WO2010041639A1 - 触媒およびその製造方法ならびにその用途 - Google Patents
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- WO2010041639A1 WO2010041639A1 PCT/JP2009/067374 JP2009067374W WO2010041639A1 WO 2010041639 A1 WO2010041639 A1 WO 2010041639A1 JP 2009067374 W JP2009067374 W JP 2009067374W WO 2010041639 A1 WO2010041639 A1 WO 2010041639A1
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9016—Oxides, hydroxides or oxygenated metallic salts
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- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B21/00—Nitrogen; Compounds thereof
- C01B21/082—Compounds containing nitrogen and non-metals and optionally metals
- C01B21/0828—Carbonitrides or oxycarbonitrides of metals, boron or silicon
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- C01G33/00—Compounds of niobium
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- C01P2002/70—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data
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- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M2004/8678—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/8684—Negative electrodes
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- H01M2004/8678—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/8689—Positive electrodes
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- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
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- H01M2300/0005—Acid electrolytes
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- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8663—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for catalytic active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/8673—Electrically conductive fillers
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/08—Fuel cells with aqueous electrolytes
- H01M8/086—Phosphoric acid fuel cells [PAFC]
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a catalyst, a production method thereof, and an application thereof.
- Fuel cells are classified into various types according to the type of electrolyte and the type of electrode, and representative types include alkali type, phosphoric acid type, molten carbonate type, solid electrolyte type, and solid polymer type.
- a polymer electrolyte fuel cell that can operate at a low temperature (about ⁇ 40 ° C.) to about 120 ° C. attracts attention, and in recent years, development and practical application as a low-pollution power source for automobiles is progressing.
- a use of the polymer electrolyte fuel cell a vehicle driving source and a stationary power source are being studied. However, in order to be applied to these uses, durability over a long period of time is required.
- a polymer solid electrolyte is sandwiched between an anode and a cathode, fuel is supplied to the anode, oxygen or air is supplied to the cathode, and oxygen is reduced at the cathode to extract electricity.
- Hydrogen or methanol is mainly used as the fuel.
- the fuel cell cathode (air electrode) surface or anode (fuel electrode) surface has a layer containing a catalyst (hereinafter referred to as “for fuel cell”). Also referred to as “catalyst layer”).
- the noble metal used on the cathode surface may be dissolved in an acidic atmosphere, and there is a problem that it is not suitable for applications that require long-term durability. Therefore, there has been a strong demand for the development of a catalyst that does not corrode in an acidic atmosphere, has excellent durability, and has a high oxygen reducing ability.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a carbonitride oxide obtained by mixing carbide, oxide and nitride and heating at 500 to 1500 ° C. in a vacuum, inert or non-oxidizing atmosphere.
- the oxycarbonitride disclosed in Patent Document 1 is a thin film magnetic head ceramic substrate material, and the use of this oxycarbonitride as a catalyst has not been studied.
- Patent Document 2 discloses an oxygen reduction electrode material containing a nitride of one or more elements selected from the group of elements of Group 4, Group 5 and Group 14 of the long periodic table as a platinum substitute material.
- these materials containing non-metals have a problem that practically sufficient oxygen reducing ability is not obtained as a catalyst.
- Non-Patent Document 1 discloses a method for producing Nb 12 O 29 by reducing Nb 2 O 5 .
- Nb 12 O 29 disclosed in Non-Patent Document 1 is disclosed as a material exhibiting antiferromagnetism and conductivity, and has not been studied as an oxygen reduction catalyst for fuel cells.
- a catalyst comprising a niobium-containing carbonitride that exhibits a specific X-ray diffraction peak pattern, particularly a niobium-containing carbonitride, under specific conditions.
- the inventors have found that a catalyst composed of oxycarbonitride obtained by oxidation under the above has a high oxygen reducing ability, and completed the present invention.
- Nb 12 O 29 obtained by the production method described in Non-Patent Document 1 cannot provide a practically sufficient oxygen reducing ability as an oxygen reduction catalyst for fuel cells.
- the present invention relates to the following (1) to (13), for example.
- a fuel cell catalyst layer comprising the catalyst according to any one of (4).
- a membrane electrode assembly having a cathode, an anode, and an electrolyte membrane disposed between the cathode and the anode, wherein the cathode and / or the anode is an electrode according to (10) Membrane electrode assembly.
- a polymer electrolyte fuel cell comprising the membrane electrode assembly according to (11).
- the catalyst of the present invention does not corrode in an acidic electrolyte or at a high potential, is stable, has a high oxygen reducing ability, and is less expensive than platinum. Therefore, the fuel cell including the catalyst is relatively inexpensive and has excellent performance.
- FIG. 1 is a powder X-ray diffraction spectrum of niobium carbonitride (1) in Example 1.
- FIG. 3 is a powder X-ray diffraction spectrum of the catalyst (1) of Example 1.
- FIG. 5 is a powder X-ray diffraction spectrum of the catalyst (2) of Example 2.
- FIG. 7 is a powder X-ray diffraction spectrum of the catalyst (3) of Example 3.
- FIG. 9 is a powder X-ray diffraction spectrum of the catalyst (4) of Example 4.
- FIG. 17 is a powder X-ray diffraction spectrum of the catalyst (8) of Comparative Example 3.
- FIG. 19 is a graph showing an evaluation of the oxygen reducing ability of the fuel cell electrode (1) of Example 1.
- 20 is a graph showing an evaluation of the oxygen reducing ability of the fuel cell electrode (2) of Example 2.
- FIG. 21 is a graph showing an evaluation of the oxygen reducing ability of the fuel cell electrode (3) of Example 3.
- 22 is a graph showing an evaluation of the oxygen reducing ability of the fuel cell electrode (4) of Example 4.
- FIG. 23 is a graph showing an evaluation of the oxygen reducing ability of the fuel cell electrode (5) of Example 5.
- FIG. 24 is a graph showing an evaluation of the oxygen reducing ability of the fuel cell electrode (6) of Comparative Example 1.
- FIG. 25 is a graph showing an evaluation of the oxygen reducing ability of the fuel cell electrode (7) of Comparative Example 2.
- FIG. 26 is a graph showing an evaluation of the oxygen reducing ability of the fuel cell electrode (8) of Comparative Example 3.
- FIG. 27 is a graph showing the relationship between I 2 / (I 1 + I 2 ) in the powder X-ray diffraction spectrum of each catalyst and the oxygen reduction starting potential of the electrode obtained from each catalyst.
- FIG. 28 is a graph showing the relationship between I 2 / (I 1 + I 2 ) in the powder X-ray diffraction spectrum of each catalyst and the oxygen reduction current of the electrode obtained from each catalyst.
- the upper limit of “I 2 / (I 1 + I 2 )” is not particularly limited but is 1 or less. When “I 2 / (I 1 + I 2 )” is within the above range, the oxygen reducing ability of the catalyst made of niobium-containing carbonitride tends to increase.
- the observed diffraction line peak is derived from the Nb 12 O 29 skeleton (ICSD card: 01-073-1610). Therefore, it is considered that as “I 2 / (I 1 + I 2 )” increases, the abundance ratio of the Nb 12 O 29 skeleton in the niobium-containing carbonitride oxide increases.
- the present inventors presume that such a catalyst made of niobium-containing oxycarbonitride having a large proportion of Nb 12 O 29 skeleton has a high oxygen reducing ability.
- a diffraction line peak means a peak obtained with a specific diffraction angle and diffraction intensity when a sample (crystalline) is irradiated with X-rays at various angles.
- the X-ray diffraction intensity I is defined as a value obtained by subtracting the baseline intensity from the diffraction intensity obtained by the following measurement method (however, it is “0” in the case of a negative value). did.
- X-ray diffraction measurement apparatus for example, a powder X-ray analysis apparatus: X'Pert PRO manufactured by PANalytical is used, and the measurement conditions include X-ray output: 45 kV, 40 mA, scan axis: 2 ⁇ / ⁇ , Measurement range (2 ⁇ ): 10 ° to 89.98 °, scan size: 0.017 °, scan step time: 10.3 S, scan type: Continuous, PSD mode: Scanning, diverging slit (DS) type: fixed, Irradiation width: 10 mm, measurement temperature: 25 ° C., target: Cu, K-Alpha 1: 1.54060, K-Alpha 2: 1.54443, K-Beta: 1.39225, K-A2 / K-A1 ratio: 0. 5. Gonometer radius: 240 mm.
