WO2006003954A1 - Ni基合金素管及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
Ni基合金素管及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2006003954A1 WO2006003954A1 PCT/JP2005/011993 JP2005011993W WO2006003954A1 WO 2006003954 A1 WO2006003954 A1 WO 2006003954A1 JP 2005011993 W JP2005011993 W JP 2005011993W WO 2006003954 A1 WO2006003954 A1 WO 2006003954A1
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- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 183
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 26
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 179
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 claims description 60
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 37
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052772 Samarium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052777 Praseodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 abstract description 58
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 abstract description 57
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 30
- 239000003129 oil well Substances 0.000 abstract description 17
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 7
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 9
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 25
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 20
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 19
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 19
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 17
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 16
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 9
- 229910000990 Ni alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000009864 tensile test Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000037303 wrinkles Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010962 carbon steel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910000037 hydrogen sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005204 segregation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001192 hot extrusion Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 238000010622 cold drawing Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000000896 monocarboxylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000013021 overheating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013001 point bending Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012085 test solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 241000255925 Diptera Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010024229 Leprosy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000963 austenitic stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
- B21B19/00—Tube-rolling by rollers arranged outside the work and having their axes not perpendicular to the axis of the work
- B21B19/02—Tube-rolling by rollers arranged outside the work and having their axes not perpendicular to the axis of the work the axes of the rollers being arranged essentially diagonally to the axis of the work, e.g. "cross" tube-rolling ; Diescher mills, Stiefel disc piercers or Stiefel rotary piercers
- B21B19/04—Rolling basic material of solid, i.e. non-hollow, structure; Piercing, e.g. rotary piercing mills
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
- C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
- C22C19/05—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium
- C22C19/051—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W
- C22C19/053—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W with the maximum Cr content being at least 30% but less than 40%
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
- C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
- C22C19/05—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium
- C22C19/051—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W
- C22C19/055—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W with the maximum Cr content being at least 20% but less than 30%
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
- C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
- C22C19/05—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium
- C22C19/051—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W
- C22C19/056—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W with the maximum Cr content being at least 10% but less than 20%
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/10—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of nickel or cobalt or alloys based thereon
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
- B21B23/00—Tube-rolling not restricted to methods provided for in only one of groups B21B17/00, B21B19/00, B21B21/00, e.g. combined processes planetary tube rolling, auxiliary arrangements, e.g. lubricating, special tube blanks, continuous casting combined with tube rolling
Definitions
- Ni-base alloy tube and method for manufacturing the same
- the present invention relates to a Ni-base alloy pipe, a method for manufacturing the same, and a Ni-base alloy seamless pipe manufactured using these pipes. More specifically, it has excellent mechanical properties such as strength and ductility, and an environment that contains many corrosive substances such as carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, S (sulfur), and chloride ions (hereinafter referred to as “sour gas environment”).
- Mannesmann rolling perforators hereinafter referred to as “tubes” for pipes of oil well pipes and line pipes having excellent corrosion resistance, and for pipes of various structural members in nuclear power plants and chemical industry plants
- the present invention also relates to a Ni-base alloy pipe pierced and rolled by “Piercer” and its manufacturing method, and a Ni-base alloy seamless pipe manufactured using the above-mentioned pipe.
- Patent Document 4 states that, in an alloy containing 20 to 35% and 25 to 50% by weight of Cr and Ni, respectively, "Moisture content is reduced and economic efficiency is improved by reducing Mo content.” High Cr-High Ni alloy with excellent properties is disclosed.
- Patent Document 5 aims to provide a method for manufacturing a seamless pipe that does not cause a pipe inner surface defect due to overheat when a seamless pipe is manufactured by a piercer.
- the “piercing method for seamless pipe piercing of difficult-to-process materials” is disclosed.
- Non-Patent Document 1 when a high Cr—high Ni alloy is pierced and rolled, the roll crossing angle and the roll inclination angle are increased, and rolling is performed without causing cracks on the inner surface. A possible technique is disclosed.
