WO2007049402A1 - 大気圧水素プラズマを用いた膜製造方法、精製膜製造方法及び装置 - Google Patents
大気圧水素プラズマを用いた膜製造方法、精製膜製造方法及び装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2007049402A1 WO2007049402A1 PCT/JP2006/317817 JP2006317817W WO2007049402A1 WO 2007049402 A1 WO2007049402 A1 WO 2007049402A1 JP 2006317817 W JP2006317817 W JP 2006317817W WO 2007049402 A1 WO2007049402 A1 WO 2007049402A1
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- hydrogen
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- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 106
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Classifications
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- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
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- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for producing various functional material films including a polycrystalline Si film at high speed, homogeneity, and low cost.
- polycrystalline Si Compared to amorphous Si used for conventional thin-film solar cells and liquid crystal TFTs, polycrystalline Si has many excellent properties such as high carrier mobility, long carrier lifetime, and no photodegradation phenomenon. It has characteristics. However, when trying to use a polycrystalline Si film for solar cells, its absorption coefficient for sunlight is smaller than that of amorphous Si, so the film thickness must be 10 times or more.
- Patent Document 1 Patent literature
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-270519
- Patent Document 2 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 08-008180
- Non-Patent Document 1 Tatsuo Maya “Basics of Thin Film Fabrication” Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun, July 2005, pp. 234 -273
- Si source gases such as SiH and SiF used for CVD are expensive and combustible.
- the second problem is that, in the CVD method, phosphine (PH), diborane (BH), arsine (AsH), and stibene (SbH) are used for doping to control the resistivity of the Si thin film.
- Toxicity such as
- the problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a new film production method that eliminates these drawbacks.
- the present invention provides a method for forming a film by purifying only a purified substance from a target that contains impurities in addition to a purified substance, which is a substance intended for purity, and purifying it.
- the film production method includes a reaction chamber filled with a reaction gas mainly composed of hydrogen at a pressure of 10 to 202 kPa (76 to 1520 Torr).
- a reaction gas mainly composed of hydrogen at a pressure of 10 to 202 kPa (76 to 1520 Torr).
- a substrate held at a high temperature and a target volatile in hydride held at a relatively low temperature are arranged in parallel, and a target is generated on the substrate by generating a discharge between the substrate and the target.
- the thin film is formed.
- the deposition rate of (2) is large on the surface of the substrate on the high temperature side, and the etching rate of (1) is small. Therefore, if the temperature difference between the two is kept moderately large, the difference in the rate of etching Z deposition becomes very large, and relatively high-speed mass transfer from the low-temperature target to the high-temperature substrate occurs.
- the material of the target is not a problem except that the hydride becomes volatile. Therefore, the target was doped without doping gas by depositing the target with a doping element in advance. Thin films can also be produced. In addition, by arranging two or more types of targets having different material forces to face the substrate, a mixed material of these targets can be formed on the substrate. In this case, it is desirable to increase the homogeneity of the film-forming substance by moving the target periodically.
- the method according to the present invention is a method suitable for producing a high-performance polycrystalline Si thin film applicable to solar cells, liquid crystal displays, and the like.
- the method according to the present invention is not limited to SiC, C, Ge, Sn, Ga, B, P, Sb, As, etc., which can be hydrogenated and the hydrogen compound is volatile. Applicable to substances.
- a doped film can be generated by mixing impurities in the target material in advance.
- the reaction gas may be a mixed gas obtained by adding a rare gas to hydrogen at a pressure of 10 to 202 kPa (76 to 1520 Torr).
- the purified membrane production method according to the present invention is a purification method in which a purified substance as a target substance is purified and extracted from a target containing one or more impurity substances and hydride is volatile.
- a substrate and the target are arranged in parallel in a reaction chamber filled with a reaction gas mainly composed of hydrogen at a pressure of 10 to 202 kPa (76 to 1520 Torr),
- the etching rate at the substrate temperature is increased for each impurity so that the etching rate at the target temperature is larger than the etching rate at the substrate temperature for the purified substance.
- the substrate temperature and the target temperature are set so that the etching rate at the target temperature is larger than the etching rate at the target temperature or the etching rate at the target temperature is smaller than the etching rate at the target temperature of the purified substance,
- a thin film of purified material is formed on the substrate by causing an electric discharge between the substrate and the target.
- the thin film obtained by the purified membrane manufacturing method in order to further increase the purity of the target substance, the thin film once obtained is used as a new target, and the purification method is repeated again to obtain the target substance on the substrate.
- a thin film may be formed on the substrate.
- harmful and harmful substances such as SiH conventionally used in the formation of a Si thin film, for example, are used.
- the cost of equipment can be kept low because no expensive film-forming gas is used, and only harmless and inexpensive hydrogen-based gas is used.
- the utilization efficiency of the raw material can be about 90% or more, which is much higher than that of the conventional method.
- a relatively high-pressure hydrogen plasma is used in the present invention, film formation can be performed at a higher speed than the conventional low-pressure sputtering method. Since the target volatilization uses a chemical reaction by hydrogen plasma near atmospheric pressure, the energy of charged particles incident on the substrate is reduced and generated compared to CVD using conventional low-pressure plasma. Less physical damage to the membrane. That is, according to the method of the present invention, it is possible to produce a high-quality film free from defects.
- the impurities are mixed in advance in the target material. It is not necessary to use harmful and expensive doping gas. As a result, the overall apparatus configuration including the gas supply processing system can be simplified, and the facility cost and running cost can be reduced.