- a niobium-containing carbonitride that satisfies “I 2 / (I 1 + I 2 )” in the above range can be obtained, for example, by heating the niobium-containing carbonitride in an inert gas containing oxygen gas. .
- the proportion of the Nb 12 O 29 skeleton in the niobium-containing oxycarbonitride can be increased, and the oxygen reduction ability of the finally obtained catalyst can be increased. Details of the method for producing the niobium-containing oxycarbonitride will be described later.
- the composition formula of the niobium-containing carbonitride oxide is NbC x N y O z (where x, y, z represent the ratio of the number of atoms, 0.01 ⁇ x ⁇ 2, 0.01 ⁇ y ⁇ 2, 0.01 ⁇ z ⁇ 3 and x + y + z ⁇ 5).
- x, y, z represent the ratio of the number of atoms, 0.01 ⁇ x ⁇ 2, 0.01 ⁇ y ⁇ 2, 0.01 ⁇ z ⁇ 3 and x + y + z ⁇ 5).
- the ratio of the number of atoms is in the above range, the oxygen reduction potential of the finally obtained catalyst tends to be high, which is preferable.
- the catalyst comprising the niobium-containing carbonitride oxide of the present invention is a compound whose composition formula is represented by NbC x N y O z , or an oxide containing niobium, a carbide containing niobium, or a nitride containing niobium.
- NbC x N y O z and a mixture represented by NbC x N y O z as a whole (where NbC x N It may or may not contain a compound represented by y O z ), or both.
- a large proportion of the Nb 12 O 29 skeleton having oxygen defects is preferable because the oxygen reducing ability of the catalyst tends to be high.
- the niobium-containing carbonitride is tin, indium, platinum, tantalum, zirconium, copper, iron, tungsten, chromium, molybdenum, hafnium, titanium, vanadium, cobalt, manganese, cerium, gold, silver, iridium And at least one metal selected from the group consisting of palladium, yttrium, ruthenium and nickel (hereinafter also referred to as “metal M” or “M”).
- the ratio of the number of atoms is within the above range, the oxygen reduction potential tends to increase.
- the catalyst composed of niobium-containing carbonitride oxide when containing metal M is a compound whose composition formula is represented by Nb a M b C x N y O z , or an oxide of metal M, Metal M carbide, Metal M nitride, Metal M carbonitride, Metal M carbonate, Metal M nitride, Niobium oxide, Niobium carbide, Niobium nitride, Niobium carbonitride Niobium carbonitride, niobium nitride oxide, metal M and niobium containing oxide, metal M and niobium containing carbide, metal M and niobium containing nitride, metal M and niobium containing carbonitriding
- Nb 12 O 29 skeleton having oxygen defects may or may not contain a.), Or both.
- a large proportion of the Nb 12 O 29 skeleton having oxygen defects is preferable because the oxygen reducing ability of the catalyst tends to be high.
- the oxygen reduction starting potential of the catalyst used in the present invention is measured according to the following measurement method (A).
- Measurement method (A) The catalyst and carbon are placed in a solvent so that the amount of the catalyst dispersed in the carbon that is the electron conductive particles is 1% by mass, and the mixture is stirred with ultrasonic waves to obtain a suspension.
- carbon source carbon black (specific surface area: 100 to 300 m 2 / g) (for example, XC-72 manufactured by Cabot) is used, and the catalyst and carbon are dispersed so that the mass ratio is 95: 5.
- isopropyl alcohol: water (mass ratio) 1: 1 is used.
- the obtained electrode refer to a reversible hydrogen electrode in a sulfuric acid solution of the same concentration at a temperature of 30 ° C. in a 0.5 mol / dm 3 sulfuric acid solution in an oxygen atmosphere and a nitrogen atmosphere.
- the current-potential curve was measured by polarizing the electrode at a potential scanning speed of 5 mV / sec, there was a difference of 0.2 ⁇ A / cm 2 or more between the reduction current in the oxygen atmosphere and the reduction current in the nitrogen atmosphere.
- the potential at which it begins to appear is defined as the oxygen reduction start potential.
- the oxygen reduction starting potential is less than 0.7 V (vs.
- the oxygen reduction starting potential is preferably 0.85 V (vs. NHE) or more in order to suitably reduce oxygen. Further, the oxygen reduction starting potential is preferably as high as possible. Although there is no particular upper limit, the theoretical value is 1.23 V (vs. NHE).
- Method for producing niobium-containing carbonitride As a method for obtaining the niobium-containing carbonitride used in the step, a method of producing a niobium-containing carbonitride by heating a mixture of niobium oxide and carbon in a nitrogen atmosphere or an inert gas containing nitrogen ( I), a method (II) for producing a niobium-containing carbonitride by heating a mixture of niobium carbide, niobium oxide and niobium nitride in a nitrogen atmosphere or the like, or a mixture of niobium carbide and niobium nitride in a nitrogen atmosphere.
- a method (IV) for producing a niobium-containing carbonitride by heating a mixture of the metal M oxide, niobium oxide and carbon in a nitrogen atmosphere or an inert gas containing nitrogen, the metal M A method (V) for producing a niobium-containing carbonitride by heating a mixture of oxide, niobium carbide and niobium nitride in an inert gas such as nitrogen gas, or the metal M oxide, niobium carbide, Method (VI) for producing a niobium-containing carbonitride by heating a mixture of niobium nitride and niobium oxide in an inert gas such as nitrogen gas, or a compound containing the metal M (for example, organic acid salt, chloride) A niobium-containing carbonitride by heating a mixture of niobium carbide and n
- the production method (I) is a method for producing a niobium-containing carbonitride by heating a mixture of niobium oxide and carbon in a nitrogen atmosphere or an inert gas containing nitrogen.
- the heating temperature when producing the niobium-containing carbonitride is in the range of 600 to 1800 ° C, preferably in the range of 800 to 1600 ° C. When the heating temperature is within the above range, it is preferable in terms of good crystallinity and uniformity. When the heating temperature is less than 600 ° C., the crystallinity is poor and the uniformity tends to be poor, and when it exceeds 1800 ° C., it tends to be sintered.
- the raw material carbon examples include carbon, carbon black, graphite, graphite, activated carbon, carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber, carbon nanohorn, and fullerene. It is preferable that the particle size of the carbon powder is smaller because the specific surface area is increased and the reaction with the oxide is facilitated.
- carbon black specific surface area: 100 to 300 m 2 / g, such as XC-72 manufactured by Cabot is preferably used.
- the niobium-containing carbonitride containing niobium can be obtained by stoichiometrically controlling the molar ratio of the starting niobium oxide and carbon.
- the niobium-containing carbonitride containing niobium can be obtained by stoichiometrically controlling the molar ratio of the starting niobium oxide and carbon.
- divalent niobium oxide 1 to 3 moles of carbon are preferable with respect to 1 mole of niobium oxide.
- 2 to 4 moles of carbon are preferable with respect to 1 mole of niobium oxide.
- pentavalent niobium oxide 3 to 9 moles of carbon are preferable with respect to 1 mole of niobium oxide.
- Niobium carbide tends to be formed when the upper limit value of these ranges is exceeded, and niobium nitride is generated when the lower limit value is exceeded.
- the production method (II) is a method for producing a niobium-containing carbonitride by heating a mixture of niobium carbide, niobium nitride and niobium oxide in a nitrogen atmosphere or the like.
- the heating temperature when producing the niobium-containing carbonitride is in the range of 600 to 1800 ° C, preferably in the range of 800 to 1600 ° C. When the heating temperature is within the above range, it is preferable in terms of good crystallinity and uniformity. When the heating temperature is less than 600 ° C., the crystallinity is poor and the uniformity tends to be poor, and when it exceeds 1800 ° C., it tends to be sintered.
- Niobium carbide, niobium nitride, and niobium oxide are used as raw materials.
- the raw material niobium carbide include NbC and the like, and examples of the raw material niobium nitride include NbN and the like.
- the raw material niobium oxide include NbO, NbO 2 and Nb 2 O 5 .
- the raw material niobium oxide is not particularly limited. Whichever niobium oxide is used, the niobium-containing carbonitride obtained by heating the niobium-containing carbonitride obtained from the oxide, niobium carbide and niobium nitride in an inert gas containing oxygen.
- the catalyst has a high oxygen reduction initiation potential and is active.
- niobium carbide By controlling the amount (molar ratio) of niobium carbide, niobium oxide and niobium nitride, an appropriate niobium-containing carbonitride can be obtained.
