WO2008144795A1 - Blisterpackung und applikator dafür - Google Patents
Blisterpackung und applikator dafür Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2008144795A1 WO2008144795A1 PCT/AT2008/000190 AT2008000190W WO2008144795A1 WO 2008144795 A1 WO2008144795 A1 WO 2008144795A1 AT 2008000190 W AT2008000190 W AT 2008000190W WO 2008144795 A1 WO2008144795 A1 WO 2008144795A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- discharge channels
- discharge
- applicator
- container
- incisions
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61J—CONTAINERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR MEDICAL OR PHARMACEUTICAL PURPOSES; DEVICES OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR BRINGING PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS INTO PARTICULAR PHYSICAL OR ADMINISTERING FORMS; DEVICES FOR ADMINISTERING FOOD OR MEDICINES ORALLY; BABY COMFORTERS; DEVICES FOR RECEIVING SPITTLE
- A61J1/00—Containers specially adapted for medical or pharmaceutical purposes
- A61J1/05—Containers specially adapted for medical or pharmaceutical purposes for collecting, storing or administering blood, plasma or medical fluids ; Infusion or perfusion containers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D75/00—Packages comprising articles or materials partially or wholly enclosed in strips, sheets, blanks, tubes, or webs of flexible sheet material, e.g. in folded wrappers
- B65D75/28—Articles or materials wholly enclosed in composite wrappers, i.e. wrappers formed by associating or interconnecting two or more sheets or blanks
- B65D75/30—Articles or materials enclosed between two opposed sheets or blanks having their margins united, e.g. by pressure-sensitive adhesive, crimping, heat-sealing, or welding
- B65D75/32—Articles or materials enclosed between two opposed sheets or blanks having their margins united, e.g. by pressure-sensitive adhesive, crimping, heat-sealing, or welding one or both sheets or blanks being recessed to accommodate contents
- B65D75/325—Articles or materials enclosed between two opposed sheets or blanks having their margins united, e.g. by pressure-sensitive adhesive, crimping, heat-sealing, or welding one or both sheets or blanks being recessed to accommodate contents one sheet being recessed, and the other being a flat not- rigid sheet, e.g. puncturable or peelable foil
- B65D75/327—Articles or materials enclosed between two opposed sheets or blanks having their margins united, e.g. by pressure-sensitive adhesive, crimping, heat-sealing, or welding one or both sheets or blanks being recessed to accommodate contents one sheet being recessed, and the other being a flat not- rigid sheet, e.g. puncturable or peelable foil and forming several compartments
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61J—CONTAINERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR MEDICAL OR PHARMACEUTICAL PURPOSES; DEVICES OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR BRINGING PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS INTO PARTICULAR PHYSICAL OR ADMINISTERING FORMS; DEVICES FOR ADMINISTERING FOOD OR MEDICINES ORALLY; BABY COMFORTERS; DEVICES FOR RECEIVING SPITTLE
- A61J1/00—Containers specially adapted for medical or pharmaceutical purposes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D75/00—Packages comprising articles or materials partially or wholly enclosed in strips, sheets, blanks, tubes, or webs of flexible sheet material, e.g. in folded wrappers
- B65D75/28—Articles or materials wholly enclosed in composite wrappers, i.e. wrappers formed by associating or interconnecting two or more sheets or blanks
- B65D75/30—Articles or materials enclosed between two opposed sheets or blanks having their margins united, e.g. by pressure-sensitive adhesive, crimping, heat-sealing, or welding
- B65D75/32—Articles or materials enclosed between two opposed sheets or blanks having their margins united, e.g. by pressure-sensitive adhesive, crimping, heat-sealing, or welding one or both sheets or blanks being recessed to accommodate contents
- B65D75/34—Articles or materials enclosed between two opposed sheets or blanks having their margins united, e.g. by pressure-sensitive adhesive, crimping, heat-sealing, or welding one or both sheets or blanks being recessed to accommodate contents and having several recesses to accommodate a series of articles or quantities of material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D75/00—Packages comprising articles or materials partially or wholly enclosed in strips, sheets, blanks, tubes, or webs of flexible sheet material, e.g. in folded wrappers
- B65D75/52—Details
- B65D75/58—Opening or contents-removing devices added or incorporated during package manufacture
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D75/00—Packages comprising articles or materials partially or wholly enclosed in strips, sheets, blanks, tubes, or webs of flexible sheet material, e.g. in folded wrappers
- B65D75/52—Details
- B65D75/58—Opening or contents-removing devices added or incorporated during package manufacture
- B65D75/5816—Opening or contents-removing devices added or incorporated during package manufacture for tearing a corner or other small portion next to the edge, e.g. a U-shaped portion
- B65D75/5822—Opening or contents-removing devices added or incorporated during package manufacture for tearing a corner or other small portion next to the edge, e.g. a U-shaped portion and defining, after tearing, a small dispensing spout, a small orifice or the like
Definitions
- the invention relates to a container for a plurality of individual doses of a fluid agent in which the individual doses are packed separately gas-tight and can be released separately and on an applicator for such containers.