- the method according to the present invention is suitable for producing a silicon-based thin film for a solar cell or a flat panel display.
- the structure of the film to be manufactured can be modulated by using a reaction gas that is a mixed gas obtained by further adding a rare gas to hydrogen at a pressure of 10 to 202 kPa (76 to 1520 Torr).
- the purified membrane production method according to the present invention continues to have the advantage of using only harmless and inexpensive hydrogen-based gas without using harmful and expensive deposition gas.
- Silicon-based solar cells often use non-standard wafers manufactured for the LSI industry, but the silicon purity for LSI is required to be 99.999999999% or higher. The purity of battery silicon may be about 99.9999%.
- non-standard or defective silicon is used, over-specification silicon is used for solar cells, and there is a problem that unnecessary energy and cost are consumed.
- the supply and price of silicon for solar cells must be strongly dependent on the LSI industry.
- low-grade silicon (purity: 98 to 99%) force can directly obtain solar cell grade silicon, which can save a lot of time, energy and cost. Is possible.
- the LSI industry can be made independent, there is a merit that it leads to a stable supply of materials.
- FIG. 3 Graph showing the relationship between the sample temperature and the etching rate when hydrogenatable substance A is etched by atmospheric pressure hydrogen plasma.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic configuration diagram of a purified membrane production apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is a schematic configuration diagram of a film manufacturing apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Graph showing the relationship between substrate temperature and deposition rate with target temperature as parameter ⁇ 11] Surface scanning electron microscope of Si film fabricated on Si (001) substrate when substrate temperature is varied (SEM) statue.
- A 200 ° C, (b) 300 ° C, (c) 400 ° C, (d) 500 ° C, (e) 600 ° C ⁇ 12] Si (001) with various substrate temperature changes Reflected electron diffraction (RED) image of the Si film fabricated on the substrate.
- RED Reflected electron diffraction
- FIG.35 TEM observation image (top) and TED image of Ge thin film fabricated on Si substrate when substrate temperature is (a) 400 ° C, (b) 500 ° C, (c) 700 ° C (Lower)
- FIG.48 Electron microscope image of carbon nanotubes produced using graphite as a target ⁇ 49] Schematic diagram of a sample produced by forming a copper thin film on a Si substrate
- FIG. 50 is a graph showing the surface roughness of the surface shape of the sample in FIG. 49 measured by a stylus type surface roughness meter.
- FIG. 51 is a graph of surface roughness after etching the sample of FIG. 49 for 20 minutes.
- FIG. 52 Table showing the concentration of impurities contained in the metal grade Si used
- FIG. 55 is a graph showing the metal concentration on the surface of the metal grade Si target after etching.
- FIG. 56 is a graph showing the content of Fe, Al, Mn, and Ge contained in metal grade Si and in the fabricated Si film.
- FIG. 57 is a graph showing the content of Cr, Co, Cu, and As contained in metal grade Si and in the fabricated Si film.
- Q is the etching rate
- E is the active energy of the system
- Q is the etching anti-etcning a eO
- the Si etching process proceeds when hydrogen adsorbed on the surface relaxes the back bond of the outermost Si atom and hydrogen enters the relaxed bond. Therefore, as the temperature of Si rises, it becomes impossible for hydrogen to stay on the surface for a sufficient time to enter the relaxed backbond, and the etching rate is considered to decrease.
- the Si substrate is opposed to the Si target, and an appropriate temperature difference (provided that the target is the low temperature side and the substrate is the high temperature side) is formed on the substrate.
- the deposition rate is Q
- the temperature of the Si target is T
- the temperature of the Si substrate deposition tgt is T
- the deposition amount on the Si substrate is ideally determined by the following equation: sub
- Fig. 2 shows the relationship between the substrate temperature and the deposition rate when the temperature of the target is used as a parameter. From this figure and the above equation, if the Si target temperature is 60 ° C and the Si substrate temperature is 500 ° C, it is calculated that Spus is produced at a deposition rate of 600 nm / min. In addition, by making the target temperature lower, it is possible to produce Spus at a speed higher than several tens of times that of conventional low-pressure plasma CVD.
- the target-substrate distance is usually required to be several mm or less in order to stabilize the plasma with a short average free path due to high gas density. There is.
- N does not change over time, so the second equation can be ignored.
- the first equation shows that the movement of the source gas toward the substrate is faster as the concentration gradient is larger.
- the concentration gradient between the target and the substrate is inversely proportional to the distance between the two. Further, the amount of source gas generated on the target surface depends on the plasma pressure. Therefore, by reducing the distance between the target and the substrate and using atmospheric pressure plasma, it is possible to obtain a concentration gradient more than 10 times that of the conventional case where the distance is large and low pressure plasma is used. Thus, high-speed movement of the raw material can be obtained. This is the great effect of the present invention.
- the film formation weight on the substrate and the target etching capacity can be obtained.
- the raw material use efficiency of this method was approximately 90% or more, although it depended on the substrate temperature and the distance between the target substrates.
- the raw material use efficiency in the general CVD method is about 20% at most, and it became clear that the raw material use efficiency of this method is extremely good. This is because in the atmospheric pressure plasma of this research, the distance between the target and the substrate is reduced for the stability of the plasma, so there is a probability that source atoms generated from the target will diverge into a space other than the substrate. It is thought that it is low.
- the hydrogenatable substance A is etched with atmospheric hydrogen plasma.
- the etching characteristics shown in Fig. 3 can be obtained for the sample temperature.
- region A is supported by the active energy (E) required for volatilization of the hydride formed.
