WO2009084448A1 - 燃料電池システム - Google Patents
燃料電池システム Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2009084448A1 WO2009084448A1 PCT/JP2008/073056 JP2008073056W WO2009084448A1 WO 2009084448 A1 WO2009084448 A1 WO 2009084448A1 JP 2008073056 W JP2008073056 W JP 2008073056W WO 2009084448 A1 WO2009084448 A1 WO 2009084448A1
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- Prior art keywords
- fuel cell
- control
- low
- output voltage
- cell stack
- Prior art date
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- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 193
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 55
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 31
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 30
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 claims description 25
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000009795 derivation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 28
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 abstract description 22
- 239000002737 fuel gas Substances 0.000 description 21
- 239000003507 refrigerant Substances 0.000 description 11
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- 101100508413 Caenorhabditis elegans ifc-1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 5
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- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 239000000498 cooling water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000020169 heat generation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000003071 parasitic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004043 responsiveness Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 206010011906 Death Diseases 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002484 cyclic voltammetry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- -1 hydrogen ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920005597 polymer membrane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/0432—Temperature; Ambient temperature
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
- B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
- H01M8/04268—Heating of fuel cells during the start-up of the fuel cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/04537—Electric variables
- H01M8/04544—Voltage
- H01M8/04559—Voltage of fuel cell stacks
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- H01M8/04567—Voltage of auxiliary devices, e.g. batteries, capacitors
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
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- H01M8/04574—Current
- H01M8/04589—Current of fuel cell stacks
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- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/04537—Electric variables
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- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M8/04888—Voltage of auxiliary devices, e.g. batteries, capacitors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
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- H01M8/04895—Current
- H01M8/0491—Current of fuel cell stacks
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
- H01M8/04858—Electric variables
- H01M8/04895—Current
- H01M8/04917—Current of auxiliary devices, e.g. batteries, capacitors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
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- H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
- H01M2250/20—Fuel cells in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02T90/40—Application of hydrogen technology to transportation, e.g. using fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a fuel cell system, and more particularly, to a fuel cell system that performs operation control in consideration of charge / discharge amount with respect to a capacity component of the fuel cell.
- a fuel cell is a power generation system that directly converts energy released during an oxidation reaction into electrical energy by oxidizing fuel by an electrochemical process.
- Both sides of an electrolyte membrane for selectively transporting hydrogen ions Has a stack structure in which a plurality of membrane-electrode assemblies are sandwiched between a pair of electrodes made of a porous material.
- a solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell using a solid polymer membrane as an electrolyte is expected to be used as an in-vehicle power source because it is low-cost and easy to downsize and has a high output density. .
- Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-30979 discloses a method for warming up a fuel cell by controlling the self-heat generation amount of the fuel cell by performing low-efficiency operation with lower power generation efficiency than normal operation. ing. According to this method, since the fuel cell can be self-warmed, it is not necessary to mount a warm-up device, and the convenience is excellent.
- the present invention has been made in view of the circumstances described above, and it is an object of the present invention to provide a fuel cell system capable of changing the operating state while optimally controlling the output voltage and output voltage of the fuel cell. To do.
- a fuel cell system is a fuel cell system that warms up a fuel cell by performing a low-efficiency operation having a lower power generation efficiency than a normal operation, wherein the low-efficiency A determination unit that determines whether or not a setting condition is satisfied when the operation is shifted to the normal operation, and a system that considers the charge / discharge amount with respect to the capacity component of the fuel cell when the setting condition is not satisfied
- the low efficiency operation is shifted to the normal operation via the ⁇ V control.
- the low-efficiency operation is forcibly shifted to the normal operation without going through the ⁇ V control.
- the low-efficiency operation is forcibly shifted to the normal operation. Therefore, it is possible to prevent problems such as the low efficiency operation with low power generation efficiency being continued without shifting to the normal operation even after the operation becomes unnecessary.
- ⁇ V control is performed to control the output voltage of the fuel cell so as to satisfy the system power requirement while considering the charge / discharge amount with respect to the capacity component of the fuel cell. Since the low-efficiency operation is shifted to the normal operation via ⁇ V control, problems such as insufficient power supplied to the external load (battery, etc.) or excessive power supply to the external load are prevented. can do.
- the supply oxidizing gas control means for increasing the amount of oxidizing gas supplied to the fuel cell by a predetermined amount when shifting from the low efficiency operation to the normal operation, and before and after the increase of the oxidizing gas
- Derivation means for deriving the output power deviation of the fuel cell by detecting the output power of the fuel cell, and the determination means sets a power threshold in which the derived output power deviation of the fuel cell is set.
- a mode in which it is determined that the setting condition is satisfied when the value falls below is preferable.
- the determination unit determines that the setting condition is satisfied when the derived output power deviation of the fuel cell continuously falls below a set power threshold for a predetermined time or more. Embodiments are more preferred.
- detection means for detecting the related temperature of the fuel cell, and transition determination means for determining whether or not to shift from the low efficiency operation to the normal operation based on the detected related temperature.
- the determination unit determines whether or not the setting condition is satisfied when the shift determination unit determines that the low-efficiency operation should be shifted to the normal operation.
- Another fuel cell system is a fuel cell system that warms up a fuel cell by performing low-efficiency operation with low power generation efficiency compared to normal operation, and the above-mentioned fuel cell system is operated during low-efficiency operation.
- a determination means for determining whether or not the output voltage of the fuel cell should be changed, and if it is determined that the output voltage should be changed, the system required power is determined while considering the charge / discharge amount with respect to the capacity component of the fuel cell.