- the blending amount (molar ratio) is usually 0.01 to 500 mol of niobium carbide and 0.01 to 50 mol of niobium oxide with respect to 1 mol of niobium nitride, preferably 1 mol of niobium nitride.
- niobium carbide is 0.1 to 300 mol and niobium oxide is 0.1 to 30 mol.
- the production method (III) is a method for producing a niobium-containing carbonitride by heating a mixture of niobium carbide and niobium nitride in a nitrogen atmosphere or the like.
- the heating temperature when producing the niobium-containing carbonitride is in the range of 600 to 1800 ° C, preferably in the range of 800 to 1600 ° C. When the heating temperature is within the above range, it is preferable in terms of good crystallinity and uniformity. When the heating temperature is less than 600 ° C., the crystallinity is poor and the uniformity tends to be poor, and when it exceeds 1800 ° C., it tends to be sintered.
- Examples of the raw material niobium carbide include NbC and the like, and examples of the raw material niobium nitride include NbN and the like.
- niobium carbide and niobium nitride By controlling the amount (molar ratio) of niobium carbide and niobium nitride, an appropriate niobium-containing carbonitride can be obtained.
- the blending amount (molar ratio) is usually 0.01 to 500 moles, preferably 0.01 to 300 moles of niobium carbide with respect to 1 mole of niobium nitride.
- a niobium-containing carbonitride having a blending molar ratio satisfying the above range is used, there is a tendency that an active niobium-containing carbonitride having a high oxygen reduction starting potential is obtained.
- the production method (IV) is a method for producing a niobium-containing carbonitride by heating a mixture of the metal M oxide, niobium oxide and carbon in a nitrogen atmosphere or an inert gas containing nitrogen. .
- the heating temperature when producing the niobium-containing carbonitride is in the range of 600 to 1800 ° C, preferably in the range of 800 to 1600 ° C. When the heating temperature is within the above range, it is preferable in terms of good crystallinity and uniformity. When the heating temperature is less than 600 ° C., the crystallinity is poor and the uniformity tends to be poor, and when it exceeds 1800 ° C., it tends to be sintered.
- the raw metal M oxide is tin oxide, indium oxide, platinum oxide, tantalum oxide, zirconium oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, tungsten oxide, chromium oxide, molybdenum oxide, hafnium oxide, titanium oxide, vanadium oxide, cobalt oxide.
- One or more kinds of metal M oxides can be used.
- Examples of the raw material niobium oxide include NbO, NbO 2 and Nb 2 O 5 .
- the raw material carbon examples include carbon, carbon black, graphite, graphite, activated carbon, carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber, carbon nanohorn, and fullerene. It is preferable that the particle size of the carbon powder is smaller because the specific surface area is increased and the reaction with the oxide is facilitated.
- carbon black specific surface area: 100 to 300 m 2 / g, such as XC-72 manufactured by Cabot is preferably used.
- the catalyst consisting of has a high oxygen reduction starting potential and is active.
- Controlling the compounding amount (molar ratio) of the metal M oxide, niobium oxide, and carbon provides an appropriate niobium-containing carbonitride.
- the compounding amount (molar ratio) is usually 0.01 to 10 mol of the metal M oxide and 1 to 10 mol of carbon, preferably 1 mol of niobium oxide, with respect to 1 mol of niobium oxide.
- the metal M oxide is 0.01 to 4 mol and carbon is 2 to 6 mol.
- the production method (V) is a method for producing a niobium-containing carbonitride by heating a mixture of the metal M oxide, niobium carbide and niobium nitride in an inert gas such as nitrogen gas.
- the heating temperature when producing the niobium-containing carbonitride is in the range of 600 to 1800 ° C, preferably in the range of 800 to 1600 ° C. When the heating temperature is within the above range, it is preferable in terms of good crystallinity and uniformity. When the heating temperature is less than 600 ° C., the crystallinity is poor and the uniformity tends to be poor, and when it exceeds 1800 ° C., it tends to be sintered.
- the metal M oxide, niobium carbide and niobium nitride are used as the raw material.
- the raw metal M oxide is tin oxide, indium oxide, platinum oxide, tantalum oxide, zirconium oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, tungsten oxide, chromium oxide, molybdenum oxide, hafnium oxide, titanium oxide, vanadium oxide, cobalt oxide.
- One or more kinds of metal M oxides can be used.
- Examples of the raw material niobium carbide include NbC and the like, and examples of the raw material niobium nitride include NbN and the like.
- niobium-containing carbonitriding obtained by heating niobium-containing carbonitride obtained from the metal M oxide, niobium carbide and niobium nitride in an inert gas containing oxygen
- a catalyst composed of a product has a high oxygen reduction initiation potential and is active.
- the compounding amount (molar ratio) of the metal M oxide, niobium carbide and niobium nitride is controlled, an appropriate niobium-containing carbonitride can be obtained.
- the blending amount (molar ratio) is usually 0.01 to 500 moles of niobium carbide and 0.01 to 50 moles of the metal M oxide with respect to 1 mole of niobium nitride, preferably niobium nitride.
- the amount of niobium carbide is 0.1 to 300 mol, and the metal M oxide is 0.1 to 30 mol with respect to 1 mol.
- the production method (VI) is a method for producing a niobium-containing carbonitride by heating a mixture of the metal M oxide, niobium carbide, niobium nitride and niobium oxide in an inert gas such as nitrogen gas. .
- the heating temperature when producing the niobium-containing carbonitride is in the range of 600 to 1800 ° C, preferably in the range of 800 to 1600 ° C. When the heating temperature is within the above range, it is preferable in terms of good crystallinity and uniformity. When the heating temperature is less than 600 ° C., the crystallinity is poor and the uniformity tends to be poor, and when it exceeds 1800 ° C., it tends to be sintered.
- the metal M oxide, niobium carbide, niobium nitride and niobium oxide are used as the raw material.
- the raw metal M oxide is tin oxide, indium oxide, platinum oxide, tantalum oxide, zirconium oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, tungsten oxide, chromium oxide, molybdenum oxide, hafnium oxide, titanium oxide, vanadium oxide, cobalt oxide.
- One or more kinds of metal M oxides can be used.
- Examples of the raw material niobium carbide include NbC and the like, and examples of the raw material niobium nitride include NbN and the like.
- Examples of the raw material niobium oxide include NbO, NbO 2 and Nb 2 O 5 .
- the niobium-containing carbonitride obtained from the metal M oxide, niobium carbide, niobium nitride and niobium oxide is heated in an inert gas containing oxygen.
- a catalyst made of oxycarbonitride has high oxygen reduction starting potential and is active.
- the compounding amount (molar ratio) of the metal M oxide, niobium carbide, niobium nitride and niobium oxide is controlled, an appropriate niobium-containing carbonitride can be obtained.
- the blending amount (molar ratio) is usually 0.01 to 500 mol of niobium carbide and 0.01 to 50 mol of the metal M oxide and niobium oxide in total with respect to 1 mol of niobium nitride.
- the amount of niobium carbide is 0.1 to 300 mol and the amount of the metal M oxide and niobium oxide is 0.1 to 30 mol per mol of niobium nitride.
- Production method (VII) is a method of producing a niobium-containing carbonitride by heating a mixture of the compound containing metal M, niobium carbide and niobium nitride in an inert gas such as nitrogen gas.
- the heating temperature when producing the niobium-containing carbonitride is in the range of 600 to 1800 ° C, preferably in the range of 800 to 1600 ° C. When the heating temperature is within the above range, it is preferable in terms of good crystallinity and uniformity. When the heating temperature is less than 600 ° C., the crystallinity is poor and the uniformity tends to be poor, and when it exceeds 1800 ° C., it tends to be sintered.
- a compound containing the metal M, niobium carbide and niobium nitride are used as the raw material.
- the compound containing the raw material metal M is tin, indium, platinum, tantalum, zirconium, copper, iron, tungsten, chromium, molybdenum, hafnium, titanium, vanadium, cobalt, manganese, cerium, gold, silver, iridium, palladium, Examples thereof include organic acid salts such as yttrium, ruthenium, and nickel, carbonates, chlorides, organic complexes, carbides, and nitrides. One or more compounds containing the metal M can be used.
- Examples of the raw material niobium carbide include NbC and the like, and examples of the raw material niobium nitride include NbN and the like.
