid, and unsaturated fatty acids such as linolenic acid or oleic acid.
  • Acrylic and methacrylic acid are preferred.
  • Suitable polyols are aromatic and, in particular, aliphatic and cycloaliphatic polyols. Exam- pies of aromatic polyols are hydroquinone, 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenyl, 2,2-di(4-hydroxy- phenyl)propane, and also novolaks and resols.
  • polyepoxides examples are those based on the abovementioned polyols, especially the aromatic polyols, and epichlorohydrin.
  • suitable polyols are polymers and copolymers containing hydroxyl groups in the polymer chain or in side groups, examples being polyvinyl alcohol and copolymers thereof or polyhy- droxyalkyl methacrylates or copolymers thereof.
  • Further polyols which are suitable are oli- goesters having hydroxyl end groups.
  • aliphatic and cycloaliphatic polyols are alkylenediols having preferably 2 to 12 C atoms, such as ethylene glycol, 1 ,2- or 1 ,3-propanediol, 1 ,2-, 1 ,3- or 1 ,4-butanediol, pen- tanediol, hexanediol, octanediol, dodecanediol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glcyol, poly- ethylene glycols having molecular weights of preferably from 200 to 1500, 1 ,3-cyclopen- tanediol, 1 ,2-, 1 ,3- or 1 ,4-cyclohexanediol, 1 ,4-dihydroxymethylcyclohexane, glycerol, tris( ⁇ - hydroxyethyl)amine, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropy
  • the polyols may be partially or completely esterified with one carboxylic acid or with different unsaturated carboxylic acids, and in partial esters the free hydroxyl groups may be modified, for example etherified or esterified with other carboxylic acids.
  • esters are: trimethylolpropane triacrylate, trimethylolethane triacrylate, trimethylolpropane trimeth- acrylate, trimethylolethane trimethacrylate, tetramethylene glycol dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, pentaerythritol diacrylate, penta- erythritol triacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, dipentaerythritol diacrylate, dipentaerythritol triacrylate, dipentaerythritol tetraacrylate, dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate, dipenta
  • components (A) are the amides of identical or different, unsaturated carbox- ylic acids with aromatic, cycloaliphatic and aliphatic polyamines having preferably 2 to 6, especially 2 to 4, amino groups.
  • polyamines are ethylenediamine, 1 ,2- or 1 ,3-propylenediamine, 1 ,2-, 1 ,3- or 1 ,4-butylenediamine, 1 ,5-pentylenediamine, 1 ,6- hexylenediamine, octylenediamine, dodecylenediamine, 1 ,4-diaminocyclohexane, isophor- onediamine, phenylenediamine, bisphenylenediamine, di- ⁇ -aminoethyl ether, diethylenetri- amine, triethylenetetramine, di( ⁇ -aminoethoxy)- or di( ⁇ -aminopropoxy)ethane.
  • Suitable polyamines are polymers and copolymers, preferably with additional amino groups in the side chain, and oligoamides having amino end groups.
  • unsaturated amides are methylenebisacrylamide, 1 ,6-hexamethylenebisacrylamide, diethylenetriamine- trismethacrylamide, bis(methacrylamidopropoxy)ethane, ⁇ -methacrylamidoethyl meth- acrylate and N[( ⁇ -hydroxyethoxy)ethyl]acrylamide.
  • Suitable unsaturated polyesters and polyamides are derived, for example, from maleic acid and from diols or diamines. Some of the maleic acid can be replaced by other dicarboxylic acids. They can be used together with ethylenically unsaturated comonomers, for example styrene.
  • the polyesters and polyamides may also be derived from dicarboxylic acids and from ethylenically unsaturated diols or diamines, especially from those with relatively long chains of, for example 6 to 20 C atoms.
  • polyurethanes are those composed of saturated or unsaturated diisocyanates and of unsaturated or, respectively, saturated diols.
  • Polybutadiene and polyisoprene and copolymers thereof are known.
  • suitable comonomers are olefins, such as ethylene, propene, butene and hexene, (meth)acrylates, acrylonitrile, styrene or vinyl chloride.
  • Polymers with (meth)acrylate groups in the side chain are likewise known.
  • They may, for example, be reaction products of epoxy resins based on novolaks with (meth)acrylic acid, or may be homo- or copolymers of vinyl alcohol or hy- droxyalkyl derivatives thereof which are esterified with (meth)acrylic acid, or may be homo- and copolymers of (meth)acrylates which are esterified with hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylates.
  • the photopolymerizable compounds can be used alone or in any desired mixtures. It is preferred to use mixtures of polyol (meth)acrylates.
  • Binders as well can be added to these novel compositions, and this is particularly expedient when the photopolymerizable compounds are liquid or viscous substances.
  • the quantity of binder may, for example, be 5-95%, preferably 10-90% and especially 40-90%, by weight relative to the overall solids content.
  • the choice of binder is made depending on the field of application and on properties required for this field, such as the capacity for development in aqueous and organic solvent systems, adhesion to substrates and sensitivity to oxygen.
  • binders with high molecular weight (oligomeric) polyunsaturated compounds are acrylate epoxy resins, acrylate or vinyl-ether-or epoxy-group-containing polyesters, polyurethanes and polyethers.
  • suitable binders are polymers having a molecular weight of about 1000 to 2000000, preferably 10000 to 1000000.
  • Examples are: homo- and copolymers of acrylates and methacrylates, for example copolymers of methyl methacrylate/ethyl acrylate/methacrylic acid, poly(alkyl methacrylates), poly(alkyl acrylates); cellulose esters and cellulose ethers, such as cellulose acetate, cellulose acetobutyrate, methylcellulose, ethylcellulose; poly- vinylbutyral, polyvinylformal, cyclized rubber, polyethers such as polyethylene oxide, poly- propylene oxide and polytetrahydrofuran; polystyrene, polycarbonate, polyurethane, chlorinated polyolefins, polyvinyl chloride, vinyl chloride/vinylidene copolymers, copolymers of vi- nylidene chloride with acrylonitrile, methyl methacrylate and vinyl acetate, polyvinyl acetate, copoly(ethylene/vinyl acetate), polymers
  • the unsaturated compounds can also be used as a mixture with non-photopolymerizable, film-forming components. These may, for example, be physically drying polymers or solutions thereof in organic solvents, for instance nitrocellulose or cellulose acetobutyrate. They may also, however, be chemically and/or thermally curable (heat-curable) resins, examples being polyisocyanates, polyepoxides and melamine resins, as well as polyimide precursors. The use of heat-curable resins at the same time is important for use in systems known as hybrid systems, which in a first stage are photopolymerized and in a second stage are crosslinked by means of thermal aftertreatment.
  • non-photopolymerizable, film-forming components may, for example, be physically drying polymers or solutions thereof in organic solvents, for instance nitrocellulose or cellulose acetobutyrate. They may also, however, be chemically and/or thermally curable (heat-curable) resins, examples being polyisocyanates, polye
  • the binder can simulatenously bear the radically photopolymerizable and the chemically or thermally curable function, providing a so-called dual-cure binder.
  • the photopolymerizable mixtures may include various additives (D).
  • D various additives
  • thermal inhibitors which are intended to prevent premature polymerization, examples being hydroquinone, hydroquinine derivatives, p-methoxyphenol, ⁇ -naphthol or sterically hindered phenols, such as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol.
  • copper compounds such as copper naphthenate, stearate or octoate
  • phosphorus compounds for example triphenylphosphine, tributylphosphine, triethyl phosphite, triphenyl phosphite or tri- benzyl phosphite
  • quaternary ammonium compounds for example tetramethylammonium chloride or trimethylbenzylammonium chloride
  • hydroxylamine derivatives for example N- diethylhydroxylamine.
  • UV absor- bers for example those of the hydroxyphenylbenzotriazole, hydroxyphenyl-benzophenone, oxalamide or hydroxyphenyl-s-triazine type. These compounds can be used individually or in mixtures, with or without sterically hindered amines (HALS).
  • HALS sterically hindered amines
  • UV absorbers and light stabilisers are disclosed in WO 04/074328, page 12, line 9 to page14, line 23, said disclosure hereby is incorporated by reference.
  • Further additives known in the art may be added, as for example antistatics, flow improvers and adhesion promoters.
  • amines for example triethano- lamine, N-methyldiethanolamine, p-dimethylaminobenzoate or Michler's ketone.
  • the action of the amines can be intensified by the addition of aromatic ketones of the benzophenone type.
  • amines which can be used as oxygen scavengers are substituted N, N- dialkylanilines, as are described in EP 339841.
  • accelerators, coinitiators and au- toxidizers are thiols, thioethers, disulfides, phosphonium salts, phosphine oxides or phos- phines, as described, for example, in EP 438123, in GB 2180358 and in JP Kokai Hei 6- 68309.
