WO2006054469A1 - 強磁性膜、磁気抵抗素子、及び磁気ランダムアクセスメモリ - Google Patents
強磁性膜、磁気抵抗素子、及び磁気ランダムアクセスメモリ Download PDFInfo
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- WO2006054469A1 WO2006054469A1 PCT/JP2005/020539 JP2005020539W WO2006054469A1 WO 2006054469 A1 WO2006054469 A1 WO 2006054469A1 JP 2005020539 W JP2005020539 W JP 2005020539W WO 2006054469 A1 WO2006054469 A1 WO 2006054469A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C11/00—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor
- G11C11/02—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor using magnetic elements
- G11C11/14—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor using magnetic elements using thin-film elements
- G11C11/15—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor using magnetic elements using thin-film elements using multiple magnetic layers
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y25/00—Nanomagnetism, e.g. magnetoimpedance, anisotropic magnetoresistance, giant magnetoresistance or tunneling magnetoresistance
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F10/00—Thin magnetic films, e.g. of one-domain structure
- H01F10/32—Spin-exchange-coupled multilayers, e.g. nanostructured superlattices
- H01F10/324—Exchange coupling of magnetic film pairs via a very thin non-magnetic spacer, e.g. by exchange with conduction electrons of the spacer
- H01F10/3254—Exchange coupling of magnetic film pairs via a very thin non-magnetic spacer, e.g. by exchange with conduction electrons of the spacer the spacer being semiconducting or insulating, e.g. for spin tunnel junction [STJ]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N50/00—Galvanomagnetic devices
- H10N50/80—Constructional details
- H10N50/85—Magnetic active materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F10/00—Thin magnetic films, e.g. of one-domain structure
- H01F10/32—Spin-exchange-coupled multilayers, e.g. nanostructured superlattices
- H01F10/3227—Exchange coupling via one or more magnetisable ultrathin or granular films
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/11—Magnetic recording head
- Y10T428/1107—Magnetoresistive
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31678—Of metal
Definitions
- Ferromagnetic film magnetoresistive element, and magnetic random access memory
- the present invention relates to a magnetoresistive element exhibiting a magnetoresistive effect.
- the present invention relates to a ferromagnetic film used for the magnetoresistive element, a method for manufacturing the magnetoresistive element, and a magnetic random access memory using the magnetoresistive element as a memory cell.
- Magnetic random access memory is a promising nonvolatile memory from the viewpoint of high integration and high-speed operation.
- magnetoresistive elements exhibiting magnetoresistive effects such as AMR (Anisotropic MagnetoResistance) effect, GMR (Giant MagnetoResistance) effect, and TMR (Tunnel MagnetoResistance) effect are used.
- the TMR element exhibiting the TMR effect is particularly preferable in that the memory cell area can be reduced.
- a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) in which a tunnel insulating layer is sandwiched between at least two magnetic layers is formed.
- FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B conceptually show an MTJ element having an MTJ.
- MTJ element 1 consists of fe; ⁇ ⁇ free layer 2, fe ⁇ ⁇ pinned layer 4, and tunnel insulating layer 3 sandwiched between magnetization free layer 2 and magnetization pinned layer 4. It has.
- Each of the magnetization free layer 2 and the magnetization fixed layer 4 includes a ferromagnetic layer having a spontaneous magnetization.
- the direction of spontaneous magnetization of the magnetization fixed layer 4 is fixed in a predetermined direction.
- the direction of the spontaneous magnetization of the magnetization free layer 2 can be reversed, and is allowed to be parallel or antiparallel to the direction of the spontaneous magnetization of the magnetization fixed layer 4.
- FIG. 1A shows a first state in which the directions of spontaneous magnetization of the magnetization free layer 2 and the magnetization fixed layer 4 are “parallel”
- FIG. 1B shows the spontaneous magnetization of the magnetization free layer 2 and the magnetization fixed layer 4.
- It shows the second state, whose orientation is "anti-parallel”.
- the resistance value (R + AR) of the MTJ element 1 in the second state is larger than the resistance value (R) of the MTJ element 1 in the first state due to the TMR effect.
- the MR ratio (AR / R) is 10% -50% for a typical MTJ.
- MRAM uses this MTJ element 1 as a memory cell and uses this change in resistance value.
- the data is stored in a nonvolatile manner. For example, the first state is associated with data “0”, and the second state is associated with data “1”.
- the resistance value of the MTJ element 1 only needs to be detected. Specifically, when reading data, a predetermined voltage is applied between the bit line 5 connected to the magnetization free layer 2 and the word line 6 connected to the magnetization fixed layer 4. Based on the current value detected at this time, the resistance value of the MTJ element 1, that is, the value of data stored in the memory cell (“0” or “1”) is determined. On the other hand, the data in the memory cell is rewritten by reversing the direction of spontaneous magnetization of the magnetization free layer 2. Specifically, write currents IWL and IBL are respectively supplied to a write word line and a write bit line that are provided so as to sandwich the MTJ element 1 and intersect each other. When these write currents I WL and IBL satisfy a predetermined condition, the direction of the spontaneous magnetization of the magnetization free layer 2 is reversed by the external magnetic field generated by the write current.
