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  • C07D207/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D207/30—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D207/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D207/36—Oxygen or sulfur atoms
  • C07D207/38—2-Pyrrolones

Definitions

• CBi receptor agonists have been associated with stimulation of feeding, anemetic properties, analgesia, reduction in intraocular pressure in glaucoma, and alleviation of muscle spasms in multiple sclerosis.
• CBi receptor antagonists have been shown effective for reducing feeding and body weight in animal models of obesity.
• most compounds that modulate CBi receptor activity have the pharmacological property of inverse agonism which reduces basal CBi receptor signal transduction as well as the activity of blocking CBi agonist dependent receptor stimulation.
• CBi receptor compounds A number of selective, centrally acting CBi receptor compounds are currently in development for the treatment of obesity. Nevertheless, there still remains a need for CBi receptor compounds which have increased in vivo potency which are low molecular weight, and have pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties that provide therapeutic benefit while minimizing adverse events. See for example WO 2007/020502.
• CBi inverse agonists have been shown to further potentiate the activity of antipsychotic agents in assays.
• current antipsychotic therapies are more or less effective at controlling positive symptoms, such therapies are not as effective in treating the negative and cognitive symptoms, rendering many patients incapable of leading normal lives.
• Convergent evidence suggests drugs that enhance neuronal activation in specific brain areas, hippocampal, striatal, and cortical areas in particular, would be effective in treating both negative and cognitive symptoms.
• the weight loss effects of CBi receptor compounds have been demonstrated in animal models of antipsychotic treatment-induced weight gain and therefore may also be effective in controlling the treatment-emergent weight gain and metabolic syndrome seen with current antipsychotic therapies.
• CBi receptor compounds have been shown to reduce alcohol consumption in animal models of alcohol drinking and therefore may be useful in the treatment of substance abuse.
• CBi receptor compounds While oral administration is a preferred route of drug delivery, many CBi receptor compounds suffer from poor oral bioavailability as a consequence of their limited solubility in aqueous media and their metabolic lability. Because of the high lipophilicity of the endogenous cannabinoid ligands and the complementary site to which they bind in the CBi receptor, known CBi receptor compounds are also highly lipophilic. This high lipophilicity leads to poor solubility in aqueous media which limits oral absorption and bioavailability. See for example WO 2007/020502.
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of: a) -H, b) halo, c) -OCF 3 , d) -OCH 3 , e) methyl, f) -SO 2 CH 3 , g) -CF 3 , and h) -CN;
• R 2 is at least one substituent independently selected from the group consisting of:
• R 3 is at least one substituent independently selected from selected from the group consisting of: a) -H, b) -CF 3 , c) -(C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl, d) cyclopropyl, e) -OCH 3 , f) halo, and g) phenyl; each R 4 and R 5 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, and ethyl, or both R 4 and R 5 may be taken together with the carbon to which each is attached to form a cyclopropyl ring; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• a preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to the compound, wherein R 1 is -OCF 3 or -OCH 3
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, methyl, -CF 3 , and cyano.
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, -CF 3 , -(Ci-C 4 ) alkyl, -SCF 3 , -O-cyclopropyl, -OCF 3 , and cyano.
• Another pereferred embodiment of the present invention relates to the compound, wherein R is -CF 3 .
• the present invention relates to the compound, wherein R » 3 i •s selected from the group consisting of -CF 3 , cyclopropyl, and halo.
• the present invention provides a compound of Formula (Ia)
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of: a) -H, b) halo, c) -OCF 3 , d) -OCHF 2 , e) -OCH 3 , f) methyl, g) isopropyl, h) cyclopropyl, i) -CF 3 , and j) -CN;
• R 2 is one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of: a) -O-cyclopropyl, b) -SCF 3 , c) -OCF 3 , d) -OCHF 2 e) -OCH 2 CF 3 , and f) -OCF 2 CF 2 H;
• R 3 is selected from: a) -CF 3 , or b) -cyclopropyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the present invention provides a compound of Formula (Ib)
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of: a) -OCF 3 and b) -OCHF 2 ;
• R 2 is one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of: a) -H, b) halo, c) -flurosubstituted (Ci -C 3 ) alkyl, d) -(Ci-C 4 ) alkyl, and e) -CN;
• R 3 is selected from selected from the group consisting of: a) -CF 3 , b) -cyclopropyl, and c) halo; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the present invention provides a compound of Formula (Ic)
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of: a) -H, b) halo, c) -OCF 3 , d) -OCHF 2 , e) -OCH 3 , f) methyl, g) isopropyl, h) cyclopropyl, i) -CF 3 , and