  • chain transfer agents which are customary in the art to the compositions according to the invention.
  • examples are mercaptanes, amines and benzothiazol.
  • Photopolymerization can also be accelerated by adding further photosentisizers which shift or broaden the spectral sensitivity.
  • aromatic carbonyl compounds for example benzophenone, thioxanthone, anthraquinone and 3-acylcoumarin derivatives, and also 3-(aroylmethylene)thiazolines, camphor quinone, but also eosine, rhodamine and erythrosine dyes, as well as all compounds which can be used as coinitiators as described above.
  • suitable sensitizer compounds (D) are disclosed in WO 06/008251 , page 36, line 30 to page 38, line 8, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • the curing process can be assisted by adding a component which under thermal conditions forms free radicals, for example an azo compound such as 2,2'-azobis(4-methoxy-2,4- dimethylvaleronitrile), a triazene, diazo sulfide, pentazadiene or a peroxy compound, for in- stance a hydroperoxide or peroxycarbonate, for example t-butyl hydroperoxide, as described for example in EP 245639.
  • a component which under thermal conditions forms free radicals for example an azo compound such as 2,2'-azobis(4-methoxy-2,4- dimethylvaleronitrile), a triazene, diazo sulfide, pentazadiene or a peroxy compound, for in- stance a hydroperoxide or peroxycarbonate, for example t-butyl hydroperoxide, as described for example in EP 245639.
  • a component which under thermal conditions forms free radicals for example an azo compound such as 2,
  • compositions according to the invention may comprise as further additive (D) a photore- ducable dye, e.g., xanthene-, benzoxanthene-, benzothioxanthene, thiazine-, pyronine-, por- phyrine- or acridine dyes, and/or trihalogenmethyl compounds which can be cleaved by irra- diation.
  • a photore- ducable dye e.g., xanthene-, benzoxanthene-, benzothioxanthene, thiazine-, pyronine-, por- phyrine- or acridine dyes, and/or trihalogenmethyl compounds which can be cleaved by irra- diation.
  • a photore- ducable dye e.g., xanthene-, benzoxanthene-, benzothioxanthene, thiazine-, pyron
  • optical brighteners are optical brighteners, fillers, pigments, dyes, wetting agents or levelling assistants.
  • compositions may also comprise dyes and/or white and colored pigments.
  • organic as well as anorganic pigments are used.
  • additives are known to the person skilled in the art, some examples are titan dioxide pigments, e.g. of the rutile type or anatas type, carbon black Russ, zinc oxide, such as zink white, iron oxide, such as iron oxide yellow, iron oxide red, chromium yellow, chromium green, nickel titanium yellow, ultramarine blue, cobalt blue, bismuth vanadate, cadmiumyellow or cadmium red.
  • organic pigments are mono- or bisazo pigments, as well as metal complexes thereof, phthalocyanine pigments, polycyclic pigments, such as perylene-, anthraquinone-, thioindigo-, chinacridone- or triphenylmethane pigments, as well as diketo-pyrrolo-pyrole-, isoindolinone-, e.g. tetrachlorisoindolinone-, isoindoline-, dioxazin-, benzimidazolone- and chinophthalone pigments.
  • phthalocyanine pigments polycyclic pigments, such as perylene-, anthraquinone-, thioindigo-, chinacridone- or triphenylmethane pigments, as well as diketo-pyrrolo-pyrole-, isoindolinone-, e.g. tetrachlorisoindolinone-, isoindoline
  • the pigments are employed alone or in combination in the compositions according to the invention. Depending on the intended use the pigments are used in amount customary in the art, for example in an amount of 1-60% by weight, or 10-30% by weight, based on the whole formulation.
  • compositions may also comprise organic dyes of different classes. Examples are azo dyes, methin dyes, anthraquinone dyes or metal complex dyes. Customary concentrations are for example 0.1-20 %, in particular 1-5 %, based on the whole formulation.
  • compositions comprising as component (A) at least one ethyl- enically unsaturated photopolymerizable compound which contains some solvent, is emulsified, dispersed or dissolved in water.
  • component (A) at least one ethyl- enically unsaturated photopolymerizable compound which contains some solvent, is emulsified, dispersed or dissolved in water.
  • component (A) at least one ethyl- enically unsaturated photopolymerizable compound which contains some solvent, is emulsified, dispersed or dissolved in water.
  • a prepolymer dispersion is understood as being a dispersion of water and at least one pre- polymer dispersed therein.
  • the amount of radiation curable prepolymer or prepolymer mixture, dispersed in the water for example ranges from 20 to 95% by weight, in particular from 30 to 70% by weight.
  • the sum of the percentages given for water and prepolymer is in each case 100, with auxiliaries and additives (e.g. emulsifiers) being added in varying quantities depending on the intended use.
  • the radiation-curable aqueous prepolymer dispersions are known polymeric systems, comprising mono- or polyfunctional ethylenically unsaturated prepolymers, that have an average molecular weight M n (in g/mol) of at least 400, in particular from 500 to 100O00. Prepolymers with higher molecular weights, however, may also be considered depending on the intended application.
  • Use is made, for example, of polyesters having an acid number of not more than 10, of polyethers containing polymerizable C-C double bonds, of hydroxyl-containing reaction products of a polyepoxide, containing at least two epoxide groups per molecule, with at least one ⁇ , ⁇ -ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, of polyurethane (meth)acrylates and of acrylic copolymers which contain ⁇ , ⁇ -ethylenically unsaturated acrylic radicals, as are de- scribed in EP 12339. Mixtures of these prepolymers can likewise be used.
  • polymerizable prepolymers described in EP 33896 which are thioether adducts of polymerizable prepolymers having an average molecular weight M n (in g/mol) of at least 600, additionally comprising polymerizable C-C double bonds.
  • thioether adducts of polymerizable prepolymers having an average molecular weight M n (in g/mol) of at least 600 additionally comprising polymerizable C-C double bonds.
  • suitable aqueous dispersions, based on specific alkyl (meth)acrylate polymers are described in EP 41 125.
  • dispersion auxiliaries emulsifiers, antioxidants, light stabilizers, dyes, pigments, fillers, for example talc, gypsum, silicic acid, rutile, carbon black, zinc oxide, iron oxides, reaction accelerators, levelling agents, lubricants, wetting agents, thickeners, flatting agents, antifoams and other auxiliaries customary in paint technology.
  • Suitable dispersion auxiliaries are water-soluble organic compounds which are of high molecular mass and contain polar groups, examples being polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinylpyrrolidone or cellulose ethers.
  • Emulsifiers which can be used are nonionic emulsifiers and, if desired, ionic emulsifiers as well.
  • mixtures of two or more of the novel photo- initiators may be of advantage to use mixtures of two or more of the novel photo- initiators.
  • mixtures with known photoinitiators (C) for example mixtures with camphor quinone; benzophenone, benzophenone derivatives, such as 2,4,6-trimethylbenzophenone, 2-methylbenzophenone, 3-methylbenzophenone, 4-methyl- benzophenone, 2-methoxycarbonylbenzophenone 4,4'-bis(chloromethyl)benzophenone, 4- chlorobenzophenone, 4-phenylbenzophenone, 3,3'-dimethyl-4-methoxy-benzophenone, [4- (4-methylphenylthio)phenyl]-phenylmethanone, methyl-2-benzoylbenzoate, 3-methyl-4'- phenylbenzophenone, 2,4,6-trimethyl-4'-phenylbenzophenone, 4,4'-bis(dimethylamino)-
  • C photoinit
  • thioxanthones thioxanthone derivatives, polymeric thioxanthones as for example OMNIPOL TX
  • ketal compounds as for example benzildimethylketal (IRGACURE® 651 ); acetophenone, acetophenone derivatives, for example ⁇ -hydroxycyclo- alkyl phenyl ketones or ⁇ -hydroxyalkyl phenyl ketones, such as for example 2-hydroxy-2- methyl-1-phenyl-propanone (DAROCUR® 1173), i-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone (I RGACU RE® 184), 1 -(4-dodecylbenzoyl)-1 -hydroxy-1 -methyl-ethane, 1 -(4-isopropylbenzo- yl)-1 -hydroxy-1 -methyl-ethane
  • phenylglyoxalic esters and derivatives thereof e.g. methyl ⁇ - oxo benzeneacetate, oxo-phenyl-acetic acid 2-(2-hydroxy-ethoxy)-ethyl ester, dimeric phenylglyoxalic esters, e.g. oxo-phenyl-acetic acid 1-methyl-2-[2-(2-oxo-2-phenyl-acetoxy)- propoxy]-ethyl ester (IRGACURE® 754); ketosulfones, e.g. ESACURE KIP 1001 M; oxi- meesters, e.g.
