Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/02—Details
  • H01M8/0289—Means for holding the electrolyte
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
  • B01D71/06—Organic material
  • B01D71/76—Macromolecular material not specifically provided for in a single one of groups B01D71/08 - B01D71/74
  • B01D71/82—Macromolecular material not specifically provided for in a single one of groups B01D71/08 - B01D71/74 characterised by the presence of specified groups, e.g. introduced by chemical after-treatment
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  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
  • C08J3/02—Making solutions, dispersions, lattices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques
  • C08J3/09—Making solutions, dispersions, lattices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques in organic liquids
  • C08J3/091—Making solutions, dispersions, lattices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques in organic liquids characterised by the chemical constitution of the organic liquid
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  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
  • C08J3/02—Making solutions, dispersions, lattices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques
  • C08J3/09—Making solutions, dispersions, lattices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques in organic liquids
  • C08J3/11—Making solutions, dispersions, lattices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques in organic liquids from solid polymers
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  • C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
  • C08J5/20—Manufacture of shaped structures of ion-exchange resins
  • C08J5/22—Films, membranes or diaphragms
  • C08J5/2206—Films, membranes or diaphragms based on organic and/or inorganic macromolecular compounds
  • C08J5/2218—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
  • C08J5/2256—Synthetic macromolecular compounds based on macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions other than those involving carbon-to-carbon bonds, e.g. obtained by polycondensation
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
  • H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
  • H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
  • H01M8/1039—Polymeric electrolyte materials halogenated, e.g. sulfonated polyvinylidene fluorides
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
  • H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
  • H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
  • H01M8/1041—Polymer electrolyte composites, mixtures or blends
  • H01M8/1046—Mixtures of at least one polymer and at least one additive
  • H01M8/1048—Ion-conducting additives, e.g. ion-conducting particles, heteropolyacids, metal phosphate or polybenzimidazole with phosphoric acid
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
  • H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
  • H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
  • H01M8/1069—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the manufacturing processes
  • H01M8/1072—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the manufacturing processes by chemical reactions, e.g. in situ polymerisation or in situ crosslinking
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
  • H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
  • H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
  • H01M8/1069—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the manufacturing processes
  • H01M8/1081—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the manufacturing processes starting from solutions, dispersions or slurries exclusively of polymers
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04B—TRANSMISSION
  • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
  • H04B7/14—Relay systems
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04B—TRANSMISSION
  • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
  • H04B7/14—Relay systems
  • H04B7/15—Active relay systems
  • H04B7/155—Ground-based stations
• • H—ELECTRICITY
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  • H04B—TRANSMISSION
  • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
  • H04B7/24—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field for communication between two or more posts
  • H04B7/26—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field for communication between two or more posts at least one of which is mobile
  • H04B7/2603—Arrangements for wireless physical layer control
  • H04B7/2606—Arrangements for base station coverage control, e.g. by using relays in tunnels
• • H—ELECTRICITY
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  • H04W24/10—Scheduling measurement reports ; Arrangements for measurement reports
• • H—ELECTRICITY
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  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W72/00—Local resource management
  • H04W72/20—Control channels or signalling for resource management
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J2371/00—Characterised by the use of polyethers obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain; Derivatives of such polymers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J2371/00—Characterised by the use of polyethers obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain; Derivatives of such polymers
  • C08J2371/08—Polyethers derived from hydroxy compounds or from their metallic derivatives
  • C08J2371/10—Polyethers derived from hydroxy compounds or from their metallic derivatives from phenols
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
  • H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
  • H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
  • H01M2300/0082—Organic polymers
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W28/00—Network traffic management; Network resource management
  • H04W28/02—Traffic management, e.g. flow control or congestion control
  • H04W28/04—Error control
• • H—ELECTRICITY
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  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
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  • H04W48/08—Access restriction or access information delivery, e.g. discovery data delivery
• • H—ELECTRICITY
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• • H—ELECTRICITY
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• • H—ELECTRICITY
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  • H04W72/566—Allocation or scheduling criteria for wireless resources based on priority criteria of the information or information source or recipient
  • H04W72/569—Allocation or scheduling criteria for wireless resources based on priority criteria of the information or information source or recipient of the traffic information
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
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  • H04W84/00—Network topologies
  • H04W84/02—Hierarchically pre-organised networks, e.g. paging networks, cellular networks, WLAN [Wireless Local Area Network] or WLL [Wireless Local Loop]
  • H04W84/04—Large scale networks; Deep hierarchical networks
  • H04W84/042—Public Land Mobile systems, e.g. cellular systems
• • H—ELECTRICITY
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  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W84/00—Network topologies
  • H04W84/02—Hierarchically pre-organised networks, e.g. paging networks, cellular networks, WLAN [Wireless Local Area Network] or WLL [Wireless Local Loop]
  • H04W84/04—Large scale networks; Deep hierarchical networks
  • H04W84/042—Public Land Mobile systems, e.g. cellular systems
  • H04W84/047—Public Land Mobile systems, e.g. cellular systems using dedicated repeater stations
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W88/00—Devices specially adapted for wireless communication networks, e.g. terminals, base stations or access point devices
  • H04W88/02—Terminal devices
  • H04W88/04—Terminal devices adapted for relaying to or from another terminal or user
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
  • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
  • Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product

Definitions

• Membranes of non-water-soluble sulfonated polymers which additionally contain low molecular weight phosphonic acids can not be prepared by known after-treatment methods of the sulfonated membrane.