• R R i iss oonnee oorr ttwwoo ssuubbssttiittuueents independently selected from the group consisting of: a) -O-cyclopropyl, b) -SCF 3 , c) -OCF 3 , d) -OCHF 2 , e) -OCH 2 CF 3 , and f) -OCF 2 CF 2 H;
• R 3 is selected from the group consisting of: a) -H, b) -CF 3 , c) -(Ci-C 4 ) alkyl, d) -cyclopropyl, e) -OCH 3 , f) halo, and g) phenyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the present invention provides a compound of Formula (Id)
• R is selected from the group consisting of: a) -H, b) halo, c) -OCF 3 , d) -OCHF 2 , e) -OCH 3 , f) methyl, g) isopropyl, h) cyclopropyl, i) -CF 3 , and j) -CN;
• R is one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of: a) -O-cyclopropyl, b) -SCF 3 , c) -OCF 3 , d) -OCHF 2 , e) -OCH 2 CF 3 , and f) -OCF 2 CF 2 H; R is selected from the group consisting of: a) -H, b) -CF 3 , c) -(C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl, d) -cyclopropyl, e) -OCH 3 , f) halo, and g) phenyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the present invention provides a compound of Formula (Ie)
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of: a) -OCF 3 and b) -OCHF 2 ;
• R 2 is one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of: a) -H, b) halo, c) -flurosubstituted (Ci-C 3 ) alkyl, d) -(Ci-C 4 ) alkyl, and e) -CN;
• R is selected from the group consisting of: a) -H, b) -CF 3 , c) -(Ci-C 4 ) alkyl, d) -cyclopropyl, e) -OCH 3 , f) halo, and g) phenyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the present invention provides a compound of Formula (If) wherein:
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of: a) -OCF 3 and b) -OCHF 2 ;
• R 2 is one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of: a) -H, b) halo, c) -flurosubstituted (Ci-C 3 ) alkyl, d) -(Ci-C 4 ) alkyl, and e) -CN;
• R 3 is selected from the group consisting of: a) -H, b) -CF 3 , c) -(Ci-C 4 ) alkyl, d) -cyclopropyl, e) -OCH 3 , f) halo, and g) phenyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the present invention provides an intermediate of Formula (XIVc)
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of: a) H, b) halo, c) -OCF 3 , d) -OCH 3 , e) methyl, f) -SO 2 CH 3 , g) -CF 3 , and h) -CN;
• R 2 is one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of: a) H, b) halo, c) -CF 3 , d) -(C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl, e) cyclopropyl, f) -O-cyclopropyl, g) -SCF 3 , h) -OCF 3 , i) -OCH 2 CF 3, j) -CN, and k) -O-(Ci-C 3 )alkyl.
• the present invention provides a an intermediate of Formula (XIVd)
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of: a) -H, b) halo, c) -OCF 3 , d) -OCHF 2 , e) -OCH 3 , f) methyl, g) isopropyl, h) cyclopropyl, i) -CF 3 , and j) -CN;
• R is one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of: a) -O-cyclopropyl, b) -SCF 3 , c) -OCF 3 , d) -OCHF 2 , e) -OCH 2 CF 3 , and f) -OCF 2 CF 2 H;
• Q 2 is selected from the group consisting of: a) -H, b) halo, and c) -0(Ci-C 3 ) alkyl.
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of: a) -OCF 3 and b) -OCHF 2 ;
• R is one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of: a) -H, b) halo, c) -flurosubstituted (C 1 -C3) alkyl, d) -(Ci-C 4 ) alkyl, and e) -CN;
• Q 2 is selected from the group consisting of: a) -H, b) halo, and c) -0(Ci-C 3 ) alkyl.
• the present invention provides a compound selected the group consisting of Examples 1-61.
• the present invention provides an intermediate of formula
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to any one of Formulas (I) to (If), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient.
• An embodiment of present invention provides the pharmaceutical composition, wherein the compound of Formula (Id) or (If), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is present in optical purity greater than 90%ee.
• An embodiment of present invention provides the pharmaceutical composition, wherein the compound of Formulas (Id) or (If), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is present in optical purity greater than 95%ee.
• the present invention provides a compound according to any one of Formula (I) to (If), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use therapy.
• the present invention provides a compound according to any one of Formulas (I) to (If), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the treatment of a disorder selected from: an eating disorder associated with excessive food intake, obesity, schizophrenia, cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia, substance abuse or alcohol dependence, smoking cessation and treatment emergent weight gain observed during treatment with an atypical antipsychotic.
• a disorder selected from: an eating disorder associated with excessive food intake, obesity, schizophrenia, cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia, substance abuse or alcohol dependence, smoking cessation and treatment emergent weight gain observed during treatment with an atypical antipsychotic.
• the present invention provides a compound according to any one of Formulas (I) to (If), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in simultaneous, separate, or sequential combination with an antipsychotic agent in the treatment of a disorder selected from: weight gain, obesity, schizophrenia, cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia, substance abuse or alcohol dependence, smoking cessation and treatment emergent weight gain observed during treatment with an atypical antipsychotic.
