WO2009002053A2 - Matériau anodique d'une excellente conductivité et son emploi dans une batterie auxiliaire grande puissance - Google Patents

Matériau anodique d'une excellente conductivité et son emploi dans une batterie auxiliaire grande puissance Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009002053A2
WO2009002053A2 PCT/KR2008/003521 KR2008003521W WO2009002053A2 WO 2009002053 A2 WO2009002053 A2 WO 2009002053A2 KR 2008003521 W KR2008003521 W KR 2008003521W WO 2009002053 A2 WO2009002053 A2 WO 2009002053A2
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lto
anode
carbon
anode material
carbon material
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PCT/KR2008/003521
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English (en)
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WO2009002053A3 (fr
Inventor
Eun Ju Lee
Ji Heon Ryu
In Chul Kim
Hanho Lee
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Lg Chem, Ltd.
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Priority to EP08766480.1A priority Critical patent/EP2162936B1/fr
Priority to JP2010513122A priority patent/JP5101692B2/ja
Priority to CN200880021431A priority patent/CN101689629A/zh
Priority to US12/665,653 priority patent/US9034521B2/en
Publication of WO2009002053A2 publication Critical patent/WO2009002053A2/fr
Publication of WO2009002053A3 publication Critical patent/WO2009002053A3/fr

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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    • H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/133—Electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
    • H01M4/1391—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
    • H01M4/1393—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/362—Composites
    • H01M4/364—Composites as mixtures
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/362—Composites
    • H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
    • H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
    • H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an anode material with excellent electrical conductivity and a high-power secondary battery comprising the same. More specifically, the present invention relates to an anode material for an electrode mix comprising a carbon material and a lithium titanium oxide (LTO), wherein a ratio of an average particle size of LTO is in a range of 0.1 to 20% relative to an average particle size of the carbon material and LTO is distributed mainly on a surface of the carbon material; and a high-power secondary battery comprising the same.
  • LTO lithium titanium oxide
  • the lithium secondary battery is made of a structure in which an electrode assembly, composed of a cathode, an anode and a separator interposed therebetween, is impregnated within a lithium salt-containing non-aqueous electrolyte, wherein the cathode and the anode are fabricated by applying electrode active materials to the corresponding current collectors.
  • an electrode active material lithium cobalt oxides, lithium manganese oxides, lithium nickel oxides, lithium composite oxides and the like are primarily used.
  • the anode active material carbon-based materials are usually used.
  • the lithium secondary battery using a carbon-based material as an anode active material suffers from deterioration of discharge capacity due to the occurrence of irreversible capacity in some of lithium ions inserted into a layered structure of the carbon-based material upon initial charging/discharging of the battery.
  • the carbon material has a redox potential of 0.1 V which is lower relative to the Li/Li + potential, decomposition of a non-aqueous electrolyte occurs on the anode surface, and the carbon anode reacts with the lithium metal to form a layer covering the carbon material surface (passivating layer or solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film).
  • SEI solid electrolyte interface
  • the SEI film may also affect charge/discharge characteristics of the battery because thickness and interface conditions of the SEI film are variable depending on the types of electrolyte systems to be employed. Further, in the secondary battery which is used in the fields requiring high output characteristics, such as power tools, the battery internal resistance increases even with such a thin SEI film, which thereby may be a rate determining step (RDS). Further, due to the formation of a lithium compound on the anode surface, the reversible capacity of lithium intercalation gradually decreases with repeated charging/discharging cycles, thus resulting in reduction of the discharge capacity and deterioration of cycle characteristics.
  • RDS rate determining step
  • the lithium secondary battery comprising such a lithium titanium oxide as an anode active material exhibits substantially no electrolyte decomposition due to a relatively high redox potential of the anode of about 1.5 V as compared to the
  • Li/Li + potential Li/Li + potential, and excellent cycle characteristics due to stability of the crystal structural.
  • the lithium titanium oxide has drawbacks such as low capacity per unit weight and low energy density.
  • Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 1998-069922 discloses an anode with addition of a lithium titanium composite oxide as a major active material and an active material having a low redox potential as a minor active material.
  • Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2006-278282 discloses a technique with incorporation of spinel-type lithium titanate as an anode active material and a carbon material as a conductive material.
  • anode materials using the lithium titanium oxide as a main active material still suffer from the problems associated with poor capacity and low energy density of the lithium titanium-based oxides.
  • Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2001-216962 discloses a technique with incorporation of a carbon material as a major anode material and a lithium titanium composite oxide as an auxiliary active material.
  • Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2006-066298 discloses a lithium secondary battery comprising a non-aqueous electrolyte with incorporation of at least one lactone having a melting point of below 0 ° C , wherein an anode active material contains a carbon material capable of performing intercalation and deintercalation of lithium ions and lithium titanate, a content of the carbon material is in a range of 80 to 99% by weight based on the total weight of the anode active material, and a content of lithium titanate is in a range of 1 to 20% by weight.
  • the inventors of the present invention have discovered that upon fabrication of a secondary battery using an anode material for an electrode mix with distribution of an LTO-based anode material having a given particle size ratio on the surface of a carbon material, the as-prepared secondary battery exhibits low internal resistance leading to a high output density, in conjunction with improved energy density and cycle characteristics, thus providing excellent battery properties.
  • the present invention has been completed based on these findings.
  • anode material for an electrode mix comprising a carbon material and a lithium titanium oxide (LTO), wherein a ratio of an average particle size of LTO relative to that of the carbon material is in a range of 0.1 to
  • the carbon material generally has high discharge capacity, but suffers from shortcomings of poor high-current characteristics and cycle characteristics.
  • the anode material in accordance with the present invention exhibits excellent cycle characteristics, a high redox potential thus decreasing an absolute amount of SEI film formation and consequently internal resistance leading to improvements in rate characteristics and high-current characteristics, and finally excellent wettability of an electrolyte thereby improving the battery performance and lifespan characteristics.
  • LTO per se can participate as a redox site in chemical reaction of a battery, so battery capacity deterioration is minimized while simultaneously achieving high ionic conductivity and excellent output characteristics due to LTO particles being in direct contact with the carbon material. That is, the anode material in accordance with the present invention alleviates disadvantages of the carbon material and maximizes advantages of the LTO anode material such as low internal resistance and excellent cycle characteristics, so it is possible to fabricate a secondary battery with high efficiency and excellent energy density and output characteristics.
  • the carbon material there is no particular limit to the carbon material, as long as it is capable of performing intercalation and deintercalation of lithium ions.
  • a crystalline carbon-based compound an amorphous carbon-based compound, and a mixture thereof.
  • a typical example of the crystalline carbon-based compound may be graphite.
  • the crystalline graphite carbon may include a potato-shaped or mesocarbon microbead (MCMB)-shaped artificial graphite, and natural graphite which was surface-treated to round edges.
  • MCMB mesocarbon microbead
  • the amorphous carbon-based compound is a material having an amorphous crystal structure of carbon atoms and may include, for example, non-graphitizable carbon (hard carbon) obtained as a pyrolytic product of a phenolic resin or furan resin, and graphitizable carbon (soft carbon) obtained from carbonization of coke, needle coke or pitch.
  • the carbon material may be natural or artificial graphite which has large capacity due to superior density and conductivity, and good output characteristics and rate characteristics due to high energy density, particularly preferably a mesocarbon microbead (MCMB) which is an optically anisotropic spherical particle obtained by heating of coke, pitch, or the like at a temperature of about 400 ° C .
  • MCMB mesocarbon microbead
  • LTO is preferably a compound represented by the following composition formula (1), and includes, but is not limited to, Li 0 . 8 Ti 22 O 4 , Li 267 Ti 1 33 O 4 , LiTi 2 O 4 , Li 1. 33 Ti 1.67 O 4 , Li 1 14 Ti 1 71 O 4 , etc. More preferably, LTO is a compound of formula (1) having a spinel structure which undergoes no or substantially no change in the crystal structure during charging/discharging cycles and exhibits excellent reversibility. Preferred is Li 1 . 33 Ti 1 . 67 O 4 .