  • bis(2,6-dimethoxy-benzoyl)-(2,4,4-trimethyl-pentyl)phosphine oxide bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phenylphosphine oxide (IRGACURE® 819), bis(2,4,6-trimethyl- benzoyl)-2,4-dipentoxyphenylphosphine oxide, trisacylphosphine oxides, halomethyltriazines, e.g.
  • ortho-chlorohexaphenyl-bisimidazole combined with 2- mercaptobenzthiazole, ferrocenium compounds, or titanocenes, e.g. bis(cyclopentadienyl)- bis(2,6-difluoro-3-pyrryl-phenyl)titanium (IRGACURE®784).
  • titanocenes e.g. bis(cyclopentadienyl)- bis(2,6-difluoro-3-pyrryl-phenyl)titanium (IRGACURE®784).
  • borate compounds can be used as coinitiators.
  • oligomeric compounds such as for example oligomeric alpha hydroxyl ketones e.g.
  • novel photoinitiator systems are employed in hybrid systems, use is made, in addition to the novel free-radical hardeners, of cationic photoinitiators, for example peroxide compounds, such as benzoyl peroxide (other suitable peroxides are described in US Patent 4950581 column 19, lines 17-25), aromatic sulfonium-, phosphonium- or iodonium salts as described for example in US Patent 4950581 , column 18, line 60 to column 19, line 10 or cy- clopentadienyl-arene-iron(ll) complex salts, for example ( ⁇ 6 -iso-propylbenzene)( ⁇ 5 -cyclopen- tadienyl)iron(ll) hexafluorophosphate or oxime sulfonates.
  • peroxide compounds such as benzoyl peroxide (other suitable peroxides are described in US Patent 4950581 column 19, lines 17-25)
  • Suitable iodonium salts are e.g. tolylcumyliodonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, 4-[(2- hydroxy-tetradecyloxy)phenyl]phenyliodonium hexafluoroantimonate or hexafluorophosphate (SarCat ® CD 1012; Sartomer), tolylcumyliodonium hexafluorophosphate, 4-isobutylphenyl-4'- methylphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate (IRGACURE ® 250, Ciba Specialty Chemicals), 4-octyloxyphenyl-phenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate or hexafluoroantimonate, bis(do- decylphenyl)iodonium hexafluoroantimonate or hexafluorophosphate, bis(4-
  • oximesulfonates are ⁇ -(octylsulfonyloxyimino)-4-methoxybenzyl- cyanide, 2-methyl- ⁇ -[5-[4-[[methyl-sulfonyl]oxy]imino]-2(5H)-thienylidene]-benzeneacetonitri- Ie, 2-methyl- ⁇ -[5-[4-[[(n-propyl)sulfonyl]oxy]imino]-2(5H)-thienylidene]-benzeneacetonitrile, 2- methyl- ⁇ -[5-[4-[[(camphoryl)sulfonyl]oxy]imino]-2(5H)-thienylidene]-benzeneacetonitrile, 2- methyl- ⁇ -[5-[4-[[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]oxy]imino]-2(5H)-thienylidide, 2-
  • Suitable as additional photoinitiators (C) to used in combination with the compounds of the present invention are for example of the formulae (XX), (XXI), (XXII) or (XXIII)
  • Res, R ⁇ and R 67 independently of one another are hydrogen, d-C 4 -alkyl, d-C 4 -halogen- alkyl, Ci-C 4 -alkoxy, chlorine or N(Ci-C 4 -alkyl) 2 ;
  • R 68 is hydrogen, C r C 4 -alkyl, C r C 4 -halogenalkyl, phenyl, N(C r C 4 -alkyl) 2 , COOCH 3 , x is 2-10; - C - R,, (XXI), wherein R 35 is hydrogen or Ci-Ci8-alkoxy;
  • R 36 is hydrogen, Ci-Ci 8 -alkyl, Ci-Ci 2 hydroxyalkyl ,CrCi 8 -alkoxy, -OCH 2 CH 2 -OR 39 , mor-
  • a, b and c are 1-3; y is 2-10; G 3 and G 4 independently of one another are end groups of the polymeric structure, preferably hydrogen or methyl;
  • R 3 6 is hydroxy, Ci-Ci 6 -alkoxy, morpholino, dimethylamino or -0(CH 2 CH 2 O ) z -Ci-Ci 6 -alkyl;
  • R 37 and R 38 independently of one another are hydrogen, d-C 6 -alkyl, Ci-Ci6-alkoxy or -O(CH 2 CH 2 O) z -Ci-Ci 6 -alkyl; or unsubstituted phenyl or benzyl; or phenyl or benzyl substituted by Ci-Ci 2 -alkyl; or R 37 and R 38 together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a cyclohexyl ring;
  • z is 1-20; with the proviso that R 36 , R 37 and R 38 not all together are Ci-Ci 6 -alkoxy
  • R 40 and R 4 i independently of one another are unsubstituted Ci-C 20 -alkyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, phenyl, naphthyl or biphenylyl; or Ci-C 20 -alkyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, phenyl, naphthyl or biphenylyl substituted by halogen, Ci-Ci 2 -alkyl, Ci-Ci 2 -alkoxy, Ci-Ci 2 alkylthio or NR 43 R 44 , or R 40 and R 4 i are independently of one another -(CO)R 42 ;
  • R 42 is unsubstituted cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, phenyl, naphthyl or biphenylyl, or cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, phenyl, naphthyl or biphenylyl substituted by halogen, Ci-C 4 -alkyl and/or d-C 4 - alkoxy; or R 42 is a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring having an S atom or N atom; R 43 and R 44 independently of one another are hydrogen, unsubstituted CrCi 2 -alkyl or d- Ci 2 -alkyl substituted by OH or SH wherein the alkyl chain may be interrupted by one to four oxygen atoms; or R 43 and R 44 independently of one another are C 2 -Ci 2 -alkenyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, benzyl or phenyl;
  • R 54 is hydrogen, Ci-Ci 2 -alkyl or — G 5 - O - C - C — d / /-R 5?
  • R55, R ⁇ , R57, R58 and R59 independently of one another are hydrogen, unsubstituted CrCi 2 - alkyl or Ci-Ci 2 -alkyl substituted by OH, d-C 4 -alkoxy, phenyl, naphthyl, halogen or CN; wherein the alkyl chain optionally is interrupted by one or more oxygen atoms; or R 55 , R 56 , R57, R58 and R 59 independently of one another are Ci-C 4 -alkoxy, Ci-C 4 -alkythio or NR 52 R 5 3, R5 2 and R53 independently of one another are hydrogen, unsubstituted Ci-Ci 2 -alkyl or C 1 -C 12 - alkyl substituted by OH or SH wherein the alkyl chain optionally is interrupted
  • the photopolymerizable compositions generally comprise 0.05 to 15 % by weight, preferably 0.1 to 10 % by weight, of the photoinitiator, based on the composition.
  • the amount refers to the sum of all photoinitiators added, if mixtures of initiators are employed. Accordingly, the amount either refers to the photoinitiator (B) or the photoinitiators (B) +(C).
  • the photopolymerizable compositions can be used for various purposes, for example for intaglio printing, flexographic printing, screen printing, offset printing, gravure printing, lithography or continuous or dropwise ink-jet printing on for example material pretreated in accordance with the process as disclosed in WO 03/064061 using generally known formulations, for example in publishing, packaging or shipping, in logistics, in advertising, in security printing or in the field of office equipment, as a clear finish, as a colored finish, as a white finish, for example for wood or metal, as powder coating, as a coating material, inter alia for paper, wood, metal or plastic, as a daylight-curable coating for the marking of buildings and road- marking, for photographic reproduction techniques, for holographic recording materials, for image recording techniques or to produce printing plates which can be developed with organic solvents or with aqueous alkalis, for producing masks for screen printing, as dental filling compositions, as adhesives, as pressure-sensitive adhesives, as laminating resins, as photoresists, e
  • the compositions according to the invention are further suitable for the production of medical equipment, auxiliaries or implants.
  • compositions according to the invention are suitable for the preparation of gels with thermotropic properties, as for example described in DE 19700064 and EP 678534.
  • the compositions according to the invention can also be used in dry paint film, as for exam- pie described in Paint&Coatings Industry, April 1997, 72 or Plastics World, vol. 54, no. 7, p48(5).
  • the compounds of the present invention which as photoactive moiety comprise a photoinitia- tor of type II, that is a benzophenone, thioxanthone or ketocoumarine moiety can also be used as sensitizers.
  • These are for example compounds of the formula (1 ) as defined above, which as photoactive moiety Q or Q 1 respectively, comprise at least one group of the formula (4), (5), (6), (9), (10) Or (11 ).
  • novel photoinitiators may additionally be employed as initiators for emulsion po- lymerizations, pearl polymerizations or suspension polymerizations, as polymerization initiators for fixing ordered states of liquid-crystalline monomers and oligomers, or as initiators for fixing dyes on organic materials.