• a disorder selected from: weight gain, obesity, schizophrenia, cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia, substance abuse or alcohol dependence, smoking cessation and treatment emergent weight gain observed during treatment with an atypical antipsychotic.
• the present invention provides the use of a compound according to any one of
• a disorder selected from: an eating disorder associated with excessive food intake, obesity, schizophrenia, cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia, substance abuse or alcohol dependence, smoking cessation and treatment emergent weight gain observed during treatment with an atypical antipsychotic.
• the present invention provides the use of a compound according to any one of Formulas (I) to (If), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for use in combination therapy for the treatment of a disorder selected from: weight gain, obesity, schizophrenia, cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia, substance abuse or alcohol dependence, smoking cessation and treatment emergent weight gain observed during treatment with an atypical antipsychotic, wherein said medicament is to be administered in simultaneous, separate or sequential combination with an antipsychotic agent.
• the present invention provides a method of treating a condition, wherein the condition is obesity, schizophrenia, cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia, substance abuse or alcohol dependence, smoking cessation, treatment emergent weight gain observed during smoking cessation, in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal an effective amount of a compound, according to any one of Formulas (I) to (If), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in simultaneous, separate, or sequential combination with an antipsychotic agent.
• An embodiment of the invention provides the method, wherein the condition is an eating disorder associated with excessive food intake.
• the present invention provides the method, wherein the condition is obesity.
• the present invention provides the method, wherein the condition is schizophrenia. In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides the method, wherein the condition is cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia.
• An embodiment of the present invention provides the method, wherein the condition is substance abuse or alcohol dependence.
• Another embodiment of the invention provides the method, wherein the condition is smoking cessation.
• the present invention provides the method, wherein the condition is treatment emergent weight gain observed during smoking cessation.
• the present invention provides a method of treating a condition, wherein the condition is schizophrenia, weight gain, obesity, cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia, substance abuse or alcohol dependence, smoking cessation, treatment emergent weight gain observed during treatment with an atypical antipsychotic, in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal an effective amount of a compound, according to any one of Formulas (I) to (If), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• An embodiment of the present invention provides the method, wherein the condition is schizophrenia.
• the present invention provides the method, wherein the condition is weight gain.
• the present invention provides the method, wherein the condition is obesity.
• the present invention provides the method, wherein the condition is cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia. In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides the method, wherein the condition is substance abuse or alcohol dependence.
• An embodiment of the present invention provides the method, wherein the condition is smoking cessation.
• the present invention provides the method, wherein the condition is treatment emergent weight gain observed during treatment with an atypical antipsychotic.
• the present invention provides a method of treating a condition in a mammal which is treatable by blockade of CBi receptors via an inverse agonism mechanism, the method comprising administering to a patient an effective amount of a compound according to any one of Formula (I) or (Ia), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the present invention provides a method of treating a condition in a mammal which is treatable by blockade of CBi receptors via an inverse agonism mechanism in simultaneous, separate or sequential combination with an antipsychotic agent, the method comprising administering to a patient an effective amount of a compound according to any one of Formula (I) or (Ia), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• Compounds of Formulas (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic) and (Ie) may contain one or more asymmetric centers and can thus occur as diastereomeric mixtures, racemic mixtures, single enantiomers, and individual diastereomers. All such isomeric forms of the compounds of Formulas (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic) and (Ie) are contemplated as aspects of the present invention.
• compounds of Formulas (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic) and (Ie) in their racemic form are useful agents, it is generally preferable to administer compounds of Formulas (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic) and (Ie) in which one of the enantiomeric forms has been enriched.
• a preferred aspect of this invention provides compounds of Formulas (Id),or (If) that are substantially pure enantiomers. As such, each of the following specific classes of compounds of Formulas (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ie) and (If) are contemplated as aspects of the present invention:
• enantiomerically pure compounds may be prepared by purification of the desired enantiomer of a compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic) and (Ie) from a mixture of enantiomers of this compound.
• the desired enantiomer of a compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic) and (Ie) may also be prepared by synthesis according to the following general schemes by using precursors that are substantially enantiomerically pure.
• a substantially pure diastereomer may be isolated from a mixture of diastereomers using methods known in the art.
• Methods for purification of diastereomers include the use of chromatography and crystallization.
• a mixture of enantiomers may be separated into the individual substantially pure enantiomers by the process known as resolution.
• Enantiomers may be resolved through the use of chromatography using a chiral stationary phase. Suitable chiral solid phases include polysaccharide-based stationary phases such as Chiralpak AD and Chiracel OJ (sold by Chiral Technologies, Inc.).
• enantiomers of basic compounds may be resolved by conversion to a mixture of diastereomeric salts by treatment with a chiral acid.
• the desired diastereomeric salt is isolated by, for example, crystallization.
• the substantially enantiomerically pure basic compound may be isolated by treatment with base.
