CN102136574A - 阴极活性材料及包含该阴极活性材料的锂二次电池 - Google Patents
阴极活性材料及包含该阴极活性材料的锂二次电池 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN102136574A CN102136574A CN2011100394090A CN201110039409A CN102136574A CN 102136574 A CN102136574 A CN 102136574A CN 2011100394090 A CN2011100394090 A CN 2011100394090A CN 201110039409 A CN201110039409 A CN 201110039409A CN 102136574 A CN102136574 A CN 102136574A
- Authority
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- China
- Prior art keywords
- lithium
- manganese
- secondary battery
- active material
- nickel
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 139
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 115
- 239000006182 cathode active material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 116
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 98
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 85
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 84
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L hydroxy(oxo)manganese;manganese Chemical compound [Mn].O[Mn]=O.O[Mn]=O AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910000428 cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910006669 Li1+xMn2−yMyO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 abstract description 47
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 abstract description 13
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- -1 sheets Substances 0.000 description 28
- 150000002641 lithium Chemical class 0.000 description 21
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 229910007180 Li1+zNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910006515 Li1+xMn1.95Al0.05O4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910007177 Li1+zNi0.4Mn0.4Co0.2O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 5
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 description 3
- CKFRRHLHAJZIIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt lithium Chemical compound [Li].[Co] CKFRRHLHAJZIIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011267 electrode slurry Substances 0.000 description 3
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 3
- LZDKZFUFMNSQCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-diethoxyethane Chemical compound CCOCCOCC LZDKZFUFMNSQCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxolane Chemical compound C1COCO1 WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920002943 EPDM rubber Polymers 0.000 description 2
- ZHNUHDYFZUAESO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formamide Chemical compound NC=O ZHNUHDYFZUAESO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241000156302 Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus Species 0.000 description 2
- KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrole Chemical compound C=1C=CNC=1 KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KLARSDUHONHPRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Mn] Chemical compound [Li].[Mn] KLARSDUHONHPRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021383 artificial graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- WMWLMWRWZQELOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth(iii) oxide Chemical compound O=[Bi]O[Bi]=O WMWLMWRWZQELOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019241 carbon black Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002003 electrode paste Substances 0.000 description 2
- FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl propionate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CC FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylene glycol Natural products OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002657 fibrous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 2
- YBMRDBCBODYGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Ge]=O YBMRDBCBODYGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910003480 inorganic solid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium bromide Chemical compound [Li+].[Br-] AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium iodide Inorganic materials [Li+].[I-] HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910002102 lithium manganese oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910001947 lithium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido-oxo-(oxomanganiooxy)manganese Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Mn](=O)O[Mn]=O VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002931 mesocarbon microbead Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl formate Chemical compound COC=O TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 2
- VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrachloromethane Chemical compound ClC(Cl)(Cl)Cl VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PYOKUURKVVELLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl orthoformate Chemical compound COC(OC)OC PYOKUURKVVELLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MIZLGWKEZAPEFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2-trifluoroethene Chemical compound FC=C(F)F MIZLGWKEZAPEFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- LEEANUDEDHYDTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dimethoxypropane Chemical compound COCC(C)OC LEEANUDEDHYDTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CYSGHNMQYZDMIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-Dimethyl-2-imidazolidinon Chemical compound CN1CCN(C)C1=O CYSGHNMQYZDMIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910012716 Li3N-LiI—LiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910012797 Li3PO4—Li2S—SiS2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012047 Li4SiO4-LiI-LiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910010739 