  • polyunsaturated monomers which may additionally include a monounsaturated monomer as well. It is the prepolymer here which primarily dictates the properties of the coating film, and by varying it the skilled worker is able to influence the properties of the cured film.
  • the polyunsaturated monomer functions act as a crosslinking agent which renders the film insoluble.
  • the monounsaturated monomer functions act as a reactive diluent, which is used to reduce the vis- cosity without the need to employ a solvent.
  • Unsaturated polyester resins are usually used in two-component systems together with a monounsaturated monomer, preferably with styrene.
  • a monounsaturated monomer preferably with styrene.
  • specific one-component systems are often used, for example polymaleimides, polychalcones or polyimides, as described in DE 2308830.
  • the novel photoinitiators and photoinitiator mixtures can also be used for the polymerization of radiation-curable powder coatings.
  • the powder coatings can be based on solid resins and monomers containing reactive double bonds, for example maleates, vinyl ethers, acrylates, acrylamides and mixtures thereof.
  • a free-radically UV-curable powder coating can be formu- lated by mixing unsaturated polyester resins with solid acrylamides (for example methyl me- thylacrylamidoglycolate) and a novel free-radical photoinitiator, such formulations being as described, for example, in the paper "Radiation Curing of Powder Coating", Conference Proceedings, Radtech Europe 1993 by M. Wittig and Th. Gohmann.
  • the powder coatings can also contain binders, as are described, for example, in DE 4228514 and in EP 636669.
  • Free- radically UV-curable powder coatings can also be formulated by mixing unsaturated polyester resins with solid acrylates, methacrylates or vinyl ethers and with a novel photoinitiator (or photoinitiator mixture).
  • the powder coatings may also comprise binders as are described, for example, in DE 4228514 and in EP 636669.
  • the UV-curable powder coatings may additionally comprise white or coloured pigments.
  • rutiletitanium dioxide can be employed in concentrations of up to 50% by weight in order to give a cured powder coating of good hiding power.
  • the procedure normally comprises electrostatic or tribostatic spraying of the powder onto the substrate, for example metal or wood, melting of the powder by heating, and, after a smooth film has formed, radiation-curing of the coating with ultraviolet and/or visible light, using for example medium-pressure mercury lamps, metal halide lamps or xenon lamps.
  • a particular advantage of the radiation-curable powder coatings over their heat-curable counterparts is that the flow time after melting the powder particles can be delayed in order to ensure the formation of a smooth, high-gloss coating.
  • radiation-curable powder coatings can be formulated to melt at lower temperatures without the unwanted effect of shortening their lifetime. For this reason, they are also suitable as coatings for heat-sensitive substrates, for example wood or plastics.
  • the powder coating formulations may also include UV absorbers. To appropriate examples is referred above.
  • novel photocurable compositions are suitable, for example, as coating materials for sub- strates of all kinds, for example wood, textiles, paper, ceramics, glass, plastics such as polyesters, polyethylene terephthalate, polyolefins or cellulose acetate, especially in the form of films, and also metals such as Al, Cu, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mg or Co and GaAs, Si or SiC> 2 to which it is intended to apply a protective layer or, by means of imagewise exposure, to generate an image.
  • Coating of the substrates can be carried out by applying to the substrate a liquid composition, a solution or a suspension.
  • the choice of solvents and the concentration depend principally on the type of composition and on the coating technique.
  • the solvent should be inert, i.e. it should not undergo a chemical reaction with the components and should be able to be removed again, after coating, in the course of drying.
  • suitable solvents are ketones, ethers and esters, such as methyl ethyl ketone, isobutyl methyl ketone, cyclopen- tanone, cyclohexanone, N-methylpyrrolidone, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methoxyethanol, 2- ethoxyethanol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 1 ,2-dimethoxyethane, ethyl acetate, n-butyl acetate and ethyl 3-ethoxypropionate.
  • the solution is applied uniformly to a substrate by means of known coating techniques, for example by printing, e.g. by intaglio printing, lithographic printing, flexographic printing, inkjet printing, screen printing, gravure printing, spin coating, dip coating, knife coating, curtain coating, brushing, spraying, especially by electrostatic spraying, and reverse-roll coating, and also by means of electrophoretic deposition. It is also possible to apply the photosensitive layer to a temporary, flexible support and then to coat the final substrate, for example a copper-clad circuit board, by transferring the layer via lamination.
  • coat thickness The quantity applied (coat thickness) and the nature of the substrate (layer support) are dependent on the desired field of application.
  • the range of coat thicknesses generally comprises values from about 0.01 ⁇ m to more than 100 ⁇ m, for example 20 mm or 0.02 to 10 cm, preferably 0.5 to 100 ⁇ m.
  • compositions according to the invention are also suitable for use in uv-curing adhesives, e.g. in the preparation of pressure-sensitive adhesives, laminating adhesives, hot-melt adhesives, moisture-cure adhesives, silane reactive adhesives or silane reactive sealants and the like, and related applications.
  • Said adhesives can be hot melt adhesives as well waterborne or solvent borne adhesives, liquid solventless adhesives or 2-part reactive adhesives.
  • PSA pressure- sensitive adhesives
  • Said adhesives for example comprise at least one rubber component, at least one resin component as tackyfier and at least one oil component, for example in the weight ratio 30:50:20.
  • Suitable tackyfiers are natural or synthetic resins. The person skilled in the art is aware of suitable corresponding compounds as well as of suitable oil components or rubbers.
  • the novel photoinitiators further find application in formulations for negative resists, having a very high sensitivity to light and being able to be developed in an aqueous alkaline medium without swelling.
  • compositions according to the invention also find application for the production of one- or more-layered materials for the image recording ore image reproduction (copies, reprography), which may be uni- or polychromatic. Furthermore the materials are suitable for colour proofing systems. In this technology formulations containing microcapsules can be applied and for the image production the radiation curing can be followed by a thermal treatment. Such systems and technologies and their applications are for example disclosed in US 5376459.
  • Substrates used for photographic information recordings include, for example, films of polyester, cellulose acetate or polymer-coated papers; substrates for offset printing formes are specially treated aluminium, substrates for producing printed circuits are copper-clad lami- nates, and substrates for producing integrated circuits are silicon wafers.
  • the layer thicknesses for photographic materials and offset printing formes is generally from about 0.5 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m, while for printed circuits it is from 1.0 ⁇ m to about 100 ⁇ m.
  • the solvent is removed, generally by drying, to leave a coat of the photoresist on the substrate.
  • imagewise exposure includes both, exposure through a photomask comprising a predetermined pattern, for example a slide, as well as exposure by means of a laser or light beam, which for example is moved under computer control over the surface of the coated substrate and in this way produces an image, and irradiation with computer-controlled electron beams. It is also possible to use masks made of liquid crystals that can be addressd pixel by pixel to generate digital images, as is, for example, described by A. Bertsch, J.Y. Jezequel, J. C. Andre in Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 1997, 107, p. 275-281 and by K.-P. Nicolay in Offset Printing 1997, 6, p. 34-37.
  • thermal treatment for a short time.
  • the temperatures employed are generally 50-150 0 C, preferably 80-130 0 C; the period of thermal treatment is in general between 0.25 and 10 minutes.
  • Conjugated polymers like e.g. polyanilines can be converted from a semiconductive to a conductive state by means of proton doping.
  • the oxime-sulfonates of the present invention can also be used to imagewise irradiate compositions comprising such conjugated polymers in order to form conducting structures (exposed areas) embedded in insulating material (non- exposed areas).
  • the photocurable composition may additionally be used in a process for producing printing plates or photoresists as is described, for example, in DE 4013358.
  • the composition is exposed for a short time to visible light with a wavelength of at least 400 nm, without a mask, prior to, simultaneously with or following imagewise irradiation.
  • the unexposed areas of the photosensitive coating are removed with a developer in a manner known per se.
  • the novel compositions can be developed by aqueous alkalis.
  • aqueous-alkaline developer solutions are aqueous solutions of tetraalkyl- ammonium hydroxides or of alkali metal silicates, phosphates, hydroxides and carbonates. Minor quantities of wetting agents and/or organic solvents may also be added, if desired, to these solutions. Examples of typical organic solvents, which may be added to the developer liquids in small quantities, are cyclohexanone, 2-ethoxyethanol, toluene, acetone and mixtures of such solvents.
  • UV-curing is of great importance for printings, since the drying time of the ink is a critical factor for the production rate of graphic products, and should be in the order of fractions of seconds. UV-curable inks are particularly important for screen printing and offset and flexo inks.
  • the novel mixtures are highly suitable also for producing printing plates.