- FIG. 2A is a graph showing the predetermined condition.
- the curve shown in FIG. 2A is called an asteroid curve, and the intercept between the steroid curve and the vertical axis' horizontal axis is given by + 1X0 — 1X0 + IY0 ⁇ 0.
- This asteroid curve shows the minimum current IWL IBL necessary for the reversal of the spontaneous magnetization of the magnetization free layer 2.
- MTJ element 1 changes from the first state to the second state, or from the second state to the first state. To do. That is, the data value “1” or “0” is written into the memory cell.
- the current IW L IBL force corresponds to the inside of the steroid curve (Retention region)
- the data is not rewritten.
- FIG. 2B is a graph showing the distribution of the asteroid curve described above for a plurality of memory cells.
- a plurality of memory cells are arranged in an array, and there are variations in the characteristics of the MTJ element 1 that the plurality of memory cells have. Therefore, the steroid curve group (curve group) for a plurality of memory cells is distributed between the curve Cmax and the curve Cmin as shown in FIG. 2B.
- the intercept of curve Cmax is given by IX (max) IY (max)
- the intercept of curve Cmin is given by IX (min) IY (min).
- the write currents IWL and IBL need to exist at least outside the curve Cmax (Reversal region) so that writing can be performed with respect to misalignment or misalignment of a plurality of memory cells.
- the write currents IWL and IBL also affect memory cells other than the target memory cell. It is necessary to prevent writing to a non-target memory cell by a magnetic field generated by either or both of the write currents IWL and IBL. Therefore, the current IWL flowing through the write word line needs to be smaller than IX (min) and the current IBL flowing through the write bit line needs to be smaller than IY (min). That is, the write currents IWL and IBL must correspond to the hatched area (write margin) in FIG. 2B. As the variation in the characteristics of the MTJ element 1 increases, the write margin decreases.
- the write margin In order to improve the operating characteristics of the MRAM, it is desirable to increase the write margin.
- the variation in the characteristics of the MTJ element 1, that is, the variation in the external magnetic field (hereinafter referred to as “switching magnetic field”) necessary to reverse the spontaneous magnetization of the magnetization free layer 2 is reduced. Reduction is desired.
- Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 7-58375 discloses a “granular magnetoresistive film” applied to a magnetic transducer (head) that reads an information signal recorded on a magnetic medium.
- a discontinuous layer of ferromagnetic material is embedded in a layer of nonmagnetic conductive material.
- the ferromagnetic material is selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Ni, and ferromagnetic alloy forces based on them.
- the nonmagnetic conductive material is selected from the group consisting of Ag, Au, Cu, Pd, Rh, and alloys based on them.
- Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 8-67966 discloses a “magnetoresistance effect film” applied to a magnetic sensor for reading an information signal recorded on a magnetic medium.
- the purpose of this prior art is to provide a magnetoresistive film having a large resistance change with a small magnetic field, excellent thermal stability, and low hysteresis.
- the nonmagnetic metal and the magnetic metal are separated into two phases. This structure is formed by the precipitation of magnetic metal particles in the non-magnetic metal matrix by heat treatment (Dara Yura film).
- the nonmagnetic metal is any one of Ag, Au, and Cu.
- a write line for generating a magnetic field for writing has a composite structure of a conductive layer made of a nonmagnetic conductor and a magnetic layer made of a soft magnetic material having high permeability. ing.
- This magnetic layer has a specific resistance four times or more that of the conductive layer.
- This magnetic layer is composed of Fe, Co, Ni, and their alloys, B, C, Al, Si, P, Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W , And Y contains 0.5 at% or more of at least one element.
- a CoFeB film or a NiFe film may be used as the magnetization free layer 2.
- This CoFeB film is an amorphous material, which is advantageous for suppressing the occurrence of unevenness.
- B diffuses due to a high temperature process during device fabrication and the characteristics deteriorate, particularly the MR ratio decreases.
- a crystalline film is basically used as the magnetization free layer.
- NiFe films are crystalline and promising. However, there is a limit to suppressing the generation of irregularities associated with crystal growth. A technique that can further improve the smoothness of the magnetization free layer is desired.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a ferromagnetic film having excellent smoothness.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a magnetic resistance element capable of reducing the variation of the switching magnetic field, a manufacturing method thereof, and an MRAM using the magnetoresistance element.
- the inventors of the present application have provided at least one element of Fe, Co, Ni (first element) and at least one element of Zr, Ti, Nb, Ta, Hf, Mo, W. It was discovered that forming a film containing an element (second element) and then heat-treating the film produced a ferromagnetic film with excellent smoothness and heat resistance. It was found that the first part and the second part were formed in the ferromagnetic film by the heat treatment. The concentration of the second element in the first part is the second element concentration in the ferromagnetic film. The concentration of the second element in the second part, which is lower than the average concentration of the two elements, is higher than the average concentration.
- a ferromagnetic portion mainly composed of the first element and a non-ferromagnetic portion composed of the second element are formed in a ferromagnetic film by phase separation. It was.