- Active ingredients can be formulated in different dosage forms.
- blister packs are known, for example, in which the respective tablet can be pushed out of the packaging by applying pressure.
- WO 03/073907 A2 has already proposed, for example, in WO 03/073907 A2, to form a plurality of cavities on a disk-shaped carrier, the release of the liquid stored in such a cavity being released by the application of a pressing pressure with rupture of the respective wall of the cavity becomes.
- Such devices are therefore in the first place, as this proposal also corresponds, for the provision of detergents in dishwashers od.
- an untargeted splashing of liquid with regard to the subsequent rinse is meaningless by the rinse water.
- the invention now aims to provide a container of the type mentioned, with which a plurality of individual doses can be provided in a manner that each individual drops can be formed that further contamination in the opening of the individual packages can be safely avoided and finally, sensitive fluids, and especially fluids sensitive to oxidation, can be safely stored for a prolonged period of time, with correspondingly dense materials being required to confine the individual dose-receiving cavities.
- Active substances which, for example, are particularly oxidative Proteins which are sensitive to specific conditions include proteins, peptides, vitamins or prostaglandins, in particular vitamin A, glucocorticoids, vegetable oils, carotenoids and lipids, as well as thiol-bearing compounds requiring particularly resistant and gas-tight packaging in order to prevent oxidation.
- the container according to the invention should, taking into account all these requirements, ensure a corresponding long-term stability of the individual doses and be usable without contamination from corresponding applicators.
- the container according to the invention essentially consists in that the container has a substantially planar carrier foil, which transmits a plurality of gas-tight cavities to the periphery of the carrier foil send and at a distance from the circumference of the carrier foil emanating discharge channels that the scope outgoing transverse to the discharge channels are provided at a distance from these ending incisions, wherein when turning and pulling on the tabs formed by the incisions, the discharge channels are releasable by tearing and separation transverse to the axis of the channels.
- the tearing ensures an opening without contamination with particles and the gas-tight training ensures in particular that oxygen can not get into the cavities.
- the substantially planar carrier foil can be designed in the form of an arbitrarily designed disc, which may have a polygonal or, as in a preferred embodiment, circular circumference.
- gas-tight cavities to the circumference of the carrier film and at a distance from the circumference of the carrier film discharge channels are provided, the possibility is created to adapt channel designs to the respective fluid to be dispensed so that when properly positioning the container on the open channel a Drop formation takes place and in this way a targeted and gentle release of the fluid is possible.
- fluid is understood to be not only liquid but also gaseous active substances, which can be made available in metered quantities by suitable dimensioning of the channel.
- the training can be made in this case so that the gas-tight cavities and the discharge channels are limited by a multilayer film structure, whereby the required gas density formation is ensured.
- the choice of suitable materials can ensure that the evaporation of liquids from the containers certainly also prevails under the prevailing low pressure, such as in correspondingly decompressed aircraft cabins.
- the stable formation of the carrier and the gas-tight cavities limiting film can also be made so that the Whole blister pack can be sterilized by the application of steam or can be subjected to irradiation, without this leading to the destruction of the packaging.
- the surface can be coated in the immediate vicinity of the opening of the channels to ensure absolute sterility, the stable design also allows the use in mechanically operated applicators.