- Patent Document 1 US Pat. No. 4,168,188
- Patent Document 2 US Pat. No. 4,245,698
- Patent Document 3 WO03Z044239
- Patent Document 4 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-302801
- Patent Document 5 JP 2000-301212 A
- Non-patent document 1 Tomio Yamakawa, Chihiro Hayashi: CAMP-ISIJ Vol.6 (1993) 364
- Patent Document 4 an alloy having a Mo content of 1.5% or less in Patent Document 4, that is, 20 to 20 proposed as a material for oil wells and gas wells Of the “high Cr—high Ni alloys with excellent stress corrosion cracking resistance” containing 35% Cr and 25-50% Ni, alloys with a Mo content of 1.5% or less are hot. It has workability and will not crack even if it is pierced and rolled with a piercer. For this reason, the above alloy Thus, it is possible to manufacture an alloy pipe base with high productivity. Therefore, this alloy can be said to be an oil / gas well material that is extremely economical.
- Mo (%) +0.5 W (%) are also proposed in Patent Documents 1 to 3 where both Cr and Ni contents are high.
- Ni-based alloys and super austenitic stainless alloys that simultaneously contain high amounts of Mo and Z or W such that the “Mo equivalent value” exceeds 1.5% are resistant to corrosion in severe sour gas environments. Although it is excellent in hot workability, it has been difficult to avoid cracks by piercing and rolling with a piercer.
- austenitic stainless steel such as SUS316, SUS321, or SUS347 specified by JIS is used as the material. Even so, the occurrence of double cracks on the inner surface was remarkable. Therefore, it is much more difficult than these austenitic stainless steels, and both the Cr and Ni contents have a high level of Mo and W in excess of 1.5% in terms of Mo equivalent. If the austenitic alloy contained at the same time was pierced and rolled by a conventional method with a piercer, the occurrence of cracks could not be avoided as described above.
- the hot extrusion method is not suitable for manufacturing a large-diameter tube or a long tube.
- the raw pipes manufactured by hot extrusion methods such as the Eugene Sejurune method have increased the productivity of oil and gas, and have produced alloy pipes used in oil wells at low cost !, However, it did not meet the demands of the industrial world.
- the large diameter pipe or the long pipe can be manufactured by hot forging using a horizontal press, for example.
- the Cr and Ni contents are both high and the Mo equivalent value exceeds 1.5%
- alloys that contain Mo and W at the same time have extremely high hot workability. It is a low-strength material and the temperature range for forging is limited to a narrow range. For this reason, it is necessary to repeat heating and forging many times, and productivity and yield are remarkably inferior, so large diameter pipes and long pipes are mass-produced on an industrial scale by the hot forging method. There was also a problem.
- the "difficult to process material" targeted by the piercer drilling method proposed in Patent Document 5 described above has a deformation resistance higher than that of stainless steel. It's only low. For this reason, all of Ni, Mo, and W, which are elements that increase the deformation resistance, have the above-mentioned high Cr-high Ni, and the force is high such that the Mo equivalent value exceeds 1.5%. Austenitic alloys containing the same amount of Mo and W, especially 15% or more of Cr and 45% or more of Ni, and Mo equivalent value of more than 1.5%. It is not intended for austenitic alloys containing both Mo and W. However, the piercer drilling method adjusts the billet heating temperature in relation to the piercing speed of the piercer so that the temperature inside the billet is less than the overheat temperature. It's only piercing and rolling!
- the overheating temperature targeted by the piercer-piercing method of Patent Document 5 is 1260 to 1310 ° C, and the "overheating temperature" is the temperature at which the material causes grain boundary melting.
- the billet heating temperature is the same as that of conventional carbon even for materials with lower deformation resistance than stainless steel. Compared with rolling of steel, low alloy steel and martensitic stainless steel, the temperature must be at most 1180 ° C, which is low.
- the drilling speed is at most 300 mmZ seconds, and even at the maximum 300 mmZ seconds, it is necessary to slow down to about half or less of the conventional one. Therefore, it takes about 27 seconds, which is twice as long as before.
- the billet heating temperature is related to the piercing speed by the piercer in order to prevent the billet interior from exceeding the over-heat temperature during piercing and rolling.
- the billet heating temperature is increased to about 1180 ° C, as shown in Fig. 5, the drilling speed must be very slow, about 50 mmZ seconds. It is not worthy of mass production on an industrial scale.