• Examples of chiral acids include (-)-tartaric acid, (+)-tartaric acid, (-)-mandelic acid, (+)-mandelic acid, (-)-ditoluoyltartaric acid and (+)-ditoluoyltartaric acid.
• Enantiomers of acidic compounds may be resolved in an analogous manner using a substantially enantiomerically pure base. Examples of such bases include R-alpha- methylbenzylamine, S-alpha-methylbenzylamine, and brucine.
• Another method for the resolution of a racemic mixture involves reaction with a substantially enantiomerically pure chiral reagent (referred to here as a chiral auxiliary) to form a covalent bond.
• a substantially enantiomerically pure chiral reagent referred to here as a chiral auxiliary
• This reaction results in a mixture of diastereomers, which is purified according to methods known in the art. All, or a portion, of the chiral auxiliary may then be cleaved from the molecule to generate a compound which is substantially enantiomerically pure. In some cases, the asymmetric center introduced by the chiral auxiliary may be retained in the final product.
• Compounds of Formulas (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ie) and (If) are modulators of the CBi receptor, and as such are useful for prevention and treatment of conditions associated with the CBi receptor.
• Such conditions include, for example, memory deficits, cognitive disorders, negative symptoms of schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, depression, stress, Parkinson's disease, substance use disorders (particularly to opiates, alcohol, and nicotine), obesity, metabolic disorders, and eating disorders associated with excessive food intake.
• DSM-IV-TR. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Revised, 4 th Ed., Text Revision (2000).
• DSM-IV Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4 th Ed., (1994).
• the DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR were prepared by the Task Force on Nomenclature and Statistics of the American Psychiatric Association, and provides descriptions of diagnostic categories. The skilled artisan will recognize that there are alternative nomenclatures, nosologies, and classification systems for pathologic psychological conditions and that these systems evolve with medical scientific progress.
• the compounds of Formulas (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ie) and (If) can also be used to ameliorate weight gain, whether or not the associated weight gain subject can be classified as clinically obese.
• An effective amount of the compounds of Formulas (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ie) and (If) may be administered to a patient in need of such treatment or prophylaxis in order to practice the present methods of therapy.
• the need for a prophylactic administration according to the methods of the present invention is determined via the use of well-known risk factors.
• the effective amount of an individual compound is determined, in the final analysis, by the physician in charge of the case, but depends on factors such as the exact disease to be treated, the severity of the disease and other diseases or conditions from which the patient suffers, the chosen route of administration other drugs and treatments which the patient may concomitantly require, and other factors in the physician's judgment.
• the magnitude of prophylactic or therapeutic dose of a compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ie) or (If) will, of course, vary with the nature of the severity of the condition to be treated and with the particular compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ie) or (If) and its route of administration.
• the dose may be administered in a single daily dose or the total daily dosage may be administered in divided doses of two, three or four times daily. Furthermore, based on the properties of the individual compound selected for administration and/or the characteristics of the dosage form (i.e., modified release), the dose may be administered less frequently, e.g., weekly, twice weekly, monthly, etc. The unit dosage may be correspondingly larger for the less frequent administration. When administered via, transdermal routes, or through a continual intravenous solution, the dosage administration will, of course, be continuous rather than intermittent throughout the dosage regimen.
• (Ci-C 4 )alkyl refers to a straight or branched, monovalent, saturated aliphatic chain of 1 to 4 carbon atoms and includes, but is not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, and t-butyl.
• the term "(C 1 - C 4 ) alkyl” includes within its definition the term “(Ci-C 3 )alkyl”.
• the term “Halo” refers to a chlorine, bromine, or fluorine atom, unless otherwise specified herein.
• Ph refers to a phenyl group.
• -O-(Ci-C 3 )alkyl refers to a straight or branched, monovalent, saturated aliphatic chain having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms attached to an oxygen atom.
• Typical "-O-(Ci-C3)alkyl” groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, and the like.
• fluorosubstituted (C 1 -C 3 ) alkyl refers to a straight or branched, monovalent, saturated aliphatic chain having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms wherein 1 to 7 hydrogen(s) have been replaced with a fluorine atom and includes, but is not limited to (-CF 3 ), (-CF 2 CF 3 ), (-CHF 2 ), (-CF 2 CH 3 ) and (-CH 2 CF 3 ).
• “Agonist(s)” shall refer to those compounds which stimulate the functional response of a receptor.
• Neuronal antagonist(s) shall refer to those compounds which do not alter the basal activity of a receptor but block the functional activity of agonists and inverse agonists by returning the functional response to that of the basal state.
• Inverse agonist(s) shall refer to those compounds which possess negative intrinsic activity by reversing the constitutive activity of the receptor. Inverse agonists act to inhibit or reverse the activity of agonists.
• “Pharmaceutically acceptable salts” and “salts” refer to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic acid addition salts, and base addition salts, of compounds of the present invention. See, for example S.M. Berge, et al., “Pharmaceutical Salts,” J. Pharm. ScL, 66, 1-19 (1977).