- the design is such that the substantially planar carrier film has a circular outline and the discharge channels are arranged substantially radially, wherein in a particularly advantageous manner, the discharge channels have a suitable for the formation of liquid droplets clear cross-section.
- the embodiment is advantageously such that the incisions extend from the circumference of the carrier over a first section substantially radially inward transversely to the circumference and in a further section substantially in the circumferential direction and transversely to the discharge channels are formed extending, wherein the incisions adjacent to the discharge channels.
- a high storage stability and high reliability when using mechanical applicators can be ensured that the carrier film and / or the cavities or the Austragskanäle limiting films are formed as elastically biased film or elastically prestressed composite film.
- the applicator according to the invention for such containers is essentially characterized in that a displacement drive or rotary drive is provided for the carrier film, by means of which a discharge channel is movable into a position of a discharge opening of the applicator aligned with this channel and in that means are provided for gripping an incision-limited flap adjacent to the respective discharge channel, which openings open the adjacent discharge channel, forming a tear-off edge running transversely to the channel, in the position aligned with the discharge opening of the applicator.
- a displacement drive or rotary drive is provided for the carrier film, by means of which a discharge channel is movable into a position of a discharge opening of the applicator aligned with this channel and in that means are provided for gripping an incision-limited flap adjacent to the respective discharge channel, which openings open the adjacent discharge channel, forming a tear-off edge running transversely to the channel, in the position aligned with the discharge opening of the applicator.
- Such an applicator is in principle suitable for polygon
- the embodiment is preferably formed in such a way that pressing jaws acting transversely to the carrier cooperate with cavities whose discharge channels reach a position aligned with the dispensing opening.
- a high degree of operational safety and a number of further simplifications in the handling can be achieved in that the applicator has a freely programmable switching mechanism and at least one display, by means of which time-specific or operation-specific data such as expiry of the effectiveness of the active ingredients, low residual energy of the energy storage , detected by temperature sensors minimum and / or maximum temperatures, time or reminder signals can be displayed.
- FIG. 2 shows a view in the direction of the arrow II of FIG. 1 with the container removed and the lid removed
- FIG. 3 shows a plan view of a container
- FIG. 4 shows a plan view of the applicator with an open lid and inserted container a bottom view of the container with the gas-tight cavities.
- Fig. 1 denotes a housing of an applicator, which has a hinged lid 2.
- 3 denotes a container or carrier, wherein the container is visible in plan view and the cavities not shown in FIG. 1 are shown only in the bottom view according to FIG. 4.
- the container has a plurality of recesses or cavities 4, which cooperate with pins 5 for transporting the container in the direction of the arrow 6. 7, an opening of the housing 1 is shown, via which active ingredients can be discharged.
- a motor 9 is provided with a worm 10.
- the power supply is indicated schematically by a battery 11, wherein 12 denotes a display which is controlled by a freely programmable switching mechanism 13.
- 14 designates here a sensor with which the position of the housing 1 can be detected and evaluated in the freely programmable switching mechanism 13.
- the ring gear 8 carrying a ring gear 15 is moved by the worm 10 in the direction of the double arrow 16, wherein about the central axis 17 via a radially inwardly projecting arm 18 which is connected to the ring 8, and a sprocket 19, a dashed line indicated gear 20 is driven in rotation about the axis 21.
- This gear 20 is connected via a ratchet 34 with the gear 22, so that the gear 22 is driven only in the direction of the arrow 23, due to the ratchet 34 but not in the opposite direction.
- the gear 22 drives each stepwise equipped with an internal toothing ring 24, which carries the pin 5 for the container and in this way each conveys a new cavity to the press-in jaw 25.
- an arm 26 is now connected, which engages with a pin 27 designated in Fig. 1 with 28 recesses of the container and initiates the tear movement in this manner.
- a pin 27 designated in Fig. 1 with 28 recesses of the container and initiates the tear movement in this manner.
- an inclined surface 29 is guided under the pressing jaw 25, so that the pressing jaw 25 is raised in the illustration of FIG. 2 and a corresponding pressing pressure on the cavity of the container, as shown in Figs. 3 and 4 now more clearly , exercises.