  • Such LTO has an operation potential of approx. 1.5V at which electrolyte decomposition and SEI film formation do not take place, which may result in decreased internal resistance. Further, since LTO is distributed on a surface of the carbon material and is then in direct contact with the carbon material, LTO serves as a migration path of lithium ions to thereby improve ionic conductivity. Further, LTO has a stable crystal structure, so it is possible to inhibit cycle deterioration due to separation of lithium ions which results from decomposition of a non-aqueous electrolyte occurring during charging/discharging cycles.
  • LTO per se can participate as a redox site in the chemical reaction of the battery and exhibits an efficiency of nearly 99%, this may result in an increased number of reaction sites, significantly improved rate characteristics and excellent wettability of the electrolyte, thereby providing desired battery performance and lifespan characteristics.
  • LTO can be prepared by any conventional method known in the art.
  • a lithium salt such as lithium hydroxide, lithium oxide, lithium carbonate, or the like
  • titanium oxide as a titanium source
  • the resulting mixture is stirred and dried to obtain a precursor which is then sintered to prepare a desired LTO compound.
  • a content of LTO is preferably in a range of 0.1 to 20% by weight, and more preferably 0.1 to 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the anode material.
  • LTO particles have an average particle size corresponding 0.1 to 20%, preferably 0.5 to 15% of that of the carbon material. This is because of the following reasons. If a ratio of an average particle size of LTO is excessively high relative to that of the carbon material, a contact area between LTO and the carbon material on a surface of the carbon material is decreased thus making it difficult to sufficiently improve the ionic conductivity, and a contact area between the electrolyte and the carbon material is increased, which may result in electrolyte decomposition and SEI layer formation. On the other hand, if a ratio of an average particle size of LTO is excessively low, cohesive force between LTO particles is increased, which may result in difficulty to achieve uniform distribution of the LTO particles on the carbon material surface.
  • an average particle size of the carbon material is excessively large, this may result in a decreased volume density of the anode material.
  • an average particle size of the carbon material is excessively small, this may undesirably result in an increased irreversible capacity of the anode material and difficulty to achieve a desired discharge capacity.
  • the carbon material has an average particle size of 5 to 25 ⁇ m and the LTO has an average particle size of 0.01 to 5 ⁇ m. More preferably, the carbon material has an average particle size of 10 to 20 ⁇ m and the LTO has an average particle size of 0.1 to 2 ⁇ m. It is to be understood that the average particle size of the carbon material and LTO is selected within the range satisfying the above-specified particle size ratio.
  • LTO is distributed mainly on the carbon material surface.
  • LTO may be in continuous and uniform distribution throughout the carbon material surface or otherwise may be in discrete particulate phase distribution on the carbon material surface. Preferred is the latter distribution form in terms of easy processability.
  • LTO is distributed "mainly" on the carbon material surface
  • a proportion of LTO distributed on the carbon material surface is relatively higher than that of LTO present as an independent phase in the form of a powder alone or an agglomerate of LTO particles.
  • the LTO is distributed on at least 50% of a surface area of the carbon material. If a distribution area of LTO is less than 50%, it may be difficult to achieve decreased internal resistance and improved ionic conductivity as desired.
  • the method of preparing the anode material in accordance with the present invention there is no particular limit to the method of preparing the anode material in accordance with the present invention.
  • the anode material may be prepared by a method of (i) homogeneously mixing a carbon-based anode active material and LTO particles in the presence of a solvent; and (ii) drying and heat-treating the resulting mixture.
  • the mixing is carried out by a wet mixing method in the presence of a solvent.