- a voltage control means for changing the output voltage by executing ⁇ V control for controlling the output voltage of the fuel cell so as to satisfy the condition.
- the above configuration further includes storage means for storing exhaust hydrogen concentration information representing the relationship between the output voltage and output current of the fuel cell that can satisfy the exhaust hydrogen concentration lower limit value, and the determination means includes A mode in which it is determined whether or not the output voltage of the fuel cell should be changed during the low efficiency operation based on the exhaust hydrogen concentration information is preferable.
- FIG. 1 shows a system configuration of a fuel cell system 10 mounted on a vehicle according to the present embodiment.
- a fuel cell vehicle FCHV
- FCHV fuel cell vehicle
- the present invention can also be applied to an electric vehicle and a hybrid vehicle.
- the present invention can be applied not only to vehicles but also to various moving bodies (for example, ships, airplanes, robots, etc.), stationary power sources, and portable fuel cell systems.
- the fuel cell system 10 functions as an in-vehicle power supply system mounted on a fuel cell vehicle.
- the fuel cell stack 20 generates electric power by receiving supply of reaction gas (fuel gas, oxidant gas), and air as oxidant gas.
- Gas supply system 30 for supplying the fuel cell stack 20 with hydrogen fuel gas supply system 40 for supplying hydrogen gas as the fuel gas to the fuel cell stack 20, and power for controlling charge and discharge of power
- a system 50, a cooling system 60 for cooling the fuel cell stack 20, and a controller (ECU) 70 for controlling the entire system are provided.
- the fuel cell stack 20 is a solid polymer electrolyte cell stack in which a plurality of cells are stacked in series.
- the oxidation reaction of the formula (1) occurs at the anode electrode
- the reduction reaction of the equation (2) occurs at the cathode electrode.
- the electromotive reaction of the formula (3) occurs.
- the fuel cell stack 20 is provided with a voltage sensor 71 for detecting the output voltage of the fuel cell stack 20 and a current sensor 72 for detecting the generated current.
- the oxidizing gas supply system 30 includes an oxidizing gas passage 34 through which oxidizing gas supplied to the cathode electrode of the fuel cell stack 20 flows, and an oxidizing off gas passage 36 through which oxidizing off gas discharged from the fuel cell stack 20 flows. .
- an air compressor 32 that takes in the oxidizing gas from the atmosphere via the filter 31, a humidifier 33 for humidifying the oxidizing gas supplied to the cathode electrode of the fuel cell stack 20, and an oxidizing gas supply
- a throttle valve 35 for adjusting the amount is provided.
- the oxidizing off gas passage 36 includes a back pressure adjusting valve 37 for adjusting the oxidizing gas supply pressure, and a humidifier 33 for exchanging moisture between the oxidizing gas (dry gas) and the oxidizing off gas (wet gas). Is provided.
- bypass passage 38 that bypasses the fuel cell stack 20 to connect the two and a bypass valve 39 that adjusts the flow rate of the oxidant gas flowing through the bypass passage 38 are arranged. It is installed.
- the bypass valve 39 is normally closed and is opened during a voltage drop process described later.
- the bypass passage 38 and the bypass valve 39 function as bypass means for adjusting the bypass air flow rate.
- the fuel gas supply system 40 includes a fuel gas supply source 41, a fuel gas passage 45 through which fuel gas supplied from the fuel gas supply source 41 to the anode electrode of the fuel cell stack 20 flows, and fuel discharged from the fuel cell stack 20.
- the fuel gas supply source 41 is composed of, for example, a high-pressure hydrogen tank or a hydrogen storage alloy, and stores high-pressure (for example, 35 MPa to 70 MPa) hydrogen gas.
- high-pressure hydrogen gas for example, 35 MPa to 70 MPa
- the shut-off valve 42 When the shut-off valve 42 is opened, the fuel gas flows out from the fuel gas supply source 41 into the fuel gas passage 45.
- the fuel gas is decompressed to, for example, about 200 kPa by the regulator 43 and the injector 44 and supplied to the fuel cell stack 20.
- the fuel gas supply source 41 includes a reformer that generates a hydrogen-rich reformed gas from a hydrocarbon-based fuel, and a high-pressure gas tank that stores the reformed gas generated by the reformer in a high-pressure state. It may be configured.
- the regulator 43 is a device that regulates the upstream pressure (primary pressure) to a preset secondary pressure, and includes, for example, a mechanical pressure reducing valve that reduces the primary pressure.
- the mechanical pressure reducing valve has a housing in which a back pressure chamber and a pressure adjusting chamber are formed with a diaphragm therebetween, and the primary pressure is reduced to a predetermined pressure in the pressure adjusting chamber by the back pressure in the back pressure chamber. It has a configuration for the next pressure.
- the injector 44 is an electromagnetically driven on-off valve capable of adjusting the gas flow rate and the gas pressure by driving the valve body directly with a predetermined driving cycle with an electromagnetic driving force and separating it from the valve seat.
- the injector 44 includes a valve seat having an injection hole for injecting gaseous fuel such as fuel gas, a nozzle body for supplying and guiding the gaseous fuel to the injection hole, and an axial direction (gas flow direction) with respect to the nozzle body. And a valve body that is slidably accommodated and opens and closes the injection hole.
- An exhaust / drain valve 49 is disposed in the exhaust / drain passage 48.
- the exhaust / drain valve 49 is operated according to a command from the controller 70 to discharge the fuel off-gas and impurities including impurities in the circulation passage 46 to the outside.