- the present inventors have discovered that the above structure contributes to excellent smoothness and heat resistance. Furthermore, the inventors of the present application have found that the variation of the switching magnetic field can be reduced by using such a ferromagnetic film as the magnetization free layer of MRAM.
- a first aspect of the present invention provides a ferromagnetic film.
- the ferromagnetic film according to the present invention includes a ferromagnetic element and a nonmagnetic element, and has a first portion and a second portion.
- the concentration of the nonmagnetic element in the first portion is lower than the average concentration of the nonmagnetic element in the ferromagnetic film.
- the concentration of the nonmagnetic element in the second portion is higher than the average concentration.
- the ferromagnetic element includes at least one element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, and Ni.
- Nonmagnetic elements include at least one element selected from the group force Zr, Ti, Nb, Ta, Hf, Mo, and W forces.
- the ferromagnetic film is crystalline, and the second portion exists at the grain boundary.
- the first part is formed in a columnar shape.
- the concentration of each element may change gradually at the boundary between the first part and the second part.
- the ferromagnetic film preferably has a thickness of 1 nm to 20 nm.
- the ferromagnetic film according to the present invention includes a phase-separated ferromagnetic part and a non-ferromagnetic part.
- the ferromagnetic portion contains at least one element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, and Ni as a main component.
- the non-ferromagnetic portion includes at least one element selected from the group consisting of Zr, Ti, Nb, Ta, Hf, Mo, and W, which are nonmagnetic elements.
- the concentration of each element may be gradually changed at the boundary between the phase-separated ferromagnetic part and the non-ferromagnetic part.
- the ferromagnetic part is crystalline, and the non-ferromagnetic part is present at the crystal grain boundary of the ferromagnetic part. This ferromagnetic part is formed in a columnar shape.
- the ferromagnetic film preferably has a thickness of 1 nm to 20 nm.
- the atomic percentage of the average concentration of the nonmagnetic element in the ferromagnetic film is preferably less than 30%.
- the atomic percentage of the average concentration of nonmagnetic elements in the ferromagnetic film is preferably greater than 5%. At this time, the smoothness of the ferromagnetic film is remarkably improved, and the average roughness of the surface is 0.3 nm or less.
- the ferromagnetic film according to the present invention includes at least one first element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, and Ni, and a group consisting of Zr, Ti, Nb, Ta, Hf, Mo, and W. At least one selected Including a second element of a kind.
- the lattice constant of this ferromagnetic film is smaller than that of an alloy in which the first element and the second element are evenly distributed.
- the lattice constant is a peak position of X-ray diffraction measurement or a value obtained from electron diffraction.
- a magnetoresistive element includes a magnetization free layer including the above ferromagnetic film, a magnetization fixed layer, and a nonmagnetic layer sandwiched between the magnetization free layer and the magnetization fixed layer.
- the magnetoresistive element according to the present invention includes a magnetization free layer, a magnetization fixed layer, and a nonmagnetic layer sandwiched between the magnetization free layer and the magnetization fixed layer.
- the magnetization free layer includes a ferromagnetic film containing a ferromagnetic element and a nonmagnetic element.
- the ferromagnetic film has a nonmagnetic element concentration that is higher than the average concentration of the nonmagnetic element in the ferromagnetic film. It includes a low first part and a second part with a high concentration of nonmagnetic elements.
- the magnetization free layer includes a phase-separated ferromagnetic part and a non-ferromagnetic part.
- the nonmagnetic layer is a tunnel insulating layer through which a tunnel current can pass.
- a magnetic random access memory has the magnetoresistive element described above. As a result, the variation of the switching magnetic field is reduced. Therefore, the operation margin is improved and the yield is improved.
- a method for producing a magnetoresistive laminated film includes (A) a step of forming a magnetization fixed layer, (B) a step of forming a nonmagnetic layer on the magnetization fixed layer, and (C) a ferromagnetic layer on the nonmagnetic layer.
- heat treatment is performed so that a first portion having a low second element concentration and a second portion having a high second element concentration are formed.
- the heat treatment is performed so that the ferromagnetic portion containing the first element as a main component and the non-ferromagnetic portion made of the second element are phase-separated.
- the heat treatment is performed at a temperature of 270 ° C. or higher.
- the present inventors have found that it is preferable to use at least one element selected from the group consisting of Zr, Ti, Nb, Ta, Hf, Mo, and W as the second element.
- a ferromagnetic film having excellent smoothness is provided.
- the present invention also provides a ferromagnetic film having excellent high heat resistance.
- the magnetoresistive element and the MRAM according to the present invention the variation of the switching magnetic field The tack is reduced and the operating margin is improved.
- the yield is improved.
- FIG. 1A is a conceptual diagram showing a configuration of a general MTJ element.
- FIG. 1B is a conceptual diagram showing the configuration of a general MTJ element.
- FIG. 2A is a graph showing a steroid curve for a certain memory cell.
- FIG. 2B is a graph showing the distribution of asteroid curves for a plurality of memory cells.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration of a magnetoresistive element (TMR element) according to the present invention.
- FIG. 4A is a schematic diagram showing a cross-sectional structure of a magnetization free layer according to the present invention.