  • a dry mixing method an anode active material precursor having a very tiny particle size should be used or a long-term process is required to achieve uniform distribution of LTO particles in the carbon-based anode active material. Therefore, the wet mixing method is preferable in terms of process efficiency.
  • an alcohol may be preferably used as a solvent.
  • a surfactant may be further added to the solvent in order to prevent possible aggregation of LTO particles in the solvent.
  • the surfactant may be a conventional one known in the art.
  • the LTO particles are added in a proper amount taking into consideration ionic conductivity, kinds of active materials, and the like.
  • a content of the LTO particles is in a range of 0.1 to 20% by weight, more preferably 0.1 to 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the anode mixture.
  • drying process may be carried out conventionally by spray drying, granulating and drying, freeze-drying or any combination thereof.
  • the heat treatment process may be carried out under vacuum or an inert atmosphere. Preferably, the heat treatment process is carried out under an inert atmosphere. In order to achieve uniform distribution and stable attachment of LTO particles on a surface of the carbon material, the heat treatment process may be carried out preferably at a temperature of 100 to 700 °C for 1 to 24 hours, more preferably at a temperature of 200 to 300 °C for 2 to 5 hours.
  • an anode for a secondary battery comprising the aforesaid anode material applied to a current collector.
  • the anode can be fabricated by applying an anode mix containing the aforesaid anode material, a binder and/or a conductive material to the current collector.
  • the binder is a component assisting in binding between the anode material and the conductive material, and in binding of the anode material to the current collector.
  • the binder is typically added in an amount of 1 to 50% by weight, based on the total weight of the mixture containing the anode material.
  • binder examples include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), cellulose, polyvinyl alcohols, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), starch, hydroxypropylcellulose, regenerated cellulose, polyvinyl pyrollidone, tetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM), sulfonated EPDM, styrene butadiene rubber, fluoro rubber, various copolymers, and polyvinyl alcohols having a high molecular weight and a high degree of saponification.
  • PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
  • PVdF polyvinylidene fluoride
  • CMC carboxymethylcellulose
  • EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer
  • EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer
  • EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene terpol
  • the conductive material there is no particular limit to the conductive material, so long as it has suitable conductivity without causing chemical changes in the fabricated battery.
  • the conductive materials mention may be made of conductive materials, including graphite such as natural or artificial graphite; carbon blacks such as carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black and thermal black; conductive fibers such as carbon fibers and metallic fibers; metallic powders such as carbon fluoride powder, aluminum powder and nickel powder; conductive whiskers such as zinc oxide and potassium titanate; conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide; and polyphenylene derivatives.
  • graphite such as natural or artificial graphite
  • carbon blacks such as carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black and thermal black
  • conductive fibers such as carbon fibers and metallic fibers
  • metallic powders such as carbon fluoride powder, aluminum powder and nickel powder
  • conductive whiskers such as zinc oxide and potassium titanate
  • conductive materials may include various acetylene black products (available from Chevron Chemical Company, Denka Singapore Private Limited and Gulf Oil Company), Ketjen Black EC series (available from Armak Company), Vulcan XC-72 (available from Cabot Company) and Super P (Timcal Co.).
  • the anode mix may optionally contain a filler, an adhesive accelerator, and the like.
  • the filler is added as an ingredient to inhibit anode expansion.
  • the filler there is no particular limit to the filler, so long as it does not cause chemical changes in the fabricated battery and is a fibrous material.
  • the filler there may be used olefin polymers such as polyethylene and polypropylene; and fibrous materials such as glass fibers and carbon fibers.
  • the adhesive accelerator is an auxiliary component used to improve adhesive strength of the active material to the current collector, and may be added in an amount of less than 10% by weight, based on the weight of the binder.
  • Examples of the adhesive accelerator that can be used in the present invention may include oxalic acid, adipic acid, formic acid, acrylic acid derivatives, itaconic acid derivatives and the like.
  • the anode is generally fabricated by adding the anode mix to a solvent to thereby prepare an electrode slurry and applying the resulting slurry to a current collector such as metal foil, followed by drying and pressing to prepare a sheet-like electrode.