- the concentration of impurities in the fuel off-gas in the circulation passage 46 is lowered, and the hydrogen concentration in the fuel off-gas circulating in the circulation system can be increased.
- the fuel off-gas discharged through the exhaust drain valve 49 is mixed with the oxidizing off-gas flowing through the oxidizing off-gas passage 34 and diluted by a diluter (not shown).
- the circulation pump 47 circulates and supplies the fuel off-gas in the circulation system to the fuel cell stack 20 by driving the motor.
- the power system 50 includes a DC / DC converter 51, a battery 52, a traction inverter 53, a traction motor 54, and auxiliary machinery 55.
- the DC / DC converter 51 boosts the DC voltage supplied from the battery 52 and outputs it to the traction inverter 53, and the DC power generated by the fuel cell stack 20, or the regenerative power collected by the traction motor 54 by regenerative braking. And a function of charging the battery 52 by stepping down the voltage.
- the charge / discharge of the battery 52 is controlled by these functions of the DC / DC converter 51. Further, the operation point (output voltage, output current) of the fuel cell stack 20 is controlled by voltage conversion control by the DC / DC converter 51.
- the battery 52 functions as a surplus power storage source, a regenerative energy storage source at the time of regenerative braking, and an energy buffer at the time of load fluctuation accompanying acceleration or deceleration of the fuel cell vehicle.
- a secondary battery such as a nickel / cadmium storage battery, a nickel / hydrogen storage battery, or a lithium secondary battery is suitable.
- the traction inverter 53 is, for example, a PWM inverter driven by a pulse width modulation method, and converts a DC voltage output from the fuel cell stack 20 or the battery 52 into a three-phase AC voltage in accordance with a control command from the controller 70.
- the rotational torque of the traction motor 54 is controlled.
- the traction motor 54 is a three-phase AC motor, for example, and constitutes a power source of the fuel cell vehicle.
- Auxiliary machines 55 are motors (for example, power sources such as pumps) arranged in each part in the fuel cell system 10, inverters for driving these motors, and various on-vehicle auxiliary machines. (For example, an air compressor, an injector, a cooling water circulation pump, a radiator, etc.) is a general term.
- the cooling system 60 includes refrigerant passages 61, 62, 63, and 64 for flowing the refrigerant circulating in the fuel cell stack 20, a circulation pump 65 for pumping the refrigerant, and heat exchange between the refrigerant and the outside air.
- a radiator 66, a three-way valve 67 for switching the refrigerant circulation path, and a temperature sensor 74 for detecting the refrigerant temperature are provided.
- the refrigerant flowing out of the fuel cell stack 20 flows through the refrigerant passages 61 and 64 and is cooled by the radiator 66, and then flows through the refrigerant passage 63 and flows into the fuel cell stack 20 again.
- the three-way valve 67 is controlled to open and close.
- the three-way valve 67 is controlled to open and close so that the refrigerant flowing out of the fuel cell stack 20 flows through the refrigerant passages 61, 62, 63 and again into the fuel cell stack 20.
- the controller 70 is a computer system including a CPU, a ROM, a RAM, an input / output interface, and the like, and each part of the fuel cell system 10 (the oxidizing gas supply system 30, the fuel gas supply system 40, the power system 50, and the cooling system 60). It functions as a control means for controlling. For example, when the controller 70 receives the start signal IG output from the ignition switch, the controller 70 starts the operation of the fuel cell system 10, and the accelerator opening signal ACC output from the accelerator sensor or the vehicle speed signal output from the vehicle speed sensor. The required power of the entire system is obtained based on VC or the like.
- the required power of the entire system is the total value of the vehicle travel power and auxiliary power.
- Auxiliary power is the power consumed by in-vehicle accessories (humidifiers, air compressors, hydrogen pumps, cooling water circulation pumps, etc.), and equipment required for vehicle travel (transmissions, wheel control devices, steering devices, and suspensions) Power consumed by devices, etc., and power consumed by devices (air conditioners, lighting fixtures, audio, etc.) disposed in the passenger space.
- the controller 70 determines the distribution of the output power of each of the fuel cell stack 20 and the battery 52, calculates the power generation command value, and oxidizes so that the power generation amount of the fuel cell stack 20 matches the target power.
- the gas supply system 30 and the fuel gas supply system 40 are controlled.
- the controller 70 controls the operating point (output voltage, output current) of the fuel cell stack 20 by controlling the DC / DC converter 51 and adjusting the output voltage of the fuel cell stack 20.
- the controller 70 outputs, for example, each of the U-phase, V-phase, and W-phase AC voltage command values to the traction inverter 53 as a switching command so as to obtain a target torque according to the accelerator opening, and the traction motor 54.
- the output torque and rotational speed of the motor are controlled.
- FIG. 2 shows the CV characteristic (cyclic voltammogram) of the fuel cell stack 20.
- the CV characteristics indicate dynamic electrical characteristics of the fuel cell stack 20, and when the voltage of the fuel cell stack 20 is increased at a constant voltage increase rate, the fuel cell stack 20 flows into the fuel cell stack 20 from the outside ( When a current flows in the negative direction) and the voltage of the fuel cell stack is lowered at a constant voltage drop rate, the current flows in the direction of flowing from the fuel cell stack 20 to the outside (positive direction).
- Such dynamic electrical characteristics have been found to be due to the parasitic capacitance component of the fuel cell stack 20.
- the ohmic voltage drop caused by the ohmic resistance of the electrolyte membrane of each cell constituting the fuel cell stack 20 follows the change in the generated current with good responsiveness.