- niobium-containing carbonitride obtained by heating the compound containing metal M, niobium-containing carbonitride obtained from niobium carbide and niobium nitride in an inert gas containing oxygen is used, the niobium-containing carbonitride obtained by heating the compound containing metal M, niobium-containing carbonitride obtained from niobium carbide and niobium nitride in an inert gas containing oxygen.
- a catalyst made of an oxide has a high oxygen reduction starting potential and is active.
- the compounding amount (molar ratio) of the compound containing metal M, niobium carbide and niobium nitride is controlled, an appropriate niobium-containing carbonitride can be obtained.
- the blending amount (molar ratio) is usually 0.01 to 500 moles of niobium carbide and 0.001 to 50 moles of the compound containing the metal M with respect to 1 mole of niobium nitride, preferably nitrided.
- the amount of niobium carbide is 0.1 to 300 mol, and the compound containing the metal M is 0.01 to 30 mol with respect to 1 mol of niobium.
- the raw material is not particularly limited as long as the niobium-containing carbonitride can be obtained.
- the raw materials in the production methods (IV) to (VII) and other raw materials can be used in various combinations.
- the production method (VIII) is a method for producing a niobium-containing carbonitride by heating a raw material mixture other than the combination of raw materials in the production methods (IV) to (VII) in an inert gas such as nitrogen gas. is there.
- the heating temperature when producing the niobium-containing carbonitride is in the range of 600 to 1800 ° C, preferably in the range of 800 to 1600 ° C. When the heating temperature is within the above range, it is preferable in terms of good crystallinity and uniformity. When the heating temperature is less than 600 ° C., the crystallinity is poor and the uniformity tends to be poor, and when it exceeds 1800 ° C., it tends to be sintered.
- the raw material for example, a mixture containing various combinations of the metal M-containing compound, niobium carbide, niobium nitride, niobium oxide, niobium precursor, carbon, or the like can be used as the raw material mixture.
- the compound containing the raw material metal M is tin, indium, platinum, tantalum, zirconium, copper, iron, tungsten, chromium, molybdenum, hafnium, titanium, vanadium, cobalt, manganese, cerium, gold, silver, iridium, palladium, Examples thereof include organic acid salts such as yttrium, ruthenium, and nickel, carbonates, chlorides, organic complexes, carbides, nitrides, and precursors. One or more compounds containing the metal M can be used.
- Examples of the raw material niobium carbide include NbC and the like, and examples of the raw material niobium nitride include NbN and the like.
- Examples of the raw material niobium oxide include NbO, NbO 2 and Nb 2 O 5 .
- niobium precursors include organic acid salts, carbonates, chlorides, organic complexes, carbides, nitrides, and alkoxy bodies of niobium.
- the raw material carbon examples include carbon, carbon black, graphite, graphite, activated carbon, carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber, carbon nanohorn, and fullerene. It is preferable that the particle size of the carbon powder is smaller because the specific surface area is increased and the reaction with the oxide is facilitated.
- carbon black specific surface area: 100 to 300 m 2 / g, such as XC-72 manufactured by Cabot is preferably used.
- a catalyst comprising niobium-containing carbonitride obtained by heating the obtained niobium-containing carbonitride in an inert gas containing oxygen has a high oxygen reduction starting potential, regardless of which raw material is used. There is activity.
- the compounding amount (molar ratio) of the compound containing metal M, niobium carbide and niobium nitride is controlled, an appropriate niobium-containing carbonitride can be obtained.
- the blending amount (molar ratio) is usually 0.01 to 500 moles of niobium carbide and 0.001 to 50 moles of the compound containing the metal M with respect to 1 mole of niobium nitride, preferably nitrided.
- the amount of niobium carbide is 0.1 to 300 mol, and the compound containing the metal M is 0.01 to 30 mol with respect to 1 mol of niobium.
- the niobium-containing carbonitride obtained by the above production methods (I) to (VIII) is preferably crushed.
- the catalyst obtained by crushing can be made into a finer powder, and the catalyst can be suitably dispersed to form a catalyst layer. Moreover, since the catalyst area obtained is large and it is excellent in catalytic ability, it is preferable.
- Examples of the method for pulverizing the niobium-containing carbonitride include a roll rolling mill, a ball mill, a medium agitation mill, an airflow crusher, a mortar, a method using a tank disintegrator, and the like.
- a method using a mortar is preferable in that a small amount of processing is easy.
- inert gas examples include nitrogen gas, helium gas, neon gas, argon gas, krypton gas, xenon gas, and radon gas.
- Nitrogen gas or argon gas is particularly preferable because it is relatively easily available.
- the concentration range of the oxygen gas in the inert gas depends on the heating time and the heating temperature, but is preferably 0.1 to 5% by volume, more preferably 0.1 to 2% by volume.
- concentration range of the oxygen gas in the inert gas is within the above range, a uniform niobium-containing oxycarbonitride is likely to be formed.
- the Nb 2 O 5 skeleton The abundance ratio tends to decrease, and the abundance ratio of the Nb 12 O 29 skeleton tends to increase.
- the oxygen gas concentration is less than 0.1% by volume, it tends to be in an unoxidized state, and if it exceeds 5% by volume, the oxidation proceeds excessively and the presence of the Nb 2 O 5 skeleton in the niobium-containing carbonitride oxide.
- the ratio tends to increase.
- the inert gas preferably contains hydrogen gas in a range of 4% by volume or less.
- the hydrogen gas content depends on the heating time and the heating temperature, but is more preferably 0.01 to 4% by volume, still more preferably 0.1 to 4% by volume. Moreover, since 4 volume% or more of hydrogen gas has the high risk of an explosion, less than 4% capacity is preferable.
- the gas concentration (volume%) in the present invention is a value in a standard state.
- the proportion of the Nb 12 O 29 skeleton in the niobium-containing oxycarbonitride can be increased, and the oxygen reduction ability of the finally obtained catalyst can be increased.
- Examples of the heating method include a stationary method, a stirring method, a dropping method, and a powder trapping method.
- the stationary method is a method in which niobium-containing carbonitride is placed in a stationary electric furnace and heated. There is also a method of heating by placing an alumina board, a quartz board or the like weighing niobium-containing carbonitride.
- the stationary method is preferable in that a large amount of niobium-containing carbonitride can be heated.
- the stirring method is a method in which niobium-containing carbonitride is placed in an electric furnace such as a rotary kiln and heated while stirring.
- the stirring method is preferable in that a large amount of niobium-containing carbonitride can be heated and aggregation and growth of niobium-containing carbonitride particles can be suppressed.
- the furnace is heated to a predetermined heating temperature while flowing an inert gas containing a small amount of oxygen gas in the induction furnace, and after maintaining the thermal equilibrium at the temperature, the crucible which is the heating area of the furnace
- niobium-containing carbonitride is dropped and heated.
- the dropping method is preferable in that aggregation and growth of niobium-containing carbonitride particles can be suppressed to a minimum.
- the powder trapping method is a niobium-containing carbonitride in a vertical tube furnace maintained at a predetermined heating temperature, in which niobium-containing carbonitride is splashed and suspended in an inert gas atmosphere containing a small amount of oxygen gas. Is captured and heated.
- the heating time of the niobium-containing carbonitride is usually 0.5 to 10 minutes, preferably 0.5 to 3 minutes.
- the heating time is within the above range, a uniform niobium-containing oxycarbonitride tends to be formed, which is preferable.
- the heating time is less than 0.5 minutes, niobium-containing carbonitride oxide tends to be partially formed, and when it exceeds 10 minutes, oxidation tends to proceed excessively.
- the heating time of the niobium-containing carbonitride is 0.2 second to 1 minute, preferably 0.2 to 10 seconds.
- the heating time is within the above range, a uniform niobium-containing oxycarbonitride tends to be formed, which is preferable.
- the heating time is less than 0.2 seconds, niobium-containing carbonitride oxide tends to be partially formed, and when it exceeds 1 minute, oxidation tends to proceed excessively.
- the heating time of the niobium-containing carbonitride is 0.1 to 20 hours, preferably 1 to 20 hours.
- the heating time is within the above range, a uniform niobium-containing oxycarbonitride tends to be formed, which is preferable.
- the heating time is less than 0.1 hour, the niobium-containing carbonitride tends to be partially formed, and when it exceeds 20 hours, the oxidation tends to proceed excessively.
- the niobium-containing oxycarbonitride obtained by the above-mentioned production method may be used as it is, but the obtained niobium-containing oxycarbonitride is further pulverized into a finer powder. May be used.