- FIG. 4B is a schematic diagram showing a cross-sectional structure of a magnetization free layer according to the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the Zr content dependency of the “magnetization” of the NiFeZr film according to the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the dependence of the “surface roughness” of the NiFeZr film according to the present invention on the Zr content.
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing the Zr content dependency of the “average crystal grain size” of the NiFeZr film according to the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is a graph showing the Zr content dependency of the “average crystal grain size” of the NiFeRh film according to the comparative example.
- FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram showing the configuration of the MRAM according to the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a chart showing the variation of the switching magnetic field of the MRAM according to the present invention for a plurality of examples.
- FIG. 11 is a graph showing the Zr content dependency of the “X-ray diffraction peak” of the NiFeZr film according to the present invention.
- FIG. 3 shows the structure of a magnetoresistive element (magnetoresistance effect multilayer film) according to the present invention, for example, the structure of a TMR element 10 showing the TMR effect.
- the TMR element 10 includes a substrate 20, a lower electrode layer 21, a base layer 22, an antiferromagnetic material layer 23, an upper electrode layer 24, and an MTJ 30.
- the lower electrode layer 21 is formed on the substrate 20 and connected to the MTJ 30 via the underlayer 22 and the antiferromagnetic material layer 23.
- the upper electrode layer 24 is also connected to the MTJ30.
- the MTJ 30 includes a magnetization fixed layer 31, a tunnel insulating layer 32, and a magnetization free layer 33.
- the magnetization fixed layer 31 is formed on the antiferromagnetic material layer 23, and the upper electrode layer 24 is formed on the magnetization free layer 33.
- the tunnel insulating layer 32 is formed so as to be sandwiched between the magnetization fixed layer 31 and the magnetization free layer 33.
- the magnetization fixed layer 31 and the magnetization free layer 33 are “ferromagnetic layers” including a ferromagnet and have spontaneous magnetization. The direction of spontaneous magnetization of the magnetization fixed layer (pinned layer) 31 is fixed in a predetermined direction.
- the direction of spontaneous magnetization of the magnetization free layer (free layer) 33 can be reversed, and it is allowed to be parallel or antiparallel to the direction of spontaneous magnetization of the magnetization fixed layer 31.
- the tunnel insulating layer 32 is a “nonmagnetic layer”. The tunnel insulating layer 32 is formed thin enough to allow a tunnel current to flow.
- the TMR element 10 has a structure in which a plurality of layers including the MTJ layer 30 exhibiting the tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) effect are stacked.
- the underlayer 22 is made of Ta, for example, and the film thickness is, for example, 20 nm.
- the antiferromagnetic material layer 23 is made of, for example, PtMn, and the film thickness thereof is, for example, 15 nm.
- the upper electrode layer 24 is made of Ta, for example, and has a film thickness of 5 nm, for example.
- the magnetization fixed layer 31 is, for example, a CoFe film having a thickness of 2.5 nm, a Ru film having a thickness of 0.8 nm formed thereon, and a thickness of 2.5 nm formed thereon.
- the tunnel insulating layer 32 is made of, for example, AIO and has a film thickness of, for example, lnm.
- the thickness of the magnetization free layer 33 is, for example, 5 nm.
- the material of the magnetization free layer 33 according to the present invention is shown below.
- the magnetization free layer 33 includes a first portion 40 having a low nonmagnetic element concentration and a second portion 50 having a high nonmagnetic element concentration.
- the concentration of the magnetic element is lower than the average concentration of the nonmagnetic element in the ferromagnetic film 33.
- the concentration of the nonmagnetic element in the second portion 50 is higher than the average concentration.
- the ferromagnetic film 33 is crystalline, and the second portion 60 exists at the grain boundary 60.
- the ferromagnetic element is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, and Ni.
- the nonmagnetic element is at least one selected from the group consisting of Ti (titanium), Zr (zirconium), Nb (niobium), Hf (hafnium), Ta (tantalum), Mo (molybdenum), and W (tungsten). It is a kind of element. Further, the concentration of the nonmagnetic element may continuously change at the boundary between the first portion 40 and the second portion 50.
- the magnetization free layer (ferromagnetic film) 33 includes a ferromagnetic portion 70 exhibiting ferromagnetism and a non-ferromagnetic portion 80 not exhibiting ferromagnetism.
- the ferromagnetic portion 70 includes at least one element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, and Ni as a “main component”.
- the non-ferromagnetic part 80 includes at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Nb, Hf, Ta, Mo, and W.
- the ferromagnetic part 70 and the non-ferromagnetic part 80 are phase-separated.
- the ferromagnetic part 70 is crystalline, and the non-ferromagnetic part 80 exists at the grain boundary 60.
- the structure shown in FIG. 4B can be obtained by heat treatment at a higher temperature than in FIG. 4A. Further, the concentration of the nonmagnetic element may change continuously at the boundary between the ferromagnetic portion 70 and the nonferromagnetic portion 80.