- the activation overvoltage generated in the electric double layer cannot follow the change in the generated current with good responsiveness, and slowly settles to an equilibrium state over a certain period of time.
- the reason why such a difference occurs is that the electrical characteristics of the electrolyte membrane 22 can be modeled as a resistance element, whereas the electrical characteristics of the electric double layer can be modeled as a capacitor.
- FIG. 3 is an equivalent circuit diagram modeling the dynamic electrical characteristics of the fuel cell stack 20.
- the fuel cell stack 20 has a circuit configuration in which an ideal fuel cell 28 and a capacitor 29 are connected in parallel.
- the ideal fuel cell 28 is a model of a virtual fuel cell that does not have the above-described CV characteristics, and behaves equivalent to a variable power source in terms of electrical characteristics.
- the capacitor 29 is obtained by modeling the electric behavior of the electric double layer formed at the interface as a capacitive element.
- the external load 56 is an equivalent circuit that models the power system 50.
- the current flowing from the ideal fuel cell 28 is Ifc, the output voltage of the ideal fuel cell 28 (the output voltage of the fuel cell stack 20) is Vfc, the current flowing into the capacitor 29 is Ic, and the current flowing from the fuel cell stack 20 to the external load 56 is Is.
- the capacitance of the capacitor 29 is C and the time is t, the following equations (4) to (5) are established.
- ⁇ V control for example, there is a method of absorbing surplus power in the capacitor 29 by controlling the output voltage Vfc when the power generation request to the fuel cell stack 20 is drastically reduced during low-efficiency operation.
- Low-efficiency operation refers to operating with low power generation efficiency by increasing the power loss by setting the air stoichiometric ratio to less than 1.0 and controlling the amount of reactant gas supplied to the fuel cell stack 20.
- the air stoichiometric ratio is an oxygen surplus ratio and indicates how much surplus oxygen is supplied to oxygen necessary for reacting with hydrogen without excess or deficiency.
- the concentration overvoltage becomes larger than that in the normal operation, so that the heat loss (power loss) increases in the energy that can be extracted by the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen.
- the low-efficiency operation is, for example, vehicle running as a means for quickly warming up the fuel cell stack 20 by intentionally increasing heat loss at low temperature startup (when the stack temperature is below a predetermined temperature). This is performed at the previous start-up preparation stage or during warm-up operation while the vehicle is running.
- the flow rate of oxidant gas to the fuel cell stack 20 is set so that desired power can be obtained according to the accelerator opening while keeping the fuel gas supply amount to the fuel cell stack 20 constant.
- the adjustment is performed until the stack temperature rises to a predetermined temperature (for example, 0 ° C.) while adjusting, and when the stack temperature reaches the predetermined temperature, the operation is switched to the normal operation.
- FIG. 4 shows the IV characteristics of the fuel cell stack 20.
- operation control is performed so that the operation point (output current Ifc, output voltage Vfc) is positioned on the IV characteristic curve (current vs. voltage characteristic curve) 200 in order to increase power generation efficiency.
- the warm-up of the fuel cell stack 20 is performed not only when the vehicle is started or stopped, but also during normal travel.
- the output voltage Vfc of the fuel cell stack 20 during operation (for example, V2 shown in FIG. 4) is the output voltage Vfc of the fuel cell stack 20 during warm-up operation at startup or stop due to low-efficiency operation ( For example, it is set higher than V1) shown in FIG.
- the output voltage Vfc of the fuel cell stack 20 during the low-efficiency operation is normally kept constant (for example, V1 and V2), and controls the flow rate of the oxidizing gas supplied from the air compressor 32 to the fuel cell stack 20.
- the output current Ifc is adjusted, and the power generation control according to the load is performed (hereinafter referred to as fixed voltage control).
- the output control of the fuel cell stack 20 in the low efficiency operation is not limited to this, and the fuel cell stack is controlled from the air compressor 32 while adjusting the output voltage Vfc of the fuel cell stack 20 according to the required voltage from the load or the like.
- the output current Ifc may be adjusted by controlling the flow rate of the oxidizing gas supplied to 20, and power generation control corresponding to the load may be performed.
- OP2 (I2, V2) be the operating point when the vehicle is warming up while traveling by low-efficiency driving.
- the temperature sensor 74 detects that the temperature of the fuel cell stack 20 exceeds a predetermined temperature (for example, 70 ° C.) during the warm-up operation, the ECU 70 should make a transition from the low efficiency operation to the normal operation. It is determined that the timing has come, and an operation transition process from the low efficiency operation to the normal operation is performed. Specifically, the operation point of the fuel cell stack 20 is changed from the operation point OP2 (I2, V2) during the low efficiency operation to the operation point located on the IV characteristic curve 200 by executing the operation transition process. Transition to OP3 (I3, V3).
- IV control power generation control on the IV characteristic curve 200 after shifting to normal operation.
- the fuel cell stack 20 is determined according to the required power from the external load 56 without considering the presence of the capacitor 29 present in a parasitic manner inside the fuel cell stack 20.
- the power supplied from the fuel cell stack 20 to the external load 56 (the sum of the power generated by the fuel cell stack 20 and the discharge power from the capacitor 29) and the external load 56 are required.
- power to be supplied to the external load 56 is insufficient or excessive power is supplied to the external load 56.
- the low voltage can be achieved. Transition from efficient operation to normal operation.
- the output voltage is stepped up and down while adjusting the voltage change rate of the output voltage of the fuel cell stack 20 so that the supplied power and the required power match.
- the ECU (supplied oxidant gas control means) 70 determines that the timing to shift from the low efficiency operation to the normal operation has arrived as described above, the air compressor 32 transfers to the fuel cell stack 20 as a pre-process for shifting to ⁇ V control.