- the region B is a region where the etching rate decreases because hydrogen adsorbed on the surface of the substance A is thermally desorbed as the temperature rises. For this reason, in region B, the etching rate is apparently dominated by negative activation energy (E). here
- etch is governed by the following formula.
- Q and Q represent frequency factors in each reaction.
- E 1, E 2, Q 3, and Q described in the above formula are respectively a substance and a reaction system (plasma generation condition).
- the amount of non-target substances (B, C, D) contained in the original solid A It is possible to obtain a thin film in which the amount of the non-target substance is significantly reduced.
- the target substance can be purified by the following method. As shown in Figure 5, the target temperature is set to about 100 ° C and the substrate is set to about -50 ° C. In this case, with respect to the substance A, since the etching rate on the target side is larger than the etching rate on the substrate side, A is deposited on the substrate. On the other hand, for the substance E, which is a non-target substance present in A, the etching rate on the substrate side is higher than that on the target side. This means that the substance in the substance A deposited on the substrate This means that quality E is difficult to be captured.
- metals such as Fe and A1 are difficult to be hydrogenated, and even if hydrogenated, they are not volatile substances. In other words, the etching rate of these metals is almost zero. This is extremely convenient for separating and purifying only Si and Fe and A1 forces contained in a large amount in metal grade silicon.
- Fig. 6 shows a graph showing the temperature-etching rate characteristics of Si, Graphite, and Ge.
- the substrate temperature and the target temperature should be appropriately set while referring to the temperature etching rate relating to the target substance and the non-target substance contained in the target substance. .
- the thin film once obtained is set as a new target, and again according to the present invention.
- a purified membrane manufacturing process may be performed.
- the purity of the target substance can be further increased by repeating this process not only once but also multiple times.
- a heating / cooling mechanism is provided on both the substrate side and the target installation side as shown in FIG. Since it is possible to freely change the temperature side and the low temperature side, it is possible to save the trouble of changing the produced thin film to the target side when performing purification several times.
- FIG. 8 shows a schematic configuration of an example of an apparatus for carrying out the method of the present invention.
- An upper electrode and a lower electrode are provided in parallel in the reaction chamber, a water cooling mechanism is provided for the upper electrode, and a heating mechanism using a susceptor (heating medium) is provided for the lower electrode.
- the lower electrode is grounded, and high-frequency power is input to the upper electrode via a matching box (MB).
- the lower electrode can move up and down, and the distance between the upper and lower electrodes can be arbitrarily changed.
- the reaction chamber can be sealed, and a reaction gas introduction device and an exhaust device are connected.
- p-type 4inch Si (001) 0.002-0.01 ⁇ cm containing boron and n-type 4inch Si (ll 1) 0.002-0.01 ⁇ cm containing antimony were used. These silicon wafers were fixed in the upper electrode after being immersed in HF to remove the surface natural acid film.
- the substrate has n-type 4inch Si (001) with a resistivity of 5 to 20 ⁇ cm when p-type Si is used as a target, and has a resistivity of 5 when n-type Si is used.
- a p-type Si (001) single crystal wafer of ⁇ 20 ⁇ cm was washed and used. Therefore, the product formed in this example forms a pn junction as shown in FIGS. 9 (a) and 9 (b).
- the He in the reaction chamber was evacuated, and the hydrogen gas purified to a Pd permeation-type hydrogen gas purifier to 1ppb or less was 26.6kPa (200 Torr) Introduced. Since the hydrogen pressure gradually decreased during film formation by a vacuum chuck for holding the substrate, hydrogen was replenished at a flow rate of 10 SLM to maintain the above pressure.
- a high frequency power of about 1000 W was supplied through a matching box from a high frequency power source of 150 MHz, and hydrogen plasma was generated between the target and the substrate. Occurrence area of the plasma was filed at about 6 X 3cm 2.
- the film formation rate was calculated by measuring the weight of the substrate before and after film formation, and calculating the weight increase by taking the quotient of the film formation area, the density of single-crystal Si, and the film formation time.
- a glass substrate was used, a part of the film was peeled off with chemicals, measured with a stylus step meter, and the value was divided by the film formation time.
- FIG. 10 shows the substrate temperature dependence characteristics of the deposition rate obtained in this example.
- Figure 10 shows the same theoretical curve as in Figure 2. Deposition rate up to 400 ° C substrate temperature Increased monotonously but saturated at higher temperatures. As shown in the theoretical curve, the etching rate decreases exponentially with temperature. Therefore, the etching rate of the substrate held at a high temperature with respect to the target etching rate is ignored at 400 ° C or higher. This is because it can. In contrast to the theoretical curve, it is estimated that the target temperature rose to about 120 ° C in the cooling method in this example!
- the maximum value of the deposition rate obtained in this example was 249 nm / min (about 4 nm / sec). This value is about 4 times the maximum film formation rate of lnm / sec currently obtained by general low-pressure plasma CVD, indicating that this method is a high-speed film formation method. Furthermore, if the temperature of the target is reduced more efficiently and the temperature is lowered, it is expected that the deposition rate can be further improved by the method of the present invention.
- the film formation weight on the substrate and the target etching power The raw material use efficiency was determined.
- the substrate temperature was 400 ° C or higher and the target-to-substrate distance force Slmm, although it depends on the substrate temperature and the distance between the target substrates. In some cases, a usage efficiency of 95 to 98% was obtained, and at a substrate temperature of 200 ° C, the usage efficiency was 90%.