Li5Ni2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003253 LiB10Cl10 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000552 LiCF3SO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013872 LiPF Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910012346 LiSiO4-LiI-LiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910012348 LiSiO4—LiI—LiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 101150058243 Lipf gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229910016622 LixFe2O3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015103 LixWO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006555 Li—Co—Ni Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- RJUFJBKOKNCXHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl propionate Chemical compound CCC(=O)OC RJUFJBKOKNCXHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZHGDJTMNXSOQDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N NP(N)(N)=O.NP(N)(N)=O.NP(N)(N)=O.NP(N)(N)=O.NP(N)(N)=O.NP(N)(N)=O Chemical compound NP(N)(N)=O.NP(N)(N)=O.NP(N)(N)=O.NP(N)(N)=O.NP(N)(N)=O.NP(N)(N)=O ZHGDJTMNXSOQDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910016486 Ni0.4Mn0.4Co0.2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015177 Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000265 Polyparaphenylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910006145 SO3Li Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical class C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000006183 anode active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- LJCFOYOSGPHIOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony pentoxide Inorganic materials O=[Sb](=O)O[Sb](=O)=O LJCFOYOSGPHIOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000411 antimony tetroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GHPGOEFPKIHBNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Sb+3].[Sb+3] GHPGOEFPKIHBNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000417 bismuth pentoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- NJLLQSBAHIKGKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipotassium dioxido(oxo)titanium Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-][Ti]([O-])=O NJLLQSBAHIKGKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010494 dissociation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- BLBBMBKUUHYSMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N furan-2,3,4,5-tetrol Chemical compound OC=1OC(O)=C(O)C=1O BLBBMBKUUHYSMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- YADSGOSSYOOKMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Pb]=O YADSGOSSYOOKMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XMFOQHDPRMAJNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(II,IV) oxide Inorganic materials O1[Pb]O[Pb]11O[Pb]O1 XMFOQHDPRMAJNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001989 lithium alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001547 lithium hexafluoroantimonate(V) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001540 lithium hexafluoroarsenate(V) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RSNHXDVSISOZOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nickel Chemical compound [Li].[Ni] RSNHXDVSISOZOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium oxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium perchlorate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001486 lithium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001537 lithium tetrachloroaluminate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001496 lithium tetrafluoroborate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HSFDLPWPRRSVSM-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;2,2,2-trifluoroacetate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]C(=O)C(F)(F)F HSFDLPWPRRSVSM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001437 manganese ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000002905 metal composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940017219 methyl propionate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000005181 nitrobenzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitromethane Chemical compound C[N+]([O-])=O LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021396 non-graphitizing carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid Substances OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920001197 polyacetylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004627 regenerated cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012827 research and development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011369 resultant mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007650 screen-printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920005608 sulfonated EPDM Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)F TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006234 thermal black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphite Chemical compound CCOP(OCC)OCC BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RIUWBIIVUYSTCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N trilithium borate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]B([O-])[O-] RIUWBIIVUYSTCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BHZCMUVGYXEBMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N trilithium;azanide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[NH2-] BHZCMUVGYXEBMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
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- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/621—Binders
- H01M4/622—Binders being polymers
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Abstract
本发明提供一种阴极活性材料及包含该阴极活性材料的锂二次电池。在室温和高温下,即使反复以高电流进行充电及放电,该电池都具有长的使用寿命和优越的安全性。该电池包含锰(Mn)位被特定金属离子取代的锂/锰尖晶石氧化物与锂/镍/钴/锰复合氧化物的混合物作为阴极活性材料。