- a process of increasing the supplied oxidizing gas by a predetermined amount for example, 0.5 mol / s) (hereinafter, ⁇ V trigger process) is performed.
- ⁇ V trigger process Normally, low-efficiency operation is performed in an operation region where power generation efficiency is lower than that of normal operation (region below the IV characteristic curve 200 shown in FIG. 4).
- the ECU (derivation means) 70 detects the output power before and after the ⁇ V trigger process, calculates the output power deviation Pd, and then sets this output power deviation Pd and the set deviation threshold (power threshold). ) Compare with ⁇ P.
- the ECU (determination means) 70 detects that the output power deviation Pd exceeds the deviation threshold value ⁇ P (when the setting condition is not satisfied), it performs ⁇ V control using this as a trigger (trigger). Then, the ECU 70 determines the switching timing from ⁇ V control to IV control based on the output voltage of the fuel cell stack 20. More specifically, the ECU 70 determines the operating point on the IV characteristic curve 200 when the command value of the output voltage of the fuel cell stack 20 is equal to or less than a preset threshold value and this state continues for a certain time or more. And IV control is started.
- the ECU 70 determines that the execution timing of the ⁇ V control has not yet arrived. As described above, the ⁇ V control is started when the ECU 70 determines that the output power deviation Pd has exceeded the deviation threshold value ⁇ P. Therefore, as long as the output power deviation Pd does not exceed the deviation threshold value ⁇ P. Therefore, the transition from the low efficiency operation to the normal operation is not performed (in other words, the IV control is not performed).
- the ECU (determination unit) 70 determines that the output power deviation Pd does not exceed the deviation threshold value ⁇ P for a certain time (t> 0) after the start of the ⁇ V process (when the setting condition is satisfied). ), The IV control is forcibly started without performing the ⁇ V control.
- the IV control is forcibly started because the output power deviation Pd does not exceed the deviation threshold value ⁇ P for a predetermined time or more after the ⁇ V process is started. This is because the vehicle is already on the IV characteristic curve 200, or it is considered that the vehicle is not on the characteristic curve 200 but is present in the vicinity thereof (for example, the operation point OP4 (I4, V4 shown in FIG. 4). )reference).
- the IV is forcibly made after a certain time. Since control (that is, normal operation) is performed, as described above, even after the warm-up by the low-efficiency operation becomes unnecessary, the operation cannot be shifted to the normal operation, and the low-efficiency operation with poor power generation efficiency is continued. It is possible to prevent this problem.
- FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing the operation transition process from the low efficiency operation to the normal operation realized by the ECU 70 executing the program.
- a case is assumed in which warm-up is performed by low-efficiency operation during traveling and a transition is made to normal operation.
- the temperature sensor (detection means) 74 is the temperature of the fuel cell stack 20 (related temperature).
- the ECU (transition determination means) 70 determines that the timing for transition from the low efficiency operation to the normal operation has arrived (step S110; YES).
- the ECU 70 determines that it is time to transition from the low efficiency operation to the normal operation (step S110; YES).
- a predetermined amount for example, 0.5 mol
- oxidant gas supplied from the air compressor 32 to the fuel cell stack 20 is preprocessed before the shift to ⁇ V control.
- Is increased ie, ⁇ V trigger process
- low-efficiency operation is performed in an operation region where power generation efficiency is lower than that of normal operation (region below the IV characteristic curve 200 shown in FIG. 4).
- the ECU 70 first detects the output power before and after the ⁇ V trigger process (step S130), and after calculating the output power deviation Pd, the ECU 70 is set as this output power deviation Pd.
- the deviation threshold value ⁇ P is compared, and it is determined whether or not the output power deviation Pd is below the deviation threshold value ⁇ P and this state continues for a predetermined time or longer (step S140).
- the ECU 70 triggers this (step S140; NO).
- ⁇ V control is performed as (trigger) (step S150).
- the ECU 70 determines the switching timing from ⁇ V control to IV control based on the output voltage of the fuel cell stack 20 (step S155). More specifically, when the command value of the output voltage of the fuel cell stack 20 is equal to or less than a preset threshold value and this state continues for a certain period of time (step S155; YES), the ECU 70 sets the operation point to I. A transition is made on the ⁇ V characteristic curve 200, and IV control is started (step S160).
- the ECU 70 determines that the execution timing of the ⁇ V control has not arrived.
- the ⁇ V control is started when the ECU 70 determines that the output power deviation Pd has exceeded the deviation threshold value ⁇ P. Therefore, as long as the output power deviation Pd does not exceed the deviation threshold value ⁇ P. Therefore, the transition from the low efficiency operation to the normal operation is not performed (in other words, the IV control is not performed).
- the output power deviation Pd does not exceed the deviation threshold value ⁇ P even after the temperature of the fuel cell stack 20 becomes equal to or higher than the predetermined temperature and the warm-up due to the low-efficiency operation becomes unnecessary, the operation shifts to the normal operation.
- continuing low-efficiency operation has problems such as poor power generation efficiency. Therefore, in this embodiment, when the output power deviation Pd does not exceed the deviation threshold value ⁇ P for a certain time (t> 0) or more after the start of the ⁇ V trigger process, the ECU 70 forcibly does not perform the ⁇ V control.
- the IV control is started (step S170).