  • This application uses, for example, mixtures of soluble linear polyamides or sty- rene/butadiene and/or styrene/isoprene rubber, polyacrylates or polymethyl methacrylates containing carboxyl groups, polyvinyl alcohols or urethane acrylates with photopolymerizable monomers, for example acrylamides and/or methacrylamides, or acrylates and/or methacrylates, and a photoinitiator.
  • Films and plates of these systems are exposed over the negative (or positive) of the printed original, and the uncured parts are subsequently washed out using an appropriate solvent or aqueos solutions.
  • Another field where photocuring is employed is the coating of metals, in the case, for example, of the coating of metal plates and tubes, cans or bottle caps, and the photocuring of polymer coatings, for example of floor or wall coverings based on PVC.
  • Examples of the photocuring of paper coatings are the colourless varnishing of labels, record sleeves and book covers.
  • the novel compounds and photoinitiator systems for curing shaped articles made from composite compositions.
  • the composite compound consists of a self- supporting matrix material, for example a glass fibre fabric, or alternatively, for example, plant fibres [cf. K.-P. Mieck, T. Reussmann in Kunststoffe 85 (1995), 366-370], which is impregnated with the photocuring formulation.
  • Shaped parts comprising composite compounds, when produced using the novel compounds, attain a high level of mechanical stability and resistance.
  • the novel compounds can also be employed as photocuring agents in moulding, impregnating and coating compositions as are described, for example, in EP 7086.
  • compositions are gel coat resins, which are subject to stringent requirements regarding curing activity and yellowing resistance, and fibre-reinforced mouldings, for example, light diffusing panels which are planar or have lengthwise or crosswise corrugation.
  • Techniques for producing such mouldings such as hand lay-up, spray lay-up, centrifugal casting or filament winding, are described, for example, by P. H. Selden in "Glasfaserverstarkte Kunststoffe", page 610, Springer Verlag Berlin-Heidelberg-New York 1967.
  • articles which can be produced by these techniques are boats, fibre board or chipboard panels with a double-sided coating of glass fibre-reinforced plastic, pipes, containers, etc.
  • moulding, impregnating and coating compositions are UP resin gel coats for mouldings containing glass fibres (GRP), such as corrugated sheets and paper laminates.
  • Paper laminates may be based on urea resins or melamine resins.
  • the gel coat Prior to production of the laminate, the gel coat is produced on a support (for example a film).
  • the novel photocurable compositions can also be used for casting resins or for embedding articles, for example electronic components, etc.
  • Curing usually is carried out using medium-pressure mercury lamps as are conventional in UV curing. However, there is also particular interest in less intense lamps, for example of the type TL 40W/03 or TL40W/05. The intensity of these lamps corresponds approximately to that of sunlight.
  • compositions and compounds according to the invention can be used for the production of holographies, waveguides, optical switches wherein advantage is taken of the development of a difference in the index of refraction between irradiated and unirradiated areas.
  • the layer (wet or dry) applied to the support is irradiated imagewise, e.g through a photomask, with UV or visible light, and the unexposed areas of the layer are removed by treatment with a developer.
  • Application of the photocurable layer to metal can also be carried out by electrodeposition.
  • the exposed areas are polymeric through crosslinking and are therefore insoluble and remain on the support. Appropriate colouration produces visible images.
  • the support is a metallized layer
  • the metal can, following exposure and development, be etched away at the unexposed areas or reinforced by electroplating. In this way it is possible to produce electronic circuits and photoresists.
  • the photopolymerizable compositions further can be used for the production of functional glass, as is for example described in JP 10 287450 A.
  • the photocurable compositions of the invention can further be used for curing of charged monomers, e.g. acrylates with NH 4 CI-groups etc. usw..
  • Such compositions are for example employed for preparing polyelektrolytes or corresponding copolymers.
  • the invention also provides a process for the photopolymerization of monomeric, oligomeric or polymeric compounds containing at least one ethylenically unsaturated double bond, which comprises adding to the abovementioned compounds at least one photoinitiator or photoinitiator mixture as described above and irradiating the resulting composition with electromagnetic radiation, for example light of the wavelength 200 to 600 nm; as well as the use of a photoinitiator or photoinitiator mixture as defined above for the photopolymerization of monomeric, oligomeric or polymeric compounds containing at least one ethylenically unsaturated double bond.
  • the invention additionally provides the use of compositions as described above for producing pigmented and nonpigmented paints and varnishes, powder coatings, printing inks, e.g. screen printing inks, inks for offset-, flexo- or inkjet printing, printing plates, adhesives, seal- ings, potting components, dental compositions, foams, moulding compounds, composite compositions, glass fibre cable coatings, screen printing stencils, for producing three- dimensional objects by means of stereolithography, and as image recording material, photoresist compositions, decolorizing materials, decolorizing materials for image recording materials, for image recording materials using microcapsules; as well as a process for producing pigmented and nonpigmented paints and varnishes, powder coatings, printing inks, e.g.
  • the invention further provides a coated substrate which is coated on at least one surface with a composition as described above, and a polymerized or crosslinked composition ob- tained by curing a polymerizable composition as described above.
  • the sensitivity of the novel compositions to radiation generally extends from about 190 nm through the UV region and into the infrared region (about 20,000 nm, in particular 1200 nm), especially from 190 nm to 650 nm (depending on the photoinititator moiety, optionally in combination with a sensitizer as described hereinbefore) and therefore spans a very broad range.
  • Suitable radiation is present, for example, in sunlight or light from artificial light sources. Consequently, a large number of very different types of light sources are employed. Both point sources and arrays ("lamp carpets”) are suitable.
  • Examples are carbon arc lamps, xenon arc lamps, medium-, super high-, high- and low-pressure mercury lamps, possibly with metal halide dopes (metal-halogen lamps), microwave-stimulated metal vapour lamps, exci- mer lamps, superactinic fluorescent tubes, fluorescent lamps, argon incandescent lamps, electronic flashlights, photographic flood lamps, electron beams and X-rays.
  • the distance between the lamp and the substrate to be exposed in accordance with the invention may vary depending on the intended application and the type and output of lamp, and may be, for example, from 1 cm to 150 cm.
  • Laser light sources for example excimer lasers, such as krypton F lasers for exposure at 248 nm are also suitable. Lasers in the visible region can also be employed.
  • the actinic radiation is provided by light emitting diodes (LED) or organic light emitting diodes (OLED), e.g. UV light emitting diodes (UV-LED).
  • LED light emitting diodes
  • OLED organic light emitting diodes
  • UV-LED UV light emitting diodes
  • Said LEDs allow instant on and off switching of the radiation source.
  • UV-LEDs generally have a narrow wavelength distribution and offer the possibility to customize the peak wavelength and also provide an efficient conversion of electric energy to UV radiation.
  • (4-Oxiranylmethoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone is prepared from (4-hydroxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone and 2-chloro- methyl-oxirane as taught by e.g. T. Nishikubo et al., Mac- romolecules 1998, 31, 2789-2796.
  • (4-Chloro-phenyl)-(4-oxiranylmethoxy-phenyl)-methanone is prepared similarly to (4-oxiranylmethoxy-phenyl)-phenyl- methanone from (4-chloro-phenyl)-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)- methanone and 2-chloromethyl-oxirane.
  • 2-Hydroxy-2-methyl- 1 -[4-(2-oxiranylmethoxy-ethoxy)- phenyl]-propan-1-one is prepared from 2-hydroxy-1-[4-(2- hydroxy-ethoxy)-phenyl]-2-methyl-propan-1 -one and 2-chloromethyl-oxirane as taught by e.g. EP281941.
  • MPEG 350 glycidyl ether is obtained from MPEG 350
  • Acrylic acid 2-[4-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propionyl)-phenoxy]- ethyl ester is prepared from (4-hydroxy-phenyl)-phenyl- methanone and acryloyl chloride as taught by e.g.
  • Oxo-phenyl-acetyl chloride is prepared from oxo-phenyl- acetic acid and oxalyl chloride as taught by S. Miyano et al., J. Chem. Soc, Perkin Trans. 1, 2002, 377-383.
  • the mixture is obtained by ring opening addition of 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-[4-(2-oxiranylmeth- oxy-ethoxy)-phenyl]-propan-1-one (0.5eq) and 2-butoxymethyl-oxirane (1.5eq) to hydrolyzed
  • the photoinitiator concentration of the solution as determined by UV-VIS is equivalent to
  • Example 7 Preparation of the compound as described in example 6.
  • step 6.b) the final solution is concentrated using a rotary evaporator.
  • the photoinitiator concentration of the solution as determined by UV-VIS is equivalent to 14.1 % w/w 2-hydroxy- 1-[4-(2-hydroxy-ethoxy)-phenyl]-2-methyl-propan-1-one (Irgacure ® 2959); the solid content of the dispersion, obtained by evaporation of the solvent, is 61.7%; elemental analysis (%): found N 2.83 (combustion), N 2.71 (perchloric acid titration).