Description
本申请是申请日为2006年8月7日、申请号为200680026514.8的中国国家申请的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及一种基于非水性电解质的高效能锂二次电池,在室温和高温下,即使反复进行高电流充电及放电,该电池仍具有长期使用寿命和优越的安全性。
背景技术
由于移动设备的技术发展及日增的需求已经使得利用二次电池作为能源的需求快速增加。近年来,二次电池被认为可应用在电动车(Evs)及混合动力车(HEVs)的电力来源上。鉴于这一发展趋势,大量的研究及开发聚集于二次电池是否可以符合各种的需求。除此之外,对于具有高能量密度、高放电电压及电力输出稳定性的锂二次电池的需求也有所增加。
特别地,用于电动车的锂二次电池不仅需要高能量密度及在短时间内产生强大电力输出的能力,而且需要即便在短时间内进行高电流充电及放电循环的严苛条件下仍具有超过十年的长期使用寿命,因此相比较于常规小尺寸的锂二次电池,显然需要优越的安全性及长期使用寿命。
用于常规小尺寸电池中的锂离子二次电池通常采用锂钴复合氧化物的层状结构当作阴极材料,采用石墨基材料为其阳极材料。然而,在锂钴复合氧化物中的主要构成元素钴,是相当昂贵且基于安全性考量是不适于用于电动车的。因此,基于成本及安全性上的考量,可将由锰所制成具有尖晶石结构的锂锰氧化复合物作为电动车当中锂离子电池的阴极材料。
然而,锂锰复合氧化物在高温及高电流的充电及放电过程中,由于电解质的影响会发生锰离子溶出到电解质中,如此一来便会降低电池的性质及效能。因此,需要采取措施来防止这一问题的发生。除此之外,锂锰复合氧化物具有的缺点是例如单位重量具有低容量,换句话说,与常规的锂钴复合氧化物或者锂镍复合氧化物相比,具有低充电密度。因此,该电池的充电密度存在局限,为了将该电池实际用于EV、HEV的动力来源,对该电池的设计必须同时解决该缺点。
为了减少上文所提及的各种缺点,已经进行了各种研究及尝试,目的在于制造使用混合阴极活性材料的电极。例如:日本专利公开文献Nos.2002-110253及2004-134245公开了一种利用锂/锰复合氧化物、锂/镍/钴/锰复合氧化物和/或锂/镍/钴/锰复合氧化物的混合物的技术,用以增加电力恢复及电力输出等等。然而这些技术仍存在与锂锰氧化物的循环寿命差及安全性改善有限相关的问题。
发明内容
因此,本发明的目的在于解决上述问题及尚未解决的其他技术问题。
具体而言,本发明的目的是提供一种二次电池用的阴极活性材料,其包含锰(Mn)位被某些金属元素取代的锰尖晶石氧化物和锂/镍/钴/锰复合氧化物的混合物,其由于减缓了锂/锰氧化物缺点而确保了该电池的安全性,在室温或高温下即便反复以高电流充电及放电,所述电池仍具有长期使用寿命。
本发明的另一目的是提供一种锂二次电池,其在制造阴极时包含上述阴极活性材料。
具体实施方式
根据本发明的一方面,通过提供如下锂二次电池用阴极活性材料可完成上述和其他目的,所述锂二次电池包含如下式I所示的锂/锰尖晶石氧化物及如下式II所示的锂/镍/钴/锰复合氧化物的混合物:
[式I]
Li1+xMn2-yMyO4
其中,
M是氧化值为2至3的金属;
0≤x≤0.2;且
0<y≤0.2。
[式II]
Li1+zNibMncCo1-(b+c)O2
其中
0≤z≤0.1;
0.2≤b≤0.7;
0.2≤c≤0.7;且
b+c<1。
根据本发明的其他方面,提供了一种锂二次电池,其包括含上述阴极活性材料的阴极、阳极、隔板及非水性电解质。
下文将更详细地描述本发明。
如上文所讨论,本发明的特征在于使用锂/镍/钴/锰氧化物和部分锰(Mn)被其他金属元素所取代的锂/锰尖晶石氧化物的混合物,以当作阴极活性材料。
在式I中的锂/锰尖晶石氧化物中,锰(Mn)被金属(M)所取代,所述金属(M)的氧化值为预定范围内的2或3。在此,该金属(M)可优选为铝(Al)、镁(Mg)或是二者皆有。
由于取代金属的氧化值比锰(Mn)更小,因此增加取代金属的量会导致氧化值的平均值降低并且相对增加了锰(Mn)的氧化值,从而导致抑制了锰(Mn)的溶解。也就是说,当锂/锰尖晶石氧化物中取代金属的量(y)增加,会进一步改善电池的寿命特性。然而,由于增加取代金属的量(y)也伴随着初始容量的降低,所以y的最大值优选小于0.2,这能使电池的寿命特性获得最大的改善,同时使电池初始容量的降低最小化。更优选地,y的数值是介于0.01至0.2之间。
在合适的情形下,可以通过调整该锂/锰尖晶石氧化物组成元素的比例来改善高温循环特性及容量维持特性,但高温安全性及单位重量的容量仍存在局限。
因此,作为阴极活性材料,在本发明中使用了锂/锰尖晶石氧化物与式II的某些锂/镍/钴/锰复合氧化物的混合物作为活性材性,其是因更高的稳定性而预期能增加使用寿命的活性材料。
锂/镍/钴/锰复合氧化物是一种同时含有镍、锰及钴元素的锂氧化物,如式II所示,当与锂/锰尖晶石氧化物组合时,根据本发明阴极活性材料的安全性及寿命特性得到显著改善。每一锂/镍/钴/锰复合氧化物至少各含有0.2M的镍及锰,条件是该复合氧化物含有钴。锂/镍/钴/锰复合氧化物的优选实例可包含但不限于Li1+zNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2及Li1+zNi0.4Co0.4Mn0.2O2。更特别的是,相较于锰及钴而言具有相对高含量镍的锂/镍/钴/锰复合氧化物对于实现高容量是更优选的。
锂/锰尖晶石氧化物(式I)及锂/镍/钴/镁复合氧化物(式II)的混合比例优选的范围是介于90∶10至10∶90(w/w)。假如两种复合氧化物中的复合氧化物(I)含量过低,则该电池的稳定性是较低的。相反的,假如复合氧化物(II)过低,则要达到期望的寿命特性是相当困难的。这样的事实由以下的实施例及比较例来例示及证实。
制备锂金属复合氧化物如式I中锂/锰尖晶石氧化物和式II中锂/镍/钴/锰复合氧化物的方法,是本领域技术人员所熟知的,因此在此并未详述。
下文将具体描述根据本发明所述含有阴极活性材料的阴极的制造方法。
首先,将本发明的阴极活性材料、粘合剂及相对于活性材料为1至20重量%含量的导电材料加入到分散溶剂中,并且将所得到的分散物搅拌以制备电极浆料。该浆料被施用于集电器的金属板,然后压缩并干燥以制备层压电极。
阴极集电器一般被制成厚度为3至500μm。对阴极集电器没有特别的限制,只要在制成的电池中具有高导电性且不会造成化学变化即可。作为阴极集电器的实例,可提及的有不锈钢、铝、镍、钛、烧结碳,以及使用碳、镍、钛或银进行表面处理的铝或不锈钢。该集电器可被制成在其表面上具有微细的不平整性,从而增强与该阴极活性材料的粘结性。此外,该集电器可具有多种形式,包括膜、片、箔、网、多孔结构、泡沫及无纺布。