- the effects of the ferromagnetic film 33 having the first portion 40 and the second portion 50 or the phase separation of the ferromagnetic portion 70 and the non-ferromagnetic portion 80 are as follows. It is. Generally, in the MRAM manufacturing process, various heat treatments are performed after such a ferromagnetic film is formed. For example, after the ferromagnetic film is formed, heat treatment is performed at about 350 ° C in the wiring formation process. Even if the crystal grains are small immediately after film formation, the smoothness of the final ferromagnetic film is impaired when the crystal grains grow by such heat treatment.
- the second portion 50 present at the crystal grain boundary 60 suppresses the crystal growth of the first portion 40 having a low nonmagnetic element concentration.
- the non-ferromagnetic part 80 existing in the crystal grain boundary 60 functions to suppress the crystal growth of the ferromagnetic part 70 (for example, NiFe). Due to the precipitation of foreign matter at the grain boundaries 60, the crystal grains of the first portion 40 or the ferromagnetic portion 70 grow thermally. In other words, better heat resistance As a result, the smoothness of the produced ferromagnetic film is improved. That is, the magnetization free layer
- the first portion 40 or the ferromagnetic portion 70 has a columnar structure (columnar structure). Since the columnar first portion 40 is surrounded by the second portion 50, it is possible to prevent the crystal grain size from becoming larger due to heat treatment or the like. Further, since the columnar ferromagnetic portion 70 is surrounded by the non-ferromagnetic portion 80, it is possible to prevent the crystal grain size from becoming larger due to heat treatment or the like. Growth of crystal grains in the first portion 40 or the ferromagnetic portion 70 is suppressed, and the smoothness of the generated ferromagnetic film is improved.
- the film thickness of the ferromagnetic film is preferably 1 to 20 nm. In order for the film to function as the magnetization free layer 33, a certain thickness is required. On the other hand, if the film thickness is too large, the spontaneous magnetization will be reversed. Therefore, the thickness of the magnetization free layer 33 is particularly preferably 2 to:! Onm.
- NiFeZr film NiFe is used as a ferromagnetic element and Zr is used as a nonmagnetic element.
- the Zr concentration in the first portion 40 is lower than the average concentration of Zr in the ferromagnetic film 33, and the Zr concentration in the second portion 50 is higher than the average concentration.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the Zr content dependency of “magnetization Ms” of the NiFeZr film according to the present invention.
- the vertical axis represents the magnetization Ms
- the horizontal axis represents the Zr content (unit: atomic percent (%): atomic percent).
- the Zr content is the Zr content with respect to the entire film (first portion 40 + second portion 50).
- the magnetization Ms tends to decrease as the Zr content increases.
- the Zr content exceeds “30 atomic%”
- the magnetization Ms becomes very small or disappears. Therefore, in order for this film to function as the magnetization free layer 33, it is desirable that the Zr content is smaller than “30 atomic%”.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the Zr content dependency of the “surface roughness Ra” of the NiFeZr film according to the present invention.
- the surface roughness Ra is defined by the average roughness (Roughness Average) of the surface of the generated film, and is observed with an atomic force microscope (AFM). Can be obtained from observation.
- the vertical axis represents the surface roughness Ra
- the horizontal axis represents the Zr content (unit: atomic percentage).
- the Zr content is the content of Zr with respect to the entire film (first portion 40 + second portion 50).
- the surface roughness Ra varies greatly depending on the Zr content.
- the present inventors have found that when the Zr content exceeds 5 atomic%, the surface roughness Ra is significantly reduced.
- the surface roughness Ra is preferably 0.3 nm or less. Thereby, the smoothness of the film
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing the Zr content dependency of the “average crystal grain size Df cc” of the NiFeZr film according to the present invention.
- This average crystal grain size Dfcc can be calculated by a known method from the half-value width (FWHM) of the peak of X-ray diffraction. The larger the full width at half maximum, the smaller the average crystal grain size Dfcc, and the smaller the full width at half maximum, the larger the average crystal grain size Dfcc.
- FWHM half-value width
- the calculated average crystal grain size Dfcc is considered to indicate the average crystal grain size of NiFe.
- the vertical axis indicates the average crystal grain size Dfcc
- the horizontal axis indicates the Zr content (unit: atomic percentage).
- the Zr content is the Zr content with respect to the entire film (the first portion 40 + the second portion 50).
- the square in the figure shows the case where the heat treatment at 275 ° C was performed for 5 hours immediately after the film formation, and the circle in the figure shows the case in which the heat treatment at 350 ° C was carried out for half an hour immediately after the film formation. Indicates.
- the average crystal grain size Dfcc varies greatly depending on the Zr content. Specifically, there is a tendency for the average crystal grain size to decrease as the Zr content increases. In other words, compared to pure NiFe crystal, the crystal grain size of NiFe crystal with Zr is smaller. In particular, the present inventors have found that when the Zr content exceeds “5 atomic%”, the average crystal grain size Dfcc is significantly reduced (microcrystallization). A decrease in the average crystal grain size means that the unevenness of the produced film is suppressed. Thus, the Zr content is preferably larger than “5 atomic%”.
- the nonmagnetic element is not limited to Zr.