- SEM Surface scanning electron microscope
- RED backscattered electron diffraction
- the crystal grain size increases as the temperature increases at a substrate temperature of 400 ° C. or lower.
- the crystal grain size is reduced and the number of crystal grains having in-plane anisotropy in the growth direction is clearly reduced.
- the decrease in crystal grain size is thought to be due to an increase in the number of film-depositing species that are thermally decomposed and activated as the substrate temperature increases, and an increase in Si growth nuclei due to the generation of natural nuclei.
- the reason why the anisotropy decreases in the in-plane growth direction as the substrate temperature increases is thought to be because the etching effect by atomic hydrogen stops working.
- Figures 13 (a), (b), and (c) show SEM images of the cross-sectional shapes of the films obtained when the substrate temperature is 200 ° C, 300 ° C, 400 ° C, 500 ° C, and 600 ° C. , (D) and (e). These figures show that the Si film grew columnarly from the substrate interface. This indicates that the Si film having the surface morphology shown in FIG. 11 is a Si film continuously grown from a substrate that is not produced by deposition of fine particles. The generation of fine particles in plasma, which is often a problem in the low pressure CVD method when grown at high speed, is considered not to be a problem in the method of the present invention.
- the Si film produced by this method has many grain boundaries.
- the only gas used in this method is hydrogen, it is possible to determine how hydrogen is contained in the film and how the Si dangling bonds existing at the grain boundaries are terminated. Then, it was investigated by a thermal desorption analysis (TDS) method and an infrared absorption spectrum (FTIR) method.
- TDS thermal desorption analysis
- FTIR infrared absorption spectrum
- FIG. 14 shows TDS spectra of desorbed hydrogen from the Si film prepared at each substrate temperature.
- the rate of temperature rise is 30 ° C / min, and the temperature range is room temperature up to 900 ° C.
- This figure shows that the shape of the hydrogen desorption spectrum changes depending on the substrate temperature, and that there is a hydrogen desorption peak near 450 ° C at all substrate temperatures! /, The The peak around 450 ° C can be attributed to hydrogen in -SiH (monohydride bond).
- the cold side of this peak and The sub-peak that appears on the high temperature side is more conspicuous as the substrate temperature is lower.
- the subpeak on the low temperature side is caused by -SiH (die hydride bond) or -SiH (trihydride bond)
- the force that appears prominently is slight at 300 ° C, and is not recognized at 400 ° C or higher.
- the sub-peak seen on the high temperature side is said to be hydrogen desorption from the isolated SiH contained in the a-Si phase Balta, and is more pronounced for Spus produced at a low substrate temperature. This predicts that the material contains defects and amorphous S ⁇ ⁇ .
- the hydrogen content in the Si film fabricated at each substrate temperature was calculated.
- the results are shown in Fig. 15.
- the hydrogen content in the film is 2 10 19 to 3 10 2 ° & 1: 0 1 ⁇ / ( ⁇ 3 and decreases exponentially as the substrate temperature increases.
- -SiH contained in amorphous Si Balta has an absorption peak at 2000 cm- 1 , but in the film produced by this method, no peak due to amorphous silicon was observed. Considering this together with the results obtained previously by TDS, although the intragranular defects in the crystal film increase at low substrate temperatures, they are terminated and deactivated by hydrogen! / It is expected to meet.
- the peaks appearing in the vicinity of 2087 cm- 1 and 2102 cm- 1 are peaks caused by hydrogen atoms adsorbed on the crystalline Si surface, which means that hydrogen atoms are not contained in Spus prepared by this method. It can be seen that the unbonded hands on the surface and interface are contained in the film in a passivated state.
- hydrogen that can be observed by TDS and FTIR is also contained in the film produced at 600 ° C and high substrate temperature. It is considered to be exposed to the atmosphere.
- Figure 17 shows the results of examining changes in the deposition rate when Si is used as the target and the hydrogen pressure in the reaction chamber is varied.
- the input power was adjusted so that the input power per unit hydrogen molecule was equal.
- the hydrogen pressure force was 26.6 kPa (200 Torr)
- the power was increased with respect to the pressure with 0.7 W / Torr as a proportional constant, such as 140 W at 56.6 kPa (400 Torr) and 280 W.
- the target-substrate distance was 600; ⁇ ⁇ , and the substrate temperature was 400 ° C. As shown in FIG.
- Fig. 18 is a graph showing the dependence of the deposition rate on the distance between the target and the substrate.
- (A) is the case where the power density is constant with respect to the plasma volume, and (b) is simply constant power. This is the case.
- the experimental conditions for both (a) and (b) were a hydrogen pressure of 26.6 kPa (200 Torr), a substrate temperature of 400 ° C, an input power to (a) of 0.58 W / mm 3 , and an input to (b) The power was 140W.
- Figure 19 (a) shows the change in deposition rate when the substrate temperature is 400 ° C, the hydrogen pressure is 26.6 kPa (200 Torr), the target-substrate distance is 1 mm, and the power input to the plasma is changed. It is rough. From this graph, it can be seen that the deposition rate increases almost linearly with increasing input power. Under the conditions of this experiment, a maximum deposition rate of about 5 nm / sec was obtained.
- Fig. 19 (b) is a surface SEM observation image of S pus produced with each power. Although there is a difference in the grain size of the Si grains observed on the surface depending on the film thickness of the produced Spus, a similar Si film is formed even under the deviation conditions. I was divided.