• the following invention relates to a process for producing an electrolyte which solves this and other problems
• Low molecular weight phosphonic acids are not or only very poorly soluble in organic solvents. This is especially true for the aprotic solvents such as NMP, DMSO, DMF and DMAc.
• Sulfonated polymers such as sulfonated polysulfones or sulfonated polyether ketones are used in the form of membranes in the art. It would now be desirable to blend these polymers with low molecular weight phosphatic acids. However, it is found that the phosphonic acids do not dissolve or only very slightly in the aprotic solvents. This is especially true for the Atninophosphonklaren. Attempts to treat membranes of sulfonated polyether ketone in the aqueous solutions of the corresponding phosphonic acids, show that the phosphonic acids penetrate only to a very limited extent in the membrane. This also does not change with temperature or concentration increase of the aqueous phosphonic acid solution.
• Membranes are used whose ion exchange capacity is below the solubility in water.
• the limit of water solubility is approximately 2.0 milliequivalent per gram (meq / gr.) Depending on the polymer used.
• the limit for water solubility is approx. 2.4 meq / gr ..
• Sulfonated s PEEK begins to dissolve in heated water at an IEC before 1.8-1.85.
• Amino Tris (methylene phosphonic acid) is a low molecular weight aminophosphonic acid and not or only to a very limited extent in organic solvents, especially in aprotic solvents such as sulfolane, NMP ,. DMAc, DMF and DMSO, soluble.
• aprotic solvents such as sulfolane, NMP ,. DMAc, DMF and DMSO.
• the phosphonic acid is first insoluble and dissolves slowly in the solution of the already dissolved polymer. The solution is probably due to an acid-base interaction between the basic nitrogen and the sulfonic acid group.
• the acid strength of the sulfonic acid is greater than that of the phosphonic itself, this way the aminophosphonic acid is dissolved in the acidic polymer. It is the immobilization of a low molecular weight base, which still has another functional group, in this case the phosphonic acid.
• a base Any compound capable of ionic interaction with the sulfonic acid group of the polymer can be used.
• Particularly preferred solvent is DMSO. It has surprisingly been found that in a solution of NMP and sulfonated polyether ketone do not solve the calculated equivalent amounts of aminophosphonic. This is especially true for aminophosphosphonic acids containing more than one NCP moiety.
• DTPMP diemylene-triamino-pentamethylene-phosphonic acid
• the basic molecule is represented by the general formula R 2 N-CR 2 -POsH 2.
• R independently of one another is an alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl radical, an arbitrarily substituted C atom or hydrogen.
• the substitution pattern has the only restriction that it must not abolish the acid-base interaction between the nitrogen and the sulfonic acid.
• ATMP aminotrismethylene phosphonic acid
• both radicals R on the nitrogen are identical and R is -CH 2 -PO 3 H 2 and R on the carbon is hydrogen. If the nitrogen is protonated, R 2 NH + -CH 2 -PO 3 H 2 is obtained and the acid strength of the phosphonic acid residue increases sharply. This results in a higher proton conductivity.
• R 2 N-CR- (PO 3 H 2 ) 2 wherein R is again as defined above.
• An example of this class of compounds, the bisphosphonic acids, is dimethylaminomethylenediphosphonic acid (MAMDP) (Me 2 N) CH (PO 3 H 2 ) 2 and aminoethylenediphosphonic acid (MeC (NH 2 ) (PO 3 H 2 ) 2; wherein Me is CH 3 .
• R 2 N-CR of the general formula R 2 N-CR 2 -PO 3 H 2 have been closed to form a heterocycle, for example pyridine, imidizole, triazole or are part of a heterocyclic system.
• aminophosphonic acids used are: aminotrismethylene phosphonic acid, diethylene triamine penta methylene phosphonic acid, ethylenediaminotetra methylene phosphonic acid and polyethylene terephthalate-octakis-methylene phosphonic acid. The list is not exhaustive and can be extended by the expert.
• the aminophosphonic acids are dissolved in the solutions of the sulfonated polymers.
• sulfonated polymers it is possible to use all polymers which dissolve in the described aprotic solvents.
• the preferred IEC of the sulfonated polymers is between 0.5 and 5 milliequivalents per gram. Particularly preferred is the range of 0.8 and 2.0 milliequivalents per gram.
• Example 1 Sulfonated polyether ketone with an IEC of 1.8 milliequivalents is dissolved in DMSO. Used are 50 grams of a 10% w / w solution. The solution contains 5 grams of sulfonated polymer. To this solution are added, equivalent to the sulfonic acid group, the amine phosphonic acid diethylenetriamino-penta-methylene-phosphonic acid (DTPMP). A maximum of almost 5 grams can be added. In the example here, 3 grams are added. The aminophosphonic acid dissolves now.