- the nonmagnetic element is at least one selected from Ti (titanium), Zr (zirconium), Nb (niobium), Hf (hafnium), Ta (tantalum), Mo (molybdenum), and W (tungsten). It is a kind of element. The inventors discovered for the first time that the use of such a material improves the smoothness of the resulting film, as in the case of Zr.
- FIG. 8 shows the dependence of the average crystal grain size of the NiFeRh film on the Rh content.
- Rh is a substance disclosed in the above-mentioned patent document (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 7-58375).
- the vertical axis represents the average grain size Dfcc
- the horizontal axis represents the Rh content (unit: atomic percentage).
- the Rh content is the Rh content relative to the whole film.
- the average grain size Dfcc did not decrease even when the Rh content increased.
- NiFe does not crystallize even when Rh is used. That is, it became clear that the smoothness of the formed film was not improved.
- the atomic radius of rhodium (Rh) (0.134 nm) is smaller than the atomic radius of zirconium (Zr) (0.162 nm).
- Rh atomic radius of rhodium
- Zr zirconium
- the atomic radius of the nonmagnetic element according to the present invention is large: Ti (0. 147 nm), Zr (0.16 2 Nb (0. 143 nm), Hf (0. 160 nm), Ta (0. 143 nm), Mo (0. 136 nm), W (0. 137 nm) It was confirmed that microcrystallization occurred by using these elements. In particular, among these elements, the atomic radii of Zr and Hf are preferable to be relatively large.
- a structure separated into the first portion 40 and the second portion 50 was formed by the heat treatment. As described above, this separated structure achieves high heat resistance.
- the heat treatment temperature is preferably 270 ° C or higher. As the heat treatment temperature is increased, the separation of the non-magnetic element concentration portion 40 and the non-magnetic element concentration portion 50 further progresses, and the ferromagnetic portion showing ferromagnetism shown in FIG. 4B. A structure separated into 70 and a non-ferromagnetic part 80 that does not exhibit ferromagnetism is obtained.
- refractory metals are preferred as nonmagnetic elements that precipitate at grain boundaries 60.
- Ti, Zr, Nb, Hf, Ta, Mo, and W were selected as nonmagnetic metals.
- the growth of crystal grains of the first portion 40 or the ferromagnetic portion 70 having a low concentration of the nonmagnetic element is suppressed.
- the size of the crystal grains is smaller. This improves the smoothness of the generated ferromagnetic film.
- Such a ferromagnetic film is preferably applied to the magnetization free layer 33 in the TMR element 10 (see FIG. 3). This As a result, the unevenness generated on the surface of the magnetization free layer 33 is suppressed, and the smoothness is improved.
- the TMR element 10 having such a magnetization free layer 33 is preferably applied to a magnetic random access memory (MRAM). This reduces the variation of the switching magnetic field in MRAM operation. In other words, the operating margin is expanded and the switching characteristics are improved. In addition, the yield is improved.
- MRAM magnetic random access memory
- FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration of an MRAM having a TMR element (magnetoresistance element) 10 according to the present invention.
- This MRAMI OO has a plurality of word lines 110 extending in the X direction and a plurality of bit lines 120 extending in the Y direction.
- the plurality of word lines 110 and the plurality of bit lines 120 are arranged so as to cross each other, and a memory cell is arranged at each intersection. That is, a plurality of memory cells are arranged in an array.
- Each memory cell has the TMR element 10 described above.
- Each memory cell (TMR element 10) is arranged so as to be sandwiched between one word line 110 and one bit line 120.
- Each of the word lines 110 is connected to the row selector transistor 1 1 1, and each of the bit lines 120 is connected to the column selector transistor 121.
- a certain row selector transistor 11.sub.la and a column selector transistor 121a are turned on, and the corresponding word line 110a and bit line 120a are activated.
- Data is written to the selected memory cell 10a by supplying a predetermined write current to the word line 110a and the bit line 120a.
- the MRAM 100 includes a plurality of memory cells (TMR elements) 10, there is a variation in the switching magnetic field during such a write operation.
- the variation in the switching magnetic field is an amount having a correlation with the surface roughness Ra.
- the inventors prototyped a plurality of MRAMI OOs each having a magnetization free layer 33 having a different composition, and measured the variation of the switching magnetic field (reversal magnetic field) for each.
- Fig. 10 shows the experimental results, and shows the configuration of the magnetization free layer (free layer) 33 and the variation (1 ⁇ ) of the measured switching magnetic field (reversal magnetic field) for a plurality of MRAMs. And les.
- the thickness of the magnetization free layer 33 is 5 nm.
- the underlayer 22 is a Ta film having a thickness of 20 nm.
- the antiferromagnetic layer 23 is a PtMn film having a thickness of 15 nm.
- the fixed layer 31 is composed of a CoFe film having a thickness of 2.5 nm, a Ru film having a thickness of 0.8 nm, and a CoFe film having a thickness of 2.5 nm.
- the tunnel insulating layer 32 is an AIO film having a film thickness of 1 nm.
- the upper electrode layer 24 is a Ta film having a thickness of 5 nm.
- NiFe is used as a ferromagnetic element and Zr is used as a nonmagnetic element.
- the Zr content is "6 atomic%”.