- FIG. 20 shows a SEM observation image and a backscattered electron diffraction (RED) observation image of the surface and cross section of the Si film after film formation for 120 minutes. From the cross-sectional SEM image, it can be seen that the columnar growth continues even after the film thickness reaches about 50 m. From the surface SEM observation image, the film grows while maintaining the in-plane orientation with respect to the substrate. It can be seen that is progressing. The particle size at this time has reached a maximum of 30 m. In this experimental condition, there was no significant difference in deposition rate immediately after the start of film formation and at the end of film formation.
- RED backscattered electron diffraction
- Figure 21 (a) shows the results of examining the orientation characteristics of Si thin films fabricated by changing the substrate temperature using the X-ray diffraction method.
- the deposition conditions other than the substrate temperature were a hydrogen pressure of 26.6 kPa (200 Torr), an input power of 1000 W (18 cm 2 ), and a target-substrate distance of 1000 m.
- diffraction peaks due to (111), (220), (311), and (400) were observed.
- FIG. 21 From (b), it was found that as the temperature rises, the proportion of the (400) peak decreases rapidly while the (220) peak increases. Since the substrate used this time was a Si (100) substrate, it was found that according to this deposition method, the lower the temperature, the stronger the influence of the substrate orientation. On the other hand, it was found that the higher the temperature was, the more the orientation of the substrate disappeared, approaching (220) orientation or random orientation.
- the decrease in the (400) peak corresponds to the desorption temperature of the hydrogen adsorbed on the Si surface when the substrate temperature increases from 300 ° C to 500 ° C.
- the surface free energy of the bare Si surface is the most stable in the (111) plane, while the surface free energy of the hydrogen-adsorbed Si surface is the most stable in the (100) plane.
- the fact that the (400) peak became stronger as the temperature became lower in this experiment suggests that hydrogen adsorbed on the growth surface plays an important role.
- Si homo-epitaxial growth can be achieved at a very low temperature by the film manufacturing method according to the present invention by selecting film forming conditions that can maintain the substrate temperature at a lower temperature and maintain a completely hydrogen-terminated surface. Foresee.
- Figure 22 shows (a) a surface SEM observation image, (b) a cross-sectional SEM observation image, and (b) a cross-sectional SEM observation image of a Si film prepared by introducing He gas to hydrogen 26.6 kPa (200 Torr) and setting the total pressure in the reaction chamber to 101 kPa (760 Torr).
- RED observation image Here, the input power was 1000 W (18 cm 2 ), the target-substrate distance was 1000 m, the substrate temperature was 400 ° C., and the film formation time was 15 min.
- the deposition rate has been reduced to 90 nm / min compared to the value of about 240 nm / min obtained when only 26.6 kPa (200 Torr) is introduced. This is because the power input to the plasma is consumed not only for the excitation of hydrogen decomposition but also for the excitation of He, and the SiH generated at the target.
- the Si film crystal grains obtained from the SEM observation image differed from the crystal grains formed only with hydrogen, and in-plane anisotropic growth in the 110> direction was not observed. . further The columnar growth clearer than the cross-sectional observation image was not observed. This is because, by mixing He gas with different excitation lifetime and excitation energy compared to hydrogen, a plasma state (electron temperature, gas temperature, etc.) that is different from the conventional plasma containing only hydrogen is generated. This can be considered to have influenced the structure of the formed Si film. This also indicates that the film structure of the Si film produced according to the present invention can be modulated by actively mixing rare gas into the plasma.
- the amount of rare gas introduced (minute) is sufficient as long as the hydrogen partial pressure is 10 to 202 kPa (76 to 1520 Torr).
- the pressure can be set freely according to the purpose.
- Figure 23 shows the actual observation image of the Si film formed on the quartz glass substrate at a substrate temperature of 400 ° C.
- A is an image observed with a fluorescent lamp
- (b) is a halogen condensing lamp.
- This is an observation image.
- the reflectance is significantly reduced due to the unevenness formed on the film surface, so it is observed as black.
- This is considered to be a great merit for application to solar cells that need to increase the light absorption in the power generation layer by some method in order to improve the conversion efficiency.
- it was confirmed that such film formation on a glass substrate was possible in the range of 200 ° C to 600 ° C.
- the fabricated Si film is poly-Si film at any temperature, adhesion to the substrate of the film was Make that no observed delamination by a simple tape test 0
- One useful method of using the present method is a method in which doping can be performed without using an expensive and harmful doping gas.
- the experiment is shown in this example. Since the equipment used and its operating conditions are almost the same as in Example 1, details are omitted.
- a dopant element (B, P, As, Sb, etc.) is previously included in the target, and the dopant element is hydrogenated at the same time as etching the target Si. Then, it can be volatilized and doped into the Si thin film of the substrate.
- the deposited p-type Si was vacuum-deposited with an Au electrode and the n-type Si was deposited with an A1 electrode, and the IV characteristics of the pn device were measured. It was.
- the target used in this example was previously doped with B or Sb. It was investigated whether or not the impurities in this target moved into the deposited Spus.
- B-doped p-type Si having resistivity of 1 ⁇ cm and 0.02 ⁇ cm was used as the target.
- a film was formed at a substrate temperature of 600 ° C. for 15 minutes.
- a quartz substrate was used as the substrate in order to prevent impurities contained in the substrate Si from moving to the Si thin film.
- n-type Si (lll) was deposited on the substrate using p-type Si (OOl) with a B-doped resistivity of 1-20 ⁇ ⁇ .
- Sb in the target is taken into the Si film as a hydride, and it is considered that an np diode is fabricated.
- the conditions for producing Spus are almost the same as the previous conditions.
- n-type or p-type Spus can be formed without using any doping gas by using this manufacturing method.