• compositions are intended to encompass a product comprising the active ingredient, preferably present in pharmaceutically effective amounts, and the inert ingredient(s) (pharmaceutically acceptable excipients) that make up the carrier, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly from combination, complexation or aggregation of any two or more of the ingredients, or from dissociation of one or more of the ingredients, or from other types of reactions or interactions of one or more of the ingredients.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention encompass any composition made by admixing a compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ie) or (If) and any pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
• Prevention refers to preventing obesity from occurring if the treatment is administered prior to the onset of the obese condition. Moreover, if treatment is commenced in already obese subjects, such treatment is expected to prevent, or to prevent the progression of, the medical sequelae of obesity (e.g., arteriosclerosis, Type II diabetes, polycystic ovarian disease, cardiovascular diseases, osteoarthritis, dermatological disorders, hypertension, insulin resistance, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and cholelithiasis).
• “Solvate” means a physical association of a compound with one or more solvent molecules. This physical association includes hydrogen bonding.
• solvate will be capable of isolation, for example when one or more solvent molecules are incorporated in the crystal lattice of the crystalline solid.
• solvent encompasses both solution-phase and isolable solvates.
• Exemplary solvates include hydrates, ethanolates, methanolates, and the like.
• Treating means reversing, alleviating, inhibiting the progress of, or preventing the disorder or condition to which such term applies, or one or more symptoms of such disorder or condition.
• treatment refers to the act of treating as “treating” is defined immediately above.
• TFA trifluoroacetic acid
• THF tetrahydrofuran
• DMAP as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, means 4-(N ,N- dimethylamino)pyridine.
• MTBE as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, means methyl tert-butyl ether.
• TTU O-(Benzotriazol-l- yl)-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate.
• EDCI as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, means l-(3- dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride.
• DMF dimethylformamide
• psig pounds per square inch gauge
• NaOtBu and KtBu as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, means sodium tert-butoxide and potassium tert-butoxide respectively.
• TosCl as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, means p- toluenesulfonylchloride.
• MeOH as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, means methanol.
• EtOAc as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, means ethyl acetate.
• HBt as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, means N- Hydroxybenzotriazole.
• DMEA N,N dimethylethanolamine
• the salt of the claimed compounds must be pharmaceutically acceptable.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts see Journal of ' Pharmaceutical Science, 66, 1 (1977).
• a compound of Formula (II) may be prepared by the method described by Andreichikov and coworkers (Andreichikov, et al. Zhurnal Organicheskoi Khimii 22(10), 2208-13 (1986)), in which a mixture of an amine of Formula (1) and an aldehyde of Formula (2) is treated with an ester of pyruvic acid (3), where Qi is a Ci_3 alkyl group, in a suitable solvent.
• Suitable solvents include glacial acetic acid, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, benzene, and toluene. This reaction may also be performed in the presence of solvent mixtures containing these solvents.
• Suitable esters of pyruvic acid include ethyl pyruvate.
• the reaction may proceed at temperatures between room temperature and the boiling point of the solvent or solvent mixture.
• the product (II) may precipitate during the course of the reaction or upon addition of a solvent in which the product is not highly soluble.
• solvents include diethylether, heptane, MTBE, acetone, water, toluene, and pentane and mixtures thereof.
• the compound of Formula (II) may be isolated by filtration and vacuum drying. Alternatively, the compound may be isolated by concentration of the reaction and chromatography of the residue or by aqueous workup and concentration and chromatography of the organic extracts.
• a compound of formula (III) may be prepared by treatment of a compound of formula (II) with water, optionally in the presence of an acid or a mixture of acids. This reaction may also optionally be performed in the presence of additional solvents such as tetrahydrofuran, methanol, acetic acid and toluene.
• Suitable acids include hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid and trifluoroacetic acid.
• Suitable reaction conditions include treatment of a compound of Formula (II) with acetic acid, water and trifluoroacetic acid at about ambient temperature for around 1 hour or treatment of a compound of Formula (II) in a mixture of acetic acid and hydrochloric acid at around room temperature for about 22 hours.
• the compound of Formula (III) can be prepared by hydrolysis with acetic acid at around 80 °C for about 8 hours. Also, the compound of Formula (III) can be prepared by hydrolysis with mixing with Dowex 50- 2X200 ion exchange resin in aqueous methanol at about ambient temperature for around 5 hours. Also, the compound of Formula (III) can be prepared by hydrolysis with trifluoroacetic acid in a biphasic mixture with the solvents toluene and water for around 1 hour at about room temperature. It is often advantageous to perform this reaction in the presence of at least one equivalent of 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran.
• the compound of formula (III) can be isolated by pouring into water and extraction with organic solvents such as dichloromethane, diethylether, ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate and toluene.
• organic solvents such as dichloromethane, diethylether, ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate and toluene.