- Fig. 3 and 4 are designated with 28 recesses in tabs 29, which can be taken from the arm of the applicator, as shown in Fig. 2, and can be bent in this way along the incisions 30, wherein in another sequence, as indicated in Fig. 4 by the dashed line 31, each discharge channels 32 exposed by tearing.
- This discharge channels 32 pass through rotational movement of the container in each case in an aligned position to the outlet opening 7, as can be seen in Fig. 1, wherein the associated cavities are each designated 33.
- the containers themselves may have a disk-shaped multi-layered construction, the contents of the containers being able to be pressed out by the pressing jaws 25 in the position of the discharge channels 32 aligned with the discharge opening 7.
- the respective position of the applicator is determined by the sensor 14 and made the release of the drive connection only at appropriately defined conditions electronically.
- the temperature can also be detected by means of additional sensors and minimum and / or maximum values can be stored, if desired.
- a significant advantage of the device according to the invention is that the fluid can also be discharged without pressure, if appropriate drops are formed.
- the container is gas-tight and can be UV-resistant.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Hematology (AREA)
- Packages (AREA)
- Medical Preparation Storing Or Oral Administration Devices (AREA)
- Containers And Packaging Bodies Having A Special Means To Remove Contents (AREA)
- Bag Frames (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (8)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
RU2009149187/14A RU2470614C2 (ru) | 2007-06-01 | 2008-06-02 | Контейнер для множества отдельных доз, а также вспомогательное устройство для указанного контейнера |
JP2010509620A JP5094966B2 (ja) | 2007-06-01 | 2008-06-02 | ブリスター・パック及びブリスター・パック用のアプリケーター |
CA002688031A CA2688031A1 (en) | 2007-06-01 | 2008-06-02 | Blister pack and applicator therefor |
US12/451,723 US20100132704A1 (en) | 2007-06-01 | 2008-06-02 | Blister pack and applicator therefor |
CN2008800184135A CN101677872B (zh) | 2007-06-01 | 2008-06-02 | 泡罩包装以及用于这种泡罩包装的给药器 |
AU2008255612A AU2008255612A1 (en) | 2007-06-01 | 2008-06-02 | Blister pack and applicator therefor |
EP08756802A EP2150220A1 (de) | 2007-06-01 | 2008-06-02 | Blisterpackung und applikator dafür |
BRPI0812241-5A2A BRPI0812241A2 (pt) | 2007-06-01 | 2008-06-02 | Embalagem de blister e aplicador para a mesma |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
ATA876/2007 | 2007-06-01 | ||
AT0087607A AT505246B8 (de) | 2007-06-01 | 2007-06-01 | Container für eine mehrzahl von einzeldosen sowie applikator für derartige container |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2008144795A1 true WO2008144795A1 (de) | 2008-12-04 |
Family
ID=39768859
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/AT2008/000190 WO2008144795A1 (de) | 2007-06-01 | 2008-06-02 | Blisterpackung und applikator dafür |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20100132704A1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP2150220A1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP5094966B2 (de) |
KR (1) | KR20100029785A (de) |
CN (1) | CN101677872B (de) |
AT (1) | AT505246B8 (de) |
AU (1) | AU2008255612A1 (de) |
BR (1) | BRPI0812241A2 (de) |
CA (1) | CA2688031A1 (de) |
RU (1) | RU2470614C2 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2008144795A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8734408B2 (en) * | 2008-02-05 | 2014-05-27 | Alvin J. Marx | Automated eyedrop delivery system with eyelid retracting legs |
US9284517B2 (en) | 2010-10-14 | 2016-03-15 | Conopco Inc. | Laundry detergent particle |