- FIG. 27 shows the film forming process.
- Two Si targets of n-type (Sb-doped, resistivity 0.018 ⁇ cm) and p-type (B-doped, resistivity 0.02 ⁇ cm) are simultaneously mounted on the water-cooled electrode, and the substrate is Sb-doped, resistivity 0.005 N-type Si (lll) of ⁇ cm was used.
- hydrogen plasma was generated under an n-type Si target to form an n-type Si film on the substrate surface.
- the substrate region on which the n-type Si was deposited was moved under the p-type target, and plasma was generated again to produce a p-type Si thin film.
- FIG. 28 shows the results of examining the I-V characteristics of the region where the thin film pn junction was formed. From this figure, it is shown that the pn junction diode composed of the Si thin film fabricated by this method exhibits rectifying action, and its rectifying characteristics are superior to the rectifying characteristics of pn junction diodes of commercially available Balta polycrystalline solar cells. There was found.
- the pn junction diode of the deposited Si thin film is 2 to 3 ⁇ m. It can be seen that it is composed of Si grains with a grain size, and the majority of these Si grains show a 3-fold symmetry in the 110> direction due to the symmetry of the Si (lll) substrate used.
- a film was formed on a quartz substrate using a Ge target.
- the hydrogen pressure was 26.6 kPa (200 Torr)
- the input power was 1000 W
- the target-to-substrate distance was 1000 m
- the substrate temperature was 300 to 700 ° C.
- FIG. 30 is a RED image of the thin film produced.
- the produced Ge film was found to be polycrystalline. Also, from the Raman spectrum of the fabricated thin film shown in FIG. 31, a sharp peak was observed near the wave number of 300 cm- 1 , confirming that crystalline Ge was fabricated.
- the adhesion between the Ge film produced in this example and the quartz substrate was evaluated by a simple tape test, no peeling was observed.
- FIG. 32 is an emission spectral spectrum of the plasma generated in this example. Light emission from Ge was observed around 265, 269, 271, 275, and 304 nm, and light emission from atomic hydrogen H was observed at 656 nm. From this, it was found that the Ge supply power into the plasma was generated in the same way as when Si was the target.
- Si (OOl) was used as a substrate, and a Ge thin film was formed on the substrate.
- the deposition conditions were as follows: hydrogen pressure was 26.6 kPa (200 Torr), input power was 600 W, target-to-substrate distance was 1000 m, and substrate temperature was 400 to 700 ° C.
- FIG. 33 is a transmission electron diffraction (TED) pattern of the produced thin film. According to this, sub-spots originating from Ge crystals with different lattice spacings are observed in the vicinity of the Si diffraction spot and at almost the same position. From now on, Ge thin film force I grow heteroepitaxially on the substrate It was a great help. In addition, a streak-like diffraction pattern was observed from the RED image (Fig. 34), and it was found that the surface was flat at the electron diffraction level.
- Fig. 34 transmission electron diffraction
- Figure 35 shows a TEM image (top) and TED image (bottom) of a Ge thin film fabricated on a Si substrate when the substrate temperature is 400 ° C (a 500 ° C (b 700 ° C (c)).
- the substrate temperature is 400 ° C
- the Si substrate before Ge deposition is etched by hydrogen plasma at the initial stage of film formation, resulting in a very poor surface morphology of the substrate surface.
- a spot due to Ge appears at a position slightly shifted from the position force of the Si spot, similar to the result at 600 ° C.
- FIG. 36 shows the results of observing the surface of a Ge thin film prepared at a substrate temperature of 500 ° C (a 600 ° C (b) and 700 ° C (c)) with an AFM (interatomic force microscope).
- Figure 37 shows that the lower the substrate temperature, the better the surface with improved RMS and PV roughness.
- Each lcm square Si target and C target were alternately mounted on the water-cooled electrode. Both targets are etched simultaneously by hydrogen plasma, and Si and C atoms are present in the plasma at the same time. However, since the width of each target is lcm, Si atoms and C atoms are hardly mixed with each other in the plasma, and a Si-rich film is directly under the Si target, and a C-rich film is directly under the C target. Expected to be generated. Therefore, it is possible to generate a uniform Si-C film on the substrate surface by reciprocating the substrate side every lsec with the same lcm stroke as the target width.
- Fig. 39 (a) shows a planar TEM image of the produced film
- Fig. 39 (b) shows a cross-sectional TEM image. From the planar TEM image, the obtained film is composed of microcrystals with a grain size of about 20, and it can be concluded from the inserted diffraction image that it is a 3C-SiC polycrystalline film. From the cross-sectional TEM image, it was found that the film thickness was about 400 nm and the film formation rate was 40 nm / min.
- the remarkable peak appearing at a wave number of 650 800 cm- 1 in the infrared absorption spectrum can be attributed to the stretching vibration of the Si—C bond, so it can be concluded that the generated microcrystalline material is Si C.
- FIG. 41 shows the results of measuring the composition in the film thickness direction of the prepared thin film by Auger electron spectroscopy. As can be seen from FIG. 41, even though the target facing the substrate fluctuates periodically, the corresponding composition ratio unevenness in the film thickness direction is not observed.
- the composition ratio of Si and C is about 55:45, which is a nearly stoichiometric SiC thin film.
- FIG. 42 shows a transmission electron diffraction pattern of a thin film formed on a Si substrate with the same apparatus at a substrate temperature of 300 ° C.