- Examples of the method for pulverizing the niobium-containing carbonitride oxide include a roll rolling mill, a ball mill, a medium stirring mill, an airflow crusher, a mortar, a method using a tank disintegrator, and the like.
- a method using an airflow pulverizer is preferable in that it can be made finer, and a method using a mortar is preferable in that a small amount of processing is easy.
- the catalyst of the present invention can be used as an alternative catalyst for a platinum catalyst.
- it can be used as a fuel cell catalyst, exhaust gas treatment catalyst or organic synthesis catalyst.
- the fuel cell catalyst layer of the present invention is characterized by containing the catalyst.
- the fuel cell catalyst layer includes an anode catalyst layer and a cathode catalyst layer, and the catalyst can be used for both. Since the catalyst is excellent in durability and has a large oxygen reducing ability, it is preferably used in the cathode catalyst layer.
- the fuel cell catalyst layer of the present invention preferably further contains electron conductive particles.
- the reduction current can be further increased.
- the electron conductive particles are considered to increase the reduction current because they generate an electrical contact for inducing an electrochemical reaction in the catalyst.
- the electron conductive particles are usually used as a catalyst carrier.
- the electron conductive particles include carbon, conductive polymers, conductive ceramics, metals, and conductive inorganic oxides such as tungsten oxide and iridium oxide, and these can be used alone or in combination.
- carbon since carbon has a large specific surface area, carbon alone or a mixture of carbon and other electron conductive particles is preferable. That is, the fuel cell catalyst layer preferably contains the catalyst and carbon.
- carbon black, graphite, graphite, activated carbon, carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber, carbon nanohorn, fullerene and the like can be used. If the particle size of the carbon is too small, it becomes difficult to form an electron conduction path, and if it is too large, the gas diffusibility of the catalyst layer for the fuel cell is lowered and the utilization rate of the catalyst tends to be lowered. Is preferable, and a range of 10 to 100 nm is more preferable.
- the mass ratio of the catalyst to carbon is preferably 1: 1 to 1000: 1, more preferably 1: 1 to 100: 1. More preferably, it is 1: 1 to 20: 1.
- the conductive polymer is not particularly limited.
- polypyrrole, polyaniline, and polythiophene are preferable, and polypyrrole is more preferable.
- the polymer electrolyte is not particularly limited as long as it is generally used in a fuel cell catalyst layer.
- a perfluorocarbon polymer having a sulfonic acid group for example, NAFION (registered trademark) (DuPont 5% NAFION (registered trademark) solution (DE521), etc.)
- a hydrocarbon polymer having a sulfonic acid group for example, NAFION (registered trademark) (DuPont 5% NAFION (registered trademark) solution (DE521), etc.)
- Compound, polymer compound doped with inorganic acid such as phosphoric acid, organic / inorganic hybrid polymer partially substituted with proton conductive functional group, proton impregnated with phosphoric acid solution or sulfuric acid solution in polymer matrix A conductor etc. are mentioned.
- NAFION registered trademark
- DuPont 5% NAFION (registered trademark) solution (DE521) is preferable.
- the fuel cell catalyst layer of the present invention can be used for either an anode catalyst layer or a cathode catalyst layer.
- the catalyst layer for a fuel cell of the present invention includes a catalyst layer (catalyst catalyst for cathode) provided on the cathode of a fuel cell because it contains a catalyst having high oxygen reducing ability and hardly corroded even in a high potential in an acidic electrolyte. Layer).
- a catalyst layer provided on the cathode of a membrane electrode assembly provided in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.
- Examples of the method for dispersing the catalyst on the electron conductive particles as a support include air flow dispersion and dispersion in liquid. Dispersion in liquid is preferable because a catalyst and electron conductive particles dispersed in a solvent can be used in the fuel cell catalyst layer forming step. Examples of the dispersion in the liquid include a method using an orifice contraction flow, a method using a rotating shear flow, and a method using an ultrasonic wave.
- the solvent used for dispersion in the liquid is not particularly limited as long as it does not erode the catalyst or electron conductive particles and can be dispersed, but a volatile liquid organic solvent or water is generally used.
- the electrolyte and the dispersant may be further dispersed at the same time.
- the method for forming the catalyst layer for the fuel cell is not particularly limited. For example, a method of applying a suspension containing the catalyst, the electron conductive particles, and the electrolyte to an electrolyte membrane or a gas diffusion layer to be described later. It is done. Examples of the application method include a dipping method, a screen printing method, a roll coating method, and a spray method. In addition, after forming a catalyst layer for a fuel cell on a base material by a coating method or a filtration method using a suspension containing the catalyst, electron conductive particles, and an electrolyte, the catalyst layer for a fuel cell is formed on the electrolyte membrane by a transfer method. The method of forming is mentioned.
- the electrode of the present invention is characterized by having the fuel cell catalyst layer and a porous support layer.
- the electrode of the present invention can be used as either a cathode or an anode. Since the electrode of the present invention is excellent in durability and has a large catalytic ability, it is more effective when used for a cathode.
- the porous support layer is a layer that diffuses gas (hereinafter also referred to as “gas diffusion layer”).
- gas diffusion layer may be anything as long as it has electron conductivity, high gas diffusibility, and high corrosion resistance.
- carbon-based porous materials such as carbon paper and carbon cloth are used.
- Aluminum foil coated with stainless steel or corrosion resistant material is used for the material and weight reduction.
- the membrane electrode assembly of the present invention is a membrane electrode assembly having a cathode, an anode, and an electrolyte membrane disposed between the cathode and the anode, wherein the cathode and / or the anode is the electrode. It is characterized by that.
- an electrolyte membrane using a perfluorosulfonic acid system or a hydrocarbon electrolyte membrane is generally used.
- a membrane or porous body in which a polymer microporous membrane is impregnated with a liquid electrolyte is used.
- a membrane filled with a polymer electrolyte may be used.
- the fuel cell of the present invention is characterized by comprising the membrane electrode assembly.
- Fuel cell electrode reactions occur at the so-called three-phase interface (electrolyte-electrode catalyst-reaction gas). Fuel cells are classified into several types depending on the electrolyte used, and there are molten carbonate type (MCFC), phosphoric acid type (PAFC), solid oxide type (SOFC), solid polymer type (PEFC), etc. . Especially, it is preferable to use the membrane electrode assembly of this invention for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.
- MCFC molten carbonate type
- PAFC phosphoric acid type
- SOFC solid oxide type
- PEFC solid polymer type
- the number of diffraction line peaks in powder X-ray diffraction of each sample was counted by regarding a signal that can be detected with a ratio (S / N) of signal (S) to noise (N) of 2 or more as one peak.
- the X-ray diffraction intensity I was defined as a value obtained by subtracting the baseline intensity from the obtained diffraction intensity (however, in the case of a negative value, “0”).
- Elemental analysis Carbon About 0.1 g of a sample was weighed and measured with EMIA-110 manufactured by HORIBA.
- Nitrogen / oxygen About 0.1 g of a sample was weighed and sealed in Ni-Cup, and then measured with an ON analyzer (TC600) manufactured by LECO.
- Niobium and iron About 0.1 g of a sample was weighed in a platinum dish, and nitric acid-hydrofluoric acid was added for thermal decomposition. The heat-decomposed product was fixed, diluted, and quantified with ICP-MS (ICP-OES VISTA-PRO) manufactured by SII.
- ICP-MS ICP-OES VISTA-PRO
- Example 1 Preparation of catalyst 4.96 g (81 mmol) of niobium carbide (NbC, manufactured by Soekawa Rikagaku Co., Ltd.), 1.25 g (10 mmol) of niobium oxide (NbO 2 , manufactured by High Purity Chemical Laboratory) and niobium nitride (NbN, high purity chemical research) 0.54 g (5 mmol) was sufficiently pulverized and mixed. This mixed powder was heated in a tube furnace at 1600 ° C. for 3 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere to obtain 2.70 g of niobium carbonitride (1). Since this niobium carbonitride (1) became a sintered body, it was pulverized in a mortar.
- niobium carbonitride (1) 0.50 g was flown at 950 ° C. for 8 hours while flowing an equal amount of argon gas containing 1% by volume oxygen gas and nitrogen gas containing 4% by volume hydrogen gas.
- argon gas containing 1% by volume oxygen gas
- nitrogen gas containing 4% by volume hydrogen gas.