• the extract may be dried over a desiccant such as sodium sulfate and concentrated to provide the product as a crude mixture. It is often advantageous to use this compound directly in the next reaction rather than to purify it further. In some cases, pouring the reaction onto ice/water allows precipitation and isolation of the compound of formula (III) through filtration.
• a compound of Formula (IV) may be prepared by treatment of a solution of a compound of Formula (III) with a compound of Formula (4).
• Suitable solvents include dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, or toluene and may be performed at temperatures ranging from room temperature to around 80 °C. This reaction may be promoted by removal of water as it is formed by treatment with a dehydrating agent such as Na 2 SO 4 or MgSO 4 or 4A molecular sieves or azeotropic removal of water. This reaction may also be performed in the presence of a catalyst such as p-toluenesulfonic acid, acetic acid or other acidic compound.
• the compound of Formula (IV) can be isolated, if desired, by methods known in the art such as by precipitation with a solvent such as isopropyl acetate or by silica gel chromatography.
• a compound of formula (I), (Ia), and (Ib) may be formed by treatment of a compound of formula (IV) under suitable reducing conditions.
• suitable reducing conditions include treatment with NaCNBU3 in the presence of acetic acid with an optional solvent such as dichloromethane at around room temperature for about 30 minutes to about 12 hours, treatment with NaBH 4 in an alcoholic solvent, treatment with Na(OAc)3BH in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid in a suitable solvent such a toluene at room temperature for about 23 hours, and hydrogenation conditions in which a solution of compound of formula (IV) is treated with a suitable metal catalyst under a hydrogen atmosphere.
• Suitable solvents include methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate and tetrahydrofuran.
• Suitable metal catalysts include palladium on carbon and platinum oxide.
• Compound of Formula (IV) is dissolved in ethanol and methanol mixture and subjected to a hydrogen atmosphere in the presence of a suitable catalyst such as Pd/C at around room temperature for about 24 hours. The reaction is filtered and concentrated in vacuo to obtain the compound of Formula (I), (Ia), or (Ib).
• the compound of Formula (I), (Ia), or (Ib) can be isolated by means such as aqueous workup or precipitation of the product.
• Purification may be performed by use of such techniques as SCX-2 ion exchange chromatography, silica gel chromatography, Supercritical Fluid Chromatography, reverse phase chromatography and crystallization. Purification may also be performed by treatment of mixtures containing a compound of Formula (I), (Ia), or (Ib) with an acid to provide the salt of compound of Formula (I), (Ia), or (Ib) which may then be purified by crystallization to provide the purified salt of the compound of Formula (I), (Ia), or (Ib).
• Preferred salts include those formed by addition with hydrochloric acid and p-toluenesulfonic acid.
• either of the intermediates of Formula (III) or Formula (IV) may be used directly in subsequent reactions without purification of the crude intermediates.
• Single enantiomers of compounds of Formula (I), (Ia), or (Ib) are generally preferred over the corresponding racemates.
• These enantiomers may be prepared by resolution of a compound of Formula (I), (Ia), or (Ib) using techniques such as preparative chromatography employing a chiral stationary phase.
• the enantiomers may also be prepared by resolution which comprises formation of a salt of the racemic mixture with an optically active acid and purification of the desired diastereomeric salt.
• the desired diastereomeric salt may be purified by crystallization.
• any of the intermediates of formula (II), (III), or (IV) may be resolved to provide substantially a single enantiomer which may then be converted using the methods described above to provide a compound of Formula (I), (Ia), or (Ib) in its enantiomerically purified form such as compounds of Formula (Ic), (Id), (Ie) or (If).
• the intermediates of formula (II), (III), or (IV) may be prepared by resolution of compounds of the corresponding racemic compound using techniques such as preparative chromatography employing a chiral stationary phase.
• Preferred compounds of formula (5) include R-alpha-methylbenzylamine, S-alpha-methylbenzylamine, R-4- chloro-alpha-methylbenzylamine, S-4-chloro-alpha-methylbenzylamine, R-4-methoxy- alpha-methylbenzylamine, and S-4-methoxy-alpha-methylbenzylamine.
• This condensation may be performed by combining a compound of Formula (III) and compound (5) an inert solvent such as methylene chloride, tetrahydrofuran, or toluene and optionally heating from room temperature to around 80 ° C to until the completion of the reaction.
• This reaction may be promoted by removal of water as it is formed by treatment with a dehydrating agent such as Na 2 SO 4 or MgSO 4 or 4A molecular sieves or azeotropic removal of water.
• a dehydrating agent such as Na 2 SO 4 or MgSO 4 or 4A molecular sieves or azeotropic removal of water.
• This reaction may also be performed in the presence of a catalyst such as p-toluenesulfonic acid, acetic acid or other acidic compound.
• the diastereomers of formula (XIVc), (XIVd), or (XIVe) and (Vb) are then separated using techniques such as silica gel chromatography or crystallization from inert solvents such as isopropanol or mixtures of solvents.