- the IV control is forcibly started because the output power deviation Pd does not exceed the deviation threshold value ⁇ P for a certain time after the ⁇ V trigger process is started, that is, the operating point at the time of low-efficiency operation. This is because it is considered that the vehicle is already on (or in the vicinity of) the IV characteristic curve 200 (see, for example, the operation point OP4 (I4, V4) shown in FIG. 4).
- the IV is forcibly made after a certain time. Since control (that is, normal operation) is performed, as described above, even after the warm-up by the low-efficiency operation becomes unnecessary, the operation cannot be shifted to the normal operation, and the low-efficiency operation with poor power generation efficiency is continued. It is possible to prevent this problem.
- Step S140 ⁇ Step S170 for example, when the output power deviation Pd falls below the deviation threshold ⁇ P, the IV control may always be forcibly performed regardless of the duration.
- whether or not to shift from the low efficiency operation to the normal operation is determined based on the temperature of the fuel cell stack 20 detected by the temperature sensor 74. However, the environmental temperature and the component temperature around the fuel cell stack are determined. In addition, a sensor (detection means) for detecting the related temperature of the fuel cell stack 20 such as the outside air temperature is provided, and based on the related temperature detected by the sensor, it is determined whether or not to shift from the low efficiency operation to the normal operation. Also good.
- the output voltage Vfc of the fuel cell stack 20 during low-efficiency operation is kept constant, and the flow rate of the oxidizing gas supplied from the air compressor 32 to the fuel cell stack 20 is controlled.
- the output current Ifc is adjusted, and power generation control according to the load is performed (fixed voltage control).
- multistage fixed voltage control is performed so that the exhaust hydrogen permissible concentration that is always set can be satisfied regardless of the value of the output current Ifc during the low-efficiency operation.
- the multi-stage fixed voltage control is not to always fix the output voltage Vfc of the fuel cell stack 20 to a constant value during low-efficiency operation, but to comply with the set allowable exhaust hydrogen concentration, to the output current Ifc. Accordingly, the control means that the output voltage Vfc is set to a plurality of values (binary values in the present embodiment) and is appropriately switched between the set output voltages Vfc.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the temperature of the fuel cell stack 20 and the output current and output voltage characteristics of the exhaust hydrogen fuel cell. As shown in FIG. 6, the higher the temperature of the fuel cell stack 20, the higher the voltage lower limit value due to the allowable exhaust hydrogen concentration.
- an output current Ifc is set so that a lower voltage limit value based on the allowable exhaust hydrogen concentration is set in advance when the temperature is the highest by experiments or the like (here, at the temperature T5) so that the allowable exhaust hydrogen concentration can be observed.
- the output voltage Vfc is switched between the output voltages Vfc1 and Vfc2 (> Vfc1).
- the output voltage Vfc is switched between the output voltages Vfc1 and Vfc2, the operating point of the fuel cell stack 20 is changed using ⁇ V control.
- the output voltage Vfc is suddenly increased or decreased (specifically, Vfc1 ⁇ Vfc2, Vfc2 ⁇ Vfc1), the power supplied to the external load 56 becomes insufficient or the external load 56 becomes excessive. Problems such as power being supplied arise. Therefore, during the ⁇ V control, the output voltage is stepped up and down while adjusting the voltage change rate of the output voltage of the fuel cell stack 20 so that the supplied power matches the required power.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a voltage / current switching map MP stored in the ECU (storage means) 70.
- This voltage / current switching map MP is a map (exhaust hydrogen concentration information) representing the relationship between the output voltage Vfc of the fuel cell stack 20 and the output current Ifc that can satisfy the exhaust hydrogen concentration (exhaust hydrogen concentration lower limit).
- the ECU (determination means) 70 selects the output voltage Vfc1 up to, for example, the output current Ifc1 (about 50 A or the like) by referring to the voltage / current switching map MP, and the output voltage Vfc2 ( ⁇ Vfc1) is selected (see FIG. 6).
- FIG. 8 is a flowchart showing a multistage fixed voltage control process executed by the ECU 70.
- the ECU 70 first determines the output voltage Vfc and the output current Ifc based on the system required power and the voltage / current switching map MP (step S210). Thereafter, the ECU (determination means) 70 determines whether the switching timing of the output voltage Vfc of the fuel cell stack 20 has arrived while referring to the voltage lower limit value based on the allowable exhaust hydrogen concentration shown in FIG. 6 (step S220).
- the ECU 70 determines that the switching timing of the output voltage Vfc of the fuel cell stack 20 has arrived when the output current Ifc1 must be set to be equal to or less. Judgment is made (step S220; YES), and the ECU 70 switches from the output voltage Vfc2 to the output voltage Vfc1 by performing ⁇ V control (step S230 ⁇ step S240), and ends the process.
- step S220 YES
- the ECU 70 switches from the output voltage Vfc2 to the output voltage Vfc1 by performing ⁇ V control
- Step S230 ⁇ step S240 the switching timing of the output voltage Vfc of the fuel cell stack 20 has arrived.
- the multistage fixed voltage control is performed on the output voltage Vfc of the fuel cell stack 20 so that the set allowable exhaust hydrogen concentration can be observed when performing the low efficiency operation.
- ⁇ V control is performed.
- two-stage fixed voltage control that is switched between two types of output voltages Vfc1 and Vfc2 is illustrated as an example of multi-stage fixed voltage control. good. By increasing the types of output voltages that can be switched, output voltage control with higher power generation efficiency (or heat generation efficiency) becomes possible.