作为在本发明中可使用的粘合剂的范例,可提及的有聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、聚偏二氟乙烯(PVdF)、纤维素、聚乙烯醇、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、淀粉、羟丙基纤维素、再生纤维素、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、四氟乙烯、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、乙烯-丙烯-二烯三元共聚物(EPDM)、磺化EPDM、苯乙烯-丁二烯橡胶、含氟橡胶及多种共聚物。
对于导电材料并没有特别的限制,只要在制成的电池中具有合适的导电性且不会造成化学变化即可。对于导电材料的实例,可提及的导电材料包括石墨如天然或人工石墨;碳黑类如碳黑、乙炔黑、科琴黑、槽法碳黑、炉黑、灯黑及热裂碳黑;导电纤维如碳纤维及金属纤维;金属粉末如碳氟化物粉末、铝粉及镍粉;导电晶须如氧化锌及钛酸钾;导电金属氧化物如氧化钛;及聚苯撑衍生物。市售导电材料的具体例子可包含各种乙炔黑产品(由Chevron Chemical Company,Denka Singapore Private Limite及Gulf Oil Company所取得),科琴黑EC系列(由Armak Company取得),Vulcan XC-72(由Cabot Company取得)及Super P(Timcal Co.)。
在合适时,可任选地添加填料作为抑制阴极膨胀的成分。对于填料并没有特殊限制,只要其不会造成制造电池时的化学变化,且为纤维材料即可。对于填料的实例,可使用烯烃聚合物例如聚乙烯及聚丙烯;及纤维材料,例如玻璃纤维及碳纤维。
可用于本发明的分散溶剂的典型例子包含异丙醇、N-甲基吡咯烷酮及丙酮。
考虑所使用电极材料的特性,可根据本领域技术人员公知的常规方法或合适的新颖方法,将电极材料的浆料均匀地施用于金属材料。例如优选地,将电极浆料分布于集电器上、然后利用刮刀使其均匀分散于集电器上。在合适的情况下,该电极浆料的分布和分散可在单一步骤中完成。另外,可通过选自压铸、间歇涂布、丝网印刷的方法来进行电极浆料的施用。或者,可将浆料在单独的基底上成形,然后通过按压或层压将其粘合至集电器上,从而实现电极浆料的施用。
施用于金属板上的浆料的干燥优选于真空炉内在50至200℃下于1至3天内完成。
另外,本发明提供了一种包含电极组件和含锂盐的非水性电解质的锂二次电池,所述电极组件由上述制造的阴极、阳极以及置于其之间的隔板组成,阴极和阳极彼此相对布置。
例如,该阳极是由施加阳极材料到阳极集电器,并经过干燥所制成。如果需要的话,所述阳极可以进一步任选地包括如上所述的其它成分,例如导电材料、粘合剂及填料。
该阳极集电器通常制造成厚度为3至500μm。对于阳极集电器并没有特殊限制,只要它们具有合适的导电性,而不会造成所制造电池中的化学变化即可。作为阳极集电器的范例,可提及的有铜、不锈钢、铝、镍、钛、烧结碳,以碳、镍、钛或银进行表面处理的铜或不锈钢,以及铝镉合金。类似于阴极集电器,该阳极集电器也可被制造成在其表面上形成微细的不规则状,从而增进其与该阳极活性材料的粘附性。此外,该阳极集电器可具有多种形式,包括膜、片、箔、网、多孔结构、泡沫及无纺布。
作为可用于本发明的阳极材料的实例,可提到的有碳,例如非石墨化碳及石墨基碳;金属复合氧化物,例如LixFe2O3(0≤x≤1)、LixWO2(0≤x≤1)及SnxMe1-xMe’yOz(Me:Mn、Fe、Pb、Ge;Me’:Al、B、P、Si,元素周期表的第I族、第II族及第III族元素,卤素;0<x≤1;1≤y≤3;及1≤z≤8);锂金属;锂合金;硅基合金;锡基合金;金属氧化物例如SnO、SnO2、PbO、PbO2、Pb2O3、Pb3O4、Sb2O3、Sb2O4、Sb2O5、GeO、GeO2、Bi2O3、Bi2O4、及Bi2O5;导电聚合物,例如聚乙炔;及Li-Co-Ni基材料。
该隔板置于阴极与阳极之间。使用具有高离子渗透性与机械强度的绝缘薄膜作为隔板。该隔板通常具有孔径为0.01至10μm,且厚度为5至300μm。使用由烯烃聚合物(如聚丙烯和/或玻璃纤维或聚乙烯)所制成的、具有耐化学性及斥水性的片或无纺布作为隔板。市售隔板产品的典型范例可包含Celgard系列诸如CelgardTM 2400及2300(可由Hoechst celanese Crop.取得),聚丙烯隔板(由Ube Industries Ltd.或PallRAI Co.取得)及聚乙烯系列(由Tonen或Entek取得)。
在合适的条件下,可将凝胶聚合物电解质涂覆于隔板上以增加电池的稳定性。代表性的凝胶聚合物可包括聚环氧乙烷、聚偏二氟乙烯及聚丙烯腈。
当使用固体电解质例如聚合物作为所述电解质时,该固体电解质还可同时作为隔板和电解质之用。
含有锂盐的非水性电解质是由非水性电解质与锂构成。对于该非水性电解质,可以使用非水性电解质溶液、有机固体电解质及无机固体电解质。
作为可用于本发明的非水性电解质溶液的例子,可提及的有非质子有机溶剂,例如N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、碳酸亚丙酯、碳酸亚乙酯、碳酸亚丁酯、碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸甲乙酯、γ-丁内酯、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、1,2-二乙氧基乙烷、四羟基Franc、2-甲基四氢呋喃、二甲基亚砜、1,3-二氧戊环、4-甲基-1,3-二环氧乙烯、二乙醚、甲酰胺、二甲基甲酰胺、二氧戊环、乙腈、硝基甲烷、甲酸甲酯、乙酸甲酯、磷酸三酯、三甲氧基甲烷、二氧戊环衍生物、环丁砜、甲基环丁砜、1,3-二甲基-2-咪唑啉酮、碳酸亚丙酯衍生物、四氢呋喃衍生物、醚、丙酸甲酯及丙酸乙酯。
作为可用于本发明的有机固体电解质的范例,可提及的有聚乙烯衍生物、聚环氧乙烷衍生物、聚环氧丙烷衍生物、磷酸酯聚合物、polyagitation lysine、聚酯硫醚、聚乙烯醇、聚偏二氟乙烯及含有离子解离基团的聚合物。
作为可用于本发明的无机固体电解质的范例,可提到的有锂的氮化物、卤化物及硫酸盐,例如Li3N、LiI、Li5NI2、Li3N-LiI-LiOH、LiSiO4、LiSiO4-LiI-LiOH、Li2SiS3、Li4SiO4、Li4SiO4-LiI-LiOH及Li3PO4-Li2S-SiS2。