ES2529715T3 (es) | 2010-10-14 | 2015-02-25 | Unilever N.V. | Composiciones de detergente particulado que comprenden agente fluorescente |
MY164216A (en) | 2010-10-14 | 2017-11-30 | Unilever Nv | Laundry detergent particles |
CN103153813B (zh) * | 2010-10-14 | 2015-08-19 | 荷兰联合利华有限公司 | 包含洗衣组合物的包装、所述包装的分配器和利用所述分配器和所述包装进行洗涤的方法 |
CN103154226B (zh) | 2010-10-14 | 2014-12-31 | 荷兰联合利华有限公司 | 经涂覆的颗粒洗涤剂的制造 |
CN103154228B (zh) | 2010-10-14 | 2015-04-08 | 荷兰联合利华有限公司 | 洗衣洗涤剂颗粒 |
EP2627760B1 (de) | 2010-10-14 | 2016-08-10 | Unilever PLC | Waschmittelteilchen |
CN103373490B (zh) * | 2012-04-27 | 2016-02-03 | 佳能市场营销日本株式会社 | 药片取出装置、分包装系统及其控制方法 |
US10495787B2 (en) | 2016-06-16 | 2019-12-03 | I.M. Systems Group, Inc. | Integrated weather projection systems, methods, and apparatuses |
CN109431812A (zh) * | 2018-11-20 | 2019-03-08 | 王芳 | 一种儿科用智能给药器及其使用方法 |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3913734A (en) * | 1972-08-03 | 1975-10-21 | Pharmacare Inc | Package assembly |
WO1996006581A1 (en) * | 1994-08-30 | 1996-03-07 | R.P. Scherer Limited | Ocular treatment device |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FI79651C (fi) * | 1982-10-08 | 1990-02-12 | Glaxo Group Ltd | Doseringsanordning foer medicin. |
GR861995B (en) * | 1985-07-30 | 1986-11-04 | Glaxo Group Ltd | Devices for administering medicaments to patients |
US5928213A (en) * | 1996-05-13 | 1999-07-27 | B. Braun Medical, Inc. | Flexible multiple compartment medical container with preferentially rupturable seals |
US6730066B1 (en) * | 1999-08-03 | 2004-05-04 | Pharmacia Ab | Liquid delivery container |
US6758837B2 (en) * | 2001-02-08 | 2004-07-06 | Pharmacia Ab | Liquid delivery device and method of use thereof |
RU2222305C1 (ru) * | 2002-04-24 | 2004-01-27 | Дрожжин Анатолий Петрович | Дорожная аптечка общего назначения |
AU2004208914A1 (en) * | 2003-02-05 | 2004-08-19 | Martin John Tedham | Dispenser |
-
2007
- 2007-06-01 AT AT0087607A patent/AT505246B8/de not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2008
- 2008-06-02 KR KR1020097027592A patent/KR20100029785A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2008-06-02 AU AU2008255612A patent/AU2008255612A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2008-06-02 CA CA002688031A patent/CA2688031A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2008-06-02 WO PCT/AT2008/000190 patent/WO2008144795A1/de active Application Filing
- 2008-06-02 CN CN2008800184135A patent/CN101677872B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2008-06-02 JP JP2010509620A patent/JP5094966B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2008-06-02 US US12/451,723 patent/US20100132704A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2008-06-02 EP EP08756802A patent/EP2150220A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2008-06-02 RU RU2009149187/14A patent/RU2470614C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2008-06-02 BR BRPI0812241-5A2A patent/BRPI0812241A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3913734A (en) * | 1972-08-03 | 1975-10-21 | Pharmacare Inc | Package assembly |
WO1996006581A1 (en) * | 1994-08-30 | 1996-03-07 | R.P. Scherer Limited | Ocular treatment device |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20100132704A1 (en) | 2010-06-03 |
CA2688031A1 (en) | 2008-12-04 |
JP2010528689A (ja) | 2010-08-26 |
CN101677872A (zh) | 2010-03-24 |
CN101677872B (zh) | 2013-01-02 |
EP2150220A1 (de) | 2010-02-10 |
AT505246B1 (de) | 2009-05-15 |
AT505246B8 (de) | 2009-06-15 |
JP5094966B2 (ja) | 2012-12-12 |
RU2470614C2 (ru) | 2012-12-27 |
BRPI0812241A2 (pt) | 2014-12-23 |
KR20100029785A (ko) | 2010-03-17 |
AT505246A1 (de) | 2008-12-15 |
AU2008255612A1 (en) | 2008-12-04 |
RU2009149187A (ru) | 2011-07-20 |
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