- the variation ⁇ of the reversal magnetic field is 7.0%.
- NiFe is used as a ferromagnetic element and Zr is used as a nonmagnetic element.
- the Zr content is "10 atomic%”.
- the variation ⁇ of the reversal magnetic field is 5.7%.
- NiFe is used as a ferromagnetic element and Zr is used as a nonmagnetic element.
- the Zr content is "20 atomic%”.
- the variation ⁇ of the reversal magnetic field is 5.5%.
- NiFe is used as a ferromagnetic element and Zr is used as a nonmagnetic element.
- the Zr content is "29 atomic%”.
- the variation ⁇ of the reversal magnetic field is 6.0%.
- NiFe is used as a ferromagnetic element
- Ta is used as a nonmagnetic element.
- the Ta content is "10 atomic%”.
- the variation ⁇ of the reversal magnetic field is 6.0%.
- NiFe is used as a ferromagnetic element
- Ti is used as a nonmagnetic element.
- the Ti content is "10 atomic%”.
- the variation ⁇ of the reversal magnetic field is 6.5%.
- NiFe is used as a ferromagnetic element
- Hf and Ta are used as nonmagnetic elements.
- the Hf content is “5 atomic%” and the Ta content is “5 atomic%”.
- the variation ⁇ of the reversed magnetic field is 6.3%.
- NiFe is used as a ferromagnetic element, and Nb and Zr are used as nonmagnetic elements.
- the Nb content is “2 atomic%” and the Zr content is “8 atomic%”.
- the field variation ⁇ is 5.8%.
- NiFe is used as a ferromagnetic element, and W and Zr are used as nonmagnetic elements.
- the W content is “5 atomic%” and the Zr content is “10 atomic%”.
- the variation ⁇ of the reversal magnetic field is 6.1%.
- NiFe is used as a ferromagnetic element, and Mo and Zr are used as nonmagnetic elements.
- the Mo content is “5 atomic%” and the Zr content is “10 atomic%”. At this time, the variation ⁇ of the reversal magnetic field is 6.0%.
- NiFeCo is used as a ferromagnetic element
- Zr is used as a nonmagnetic element.
- the Zr content is "10 atomic%”.
- the variation ⁇ of the reversal magnetic field is 6.3%.
- the free layer contains only NiFe and no other elements added (conventional technology).
- the Ni content is “80 atomic%” and the Fe content is “20 atomic%”.
- the variation ⁇ of the reversal magnetic field is 10.2%.
- the reason why the variation ⁇ of the reversal magnetic field is preferably 10% or less is as follows.
- the spontaneous current in the memory cell that is not the target may be reversed due to the write current.
- Such a phenomenon is called “disturb”.
- variation ⁇ force S 10% or more will always cause disturbance.
- the variation ⁇ should be smaller than 10%.
- the switching field variation ⁇ of less than 10% is realized.
- the elements used here are selected from Ti, Zr, Nb, Hf, Ta, Mo, and W.
- disturbance is prevented and the yield is improved.
- Variation ⁇ Force S l O% The following is almost equivalent to the surface roughness Ra being 0.3 nm or less.
- NiFe is used as a ferromagnetic element and Zr is used as a nonmagnetic element.
- the Zr content is "4 atomic%".
- the variation ⁇ of the reversal magnetic field was 10.0%.
- the Zr content is preferably larger than “4 atomic%”.
- Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 it is preferable that the content of Zr is larger than "5 atomic%”.
- NiFe is used as a ferromagnetic element and Zr is used as a nonmagnetic element.
- the Zr content is "31 atomic%". At this time, the produced film did not exhibit ferromagnetism.
- the Zr content is preferably smaller than “30 atomic%” (see FIG. 5).
- NiFeCo is used as a ferromagnetic element
- Zr is used as a nonmagnetic element.
- the Zr content is "4 atomic%”.
- the variation ⁇ of the reversal magnetic field was 10.0%.
- the Zr content is preferably larger than “5 atomic%”.
- the ferromagnetic film (magnetization free layer) 33 according to the present invention has excellent smoothness.
- the lower electrode layer 21 is formed on the substrate 20.
- a base layer 22 is formed on the lower electrode layer 21, and an antiferromagnetic layer 23 is formed on the base layer 22.
- the magnetization fixed layer 31 is formed on the antiferromagnetic layer 23.
- This magnetization fixed layer 31 is, for example, 2.
- a CoFe film having a thickness of 5 nm, a Ru film having a thickness of 0.8 nm, and a CoFe film having a thickness of 2.5 nm are sequentially stacked.
- a tunnel insulating layer (nonmagnetic layer) 32 is formed on the magnetization fixed layer 31.
- this tunnel insulating layer 32 for example, an AIO film having a thickness of 1 nm is formed.
- the magnetization free layer 33 includes a “first substance” that is a ferromagnetic substance and a “second substance” that is a non-ferromagnetic substance.
- the first substance includes at least one element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, and Ni.
- the first material is NiFe.
- the second substance contains at least one element selected from the group forces such as Zr, Ti, Nb, Ta, Hf, Mo, and W force.
- the second material is Zr.