锂盐是可易溶于上述非水性电解质的材料,其可包括例如LiCl、LiBr、LiI、LiClO4、LiBF4、LiB10Cl10、LiPF6、LiCF3SO3、LiCF3CO2、LiAsF6、LiSbF6、LiAlCl4、CH3SO3Li、CF3SO3Li、LiSCN、LiC(CF3SO2)3、(CF3SO2)2NLi、氯硼烷锂、低级脂族羧酸锂、四苯基锂硼酸盐及酰亚胺锂。
此外,为了改善充电/放电特性及阻燃性,可加入以下材料到该非水性电解质中,例如吡啶、亚磷酸三乙酯、三乙醇胺、环醚、乙二胺、n-甘醇二甲醚、六磷酸三酰胺、硝基苯衍生物、硫、醌亚胺染料、N-取代的唑啉酮、N,N-取代的咪唑啶、乙二醇二烷醚、铵盐、吡咯、2-甲氧基乙醇、三氯化铝等。如果需要的话,为了赋予不可燃性,该非水性电解质可另包括含卤素的溶剂,例如四氯化碳及三氟乙烯。另外,为了改善高温储存特性,该非水性电解质另可包括二氧化碳气体。
实施例
下文将参考以下实施例来更为详细地说明本发明。这些实施例仅作为例示本发明,并不能视为限制本发明的范围与精神。
[实施例1]
将取代的锂/锰尖晶石氧化物Li1+xMn1.95Al0.05O4与锂/镍/钴/锰复合氧化物Li1+zNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2以重量比1∶1混合以制备阴极活性材料。将该阴极活性材料与5重量%的碳黑及5重量%作为粘合剂的PVdF混合,并以NMP作为溶剂进行搅拌。将所产生的混合物涂覆于作为金属集电器的铝箔上,然后于真空炉中于120℃干燥超过2小时,从而制成阴极。
使用上述制造的阴极、于铜箔上涂覆中间相碳微球(MCMBs)作为人工石墨所制成的阳极、及由聚丙烯所制成的多孔性隔板,制得电极组件。将该电极组件置于袋状盒内,然后连接电极导线。其后,将碳酸亚乙酯(EC)与碳酸二甲酯(DMC)(1∶1,v/v)的溶液(有1M的LiPF6盐溶解于其中)作为电解质注入其中,并将该盒密封,从而组装完成锂二次电池。
将由此制成的锂二次电池在3.0至4.2V的电压范围进行充电/放电循环并测定其寿命特性。所得到的结果如下表1所示。
[实施例2]
以与实施例1相同的方法组装锂二次电池,不同之处在于,其中使用取代的锂/锰尖晶石氧化物Li1+xMn1.9Al0.1O4代替Li1+xMn1.95A10.05O4来制备该阴极活性材料。将依此制成的锂二次电池在3.0至4.2V的电压范围内进行充电/放电循环并测定其寿命特性。所得到的结果如下表1所示。
[实施例3]
以与实施例1相同的方法组装锂二次电池,不同之处在于,其中使用取代的锂/锰尖晶石氧化物Li1+xMn1.8Al0.2O4代替Li1+xMn1.95Al0.05O4来制备该阴极活性材料。将依此制成的锂二次电池在3.0至4.2V的电压范围内进行充电/放电循环并测定其寿命特性。所得到的结果如下表1所示。
[实施例4]
以与实施例1相同的方法组装锂二次电池,不同之处在于,其中使用取代的锂/锰尖晶石氧化物Li1+xMn1.95Mg0.05O4代替Li1+xMn1.95Al0.05O4来制备该阴极活性材料。将依此制成的锂二次电池在3.0至4.2V的电压范围内进行充电/放电循环并测定其寿命特性。所得到的结果如下表1所示。
[实施例5]
以与实施例1相同的方法组装锂二次电池,不同之处在于,其中使用取代的锂/锰尖晶石氧化物Li1+xMn1.9Mg0.1O4代替Li1+xMn1.95Al0.05O4,来制备该阴极活性材料。将依此制成的锂二次电池在3.0至4.2V的电压范围内进行充电/放电循环并测定其寿命特性。所得到的结果如下表1所示。
[实施例6]
以与实施例1相同的方法组装锂二次电池,不同之处在于,其中使用取代的锂/锰尖晶石氧化物Li1+xMn1.8Mg0.2O4代替Li1+xMn1.95Al0.05O4,来制备该阴极活性材料。将依此制成的锂二次电池在3.0至4.2V的电压范围内进行充电/放电循环并测定其寿命特性。所得到的结果如下表1所示。
[比较例1]
以与实施例1相同的方法组装锂二次电池,不同之处在于,其中使用非取代的锂/锰尖晶石氧化物Li1+xMn2O4代替Li1+xMn1.95A10.05O4,来制备该阴极活性材料。将依此制成的锂二次电池在3.0至4.2V的电压范围内进行充电/放电循环并测定其寿命特性。所得到的结果如下表1所示。
表1
由表1可看出,在阴极活性材料复合氧化物的混合物中,当锂/锰尖晶石氧化物的锰(Mn)位被铝(Al)或镁(Mg)所取代时,会导致电池的寿命特性有显著改善。除此之外,更高的金属离子取代量(y值)会导致进一步的寿命特性的改善。然而,从以下比较例2及3中可看出,当取代量即y值大于0.2时,可证实电池的初始容量降低。
[比较例2]
以与实施例1相同的方法组装锂二次电池,不同之处在于,使用取代的锂/锰尖晶石氧化物Li1+xMn1.7Al0.3O4来制备阴极活性材料。将依此制成的锂二次电池在3.0至4.2V的电压范围内进行充电/放电循环,测定其初始电池容量并与实施例1的二次电池进行比较。结果证实,相对于实施例1的二次电池的初始容量,该电池的容量减少14%。
[比较例3]
以与实施例1相同的方法组装锂二次电池,不同之处在于,其中使用锂/锰尖晶石氧化物Li1+xMn1.7Mg0.3O4来制备阴极活性材料。将依此制成的锂二次电池在3.0至4.2V的电压范围内进行充电/放电循环,测定其初始电池容量并与实施例1的二次电池进行比较。其结果证实,相对于实施例1的二次电池的初始容量,该电池的容量降低24%。
[实施例7]
以与实施例1相同的方法组装锂二次电池,不同之处在于,其中使用取代的锂/锰尖晶石氧化物Li1+xMn1.9Al0.1O4与锂/镍/钴/锰复合氧化物Li1+zNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2以重量比为90∶10来制备阴极活性材料。将依此制成的锂二次电池在3.0至4.2V的电压范围内进行充电/放电循环并测定其寿命特性。所得到的结果如下表2所示。
[实施例8]
以与实施例1相同的方法组装锂二次电池,不同之处在于,其中使用取代的锂/锰尖晶石氧化物Li1+xMn1.9Al0.1O4与锂/镍/钴/锰复合氧化物Li1+zNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2以重量比为70∶30来制备阴极活性材料。将依此制成的锂二次电池在3.0至4.2V的电压范围内进行充电/放电循环并测定其寿命特性。所得到的结果如下表2所示。
[实施例9]
以与实施例1相同的方法组装锂二次电池,不同之处在于,其中使用取代的锂/锰尖晶石氧化物Li1+xMn1.9Al0.1O4与锂/镍/钴/锰复合氧化物Li1+zNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2以重量比为50∶50(1∶1)来制备阴极活性材料。将依此制成的锂二次电池在3.0至4.2V的电压范围内进行充电/放电循环并测定其寿命特性。所得到的结果如下表2所示。