• DTPMP amine phosphonic acid diethylenetriamino-penta-methylene-phosphonic acid
• the solution is doctored onto a glass plate into a thin film.
• the film thickness is about 600 ⁇ .
• the solvent is evaporated at a temperature of about 100 ° C in a drying oven. This is a common method to make membranes.
• the film is carefully detached from the glass plate. This is simplified if the plate is still warm or you moisten the film carefully with a spray bottle. It then dissolves more easily from the plate.
• the resulting film is then stored in 80% phosphoric acid and placed at 60 0 C in the oven. The film absorbs phosphoric acid.
• the membrane After post-treatment with phosphoric acid (PA), the membrane has a proton conductivity both at temperatures around 20 ° C. and at higher temperatures.
• PA phosphoric acid
• Example 2 Sulfonated polyetheretherketone with an IEC of 1.3 milliequivalent is dissolved in hot DMSO. Used are 50 grams of a 10% w / w solution. The solution contains 5 grams of sulfonated polymer. To this solution is added, equivalent to the sulfonic acid group, the amine phosphonic acid diethylenetriamino-penta-methylene phosphonic acid (DTPMP). A maximum of almost 2 grams, in the example here 1.5 grams can be added. The aminophosphonic acid dissolves now.
• DTPMP amine phosphonic acid diethylenetriamino-penta-methylene phosphonic acid
• SPEK Sulfonated polyether ketone
• IEC IEC of 1.8 milliequivalents
• DTPMP amine phosphonic acid diethylenetriamino-penta-methylene phosphonic acid
• the solution is doctored onto a glass plate into a thin film.
• the film thickness is about 600 ⁇ .
• the solvent is evaporated at a temperature of about 100 ° C in a drying oven. This is a common method to make membranes.
• the film is carefully detached from the glass plate. This is simplified if the plate is still warm or you moisten the film carefully with a spray bottle. It then dissolves more easily from the plate.
• the resulting film is then stored in 80% phosphoric acid and placed at 6O 0 C in the oven. The film absorbs phosphoric acid.
• the membrane After post-treatment with phosphoric acid (PA), the membrane has a proton conductivity both at temperatures around 20 ° C. and at higher temperatures.
• the membrane is hygroscopic and eagerly absorbs water from the ambient air.
• the proton conductivity is based on the one hand on the hydrous conduction mechanism and in the anhydrous state on the recorded phosphoric acid. If the membrane contains 1 gram of SPEK and 1.03 grams of DTPMP, then the aminophosphonic acid is tightly bound to the sulfonated polymer by one nitrogen atom. The two remaining nitrogen atoms now each store one molecule of phosphoric acid (PA).
• PA phosphoric acid
• Sulfonated polymers with immobilized aminophosphonic acids are very suitable as electrolyte in the direct methanol fuel cell.
• the methanol breakthrough through such a membrane is significantly lower compared to the pure sulfonated polymers.
• Particularly preferred here are the amino phosphonic acids which have more than one basic center. This includes e.g. DTPMP and pentaethylenehexamine-octakis-methylenephosphonic acid.
• the IEC does not increase as much as in the ratio 1: 1, but still sufficient to achieve a significant increase in proton conductivity.
• crosslinking is not possible because this molecule has only one nitrogen atom.
• a film of PBI (10 ⁇ 10 cm) with a thickness of 60 ⁇ is placed in one liter of a 50% (weight) aqueous solution of ATMP. This solution is allowed to stand for 24 hours at 80 ° C in the oven. Thereafter, the film is removed and with pulp, the surface is wiped dry.
• a film of PBI (10 ⁇ 10 cm) having a thickness of 60 ⁇ is placed in one liter of a 50% (weight) aqueous solution of PA. This solution is allowed to stand for 24 hours at 80 ° C in the oven. The film is dried as in Example 1.
• a film of PBI (10x10cm) with a thickness of 60 ⁇ is placed in one liter of an aqueous solution consisting of ATMP and PA.
• the solution contains 25% (wt) ATMP and 25% (wt) PA. This solution is allowed to stand for 24 hours at 80 ° C in the oven.
• the film is dried as in Example 1.
• a film of PBI (10xlOcm) with a thickness of 60 ⁇ is placed in one liter of an aqueous solution consisting of ATMP and PA.
• the solution contains 25% (wt) ATMP and 25% (wt) PA. This solution is allowed to stand for 24 hours at 8O 0 C in the oven.

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• 2007
  • 2007-01-23 DE DE112007000226T patent/DE112007000226A5/de active Pending
  • 2007-01-23 EP EP07717975.2A patent/EP1979972B1/de not_active Not-in-force
  • 2007-01-23 US US12/161,932 patent/US9023557B2/en active Active
  • 2007-01-23 AU AU2007207228A patent/AU2007207228A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2007-01-23 WO PCT/DE2007/000133 patent/WO2007082526A2/de not_active Ceased
  • 2007-01-23 JP JP2008551646A patent/JP5539651B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
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