- a ring-like pattern can be observed. It became clear from the ring radius that the material that exhibited the ring was 3C-S1C. This confirms that a microcrystalline 3C-SiC thin film can be formed even at a substrate temperature of 300 ° C.
- SiGe alloy which is a full solid solution
- Si and Ge wafers were placed on the target and plasma was generated to form Si Ge on the quartz substrate maintained at 600 ° C.
- FIG. 43 shows the Raman scattering spectrum from the thin film formed on the quartz substrate. Scattering peaks due to Ge-Ge, Si-Si, and Si-Ge bonds were observed, indicating the formation of Si Ge mixed crystal thin films.
- the obtained Si Ge thin film is epitaxially formed on the Si substrate.
- Example 12 In order to produce a more homogeneous film, it is described in Example 12. It is considered effective to move the substrate and target relatively in parallel with each other.
- Film formation was performed using a sintered SiC wafer doped with nitrogen as a target.
- the equipment used was almost the same as in Example 1.
- the experimental conditions were as follows: the hydrogen pressure was 26.6 kPa (200 Torr), the substrate temperature was 800 ° C, the input power was 1000 W, the target-to-substrate distance was 1000; ⁇ ⁇ , The film formation time was 15 min.
- Fig. 45 is a plasma emission spectrum at the time of film formation according to this example. Since the emission peak of silicon atom alone is seen, silicon atoms and carbon atoms of sintered SiC are supplied into the plasma while being bonded. It is presumed that they are supplied individually.
- Figure 46 shows the infrared absorption spectrum and RED image of the thin film obtained. As with the previous graphite and Si, a sharp SH bond peak was obtained, and the film formed from the ring radius of the RED image was a polycrystalline 3C-SiC thin film. In addition, when the composition ratio of silicon and carbon in the film prepared under these conditions was examined by Auger electron spectroscopy, it was found that the film was almost stoichiometric at 55:45. As a result, it was proved that SiC thin film can be formed even when sintered SiC is used as a target.
- the sintered SiC is an N-type doped with nitrogen atoms in advance, an n-type 3C-SiC thin film is formed on a p-type silicon substrate, and 1, A pn diode was fabricated.
- Figure 47 shows the current-voltage characteristics of the fabricated pn diode. As a result, it was found that rectification characteristics were obtained, and SiC could be doped by adding a dopant element in the solid in advance.
- a 600-thick copper thin film was formed on a Si substrate.
- a mask when depositing copper, a portion where a copper thin film was formed and a portion where silicon was exposed were formed.
- the surface shape at this time was measured with a stylus type surface roughness meter.
- the result is shown in FIG. Fig. 50 confirms that a copper thin film with a width of 0.5 mm and a thickness of 600 nm is formed on the Si substrate.
- etching was performed for 20 minutes by atmospheric pressure hydrogen plasma. The temperature of the Si substrate during etching is expected to increase passively by heating with force plasma at room temperature.
- Figure 51 shows that after hydrogen etching, the exposed Si surface was etched to an average depth of 3 m even though the copper mask remained almost intact. Since the thickness of the copper mask used was 600 nm, it was clear that Si was easier to etch than Cu, and it was confirmed that the etching action by hydrogen plasma had element selectivity.
- a metal grade silicon produced and reduced in Brazil with a purity of 98% was sliced into 2mm and 80mm squares using an inner peripheral blade, 20 ° C, 21 / min.
- the cooling was performed by passing water through the electrode.
- the equipment and operating conditions used in this example are almost the same as in Example 1.
- a commercially available Si (OOl) wafer was used as the substrate, which was placed on the heater, and the substrate temperature was set to 400 ° C.
- the atmosphere in the reaction chamber was set between 26.6 to 101 kPa (200 to 760 Torr) with 100% hydrogen.
- a 1000 W power was input using a VHF power supply with a frequency of 150 MHz for plasma generation.
- the distance between the target and the substrate was lmm.
- FIG. 52 is a table showing the concentration of impurities contained in the metal grade Si used in this example.
- Figure 52 also shows commonly reported impurity concentrations in metallic Si and the purity levels required for solar cell grade Si.
- FIG. 53 shows an emission spectrum (MG-Si) of the hydrogen plasma generated in this example.
- MG-Si emission spectrum
- FIG. 53 shows an emission spectrum (MG-Si) of the hydrogen plasma generated in this example.
- the metal density on the surface of the Si thin film produced in this example was measured by TREX (Total Reflection X-ray analysis). The results are shown in FIG. In the graph in Fig. 54, the metal concentration on the metal-grade Si surface used is also shown as a reference value. The error bar in the figure shows the deviation at 27 points where metal was detected among 33 measurement points. Note that A1 is not included in the evaluation because its characteristic X-ray peak appears at a position very close to Si and quantitative reliability cannot be obtained.
- the metal elements of interest are Fe, Ti, Cu, Cr, Ni, and Mn. As is clear from FIG.
- the metal concentration on the surface of the metal grade Si that was the target after etching was evaluated by TREX.
- the results are shown in FIG.
- the surface concentration of any metal element increased by about 2 to 5 times. This suggests that metal impurities in metal-grade Si are concentrated in a form that remains on the metal-grade Si surface by etching with atmospheric pressure hydrogen plasma.
- the etching rates of both the target and the target treated for 240 min were similar values within an error of ⁇ 5%.
- ICP-MS inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
- the rate of decrease in concentration is small, similar to the results of TREX analysis described above. It can be inferred that the cause is the same as above.
- the impurity concentration of Cu is p-type Si, if it exceeds 2.5 ppm mass, it is said that the conversion efficiency of the solar cell is adversely affected.