- FIG. 1 is a system configuration diagram of a fuel cell system according to a first embodiment. It is a CV characteristic diagram of a fuel cell stack. It is an equivalent circuit diagram of a fuel cell stack. It is explanatory drawing of the operating point of a fuel cell stack. It is a flowchart which shows a driving
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Abstract
Description
その一方で、設定条件を満たさない場合には、記燃料電池の容量成分に対する充放電量を考慮しながらシステム要求パワーを満たすように該燃料電池の出力電圧を制御するΔV制御を実行することで、低効率運転からΔV制御を経由して通常運転へと移行させるため、外部負荷(バッテリ等)に供給する電力が不足したり、外部負荷に過剰な電力が供給されてしまう等の問題を防止することができる。
ここで、上記構成にあっては、前記低効率運転から前記通常運転へ移行する際、前記燃料電池に供給する酸化ガスを所定量増加させる供給酸化ガス制御手段と、前記酸化ガスの増加前後における燃料電池の出力電力を検知することで、該燃料電池の出力電力偏差を導出する導出手段とをさらに備え、前記判断手段は、導出された前記燃料電池の出力電力偏差が設定された電力閾値を下回った場合に、前記設定条件を満たすと判断する態様が好ましい。
以下、各図を参照しながら本発明に係わる実施形態について説明する。 図1は本実施形態に係る車両に搭載された燃料電池システム10のシステム構成を示す。なお、以下の説明では車両の一例として燃料電池自動車(FCHV;Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle)を想定するが、電気自動車やハイブリッド自動車にも適用可能である。また、車両のみならず各種移動体(例えば、船舶や飛行機、ロボットなど)や定置型電源、さらには携帯型の燃料電池システムにも適用可能である。
(1/2)O2+2H++2e- → H2O …(2)
H2+(1/2)O2 → H2O …(3)
このC-V特性は、燃料電池スタック20の動的な電気特性を示すものであり、燃料電池スタック20の電圧を一定の電圧上昇率で昇圧させると、外部から燃料電池スタック20へ流れ込む方向(マイナス方向)に電流が流れ、燃料電池スタックの電圧を一定の電圧下降率で降圧させると、燃料電池スタック20から外部へ流れる方向(プラス方向)に電流が流れる。このような動的な電気特性は、燃料電池スタック20が寄生的に有する容量成分によるものであることが判明している。
燃料電池スタック20は、理想燃料電池28とキャパシタ29とが並列接続されてなる回路構成を有している。理想燃料電池28は、上述のC-V特性を有しない仮想的な燃料電池をモデル化したものであり、電気特性上、可変電源と等価な振る舞いをする。キャパシタ29は、上記界面に形成される電気二重層の電気的な振る舞いを容量素子としてモデル化したものである。外部負荷56は電力系50をモデル化した等価回路である。理想燃料電池28から流れ出す電流をIfc、理想燃料電池28の出力電圧(燃料電池スタック20の出力電圧)をVfc、キャパシタ29に流れ込む電流をIc、燃料電池スタック20から外部負荷56に流れ出す電流をIs、キャパシタ29の容量をC、時間をtとすると、以下に示す(4)~(5)式が成立する。
Ic=C・ΔVfc/Δt …(5)
通常運転時には、発電効率を高めるため運転ポイント(出力電流Ifc、出力電圧Vfc)がI-V特性曲線(電流対電圧特性曲線)200上に位置するように運転制御する。一方、低効率運転時には、発電効率を意図的に低下させて熱損失を高めるので、運転ポイントは、I-V特性曲線200よりも低い電圧ポイント、例えば、出力電圧Vfc=V1やVfc=V2に設定される。ここで、燃料電池スタック20の暖機は、車両の起動時や停止時のみならず、通常走行時にも行われる。かかる暖機について、熱損失を高める(別言すれば発熱効率を高める)という観点では出力電圧Vfcを可能な限り低く設定したほうが良い。しかしながら、車両走行中の負荷(トラクションモータや各種補機など)からの要求電圧等は、車両起動時などの要求電圧等に比べて高く設定されるため、低効率運転により車両走行しながら暖機運転しているときの燃料電池スタック20の出力電圧Vfc(例えば図4に示すV2)は、低効率運転により起動時や停止時に暖機運転しているときの燃料電池スタック20の出力電圧Vfc(例えば図4に示すV1)に比べて高く設定される。
例えば、低効率運転により車両走行しながら暖機運転しているときの運転ポイントをOP2(I2,V2)とする。暖機運転をしている間に、温度センサ74によって燃料電池スタック20の温度が所定温度(例えば70℃)を越えたことが検知されると、ECU70は低効率運転から通常運転へ遷移すべきタイミングが到来したと判断し、低効率運転から通常運転への運転遷移処理を行う。具体的には、運転遷移処理を実行することにより、燃料電池スタック20の運転ポイントを、低効率運転時の運転ポイントOP2(I2,V2)から、I-V特性曲線200上に位置する運転ポイントOP3(I3,V3)に遷移させる。なお、以下の説明では、通常運転へ移行した後のI-V特性曲線200上での発電制御をI-V制御と呼ぶ。