  • solvents used in preparation of the electrode slurry may include dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), alcohol, N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP), acetone, etc.
  • DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
  • NMP N-methyl pyrrolidone
  • acetone etc.
  • the solvent may be used in an amount of up to 400% by weight, based on the total weight of the electrode mix, and is removed during the drying process.
  • the anode current collector is generally fabricated to have a thickness of 3 to
  • anode current collector there is no particular limit to the anode current collector, so long as it has suitable conductivity without causing chemical changes in the fabricated battery.
  • the anode current collector mention may be made of copper, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, sintered carbon, copper or stainless steel having a surface treated with carbon, nickel, titanium or silver, and aluminum-cadmium alloys.
  • the anode current collector may also be processed to form fine irregularities on the surface thereof so as to enhance adhesion to the anode active material.
  • the anode current collector may take various forms including films, sheets, foils, nets, porous structures, foams and non-woven fabrics.
  • Uniform application of the anode mix paste to the anode current collector may be carried out by conventional methods known in the art or appropriate novel methods, taking into consideration physico-chemical properties of materials to be used.
  • the electrode paste is distributed onto the current collector and is then uniformly dispersed thereon using a doctor blade or the like. Where appropriate, distribution and dispersion of the electrode paste may also be carried out in a single step.
  • application of the electrode paste may be carried out by a method selected from die casting, comma coating, screen printing and the like.
  • application of the electrode paste may be carried out by molding the paste on a separate substrate and then binding it to the current collector via pressing or lamination.
  • Drying of the paste applied over the current collector is preferably carried out in a vacuum oven at 50 to 200 ° C for 1 to 3 days.
  • an electrochemical cell comprising the aforesaid anode.
  • the electrochemical cell is a device which provides electricity by an electrochemical reaction and may be preferably a high-power lithium secondary battery comprising a lithium salt-containing non-aqueous electrolyte.
  • the lithium secondary battery may be made of a structure in which an electrode assembly, composed of the aforesaid anode, a cathode, and a separator interposed therebetween, is impregnated within a lithium salt-containing non-aqueous electrolyte.
  • the cathode is, for example, fabricated by applying a cathode mix containing a cathode active material to a cathode current collector, followed by drying.
  • the cathode current collector is generally fabricated to have a thickness of 3 to 500 ⁇ sa. There is no particular limit to the cathode current collector, so long as it has high conductivity without causing chemical changes in the fabricated battery. As examples of the cathode current collector, mention may be made of stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, sintered carbon, and aluminum or stainless steel which was surface-treated with carbon, nickel, titanium or silver.
  • the anode current collector may also be processed to have fine irregularities on the surface thereof so as to enhance adhesion to the cathode active material.
  • the current collector may take various forms including films, sheets, foils, nets, porous structures, foams and non-woven fabrics.
  • cathode active materials may include, but are not limited to, layered compounds such as lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2 ) and lithium nickel oxide (LiNiO 2 ), or compounds substituted with one or more transition metals; lithium manganese oxides such as compounds of Formula Lii +y Mn 2 .
  • the separator is interposed between the cathode and the anode.
  • an insulating thin film having high ion permeability and mechanical strength is used.
  • the separator typically has a pore diameter of 0.01 to 10 ⁇ m and a thickness of 5 to 300 ⁇ m.
  • sheets or non- woven fabrics made of an olefin polymer such as polypropylene and/or a glass fiber or polyethylene, which have chemical resistance and hydrophobicity, are used.
  • a solid electrolyte such as a polymer
  • the solid electrolyte may also serve as both the separator and electrolyte.
  • the lithium salt-containing non-aqueous electrolyte is composed of an electrolyte and a lithium salt.
  • a non-aqueous organic solvent an organic solid electrolyte or an inorganic solid electrolyte may be utilized.