• the desired diastereomer (designated (XIVc), (XIVd), or (XIVe) in Scheme V) is then hydrolyzed to form the purified enantiomer of formula (Ilia).
• Suitable hydrolysis conditions include treating a solution of the desired diastereomer in acetic acid with aqueous hydrochloric acid.
• the crude (Ilia) may contain substantial amounts of the dimer of formula (VI).
• the racemic compound of formula (III) may be crude product resulting from the process outlined in Scheme II.
• the purified enantiomer of formula (Ilia) may be used directly from the hydrolysis reaction, without further purification, in the process outlined in Scheme III.
• the compound of formula (IVb) may also be formed by treatment of compound of formula (VI) with compound (4) under the same conditions as described for the reaction of compound (Ilia) with (4). In some cases, heating the reaction in a microwave reactor may be advantageous.
• the compound of Formula (VII) may be prepared as described.
• a compound of structure (6) is coupled to a compound (1) with agents such as TBTU, EDCI or HOBt and an optional catalysts such as DMAP and an appropriate solvent such as dimethylformamide and triethylamine at around room temperature for about 18 hours.
• agents such as TBTU, EDCI or HOBt and an optional catalysts such as DMAP and an appropriate solvent such as dimethylformamide and triethylamine at around room temperature for about 18 hours.
• Aqueous acidic work-up, concentration and silica gel chromatography or trituration with solvents such as hexane gives the compound of structure (7).
• the ketone group of compound (7) is converted to the alcohol group of compound (8) with a reducing agent such as sodium borohydride in solvent mixtures such as water, methanol, ethanol, and DME at about room temperature to 0 C°.
• compound (7) may undergo chiral reduction to form compound (8) in which one of the enantiomers is enriched.
• Methods for chiral reduction of ketones are known in the art (see, for instance, Singh, Synthesis 605 (1992); Wallbaum and Martens, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 3, 1475 (1992); Matteoli, Beghetto, and Scrivanti, J. Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 140, 131 (1999); Heiser, Broger, and Crameri, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2, 51 (1991)).
• Suitable chiral reducing conditions include treatment under hydrogenation conditions using a chiral catalyst such as (R-Tol-Binap)RuCl2, and reduction mediated by a chiral oxazaborolidine catalyst (also known as CBS reduction; Corey, Bakshi, and Shibata, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 109, 5551 (1987)).
• the reaction is performed in a Parr Vessel under hydrogenation atmosphere in a sutiable solvent such as methanol at around 80 °C for about 24 hours.
• Compound (8) is isolated by acidic aqueous work up and concentration.
• the lactam compound of Formula (VII) is produced via cyclization of compound (8) in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran and with the addition of tosyl chloride by treatment drop-wise with a solution of a base such as KOt-Bu at about -40 0 C.
• a base such as KOt-Bu at about -40 0 C.
• the reaction is warmed to room temperature and aqueous ammonium chloride is added and concentrated.
• the residue is dissolved in an appropriate solvent such as ethyl acetate, washed with brine and dried. Work-up and purification by methods known in the art such as silica gel chromatography affords compound of Formula (VII).
• compound (VII) is isolated.
• a compound of Formula (VIII), in which G is hydrogen, C 1-4 alkyl, Ci_ 4 haloalkyl, or phenyl, optionally substituted with Ci_ 3 alkyl or halo is prepared by treatment of a compound of Formula (VII) with a compound of formula GCOOQ3, in which Q 3 is C 1 - 4 alkyl, under basic conditions such as sodium hydride, in a solvent such as toluene at approximately room temperature followed by silica gel chromatography.
• Compound (IX) is then formed by treatment of compound (VIII) with a compound of Formula Q 4 SO 2 N3, in which Q 4 is phenyl, optionally substituted with C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, halo, or NHCO Ci_3 alkyl.
• the reaction may be performed in a solvent such as acetonitrile and stirred for approximately 30 minutes. Work-up and purification by methods known in the art such as silica gel chromatography affords compound of Formula (IX).
• a compound of Formula (I), (Ia), and (Ib) may be prepared by treatment of a solution of a diazolactam of Formula (IX) with compound (4) in an inert solvent with a suitable catalyst.
• Suitable catalysts include Rh 2 (OAc) 4 .
• the compound of Formula (IX) and compound (4) are dissolved in toluene under a nitrogen atmosphere and heated to around 45 °C.
• the catalyst, Rh 2 (OAc) 4 is added and the reaction is continued to be stirred at around 45 °C for about 30 minutes. Concentrating the reaction mixture provides the crude compound of Formula (I), (Ia) or (Ib) which is isolated by methods known in the art such as SCX-2 ion exchange, silica gel chromatography, and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography.
• the compound (4) is prepared by treatment of a compound (9), in which R 10 is hydrogen, Ci_ 4 alkyl, or Ci_ 4 alkyl-C(O)-, with acetonitrile in the presence of acid to provide a compound of Formula (10).