  • the photoinitiator concentration of the solution as determined by UV-VIS is equivalent to 12.1% w/w 2-hydroxy-1-[4-(2-hydroxy-ethoxy)-phenyl]-2-methyl-propan-1-one (Irgacure ® 2959); the solid content of the dispersion, obtained by evaporation of the solvent, is 38.7%; elemental analysis (%): found C 56.21 , H 8.68, N 2.42; TGA (% residue): found 19.4.
  • the compound as described in example 8 is prepared via premature ring opening addition of
  • the mixture is obtained by ring opening addition of (4-oxiranylmethoxy-phenyl)-phenyl- methanone (0.5eq) and 2-butoxymethyl-oxirane (1.5eq) to hydrolyzed 3-(trimethoxysilyl)-1- propanamine.
  • the photoinitiator concentration of the solution as determined by UV-VIS is equivalent to 10.4% w/w 2-hydroxy-1-[4-(2-hydroxy-ethoxy)-phenyl]-2-methyl-propan-1-one (Irgacure ® 2959); the solid content of the dispersion, obtained by evaporation of the solvent, is 34%.
  • Example 13 The photoinitiator concentration of the solution as determined by UV-VIS is equivalent to 10.4% w/w 2-hydroxy-1-[4-(2-hydroxy-ethoxy)-phenyl]-2-methyl-propan-1-one (Irgacure ® 2959); the solid content of the dispersion, obtained by evaporation of the solvent, is 34%.
  • Example 13 Example 13:
  • the photoinitiator concentration of the solution as determined by UV-VIS / by weight is equivalent to 18.6% / 22.2% w/w 2-hydroxy-1-[4-(2-hydroxy-ethoxy)-phenyl]-2-methyl- propan-1-one (Irgacure ® 2959); the solid content of the dispersion, obtained by evaporation of the solvent, is 35%; elemental analysis (%): found C 58.09, H 7.62, N 2.10; TGA (% residue): found 10.5. DLS (ethanol, 25°C), z-average size [nm] / PDI: 6.05 / 0.183. 2 299 SSii NNMMRR:: TT33;; MMSS ((ppooss.. MMAALLDDII)),, mm//zz: distribution curve ranging from 2'600 (ca) to 6'600 (ca) with a broad maximum at 4700 (ca).
  • the photoinitiator concentration as determined by weight is equivalent to 48.9% w/w 2-hydroxy-1-[4-(2-hydroxy-ethoxy)- phenyl]-2-methyl-propan-1-one (IRGACURE ® 2959).
  • Example 20 The photoinitiator concentration as determined by weight is equivalent to 48.9% w/w 2-hydroxy-1-[4-(2-hydroxy-ethoxy)- phenyl]-2-methyl-propan-1-one (IRGACURE ® 2959).
  • the photoinitiator concentration as determined by weight is equivalent to 78.0% w/w 2- hydroxy-1-[4-(2-hydroxy-ethoxy)-phenyl]-2-methyl-propan-1-one.
  • GPC polystyrene calibrated; Rl detector, THF
  • M n / M w / PDI % area: 3'260 / 4'690 / 1.4 (81 ).
  • the product (5.45g) is mixed with Sartomer SR344 (1.32g) and IRGASTAB UV22 (0.05g) using chloroform as auxiliary solvent to afford, after removal of the solvent, a reduced viscosity- sample (6.7g).
  • the photoinitiator concentration as determined by weight is equivalent to 63.5% w/w 2- hydroxy-1 -[4-(2-hydroxy-ethoxy)-phenyl]-2-methyl-propan-1 -one.
  • 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)-1-propanamine (97%; 9.2g, 0.05mol) is slowly added to stirred n- propanol (78ml) containing water (9ml, 0.5mol). The mixture is brought to 60 0 C and stirring continued for 20 hours.
  • the solution is carefully concentrated on a rotary evaporator such as to avoid gelling, re-dissolved in n-propanol (20ml) and re-concentrated. 21.b)
  • the concentrated solution is diluted with n-propanol (50ml) followed by addition of (4- oxiranylmethoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone (96%; 6.6g, 0.025mol).
  • the mixture is brought to 80 0 C and stirred for 3 hours, the course of the reaction being monitored by GLC.
  • 2- Butoxymethyl-oxirane (95%; 10.3g, 0.075mol) is added and the solution stirred at 80°C overnight to afford a clear solution (62.2g).
  • GPC polystyrene calibrated; Rl detector, THF), M n / M w / PDI (% area): 2'828 / 3'355 / 1.19 (83).
  • Tripropylene glycol diacrylate (4.14g) is then added to the solution (ca. 6Og) and volatiles removed using a rotary evaporator to afford a slightly yellow resin (26.05g).
  • the photoinitiator concentration as determined by weight is equivalent to 20.3% w/w (4- methoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone.
  • the solution is carefully concentrated on a rotary evaporator such as to avoid gelling, re-dissolved in n-propanol (20ml) and re-concentrated. 22.b)
  • the concentrated solution is diluted with n-propanol (50ml) followed by addition of (4- oxiranylmethoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone (95%; 10.7g, 0.04mol).
  • the mixture is brought to 80 0 C and stirred for 2.5 hours, the course of the reaction being monitored by GLC.
  • 2- Butoxymethyl-oxirane (95%; 5.5g, 0.04mol) is added and the solution stirred at 80°C for 20 hours to afford a slightly milky dispersion (58.3g).
  • a sample is withdrawn, evaporated to dryness and characterized by GPC.
  • GPC polystyrene calibrated; Rl detector, THF
  • M n / M w / PDI % area: 3'387 / 3'917 / 1.16 (87.6).
  • Tripropylene glycol diacrylate (4.97g) is then added to the dispersion (ca. 57g) and volatiles removed using a rotary evaporator to afford a slightly yellow resin (25g).
  • the photoinitiator concentration as determined by weight is equivalent to 33.9% w/w (4- methoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone.
  • 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)-1-propanamine (97%; 3.7g, 0.02mol) is slowly added to stirred n- propanol (31 ml) containing water (3.6ml, 0.2mol). The mixture is brought to 60 0 C and stirring continued for 20 hours.
  • the solution is carefully concentrated on a rotary evaporator such as to avoid gelling, re-dissolved in n-propanol (15ml) and re-concentrated.
  • 23.b) The concentrated solution is diluted with n-propanol (30ml) followed by addition of (4- oxiranylmethoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone (96%; 7.9g, 0.03mol).
  • the mixture is brought to 80 0 C and stirred for 2.5 hours, the course of the reaction being monitored by GLC.
  • 2- Butoxymethyl-oxirane (95%; 1.37g, 0.01 mol) is added and the dispersion stirred at 80°C overnight to afford a milky dispersion (32.3g).
  • a sample is withdrawn, evaporated to dryness and characterized by GPC.
  • GPC polystyrene calibrated; Rl detector, THF
  • M n / M w / PDI % area: 3'193 / 3'593 / 1.13 (82).
  • Tripropylene glycol diacrylate (3.05g) is then added to the dispersion (ca. 3Og) and volatiles removed using a rotary evaporator to afford a slightly yellow resin (14.45g).
  • the photoinitiator concentration as determined by weight is equivalent to 43.8% w/w (4- methoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone.
  • Example 24 Similar to example 21 , except that the amount of (4-oxiranylmethoxy-phenyl)-phenyl- methanone (2eq) is increased at the expense of 2-butoxymethyl-oxirane (Oeq).
  • the product (13.1g) is mixed with Sartomer SR344 (2.3g) and IRGASTAB UV22 (0.1g) using 1 ,4-dioxane (15ml) as auxiliary solvent to afford, after removal of the solvent, a reduced vis- cosity-sample (15.4g).
  • the photoinitiator concentration as determined by weight is equivalent to 55.1 % w/w (4- methoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone.
  • Example 25 Similar to example 21 , except that 2-butoxymethyl-oxirane is replaced by 1 ,2-epoxybutane. Mixture of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes containing silicon compounds of formula (1)
  • 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)-1-propanamine (97%; 9.2g, 0.05mol) is slowly added to stirred n- propanol (78ml) containing water (9ml, 0.5mol). The mixture is brought to 50 0 C and stirring continued for 20 hours.
  • the solution is carefully concentrated on a rotary evaporator such as to avoid gelling, re-dissolved in n-propanol (50ml) and re-concentrated. 25.b)
  • the concentrated solution is diluted with n-propanol (50ml) followed by addition of (4- oxiranylmethoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone (95%; 6.6g, 0.025mol).
  • the mixture is brought to 50 0 C and stirred for 2.5 hours, the course of the reaction being monitored by GLC.
  • 1 ,2- Epoxybutane (5.4g, 0.075mol) is added and the solution stirred at 50 0 C overnight to afford a dispersion (61.4g).