- catalyst (1) a niobium-containing carbonitride oxide
- FIG. 3 shows a powder X-ray diffraction spectrum of the catalyst (1)
- the maximum value I 2 of the X-ray diffraction intensity between the diffraction angles of 25.65 ° and 26.0 ° was 2456, and I 2 / (I 1 + I 2 ) was 0.74.
- Table 2 shows the results of elemental analysis of the catalyst (1).
- the prepared fuel cell electrode (1) was polarized in an oxygen atmosphere and a nitrogen atmosphere in a 0.5 mol / dm 3 sulfuric acid solution at 30 ° C. and a potential scanning rate of 5 mV / sec, and a current-potential curve was obtained. It was measured. At that time, a reversible hydrogen electrode in a sulfuric acid solution having the same concentration was used as a reference electrode.
- the potential at which a difference of 0.2 ⁇ A / cm 2 or more appears between the reduction current in the oxygen atmosphere and the reduction current in the nitrogen atmosphere was defined as the oxygen reduction start potential, and the difference between the two was defined as the oxygen reduction current.
- the oxygen reduction ability of the fuel cell electrode (1) produced by this oxygen reduction starting potential and the oxygen reduction current was evaluated.
- FIG. 19 shows a current-potential curve obtained by the above measurement.
- Example 1 It was found that the fuel cell electrode (1) produced in Example 1 had an oxygen reduction starting potential of 0.93 V (vs. NHE) and high oxygen reducing ability.
- Example 2 Preparation of catalyst Niobium carbonitride (1) was produced in the same manner as in Example 1. Next, in the rotary kiln, 0.50 g of niobium carbonitride (1) was added at 950 ° C. for 10 hours while flowing an equal amount of argon gas containing 1% by volume oxygen gas and nitrogen gas containing 4% by volume hydrogen gas, By heating, a niobium-containing carbonitride (hereinafter also referred to as “catalyst (2)”) was prepared.
- FIG. 5 shows a powder X-ray diffraction spectrum of the catalyst (2)
- the maximum value I 2 of the X-ray diffraction intensity between the diffraction angles of 25.65 ° and 26.0 ° was 2290, and I 2 / (I 1 + I 2 ) was 0.68.
- Table 2 shows the results of elemental analysis of the catalyst (2).
- a fuel cell electrode (2) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the catalyst (2) was used.
- FIG. 20 shows a current-potential curve obtained by the measurement.
- the electrode for fuel cell (2) produced in Example 2 has an oxygen reduction starting potential of 0.90 V (vs. NHE) and was found to have a high oxygen reducing ability.
- Example 3 Preparation of catalyst Niobium carbonitride (1) was produced in the same manner as in Example 1. Next, in the rotary kiln, 0.50 g of niobium carbonitride (1) was flown at 950 ° C. for 12 hours while flowing an equal amount of argon gas containing 1% by volume oxygen gas and nitrogen gas containing 4% by volume hydrogen gas. By heating, a niobium-containing carbonitride (hereinafter also referred to as “catalyst (3)”) was prepared.
- FIG. 7 shows a powder X-ray diffraction spectrum of the catalyst (3)
- Table 2 shows the results of elemental analysis of the catalyst (3).
- a fuel cell electrode (3) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the catalyst (3) was used.
- FIG. 21 shows a current-potential curve obtained by the measurement.
- Example 3 It was found that the fuel cell electrode (3) produced in Example 3 had an oxygen reduction starting potential of 0.91 V (vs. NHE) and high oxygen reducing ability.
- FIG. 9 shows a powder X-ray diffraction spectrum of the catalyst (4)
- Table 2 shows the results of elemental analysis of the catalyst (4).
- a fuel cell electrode (4) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the catalyst (4) was used.
- FIG. 22 shows a current-potential curve obtained by the measurement.
- the electrode for fuel cell (4) produced in Example 4 had an oxygen reduction starting potential of 0.80 V (vs. NHE).
- FIG. 27 shows a graph showing the relationship between I 2 / (I 1 + I 2 ) in the powder X-ray diffraction spectrum of each catalyst and the oxygen reduction initiation potential of the electrode obtained from each catalyst. Also, I 2 / (I 1 + I 2 ) in the powder X-ray diffraction spectrum of each catalyst, and the oxygen reduction current of the electrode obtained from each catalyst (reduction current in an oxygen atmosphere and nitrogen atmosphere at 0.7 V)
- FIG. 28 is a graph showing the relationship with the difference with the reduction current. From these graphs, it was found that there is a correlation between I 2 / (I 1 + I 2 ) and oxygen reducing ability.
- Example 5 Catalyst Preparation 5.88 g (56 mmol) of niobium carbide (NbC, manufactured by Soekawa Riken Co., Ltd.), 0.87 g (5 mmol) of iron acetate (Fe (CH 3 CO 2 ) 2 , manufactured by ALDRICH) and niobium nitride (NbN, high 5.14 g (48 mmol) (manufactured by Pure Chemical Laboratories) was sufficiently pulverized and mixed. This mixed powder was heated in a tube furnace at 1600 ° C. for 3 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere to obtain 10.89 g of carbonitride (2) containing iron and niobium. The obtained carbonitride (2) was pulverized in a mortar to become a sintered body.
- FIG. 11 shows a powder X-ray diffraction spectrum of the catalyst (5)
- the X-ray diffraction intensity at the diffraction angle 2 ⁇ 22 ° which is the baseline intensity is 480
- a fuel cell electrode (5) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the catalyst (5) was used.
- FIG. 23 shows a current-potential curve obtained by the measurement.
- Example 5 It was found that the fuel cell electrode (5) produced in Example 5 had an oxygen reduction starting potential of 0.95 V (vs. NHE) and high oxygen reducing ability.
- FIG. 13 shows a powder X-ray diffraction spectrum of the catalyst (6)
- the X-ray diffraction intensity at the diffraction angle 2 ⁇ 22 ° which is the baseline intensity is 474
- the maximum value I 2 of the X-ray diffraction intensity between the diffraction angles of 25.65 ° and 26.0 ° was 62, and I 2 / (I 1 + I 2 ) was 0.06.
- a fuel cell electrode (6) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the catalyst (6) was used.
- FIG. 24 shows a current-potential curve obtained by the measurement.
- FIG. 15 shows a powder X-ray diffraction spectrum of the catalyst (7)
- a fuel cell electrode (7) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the catalyst (7) was used.
- FIG. 25 shows a current-potential curve obtained by the measurement.
- FIG. 17 shows a powder X-ray diffraction spectrum of the catalyst (8)
- Table 2 shows the results of elemental analysis of the catalyst (8).
- a fuel cell electrode (8) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the catalyst (8) was used.
- FIG. 26 shows a current-potential curve obtained by the measurement.
- the fuel cell electrode (8) produced in Comparative Example 3 had an oxygen reduction starting potential of 0.65 V (vs. NHE).
- the catalyst of the present invention does not corrode in an acidic electrolyte or at a high potential, has excellent durability, and has a high oxygen reducing ability. Therefore, it can be used in a fuel cell catalyst layer, an electrode, an electrode assembly, or a fuel cell.