- the Cu concentration in the Si film obtained in this example is lppm. Since it is mass, there is no problem in terms of application to solar cells.
- the concentration in the prepared S pus is 1
- SiGe mixed crystal raw material power can be actively discharged. This suggests the possibility of applying the strained SiGe technology to form a high Ge concentration strained SiGe layer from a low Ge concentration SiGe.
- the membrane production method and the purified membrane production method according to the present invention have been described above! The power of the explanation given with examples The above is clearly an example, and may be improved or changed appropriately within the spirit of the present invention.
- the target does not have to be a single lump or plate. By using powder or the like as a target, it is possible to increase the contact interface with plasma and increase the reaction rate.
- a target gas that does not produce a target film By applying the film manufacturing method according to the present invention, it is possible to obtain a target gas that does not produce a target film.
- a target in which hydride is volatile is placed in parallel in a reaction chamber filled with a reaction gas mainly composed of hydrogen at a pressure of 10 to 202 kPa (76 to 1520 Torr), and a discharge is generated between the two targets. You can do it.
- Figure 58 shows a conceptual diagram of the main part of an example of the configuration of this configuration.
- the target temperature is set to the highest etching rate, and the upper and lower targets (
- the temperature adjustment mechanism is adjusted so that the temperature of the upper Z is the same for the sake of convenience.
- reaction gas mainly composed of hydrogen it is preferable to flow a reaction gas mainly composed of hydrogen at a constant flow rate in a predetermined direction so that the generated gas can be effectively taken out.
- the target gas obtained by the above method can be used as a raw material gas for film formation.
- the target gas produced by this method includes other gases before film formation (for example, for Si-based compounds, N and oxygen in the case of forming a nitride nitride film).
- the target is preferably composed mainly of Si or Ge.
- the reaction gas can be a mixed gas obtained by adding a rare gas to hydrogen.
- the etching depth of the target was about 300 nm.
- the deposition area was about 5.5 cm 2
- the etching area was about 12 cm 2 . From the relationship between the total etching amount and the adhesion amount, it was confirmed that silicon hydride (for example, SiH, SiH, etc.) that does not contribute to film formation was generated.
- a target is placed in a reaction chamber filled with a reaction gas mainly composed of hydrogen at a pressure of 10 to 202 kPa (76 to 1520 Torr), and the temperature and etching rate characteristics of each substance contained in the target are The target temperature is set so that the etching rate of the material is faster than the etching rate of each non-target material.
- a purified gas containing the target substance as a main component can be obtained.
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Abstract
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Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US12/084,137 US8357267B2 (en) | 2005-10-26 | 2006-09-08 | Film producing method using atmospheric pressure hydrogen plasma, and method and apparatus for producing refined film |
EP06797672A EP1950797A4 (en) | 2005-10-26 | 2006-09-08 | METHOD FOR PRODUCING A FILM USING ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE HYDROGEN PLASMA AND METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING PURIFICATION FILM |
CN2006800492029A CN101401190B (zh) | 2005-10-26 | 2006-09-08 | 使用大气压氢等离子体的膜制造方法、精制膜制造方法及装置 |
JP2007542265A JP5269414B2 (ja) | 2005-10-26 | 2006-09-08 | 大気圧水素プラズマを用いた膜製造方法、精製膜製造方法及び装置 |
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JP2005311934 | 2005-10-26 |
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US11/907,371 Continuation US7887761B2 (en) | 2005-08-31 | 2007-10-11 | Honeycomb catalyst and manufacturing method thereof |
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PCT/JP2006/317817 WO2007049402A1 (ja) | 2005-10-26 | 2006-09-08 | 大気圧水素プラズマを用いた膜製造方法、精製膜製造方法及び装置 |
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US (1) | US8357267B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1950797A4 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5269414B2 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN101401190B (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2007049402A1 (ja) |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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WO2009028188A1 (ja) * | 2007-08-31 | 2009-03-05 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | 選択的膜製造方法 |
WO2009154232A1 (ja) * | 2008-06-18 | 2009-12-23 | 国立大学法人大阪大学 | Si精製方法、Si精製装置及びSi精製膜製造装置 |
JP2011001207A (ja) * | 2009-06-16 | 2011-01-06 | Sharp Corp | モノシラン生成装置およびモノシラン生成方法 |
JP2011111664A (ja) * | 2009-11-30 | 2011-06-09 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | 機能膜形成方法および機能膜形成体 |
WO2013015187A1 (ja) * | 2011-07-25 | 2013-01-31 | 日産化学工業株式会社 | 水素化処理方法および水素化処理装置 |
JP2014063874A (ja) * | 2012-09-21 | 2014-04-10 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | 大気圧プラズマ成膜装置 |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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DE102010039365B4 (de) * | 2010-08-16 | 2016-03-24 | Forschungsverbund Berlin E.V. | Plasma-Prozesse bei Atmosphärendruck |
JP6883495B2 (ja) * | 2017-09-04 | 2021-06-09 | 東京エレクトロン株式会社 | エッチング方法 |
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Cited By (11)
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Also Published As
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EP1950797A1 (en) | 2008-07-30 |
US8357267B2 (en) | 2013-01-22 |
CN101401190A (zh) | 2009-04-01 |
US20090301864A1 (en) | 2009-12-10 |
EP1950797A4 (en) | 2010-07-14 |
JPWO2007049402A1 (ja) | 2009-04-30 |
CN101401190B (zh) | 2011-10-05 |
JP5269414B2 (ja) | 2013-08-21 |
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