[实施例10]
以与实施例1相同的方法组装锂二次电池,不同之处在于,其中使用取代的锂/锰尖晶石氧化物Li1+xMn1.9Al0.1O4与锂/镍/钴/锰复合氧化物Li1+zNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2以重量比为30∶70来制备该阴极活性材料。将依此制成的锂二次电池在3.0至4.2V的电压范围内进行充电/放电循环并测定其寿命特性。所得到的结果如下表2所示。
[实施例11]
以与实施例1相同的方法组装锂二次电池,不同之处在于,其中使用取代的锂/锰尖晶石氧化物Li1+xMn1.9Al0.1O4与锂/镍/钴/锰复合氧化物Li1+zNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2以重量比为10∶90来制备阴极活性材料。将依此制成的锂二次电池在3.0至4.2V的电压范围内进行充电/放电循环并测定其寿命特性。所得到的结果如下表2所示。
[比较例4]
以与实施例1相同的方法组装锂二次电池,不同之处在于,其中仅使用取代的锂/锰尖晶石氧化物Li1+xMn1.9Al0.1O4来制备阴极活性材料。将依此制成的锂二次电池在3.0至4.2V的电压范围内进行充电/放电循环并测定其寿命特性。所得到的结果如下表2所示。
[比较例5]
以与实施例1相同的方法组装锂二次电池,不同之处在于,其中仅使用锂/镍/钴/锰复合氧化物Li1+zNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2来制备阴极活性材料。将依此制成的锂二次电池在3.0至4.2V的电压范围内进行充电/放电循环并测定其寿命特性。所得到的结果如下表2所示。
表2
由表2可看出,当向Al取代的锂/锰尖晶石氧化物中加入大于10%的锂/镍/钴/锰复合氧化物时,电池的寿命特性开始改善,并可证实由此所获得的寿命特性与加入大于30%锂/镍/钴/锰复合氧化物达到的寿命特性是类似的。然而,过高含量的锂/镍/钴/锰复合氧化物可能会造成相对低的电池安全性,因此优选的锂/镍/钴/锰复合氧化物的使用量是低于90%。
[实施例12]
以与实施例1相同的方法组装锂二次电池,不同之处在于,其中使用取代的锂/锰尖晶石氧化物Li1+xMn1.9Al0.1O4与锂/镍/钴/锰复合氧化物Li1+zNi0.4Mn0.4Co0.2O2以重量比为90∶10来制备阴极活性材料。将依此制成的锂二次电池在3.0至4.2V的电压范围内进行充电/放电循环并测定其寿命特性。所得到的结果如下表3所示。
[实施例13]
以与实施例1相同的方法组装锂二次电池,不同之处在于,其中使用取代的锂/锰尖晶石氧化物Li1+xMn1.9Al0.1O4与锂/镍/钴/锰复合氧化物Li1+zNi0.4Mn0.4Co0.2O2以重量比为70∶30来制备阴极活性材料。将依此制成的锂二次电池在3.0至4.2V的电压范围内进行充电/放电循环并测定其寿命特性。所得到的结果如下表3所示。
[实施例14]
以与实施例1相同的方法组装锂二次电池,不同之处在于,其中使用取代的锂/锰尖晶石氧化物Li1+xMn1.9Al0.1O4与锂/镍/钴/锰复合氧化物Li1+zNi0.4Mn0.4Co0.2O2以重量比为50∶50(1∶1)来制备阴极活性材料。将依此制成的锂二次电池在3.0至4.2V的电压范围内进行充电/放电循环并测定其寿命特性。所得到的结果如下表3所示。
[实施例15]
以与实施例1相同的方法组装锂二次电池,不同之处在于,其中使用取代的锂/锰尖晶石氧化物Li1+xMn1.9Al0.1O4与锂/镍/钴/锰复合氧化物Li1+zNi0.4Mn0.4Co0.2O2以重量比为30∶70来制备阴极活性材料。将依此制成的锂二次电池在3.0至4.2V的电压范围内进行充电/放电循环并测定其寿命特性。所得到的结果如下表3所示。
[实施例16]
以与实施例1相同的方法组装锂二次电池,不同之处在于,其中使用取代的锂/锰尖晶石氧化物Li1+xMn1.9Al0.1O4与锂/镍/钴/锰复合氧化物Li1+zNi0.4Mn0.4Co0.2O2以重量比为10∶90来制备阴极活性材料。将依此制成的锂二次电池在3.0至4.2V的电压范围内进行充电/放电循环并测定其寿命特性。所得到的结果如下表3所示。
[比较例6]
以与实施例1相同的方法组装锂二次电池,不同之处在于,其中仅使用锂/镍/钴/锰复合氧化物Li1+zNi0.4Mn0.4Co0.2O2来制备阴极活性材料。将依此制成的锂二次电池在3.0至4.2V的电压范围内进行充电/放电循环并测定其寿命特性。所得到的结果如下表3所示。
表3
由表3可看出,当向Al取代的锂/锰尖晶石中加入大于10%的锂/镍/钴/锰复合氧化物,电池的寿命特性开始改善,并可证实由此所获得的寿命特性与加入大于30%锂/镍/钴/锰复合氧化物所得到的寿命特性是相似的。然而,过高含量的锂/镍/钴/锰复合氧化物可能会造成低的电池安全性,因此优选的锂/镍/钴/锰复合氧化物的使用量是低于90%。
产业应用性
由以上的说明可以看出,依据本发明,使用锰(Mn)位被特定金属元素取代的锰尖晶石氧化物与特定锂/镍/钴/锰复合氧化物的混合物作为阴极活性材料的锂二次电池,即使是在高电流、短时间的充电/放电循环情形下,仍可确保电池的安全性及改善其使用寿命。
尽管为例示的目的公开了本发明的优选实施方式,但本领域技术人员应能理解,在不脱离所附权利要求公开的本发明范围与精神的前提下,可对本发明进行各种修改、添加与替换。
Claims (5)
1.一种用于锂二次电池的阴极活性材料,其包含式I表示的锂/锰尖晶石氧化物与式II表示的锂/镍/钴/锰氧化物的混合物:
Li1+xMn2-yMyO4 (I)
Li1+zNibMncCo1-(b+c)O2 (II)
其中
M是氧化值为2至3的金属;
O≤x≤O.2;
0<y≤0.2;
0≤z≤0.1;
O.2≤b≤O.7;
0.2≤c≤0.7;且
b+c<1,
其中相较于钴,所述式II的锂/镍/钴/锰氧化物具有相对高含量的镍,且
其中锂/锰尖晶石氧化物:锂/镍/钴/锰氧化物的混合比范围为10∶90至90∶10(w/w)。
2.如权利要求1所述的阴极活性材料,其中相较于锰和钴,所述式II的锂/镍/钴/锰氧化物具有相对高含量的镍。
3.如权利要求1所述的阴极活性材料,其中式I中的M为铝(Al)、镁(Mg)或二者皆有。
4.如权利要求1所述的阴极活性材料,其中y值范围为O.01至0.2。
5.一种锂二次电池,其包含如权利要求1-4中任一项所述的阴极活性材料。
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