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Abstract
Description
粉末X線回折法(Cu-Kα線)による測定において、回折角2θ=25.45°~25.65°間のX線回折強度の最大値をI1とし、回折角2θ=25.65°~26.0°のX線回折強度の最大値をI2とした場合、I2/(I1+I2)が0.25以上となるニオブ含有炭窒酸化物からなることを特徴とする触媒。
前記ニオブ含有炭窒酸化物の組成式が、NbCxNyOz(ただし、x、y、zは原子数の比を表し、0.01≦x≦2、0.01≦y≦2、0.01≦z≦3、かつx+y+z≦5である。)で表されることを特徴とする(1)に記載の触媒。
前記ニオブ含有炭窒酸化物が、ニオブ以外に、錫、インジウム、白金、タンタル、ジルコニウム、銅、鉄、タングステン、クロム、モリブデン、ハフニウム、チタニウム、バナジウム、コバルト、マンガン、セリウム、金、銀、イリジウム、パラジウム、イットリウム、ルテニウムおよびニッケルからなる群より選択された少なくとも1種の金属(以下「金属M」または「M」とも記す。)を含有することを特徴とする(1)に記載の触媒。
前記ニオブ含有炭窒酸化物の組成式が、NbaMbCxNyOz(ただし、Mは「金属M」を表し、a、b、x、y、zは原子数の比を表し、0.01≦a<1、0<b≦0.99、0.01≦x≦2、0.01≦y≦2、0.01≦z≦3、a+b=1、かつx+y+z≦5である。)で表されることを特徴とする(3)に記載の触媒。
酸素ガスを含む不活性ガス中で、ニオブ含有炭窒化物を加熱することにより、ニオブ含有炭窒酸化物を得る工程を含むことを特徴とする(1)~(4)のいずれかに記載の触媒の製造方法。
前記加熱の温度範囲が600~1200℃であり、前記不活性ガス中の酸素ガスの濃度範囲が0.1~5容量%であることを特徴とする(5)に記載の触媒の製造方法。
前記不活性ガスが、水素ガスを4容量%以下の範囲で含有していることを特徴とする(5)または(6)に記載の触媒の製造方法。
(1)~(4)のいずれかに記載の触媒を含むことを特徴とする燃料電池用触媒層。
さらに電子伝導性粒子を含むことを特徴とする(8)に記載の燃料電池用触媒層。
燃料電池用触媒層と多孔質支持層とを有する電極であって、前記燃料電池用触媒層が(8)または(9)に記載の燃料電池用触媒層であることを特徴とする電極。
カソードとアノードと前記カソードおよび前記アノードの間に配置された電解質膜とを有する膜電極接合体であって、前記カソードおよび/または前記アノードが(10)に記載の電極であることを特徴とする膜電極接合体。
(11)に記載の膜電極接合体を備えることを特徴とする燃料電池。
(11)に記載の膜電極接合体を備えることを特徴とする固体高分子形燃料電池。
本発明の触媒は、粉末X線回折法(Cu-Kα線)による測定において、回折角2θ=25.45°~25.65°間のX線回折強度の最大値をI1とし、回折角2θ=25.65°~26.0°のX線回折強度の最大値をI2とした場合、I2/(I1+I2)が0.25以上となるニオブ含有炭窒酸化物からなることを特徴としている。「I2/(I1+I2)」は、0.35以上であることが好ましく、0.4以上であることがさらに好ましい。前記「I2/(I1+I2)」の上限は特に制限されないが1以下である。「I2/(I1+I2)」が前記範囲であると、ニオブ含有炭窒酸化物からなる触媒の酸素還元能が高くなる傾向がある。
電子伝導性粒子である炭素に分散させた触媒が1質量%となるように、該触媒および炭素を溶剤中に入れ、超音波で攪拌し懸濁液を得る。なお、炭素源としては、カーボンブラック(比表面積:100~300m2/g)(例えばキャボット社製 XC-72)を用い、触媒と炭素とが質量比で95:5になるように分散させる。また、溶剤としては、イソプロピルアルコール:水(質量比)=1:1を用いる。
上記酸素還元開始電位が0.7V(vs.NHE)未満であると、前記触媒を燃料電池のカソード用の触媒として用いた際に過酸化水素が発生することがある。また酸素還元開始電位は0.85V(vs.NHE)以上であることが、好適に酸素を還元するために好ましい。また、酸素還元開始電位は高い程好ましく、特に上限は無いが、理論値の1.23V(vs.NHE)である。
前記触媒の製造方法は特に限定されないが、例えば、酸素ガスを含む不活性ガス中で、ニオブ含有炭窒化物を加熱することにより、ニオブ含有炭窒酸化物を得る工程を含む製造方法が挙げられる。このような製造方法により得られるニオブ含有炭窒酸化物からなる触媒は、「I2/(I1+I2)」が前記範囲を満たし、高い酸化還元能を有する傾向がある。
前記工程に用いるニオブ含有炭窒化物を得る方法としては、酸化ニオブと炭素との混合物を、窒素雰囲気または窒素を含有する不活性ガス中で加熱することによりニオブ含有炭窒化物を製造する方法(I)、炭化ニオブ、酸化ニオブおよび窒化ニオブの混合物を、窒素雰囲気中などで加熱することによりニオブ含有炭窒化物を製造する方法(II)や、炭化ニオブおよび窒化ニオブの混合物を、窒素雰囲気中などで加熱することによりニオブ含有炭窒化物を製造する方法(III)等が挙げられる。また、前記金属Mの酸化物、酸化ニオブ及び炭素との混合物を、窒素雰囲気または窒素を含有する不活性ガス中で加熱することによりニオブ含有炭窒化物を製造する方法(IV)、前記金属Mの酸化物、炭化ニオブおよび窒化ニオブの混合物を、窒素ガスなどの不活性ガス中で加熱することによりニオブ含有炭窒化物を製造する方法(V)、または前記金属Mの酸化物、炭化ニオブ、窒化ニオブおよび酸化ニオブの混合物を、窒素ガスなどの不活性ガス中で加熱することによりニオブ含有炭窒化物を製造する方法(VI)、または前記金属Mを含有する化合物(例えば有機酸塩、塩化物、炭化物、窒化物、錯体など)、炭化ニオブおよび窒化ニオブの混合物を、窒素ガスなどの不活性ガス中で加熱することによりニオブ含有炭窒化物を製造する方法(VII)などが挙げられる。また、前記製造方法(IV)~(VII)における原料、その他の原料を組み合わせた混合物を、窒素ガスなどの不活性ガス中で加熱することによりニオブ含有炭窒化物を製造する方法(VIII)であってもよい。本発明においては、ニオブ含有炭窒化物を得ることができれば特に制限されず、いずれの製造方法を用いても構わない。
製造方法(I)は、酸化ニオブと炭素との混合物を、窒素雰囲気または窒素を含有する不活性ガス中で加熱することによりニオブ含有炭窒化物を製造する方法である。
製造方法(II)は、炭化ニオブ、窒化ニオブおよび酸化ニオブの混合物を、窒素雰囲気中などで加熱することによりニオブ含有炭窒化物を製造する方法である。
製造方法(III)は、炭化ニオブおよび窒化ニオブの混合物を、窒素雰囲気中などで加熱することによりニオブ含有炭窒化物を製造する方法である。
製造方法(IV)は、前記金属Mの酸化物、酸化ニオブおよび炭素との混合物を、窒素雰囲気または窒素を含有する不活性ガス中で加熱することによりニオブ含有炭窒化物を製造する方法である。
製造方法(V)は、前記金属Mの酸化物、炭化ニオブおよび窒化ニオブの混合物を、窒素ガスなどの不活性ガス中で加熱することによりニオブ含有炭窒化物を製造する方法である。
製造方法(VI)は、前記金属Mの酸化物、炭化ニオブ、窒化ニオブおよび酸化ニオブの混合物を、窒素ガスなどの不活性ガス中で加熱することによりニオブ含有炭窒化物を製造する方法である。
製造方法(VII)は、前記金属Mを含有する化合物、炭化ニオブおよび窒化ニオブの混合物を、窒素ガスなどの不活性ガス中で加熱することによりニオブ含有炭窒化物を製造する方法である。
前記ニオブ含有炭窒化物を得ることができれば、原料としては特に制限されず、例えば、前記製造方法(IV)~(VII)における原料、その他の原料を様々に組み合わせて用いることができる。
次に、前記ニオブ含有炭窒化物を、酸素ガスを含む不活性ガス中で加熱することにより、ニオブ含有炭窒酸化物を得る工程について説明する。
本発明の触媒は、白金触媒の代替触媒として使用することができる。
1.粉末X線回折
PANalytical製のX'Pert PROを用いて、試料の粉末X線回折を行った。
炭素:試料約0.1gを量り取り、HORIBA製 EMIA-110で測定を行った。
1.触媒の調製
炭化ニオブ(NbC、添川理化学株式会社製)4.96g(81mmol)、酸化ニオブ(NbO2、高純度化学研究所製)1.25g(10mmol)および窒化ニオブ(NbN、高純度化学研究所製)0.54g(5mmol)を充分に粉砕して混合した。この混合粉末を、管状炉において、1600℃で3時間、窒素雰囲気中で加熱することにより、炭窒化ニオブ(1)2.70gを得た。この炭窒化ニオブ(1)は、焼結体になるため乳鉢で粉砕した。
酸素還元能の測定は、次のように行った。触媒(1)0.02375gとカーボン(キャボット社製 XC-72)0.00125gとをイソプロピルアルコール:純水=1:1の質量比で混合した溶液2.5gに入れ、超音波で撹拌、懸濁して混合した。この混合物10μlをグラッシーカーボン電極(東海カーボン社製、直径:5.2mm)に塗布し、乾燥した。この操作を電極上に合計2mgの触媒層が形成されるまで繰り返し行った。さらに、NAFION(登録商標)(デュポン社 5%NAFION(登録商標)溶液(DE521))をイソプロピルアルコールで10倍に希釈したもの10μlを塗布し、60℃で1時間乾燥し、燃料電池用電極(1)を得た。
このようにして作製した燃料電池用電極(1)の触媒能(酸素還元能)を以下の方法で評価した。
1.触媒の調製
実施例1と同様にして炭窒化ニオブ(1)を製造した。次にロータリーキルンにおいて、1容量%の酸素ガスを含むアルゴンガスと、4容量%の水素ガスを含む窒素ガスとを等量流しながら、炭窒化ニオブ(1)0.50gを950℃で10時間、加熱することにより、ニオブ含有炭窒酸化物(以下「触媒(2)」とも記す」。)を調製した。