  • organic solid electrolyte utilized in the present invention, mention may be made of polyethylene derivatives, polyethylene oxide derivatives, polypropylene oxide derivatives, phosphoric acid ester polymers, poly agitation lysine, polyester sulfide, polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinylidene fluoride, and polymers containing ionic dissociation groups.
  • inorganic solid electrolyte utilized in the present invention, mention may be made of nitrides, halides and sulfates of lithium such as Li 3 N, LiI, Li 5 NI 2 , Li 3 N-LiI-LiOH, LiSiO 4 , LiSiO 4 -LiI-LiOH, Li 2 SiS 3 , Li 4 SiO 4 , Li 4 SiO 4 -LiI-LiOH and Li 3 PO 4 -Li 2 S-SiS 2 .
  • nitrides, halides and sulfates of lithium such as Li 3 N, LiI, Li 5 NI 2 , Li 3 N-LiI-LiOH, LiSiO 4 , LiSiO 4 -LiI-LiOH, Li 2 SiS 3 , Li 4 SiO 4 , Li 4 SiO 4 -LiI-LiOH and Li 3 PO 4 -Li 2 S-SiS 2 .
  • the lithium salt is a material that is readily soluble in the above-mentioned non-aqueous electrolyte and may include, for example, LiCl, LiBr, LiI, LiClO 4 , LiBF 4 ,
  • pyridine triethylphosphite, triethanolamine, cyclic ether, ethylenediamine, n-glyme, hexaphosphoric triamide, nitrobenzene derivatives, sulfur, quinone imine dyes, N-substituted oxazolidinone, N,N-substituted imidazolidine, ethylene glycol dialkyl ether, ammonium salts, pyrrole, 2-methoxy ethanol, aluminum trichloride or the like may be added to the non-aqueous electrolyte.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte may further include halogen-containing solvents such as carbon tetrachloride and ethylene trifluoride. Further, in order to improve high-temperature storage characteristics, the non-aqueous electrolyte may additionally include carbon dioxide gas.
  • the lithium secondary battery in accordance with the present invention may be preferably used as a unit cell for high-power battery cells or high-power, high-capacity medium-sized and large-sized battery packs.
  • the lithium secondary battery in accordance with the present invention can exhibit an advantage of the carbon-based material, e.g. high capacity, simultaneously with excellent cycle characteristics and low internal resistance leading to superior rate characteristics, consequently exerting high output characteristics.
  • the lithium secondary battery in accordance with the present invention can be preferably used in battery systems as a power source for electric-powered tools, electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) forced to be in operation under severe conditions.
  • MCMB mesocarbon microbead
  • LTO particles having an average particle size of 2 ⁇ m. were mixed and thoroughly stirred in ethanol. Then, the mixture was dried and heat-treated in an electric furnace at
  • the as-prepared anode material, Super P as a conductive material, and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) as a binder were mixed in a weight ratio of 92:2:6, and
  • NMP N-methyl pyrrolidone
  • LiCoO 2 as a cathode active material, Super P as a conductive material and PVdF as a binder were mixed in a weight ratio of 92:4:4, and the mixture was dispersed in N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP). The resulting dispersion was coated on aluminum (Al) foil, thereby fabricating a cathode.
  • NMP N-methyl pyrrolidone
  • An electrode assembly was fabricated using the thus-fabricated anode and cathode, and a porous polypropylene separator disposed therebetween.
  • the electrode assembly was placed in a pouch-type case to which electrode leads were then connected. Thereafter, as an electrolyte, a solution of IM LiPF 6 in ethylene carbonate (EC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) (1:1, v/v) was injected thereto, followed by hermetically sealing the battery case to thereby fabricate a lithium secondary battery.
  • EC ethylene carbonate
  • DMC dimethyl carbonate
  • a lithium secondary battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Example
  • a lithium secondary battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 , except that LTO was not added and MCMB was added alone as an anode material.
  • the batteries of Examples 1 and 2 in accordance with the present invention exhibited remarkably excellent C-rate characteristics, as compared to the battery with no addition of LTO particles in Comparative Example 1.