- the atomic percentage of the second substance is preferably smaller than “5 atomic%” and larger than “30 atomic%”.
- the upper electrode layer 24 is formed on the magnetization free layer 33. Furthermore, after the predetermined layer is formed, “heat treatment” is performed. By this heat treatment, a structure is formed in the magnetization free layer 33 that is separated into a first portion 40 having a low nonmagnetic element concentration and a second portion 50 having a high nonmagnetic element concentration.
- the first portion 40 includes the first substance as a main component
- the second portion 50 includes a large amount of the second substance.
- the second portion 50 is formed by precipitation of the second substance at the grain boundary 60 of the crystalline first portion 40 (see FIG. 4A). Thus, heat treatment is performed so that the first portion 40 and the second portion 50 are separated.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram for explaining the relationship between the temperature during heat treatment and phase separation.
- FIG. 11 shows a NiFeZr film as an example.
- the vertical axis represents the X-ray diffraction peak position 2 ⁇
- the horizontal axis represents the Zr content.
- the Zr content is the Zr content relative to the entire NiFeZr film.
- the peak position is obtained by an X-ray diffraction experiment ( ⁇ -2 ⁇ measurement) using Cu_K strands.
- This peak position 2 ⁇ is an amount corresponding to the lattice constant of the crystal. Specifically, a decrease in the peak position 2 ⁇ means that the lattice constant increases, and an increase in the peak position 2 ⁇ means that the lattice constant decreases.
- the X-ray diffraction pattern mainly shows the pattern for NiFe, and the change in peak position 2 ⁇ This is considered to indicate a change in the lattice constant of the crystal.
- the lattice constant information for NiFe crystals can be obtained in the same way as with X-ray diffraction.
- electron diffraction the sample is thinned and the electron beam is transmitted, but since the thickness of the thin piece is around 30 nm, an average lattice constant can be obtained.
- Fig. 11 shows a state before heat treatment (as deposited), a state after heat treatment at a temperature of 275 ° C for 5 hours, and a heat treatment at a temperature of 350 ° C for half an hour.
- the state before the heat treatment (as deposited) is an alloy state in which the first substance (NiFe) and the second substance (Zr) are evenly distributed.
- the peak position 2 ⁇ tends to decrease almost monotonically.
- the lattice constant increases as the Zr content increases. This is thought to be due to the fact that the lattice of the NiFe crystal is forcibly extended when Zr is mixed into the NiFe crystal.
- the peak position 2 ⁇ generally increases compared to the state before the heat treatment.
- the lattice constant is smaller than the state before heat treatment.
- Zr is precipitated at the grain boundary 60 by heat treatment, and the crystal lattice of NiFe has become the original one.
- it precipitates at the second component (Zr) grain boundary 60 having a high melting point and a large atomic radius, and the lattice constant becomes smaller.
- the deposited Zr forms the second portion 50 having a high concentration of nonmagnetic elements.
- the peak position 2 ⁇ still decreases, so it is considered that the first portion 40 contains Zr to some extent.
- the peak position 2 ⁇ further increases as a whole as compared with the case where the heat treatment is performed at 275 ° C. In other words, the lattice constant is getting smaller. It can also be seen that the peak position 2 ⁇ is almost constant even when the Zr content increases. The value is almost the same as the value when the Zr content is 0%, which is about 44 degrees. This means that almost all Zr precipitates at grain boundaries 60, and the NiFe crystal lattice is almost the same as that of pure NiFe crystals. That is, as a result of heat treatment at 350 ° C, phase separation is considered to have almost completely proceeded. As a result, the ferromagnetic part 70 and the non-ferromagnetic part 80 which are almost completely phase-separated are formed. The formed non-ferromagnetic part 80 has a fine The amount of Ni / Fe is included.
- the heat treatment is performed at a temperature of 270 ° C. or higher.
- the first portion 40 having a low nonmagnetic element concentration and the second portion 50 having a high nonmagnetic element concentration are formed.
- the heat treatment is performed at 350 ° C., the ferromagnetic part 70 and the non-ferromagnetic part 80 which are almost completely phase-separated are formed. This is observed from the measurement of the peak position (or electron diffraction pattern) by X-ray diffraction, as shown in FIG.
- the separation state can be confirmed by measuring a lattice constant smaller than the lattice constant of the pre-heat treatment (as deposited) in which the first substance and the second substance are evenly distributed.
- the heat treatment is performed at a temperature of 350 ° C. or higher.
- the upper limit of the temperature during this heat treatment is about 500 ° C. from a practical viewpoint.
- a ferromagnetic film (magnetization free layer) 33 having excellent smoothness and heat resistance can be obtained.
- MRAMIOO magnetic resonance
Abstract
Description
Claims
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JP2006544920A JPWO2006054469A1 (ja) | 2004-11-22 | 2005-11-09 | 強磁性膜、磁気抵抗素子、及び磁気ランダムアクセスメモリ |
US11/791,117 US20080008908A1 (en) | 2004-11-22 | 2005-11-09 | Ferromagnetic Film, Magneto-Resistance Element And Magnetic Random Access Memory |
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