  • GPC polystyrene calibrated; Rl detector, THF), M n / M w / PDI (% area): 1 '437 / 2'486 / 1.73 (100).
  • Tripropylene glycol diacrylate (3.3g) is then added to the dispersion (ca. 6Og) and volatiles removed using a rotary evaporator to afford a slightly yellow resin (20.8g).
  • the photoinitiator concentration as determined by weight is equivalent to 25.2% w/w (4- methoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone.
  • the solution is carefully concentrated on a rotary evaporator such as to avoid gelling, re-dissolved in n-propanol (20ml) and re-concentrated. 26.b)
  • the concentrated solution is diluted with n-propanol (50ml) followed by addition of (4- oxiranylmethoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone (95%; 10.7g, 0.04mol).
  • the mixture is brought to 80 0 C and stirred for 2.5 hours, the course of the reaction being monitored by GLC.
  • 1 ,2- Epoxybutane (2.88g, 0.04mol) is added and the solution stirred at 80°C for 20 hours to afford a dispersion (57.1 g).
  • a sample is withdrawn, evaporated to dryness and characterized by GPC.
  • GPC polystyrene calibrated; Rl detector, THF
  • M n / M w / PDI % area: 2754 / 3'200 / 1.16 (87.5).
  • Tripropylene glycol diacrylate (3.85g) is then added to the dispersion (ca. 55g) and volatiles removed using a rotary evaporator to afford a slightly yellow resin (21.8g).
  • the photoinitiator concentration as determined by weight is equivalent to 38.9% w/w (4- methoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone.
  • 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)-1-propanamine (97%; 3.7g, 0.02mol) is slowly added to stirred n- propanol (32ml) containing water (3.6ml, 0.2mol). The mixture is brought to 60 0 C and stirring continued for 20 hours.
  • the solution is carefully concentrated on a rotary evaporator such as to avoid gelling, re-dissolved in n-propanol (15ml) and re-concentrated. 27.b)
  • the concentrated solution is diluted with n-propanol (32ml) followed by addition of (4- oxiranylmethoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone (96%; 7.94g, 0.03mol).
  • the mixture is brought to 80 0 C and stirred for 2.5 hours, the course of the reaction being monitored by GLC.
  • 1- ,2- Epoxybutane (1g, 0.014mol) is added and the solution stirred at 80°C overnight to afford a milky dispersion.
  • the photoinitiator concentration as determined by weight is equivalent to 43% w/w (4- methoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone.
  • Example 28 Similar to example 26, except that 1 ,2-epoxybutane is replaced by 4-oxiranylmethyl- morpholine and 2-butoxymethyl-oxirane. Mixture of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes containing silicon compounds of formula (1)
  • the photoinitiator concentration as determined by weight is equivalent to 40.8% w/w (4- methoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone.
  • GPC polystyrene calibrated; Rl detector, THF
  • M n / M w / PDI % area: 2'937 / 3'237 / 1.10 (84.4).
  • the product (5.2g) is mixed with tripropylene glycol diacrylate (1 g) using 1 ,4-dioxane (20ml) as auxiliary solvent to afford, after removal of the solvent, a reduced viscosity-sample (5.4g).
  • the photoinitiator concentration as determined by weight is equivalent to 39.3% w/w (4- methoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone.
  • Acrylic acid methyl ester (2.06g, 0.024mol) is then added and stirring continued for 3 days at 60 0 C and for one day at 80°C. Volatiles are now removed using a rotary evaporator to afford a slightly yellow resin (4.7g).
  • the photoinitiator concentration as determined by weight is equivalent to 45.2% w/w (4- methoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone.
  • the photoinitiator concentration as determined by weight is equivalent to 39.7% w/w (4- methoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone.
  • Example 30 The photoinitiator concentration as determined by weight is equivalent to 39.7% w/w (4- methoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone.
  • the solution is carefully concentrated on a rotary evaporator such as to avoid gelling, re-dissolved in n-propanol (15ml) and re-concentrated. 3O.b)
  • the concentrated solution is diluted with n-propanol (30ml) followed by addition of (4- oxiranylmethoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone (96%; 7.94g, 0.03mol).
  • the mixture is brought to 80 0 C and stirred for 5 hours, the course of the reaction being monitored by GLC.
  • 2- Allyloxymethyl-oxirane (97%; 0.94g, O.OO ⁇ mol) is added and the milky dispersion stirred at 80 0 C overnight.
  • the photoinitiator concentration as determined by weight is equivalent to 55.3% w/w (4- methoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone.
  • the photoinitiator concentration as determined by weight is equivalent to 45.1 % w/w (4- methoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone.
  • Example 32 The photoinitiator concentration as determined by weight is equivalent to 45.1 % w/w (4- methoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone.
  • Example 33 Same as example 32, except that high purity (4-oxiranylmethoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone (99% area by HPLC) and 2-allyloxymethyl-oxirane (99% area by GLC) are used instead.
  • n 6, 8, 10, 12 and A is , ⁇ v ⁇ N - R / ⁇ /-- n ⁇ CH 2
  • R . / ⁇ "CH 3 OH obtained by ring opening addition of (4-oxiranylmethoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone (1.5eq), 2-allyloxymethyl-oxirane (0.4eq) and 1 ,2-epoxybutane (0.1 eq) to hydrolyzed 3- (trimethoxysilyl)-i-propanamine.
  • the photoinitiator concentration as determined by weight is equivalent to 64.6% w/w (4- chloro-phenyl)-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-methanone.
  • GPC polystyrene calibrated; Rl detector, THF), M n / M w / PDI (% area): 4'504 / 7'061 / 1.57
  • the photoinitiator concentration as determined by weight is equivalent to 49.6% w/w (4- chloro-phenyl)-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-methanone.
  • the photoinitiator concentration as determined by weight is equivalent to 55.3% w/w (4- methoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone.
  • GPC polystyrene calibrated; Rl detector, THF
  • M n / M w / PDI % area: 5O15 / 5'810 / 1.16 (100).
  • Example 36 Mixture of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes containing silicon compounds of formula (1)
  • n 6, 8, 10, 12 and A is obtained by ring opening addition of 2-butoxymethyl-oxirane (2eq) to hydrolyzed 3- (trimethoxysilyl)-i-propanamine followed by esterification with oxo-phenyl-acetyl chloride (2eq).
  • 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)-1-propanamine (97%; 55.4g, 0.3mol) is slowly added to stirred ethanol (470ml) containing water (53ml, 2.94mol). The mixture is brought to 50°C and stirring continued for 20 hours. The solution is carefully concentrated on a rotary evaporator such as to avoid gelling, re-dissolved in ethanol (100ml) and re-concentrated according to example 6a.
  • GPC polystyrene calibrated; Rl detector, THF
  • M n / M w / PDI % area: 3O70 / 3754 / 1.22 (67.8).
  • the photoinitiator concentration is equivalent to 41.9% w/w oxo-phenyl-acetic acid methyl ester (DAROCUR ® MBF).
  • Example 37 Mixture of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes containing silicon compounds of formula (1)
  • n 10 and A is obtained by ring opening addition of (4-oxiranylmethoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone (2eq) and 2-butoxymethyl-oxirane (1 eq) to hydrolyzed ⁇ /-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]-1 ,2- ethanediamine.
  • Butoxymethyl-oxirane (95%; 1.37g, 0.01 mol) is added and the mixture stirred another 20 hours at 80 0 C. Volatiles are then removed using a rotary evaporator to afford a slightly yellow resin (8.1 g).
  • the photoinitiator concentration as determined by weight is equivalent to 51.9% w/w (4- methoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone.
  • the product (8.1 g) is mixed with tripropylene glycol diacrylate (1.8g) using 1 ,4-dioxane as auxiliary solvent to afford, after removal of the solvent, a reduced viscosity-sample (9.3g).
  • the photoinitiator concentration as determined by weight is equivalent to 45.2% w/w (4- methoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone.
  • Example 38 Mixture of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes containing silicon compounds of formula (1)
  • the product (13.95g) is mixed with tripropylene glycol diacrylate (3.Og) using 1 ,4-dioxane as auxiliary solvent to afford, after removal of the solvent, a reduced viscosity-sample (16.15g).
  • the photoinitiator concentration as determined by weight is equivalent to 19.7% w/w (4- methoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone.
  • n 10 and A is obtained by ring opening addition of (4-oxiranylmethoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone (3eq) and 2-butoxymethyl-oxirane (1 eq) to hydrolyzed ⁇ /1-(2-aminoethyl)- ⁇ /2-[3- (trimethoxysilyl)propyl]-1 ,2-ethanediamine.
  • the photoinitiator concentration as determined by weight is equivalent to 74.6% w/w (4- methoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone.