前記触媒(2)を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして燃料電池用電極(2)を得た。
前記燃料電池用電極(2)を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして酸素還元能を評価した。図20に当該測定により得られた電流-電位曲線を示す。
1.触媒の調製
実施例1と同様にして炭窒化ニオブ(1)を製造した。次にロータリーキルンにおいて、1容量%の酸素ガスを含むアルゴンガスと、4容量%の水素ガスを含む窒素ガスとを等量流しながら、炭窒化ニオブ(1)0.50gを950℃で12時間、加熱することにより、ニオブ含有炭窒酸化物(以下「触媒(3)」とも記す」。)を調製した。
前記触媒(3)を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして燃料電池用電極(3)を得た。
前記燃料電池用電極(3)を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして酸素還元能を評価した。図21に当該測定により得られた電流-電位曲線を示す。
1.触媒の調製
実施例1と同様にして炭窒化ニオブ(1)を製造した。次にロータリーキルンにおいて、1容量%の酸素ガスを含むアルゴンガスと、4容量%の水素ガスを含む窒素ガスとを等量流しながら、炭窒化ニオブ(1)0.50gを950℃で15時間、加熱することにより、ニオブ含有炭窒酸化物(以下「触媒(4)」とも記す。)を調製した。
前記触媒(4)を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして燃料電池用電極(4)を得た。
前記燃料電池用電極(4)を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして酸素還元能を評価した。図22に当該測定により得られた電流-電位曲線を示す。
1.触媒の調製
炭化ニオブ(NbC、添川理化学株式会社製)5.88g(56mmol)、酢酸鉄(Fe(CH3CO2)2、ALDRICH社製)0.87g(5mmol)および窒化ニオブ(NbN、高純度化学研究所製)5.14g(48mmol)を充分に粉砕して混合した。この混合粉末を管状炉において、1600℃で3時間、窒素雰囲気中で加熱することにより、鉄およびニオブを含有する炭窒化物(2)10.89gを得た。得られた炭窒化物(2)は、焼結体になるため乳鉢で粉砕した。
前記触媒(5)を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして燃料電池用電極(5)を得た。
前記燃料電池用電極(5)を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして酸素還元能を評価した。図23に当該測定により得られた電流-電位曲線を示す。
1.触媒の調製
市販のNb2O5(株式会社高純度化学研究所製)を触媒(以下「触媒(6)」とも記す。)として用いた。
前記触媒(6)を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして燃料電池用電極(6)を得た。
前記燃料電池用電極(6)を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして酸素還元能を評価した。図24に当該測定により得られた電流-電位曲線を示す。
1.触媒の調製
非特許文献1に記載された製造方法にしたがって、Nb2O5を還元してNb12O29(以下「触媒(7)」とも記す。)を調製した。
前記触媒(7)を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして燃料電池用電極(7)を得た。
前記燃料電池用電極(7)を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして酸素還元能を評価した。図25に当該測定により得られた電流-電位曲線を示す。
1.触媒の調製
実施例1と同様にして炭窒化ニオブ(1)を製造した。次にロータリーキルンにおいて、1容量%の酸素ガスを含むアルゴンガスと、4容量%の水素ガスを含む窒素ガスとを等量流しながら、炭窒化ニオブ(1)0.50gを950℃で25時間、加熱することにより、ニオブ含有炭窒酸化物(以下「触媒(8)」とも記す。)を調製した。
前記触媒(8)を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして燃料電池用電極(8)を得た。
前記燃料電池用電極(8)を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして酸素還元能を評価した。図26に当該測定により得られた電流-電位曲線を示す。
Claims (13)
- 粉末X線回折法(Cu-Kα線)による測定において、回折角2θ=25.45°~25.65°間のX線回折強度の最大値をI1とし、回折角2θ=25.65°~26.0°間のX線回折強度の最大値をI2とした場合、I2/(I1+I2)が0.25以上となるニオブ含有炭窒酸化物からなることを特徴とする触媒。
- 前記ニオブ含有炭窒酸化物の組成式が、NbCxNyOz(ただし、x、y、zは原子数の比を表し、0.01≦x≦2、0.01≦y≦2、0.01≦z≦3、かつx+y+z≦5である。)で表されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の触媒。
- 前記ニオブ含有炭窒酸化物が、ニオブ以外に、錫、インジウム、白金、タンタル、ジルコニウム、銅、鉄、タングステン、クロム、モリブデン、ハフニウム、チタニウム、バナジウム、コバルト、マンガン、セリウム、金、銀、イリジウム、パラジウム、イットリウム、ルテニウムおよびニッケルからなる群より選択された少なくとも1種の金属(以下「金属M」または「M」とも記す。)を含有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の触媒。
- 前記ニオブ含有炭窒酸化物の組成式が、NbaMbCxNyOz(ただし、Mは「金属M」を表し、a、b、x、y、zは原子数の比を表し、0.01≦a<1、0<b≦0.99、0.01≦x≦2、0.01≦y≦2、0.01≦z≦3、a+b=1、かつx+y+z≦5である。)で表されることを特徴とする請求項3に記載の触媒。
- 酸素ガスを含む不活性ガス中で、ニオブ含有炭窒化物を加熱することにより、ニオブ含有炭窒酸化物を得る工程を含むことを特徴とする請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の触媒の製造方法。
- 前記加熱の温度範囲が600~1200℃であり、前記不活性ガス中の酸素ガスの濃度範囲が0.1~5容量%であることを特徴とする請求項5に記載の触媒の製造方法。
- 前記不活性ガスが、水素ガスを4容量%以下の範囲で含有していることを特徴とする請求項5または6に記載の触媒の製造方法。
- 請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の触媒を含むことを特徴とする燃料電池用触媒層。
- さらに電子伝導性粒子を含むことを特徴とする請求項8に記載の燃料電池用触媒層。
- 燃料電池用触媒層と多孔質支持層とを有する電極であって、前記燃料電池用触媒層が請求項8または9に記載の燃料電池用触媒層であることを特徴とする電極。
- カソードとアノードと前記カソードおよび前記アノードの間に配置された電解質膜とを有する膜電極接合体であって、前記カソードおよび/または前記アノードが請求項10に記載の電極であることを特徴とする膜電極接合体。
- 請求項11に記載の膜電極接合体を備えることを特徴とする燃料電池。
- 請求項11に記載の膜電極接合体を備えることを特徴とする固体高分子形燃料電池。
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JP5126864B1 (ja) * | 2011-09-09 | 2013-01-23 | 昭和電工株式会社 | 燃料電池用触媒層及びその用途 |
JP6693736B2 (ja) * | 2014-12-26 | 2020-05-13 | 株式会社半導体エネルギー研究所 | 蓄電装置 |
CN110573249B (zh) * | 2017-04-25 | 2023-03-24 | 铃丰精钢株式会社 | 多孔性催化剂、燃料电池用催化剂层、电极、膜电极组件、及燃料电池以及多孔性催化剂的制备方法 |
CN108461760A (zh) * | 2018-03-12 | 2018-08-28 | 武汉理工大学 | 一种膜电极用扩散层及其制备方法 |
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Also Published As
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JPWO2010041639A1 (ja) | 2012-03-08 |
EP2351613A4 (en) | 2015-01-14 |
CN102170967A (zh) | 2011-08-31 |
JP5037696B2 (ja) | 2012-10-03 |
US20110189583A1 (en) | 2011-08-04 |
CN102170967B (zh) | 2014-03-26 |
EP2351613A1 (en) | 2011-08-03 |
US8637206B2 (en) | 2014-01-28 |
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