  • the battery of Example 2 with a high content of LTO was superior in the C-rate characteristics. Further, it can be seen that such improvements of C-rate characteristics were achieved even at a low C-rate of 1C, and higher C-rates resulted in significantly higher improvements of discharge characteristics.
  • Example 1 Using the as-prepared anode material, a lithium secondary battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1.
  • Example 1 Using the as-prepared anode material, a lithium secondary battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1.
  • a lithium secondary battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Comparative Example 2, except that LTO was not added and MCMB was added alone as an anode material.
  • Example 3 As shown in Table 2, the battery of Example 3 in accordance with the present invention exhibited remarkably excellent C-rate characteristics, as compared to the battery of Comparative Example 2 using a simple mixture of LTO particles with the carbon material as well as to the battery of Comparative Example 3 with no addition of LTO particles. In particular, it can be seen that a higher C-rate resulted in significantly higher improvements of discharge characteristics.
  • MCMBrLTO particles 95% by weight: 5% by weight
  • LTO particles average particle sizes of LTO particles as set forth in Table 3 below.
  • Example 1 a large number of lithium secondary batteries were fabricated and measured for discharge capacity at 0.5C and 3C rates. The results are averaged and given in Table 3 below.
  • a size of LTO particles in Table 3 was given as a percentage relative to an average particle size of MCMB.
  • a ratio of the 3C-rate discharge capacity relative to the 0.5C-rate capacity was expressed as a relative value taking the value of Example 9 to be 100%.
  • Example 9 an average particle size of LTO was 10% of that of MCMB.
  • an electrochemical cell comprising such an anode material, such as a secondary battery, exhibits high capacity and excellent output characteristics, which consequently results in excellent battery characteristics, e.g. improved output density and energy density.

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Abstract

Matériau anodique entrant dans la composition d'un mélange pour électrodes comprenant un matériau carboné et un oxyde de lithium titane (LTO). Le rapport entre la taille moyenne des particules de LTO et celle des particules de matériau carboné se situe entre 0, 1 et 20%, avec une répartition uniforme du LTO sur la surface du matériau carboné. Le matériau anodique de la présente invention permet de limiter la formation d'une pellicule à l'interface d'électrolyte solide (SEI), possède une capacité élevée due à sa forte densité d'énergie et d'excellentes caractéristiques de rendement et de débit. De plus, il possède une capacité supérieure de mouillabilité électrolytique se traduisant pour la batterie par des performances et une longévité améliorées.
PCT/KR2008/003521 2007-06-22 2008-06-20 Matériau anodique d'une excellente conductivité et son emploi dans une batterie auxiliaire grande puissance WO2009002053A2 (fr)

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EP08766480.1A EP2162936B1 (fr) 2007-06-22 2008-06-20 Matériau anodique d'une excellente conductivité et son emploi dans une batterie auxiliaire grande puissance
JP2010513122A JP5101692B2 (ja) 2007-06-22 2008-06-20 導電性が優れたアノード材料及びそれを使用する高出力二次バッテリー
CN200880021431A CN101689629A (zh) 2007-06-22 2008-06-20 具有极佳传导性的阳极材料和使用所述阳极材料的大功率二次电池
US12/665,653 US9034521B2 (en) 2007-06-22 2008-06-20 Anode material of excellent conductivity and high power secondary battery employed with the same

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EP2162936A2 (fr) 2010-03-17
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JP5101692B2 (ja) 2012-12-19
KR20080112977A (ko) 2008-12-26
US20110027646A1 (en) 2011-02-03
EP2162936A4 (fr) 2011-08-24
KR101042613B1 (ko) 2011-06-20
US9034521B2 (en) 2015-05-19
EP2162936B1 (fr) 2017-04-12
CN105280881A (zh) 2016-01-27
JP2010531041A (ja) 2010-09-16
CN105280881B (zh) 2018-10-09

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