  • GPC polystyrene calibrated; Rl detector, THF
  • M n / M w / PDI % area: 5'332 / 10'834 / 2.03 (85).
  • the product (8.5g) is mixed with tripropylene glycol diacrylate (2.1 g) using 1 ,4-dioxane as auxiliary solvent to afford, after removal of the solvent, a reduced viscosity-sample (1 1.3g).
  • the photoinitiator concentration as determined by weight is equivalent to 56.1 % w/w (4- methoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone.
  • n 6, 8, 10, 12 and A is * / ⁇ ⁇ / ⁇ N ,R 1 O
  • R 3 R 3 H obtained by ring opening addition of (4-oxiranylmethoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone (0.5eq) to hydrolyzed 3-(trimethoxysilyl)-1-propanamine followed by ⁇ /-acetylation using acetic anhydride.
  • the solid content of the dispersion, obtained by evaporation of the solvent, is 48.6%.
  • the photoinitiator concentration as determined by UV-VIS / by weight is equivalent to 16.3 / 15.5% w/w (4-methoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone.
  • the photoinitiator concentration as determined by weight is equivalent to 55.8% w/w (4- methoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone.
  • GPC polystyrene calibrated; Rl detector, THF), M n / M w / PDI (% area): 2O99 / 4O56 / 1.93
  • the photoinitiator concentration as determined by weight is equivalent to ca. 44% w/w (4- methoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone.
  • Epoxybutane (0.14g, 0.002mol) is added and the mixture stirred another 16 hours at 70 0 C.
  • the photoinitiator concentration as determined by weight is equivalent to 48.3% w/w (4- methoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone.
  • GPC polystyrene calibrated; Rl detector, THF), M n / M w / PDI (% area): 2'991 / 3'345 / 1.12
  • the product (4.1g) is mixed with Sartomer SR344 (ca. 0.7g) using chloroform as auxiliary solvent to afford, after removal of the solvent, a reduced viscosity-sample (4.8g).
  • the photoinitiator concentration as determined by weight is equivalent to 41 % w/w (4- methoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone.
  • the photoinitiator concentration as determined by weight is equivalent to 29.2% w/w (4- methoxy-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone.
  • n 8, 10, 12 and A is obtained by ring opening addition of Glycidyl POSS EP0409 to 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-[4-(2- propylamino-ethoxy)-phenyl]-propan-1-one (0.5eq per eq epoxide).
  • Glycidyl POSS EP0409 (1 g, 0.0059mol epoxide) and 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-[4-(2- propylamino-ethoxy)-phenyl]-propan-1-one (0.78g, 0.0029mol) are dissolved in chloroform (15ml) and the solution stirred at 60 0 C during 20 hours. Ethanol (10ml) is added and the resulting mixture stirred at 60 0 C for another 48 hours, the course of the reaction being moni- tored by GLC. Volatiles are then removed using a rotary evaporator to afford a slightly yellow resin (1.78g).
  • GPC polystyrene calibrated; Rl detector, THF
  • M n / M w / PDI % area: 2'856 / 3'151 / 1.10 (64).
  • Glycidyl POSS EP0409 (1 g, 0.0059mol epoxide) and 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-[4-(2- propylamino-ethoxy)-phenyl]-propan-1-one (1.69g, 0.0064mol) are dissolved in chloroform (15ml) and the solution stirred at 60 0 C during 20 hours.
  • GPC polystyrene calibrated; Rl detector, THF
  • M n / M w / PDI % area: 3'472 / 4'001 / 1.15 (63).
  • GPC polystyrene calibrated; Rl detector, THF
  • M n / M w / PDI % area: 3'484 / 3755 / 1.08 (52.4), 7'494 / 7'932 / 1.06 (22.3).
  • n 8, 10, 12 and A is / CH 3 obtained by ring opening addition of Glycidyl POSS EP0409 to 3-benzoyl-7-hydroxy-1- benzopyran-2-one (1 eq per eq epoxide) followed by esterification with 4-dimethylamino- benzoyl chloride (1 eq).
  • n 8, 10, 12 and A is obtained by ring opening addition of Glycidyl POSS EP0409 to 3-benzoyl-7-hydroxy-1- benzopyran-2-one (1 eq per eq epoxide) followed by esterification with 4-dimethylamino- benzoyl chloride (1 eq).
  • GPC polystyrene calibrated; Rl detector, THF), M n / M w / PDI (% area): 2'948 / 3'255 / 1.10
  • 5O.a) A mixture of Glycidyl POSS EP0409 (1g, 0.0059mol epoxide), benzyl-trimethyl- ammonium chloride (0.06g, 0.0003mol), 2-hydroxy-thioxanthen-9-one (designated thioxan- thone; 1.46g, 0.0064mol) and toluene (15ml) is brought to 100 0 C and stirred for 22 hours.
  • n 8, 10, 12 and A is obtained by Michael addition of Acrylo POSS MA0736 to 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-[4-(2- propylamino-ethoxy)-phenyl]-propan-1-one (0.5eq per eq acrylate); conditions (bismuth (III) trifluoromethanesulfonate / acetonitrile) published by. R. Varala et al., Synlett. 2003, 5, 720- 722 adapted.
  • Example 52 Mixture of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes containing silicon compounds of formula (1)
  • Acrylo POSS MA0736 (1 g, 0.0053mol acrylate) and 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-[4-(2-propylamino- ethoxy)-phenyl]-propan-1-one (designated alpha hydroxyketone; 1.4g, 0.0053mol) are dissolved in acetonitrile (10ml).
  • Formulation 1 is prepard by mixing the following components:
  • formulations A-E employing formulation 1 as described above, contain 8% active photoinitiator, calculated on the amount of resin:
  • Formulation A Formulation B:
  • Samples are prepared by applying Formulations A to E onto a coilcoat by means of a bar coater. The samples are dried for 10 minutes at 60 0 C to provide a dry film thickness around 6 ⁇ m and are then exposed to a medium pressure mercury lamp at 200 W/cm and 50 m/min under air. Chemical modifications resulting from acrylate crosslinking are monitored by IR spectroscopy with an ATR unit for surface measurements (Digital FTIR Excalibur Spectrometer FTS 3000 MX). The reaction of the acrylate double bonds is determined quantitatively by monitoring the disappearance of the IR band at 810 cm "1 characteristic of the acrylate double bond.
  • a UV-curable paint is prepared using the following formulation 2:
  • the samples are applied onto white pre-coated aluminium panels using a wire-wound draw down bar with WFT 100 ⁇ m.
  • the solvent is flashed off for 10 min at 60 0 C and irradiated on IST laboratory UV-curing equipment using 1 Hg bulb at 100 W/cm and a line speed of 10 m/min.
  • a coatings formulation according to example A2 is prepared.
  • the following UV-curable samples containgin the photoinitiator are prepared: (L) 2% by weight of the compound of example 32 (M) 4% by weight of the compound of example 32
  • the samples are applied onto white pre-coated aluminium panels using a wire-wound draw down bar with WFT 60 ⁇ m.
  • the sample is irradiated on IST laboratory UV-curing equipment using 2 Hg bulb at 100 W/cm and a line speed of 10 m/min.
  • the pendulum hardness (PH) according to Koenig in seconds (DIN 53157) of the cured films is measured and is shown in table 3. The higher the value, the harder the cured film.
  • Example A4 UV-curing of a blue flexo ink
  • the photoinitiators are dissolved for each trial in a blue flexo ink with aminoacrylate during 2h, water bath at 65°c with magnetic stirrer 500 rpm.
  • the formulations to be tested are applied using a Prufbau machine onto a corona treated polymeric white foil.
  • the samples are exposed to a medium pressure mercury lamp with a power of 200 W/cm under air at different belt speeds.
  • Polymerization efficiency is assessed by transfer test.
  • the printed ink is laminated after UV-exposure by a second white polymer foil and the system is submitted to a pressure of 200 N.
  • the transfer of the ink from the exposed surface to the laminating foil characterizes a poor curing of the ink surface.
  • Reactivity is measured by the cure speed defined as the maximum belt speed required to get proper cure at a constant light intensity. The results are collected in table 4.
  • IRGACURE® 369 is 2-benzyl-2-(dimethylamino)-1-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-1-butanone
  • Formulations are applied onto an aluminum foil by means of a bar coater and dried for 10 minutes at 60 0 C to provide a dry film thickness around 4 ⁇ m. Films are further exposed to a medium pressure mercury lamp at 200 W/cm under air and at 80 W/cm under nitrogen. Polymerization efficiency is assessed by rubbing the surface with a Tela tissue. A visible damage at the surface of the film characterizes a poor curing of the ink surface. Reactivity is measured by the cure speed defined as the maximum belt speed required to achieve proper cure at a constant light intensity. The results are collected in table 5. Table 5:

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