ECU(供給酸化ガス制御手段)70は、上記の如く低効率運転から通常運転へ遷移すべきタイミングが到来したと判断すると、ΔV制御へ移行する前処理として、エアコンプレッサ32から燃料電池スタック20へ供給する酸化ガスを所定量(例えば0.5mol/s)だけ増量する処理(以下、ΔVトリガ処理)を行う。通常、低効率運転は通常運転よりも発電効率の悪い運転領域(図4に示すI-V特性曲線200より下の領域)で運転が行われるため、例えば低効率運転時にエアコンプレッサ32から燃料電池スタック20へ供給する酸化ガス量を増量すると、燃料電池スタック20の出力電流が高くなり、結果として燃料電池スタック20の出力電力が大きくなる。
第1実施形態において説明したように、低効率運転中の燃料電池スタック20の出力電圧Vfcは一定に保持され、エアコンプレッサ32から燃料電池スタック20に供給される酸化ガス流量を制御することにより出力電流Ifcを調整し、負荷に応じた発電制御が行われる(固定電圧制御)。
ところが、走行中の低効率運転においては、固定電圧制御による出力電圧Vfcの一定にすると、出力電流Ifcの値によっては、設定された排気水素許容濃度を満足できない領域が存在することが判明した。そこで、本実施形態では、低効率運転中の出力電流Ifcの値によらず、常に設定された排気水素許容濃度を満足できるような、多段固定電圧制御を実施する。なお、多段固定電圧制御とは、低効率運転中に燃料電池スタック20の出力電圧Vfcを常に一定値に固定するのではなく、設定された排気水素許容濃度を遵守するために、出力電流Ifcに応じて該出力電圧Vfcを複数の値(本実施形態では2値)に設定し、設定した出力電圧Vfcの間で適宜切り換える制御をいう。
図6に示すように、燃料電池スタック20の温度が高ければ高いほど、排気水素許容濃度による電圧下限値は高くなる。本実施形態では、予め実験などにより最も温度が高い場合(ここでは温度T5の場合)の排気水素許容濃度による電圧下限値を設定しておき、排気水素許容濃度を遵守できるように、出力電流Ifcに応じて出力電圧Vfcを出力電圧Vfc1,Vfc2(>Vfc1)の間で切り換えを行う。
低効率運転を開始する際、まず、ECU70はシステム要求電力と、電圧・電流切り換えマップMPとに基づき、出力電圧Vfcと出力電流Ifcを決定する(ステップS210)。
その後、ECU(判断手段)70は、図6に示す排気水素許容濃度による電圧下限値を参照しながら、燃料電池スタック20の出力電圧Vfcの切り換えタイミングが到来したかを判定する(ステップS220)。ECU70は、例えば現時点で出力電圧Vfc2、出力電流Ifc1が設定されている状態において、出力電流Ifc1以下に設定しなければならない場合には、燃料電池スタック20の出力電圧Vfcの切り換えタイミングが到来したと判断し(ステップS220;YES)、ECU70は、ΔV制御を行うことで出力電圧Vfc2から出力電圧Vfc1に切り換え(ステップS230→ステップS240)、処理を終了する。一方、ECU70は、例えば現時点で出力電圧Vfc2、出力電流Ifc1が設定されている状態において、出力電流Ifc1以下に設定する必要がない場合には、燃料電池スタック20の出力電圧Vfcの切り換えタイミングは到来していないと判断し、(ステップS220;NO)、ステップS230、S240をスキップして処理を終了する。
Claims (6)
- 通常運転に比して発電効率の低い低効率運転を行うことにより、燃料電池を暖機する燃料電池システムであって、
前記低効率運転から前記通常運転へ移行する際に、設定条件を満たすか否かを判断する判断手段と、
前記設定条件を満たさない場合には、前記燃料電池の容量成分に対する充放電量を考慮しながらシステム要求パワーを満たすように該燃料電池の出力電圧を制御するΔV制御を実行することで、低効率運転からΔV制御を経由して通常運転へと移行させる一方、前記設定条件を満たす場合には、前記ΔV制御を経由することなしに、低効率運転から強制的に通常運転へと移行させることを特徴とする燃料電池システム。 - 前記低効率運転から前記通常運転へ移行する際、前記燃料電池に供給する酸化ガスを所定量増加させる供給酸化ガス制御手段と、前記酸化ガスの増加前後における燃料電池の出力電力を検知することで、該燃料電池の出力電力偏差を導出する導出手段とをさらに備え、
前記判断手段は、導出された前記燃料電池の出力電力偏差が設定された電力閾値を下回った場合に、前記設定条件を満たすと判断することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の燃料電池システム。 - 前記判断手段は、導出された前記燃料電池の出力電力偏差が設定された電力閾値を所定時間以上継続して下回った場合に、前記設定条件を満たすと判断することを特徴とする請求項2に記載の燃料電池システム。
- 前記燃料電池の関連温度を検知する検知手段と、検知される前記関連温度に基づき前記低効率運転から前記通常運転へ移行すべきか否かを判定する移行判定手段をさらに備え、
前記判断手段は、前記移行判定手段によって前記低効率運転から前記通常運転へ移行すべきと判定された場合に、前記設定条件を満たすか否かの判断を行うことを特徴とする請求項1~3のいずれか1の請求項に記載の燃料電池システム。 - 通常運転に比して発電効率の低い低効率運転を行うことにより、燃料電池を暖機する燃料電池システムであって、
低効率運転中に前記燃料電池の出力電圧を変更すべきか否かを判断する判断手段と、
前記出力電圧を変更すべきと判断した場合には、前記燃料電池の容量成分に対する充放電量を考慮しながらシステム要求パワーを満たすように該燃料電池の出力電圧を制御するΔV制御を実行することで、前記出力電圧を変更する電圧制御手段と
を具備することを特徴とする燃料電池システム。 - 排気水素濃度下限値を満足できる前記燃料電池の出力電圧と出力電流の関係を表す排気水素濃度情報を記憶する記憶手段をさらに備え、
前記判断手段は、前記排気水素濃度情報に基づいて低効率運転中に前記燃料電池の出力電圧を変更すべきか否かを判断することを特徴とする請求項5に記載の燃料電池システム。
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