• Suitable acids include sulfuric acid and trifluoroacetic acid.
• the reaction is heated to around 45 °C for about 28 hours.
• the reaction is cooled to about 0 °C and quenched with aqueous sodium hydroxide.
• Compound (10) is isolated by precipitation with ethanol and water.
• Compound (10) is heated in a solution of aqueous hydrochloric acid to around 90 °C for about 20 hours.
• the reaction is quenched with ice and sodium hydroxide.
• the compound (4) is isolated after several washes with methyl t-butyl ether and tetrahydrofuran and precipitation with heptane.
• compound (4) is prepared from a compound of formula (11).
• Anhydrous cerium (III) chloride is prepared by heating cerium (III) chloride heptahydrate to about 140 ° C under vacuum and then suspended in an appropriate solvent such as tetrahydrofuran at room temperature. The reaction is cooled to -78 °C and methyllithium is added dropwise. Compound (11) in tetrahydrofuran is added dropwise to the solution. The reaction is stirred at around -78 °C for about 30 minutes to 4 hours and warmed around 20 °C. After about 1 to 20 hours, the reaction is cooled to around -78 °C and aqueous ammonia is added. The reaction is warmed around 20 °C for about 1 hour.
• the compound (4) is isolated by methods known in the art such as silica gel chromatography.
• IL heptane
• Salt formation tosylate - Add one equivalent p- toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate and concentrate from isopropanol. Yield 100%.
• Minigram system configured with 6-way column and solvent switching. Perform SFC purification on a Berger Multigram II system. Equip both systems with a Knauer variable wavelength UV detector supplied by Mettler-Toledo AutoChem (Leicester, UK). Deliver liquid CO2 to the laboratory by a Berger GDS-3000 system supplied also by Mettler- Toledo AutoChem.
• Example 56 Separate the diastereomer mixture by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography on an ADH column eluting with 25% methanol/propan-2-amine in supercritical carbon dioxide. Prepare the tartrate salt with tartaric acid (leq) in methanol and isolate the salt by evaporation of the solvent to give Example 56 and Example 57.
• Example 56
• Tartrate salt Elute with 50% methanol/propan-2-amine in supercritical carbon dioxide, retention time 1.67 min.
• Tartrate salt Elute with 10% methanol/propan-2-amine in supercritical carbon dioxide, retention time 0.66 min.
• Test exemplified compounds Measure GTP- ⁇ 35 S binding in a 96 well format using a modified antibody capture technique previously described (DeLapp et al. 1999). Briefly incubate, CHO or Sf9 cell membranes expressing CBi or CB 2 , respectively (Applied Cell Sciences, Gaithersburg, MD; PerkinElmer Life Sciences, Boston, MA); prepare as previously described (DeLapp et al, 1999), exemplified compounds and 500 pM GTP- ⁇ - 35 S (PerkinElmer Life Sciences, Boston, MA) for 30 minutes (incubate all at room temperature) in GTP-binding assay buffer (20 mM Hepes, 100 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl 2 , pH 7.4).
• SEM standard error of the mean
• Example 49 is a potent CBi antagonist/inverse agonist at both rat and human receptors with low antagonism of human CB 2 receptors.
• Example 49 (Table 16) is an inverse agonist at the human CBi receptor as evidenced by agonist efficacy less than zero which indicates that the compound decreased basal constitutive activity of the CBi receptor in vitro.
• the exemplified compounds (Table 17) exhibit potent human and rat CBi antagonism/inverse agonism with only low affinity antagonism/inverse agonism of the human CB 2 receptor.
• Exemplified compounds of this invention are potent CBi antagonist/inverse agonist at both rat and human receptors with low antagonism of human CB 2 receptors.
• Exemplified compounds of this invention are inverse agonist at the human CBi receptor as evidenced by agonist efficacy less than zero which indicates that the compound decreased basal constitutive activity of the CBi receptor in vitro.
• mice Receive NIH male Swiss mice (Harlan Sprague-Dawley, weigh 20-25g) 7-10 days prior to testing. House 12 mice/cage. Test animals that weigh 25-30g. On the day of test, bring animals to the testing room at least lhr prior to dosing, when doing starts, 6-8 min. intervals between each dosing with mouse receiving either vehicle or exemplified compounds by p.o., and then put it into a clean cage afterwards (4 mice/cage). Depending on pretreatment time, start the test accordingly.
• mice FST Place NIH-Swiss mice in clear plastic cylinders (diameter: 10 cm; height: 25 cm) filled to 6 cm with 22-25 0 C water for six min. Record the duration of immobility during the last 4 min. of the six- minute trial. A mouse is regarded as immobile when floating motionless or making only those movements necessary to keep its head above the water. Copy the data -immobility (second) into JMP data sheet, and analyze by ANOVA
• MED minimum effective dose

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