- the drilling speed is about 300 mmZ seconds, as mentioned above, it can be manufactured with about half the efficiency of the conventional method, but as shown in FIG. 5, the billet heating temperature is about 1 060 ° C. The temperature must be very low.
- an austenitic alloy with high deformation resistance containing 15% or more of Cr and more than 45% of Ni, and also containing a high amount of Mo and W at the same time with a Mo equivalent value exceeding 1.5%.
- the production of these pipes far exceeds the piercing capability of ordinary piercers, and requires piercers that are extremely large and require a power source.
- Non-Patent Document 1 specifically, in the drilling of 25Cr-35Ni-3Mo alloy and 30Cr-40Ni-3Mo alloy, the roll crossing angle is 10 ° or more and the roll inclination angle is When drilling 25Cr-50Ni-6Mo alloy, the roll inclination angle is 16 ° or more when the roll crossing angle is 10 °, and when the roll crossing angle is 15 ° By setting the inclination angle to 14 ° or more, any inner surface can be rolled without causing cracks.
- the roll crossing angle is usually 0 to 10 ° and the roll inclination angle is about 7 to 14 °.
- austenite that conventionally contains 15% or more of Cr and more than 45% Ni, and further contains a high amount of Mo and W at the same time as a Mo equivalent value exceeding 1.5%. None of the Ni-base alloys were pierced and rolled by piercers on the scale of industrial mass production.
- GBm When the value of GBm is 1300 or more, the piercing and rolling properties are good, and the occurrence of two-piece cracking when piercing and rolling with a piercer is performed is suppressed.
- the hot deformation resistance of the material changes mainly depending on the contents of Ni, N, Mo and W, and the higher the deformation resistance, the higher the inner surface coating of (2). Leprosy is likely to occur.
- the occurrence of the above-mentioned inner surface covering flaws includes 15% or more of Cr and 45% or more of Ni, and a high amount of Mo or W that exceeds 1.5% in terms of Mo equivalent.
- the composition balance of Ni, N, Cr, Mo, and W mainly affects the formation of the sigma phase when the billet temperature decreases.
- the cracks on the inner surface and the inner and outer surfaces caused by the sigma phase formation in (3) above become prominent when the sigma phase is generated at 1000 ° C.
- the cracks on the inner surface and the covering of the inner and outer surfaces can be evaluated by the value of P expressed by the following equation (3). When the value of P is 0 or more, piercing and rolling with a piercer is performed. The occurrence of cracks on the inner surface and covering on the inner and outer surfaces when performed is suppressed.
- the inventors of the present invention contain 15% or more of Cr and 45% or more of Ni, and simultaneously contain high amounts of Mo and W such that the Mo equivalent value exceeds 1.5%.
- Austenitic Ni Various considerations were made on the conditions when the base alloy billet was pierced and rolled with a piercer. As a result, the following findings (e) and (f) were obtained.
- P and S represent the content in mass% of P and S in the raw pipe
- H is the ratio of the outer diameter of the raw pipe to the diameter of the material billet. Indicates the expansion ratio.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above contents, and its purpose is to have high mechanical strength such as excellent strength and ductility and excellent corrosion resistance in a sour gas environment.
- Ni-based alloy pipe pierced and rolled by a piercer that simultaneously contains a high amount of Mo and W such that the Mo equivalent value exceeds 1.5% in terms of Mo equivalent, and its manufacturing method.
- a Ni-based alloy element tube containing 15% or more of Cr and more than 45% of Ni, and also containing a high amount of Mo and W at the same time with a Mo equivalent value exceeding 1.5% and its It is to provide a manufacturing method.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a Ni-based alloy seamless pipe which is manufactured using the above-mentioned raw pipe and has excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance in a sour gas environment.
- the gist of the present invention is that the Ni-based alloy pipe shown in the following (1) to (7), the Ni-base alloy pipe manufacturing method shown in (8) and (9), and the Ni shown in (10) It is in the base alloy seamless pipe.
- a Ni-based alloy element pipe having a chemical composition of 200 or less and 0 or more and having been pierced and rolled by a Mannesmann rolling piercing machine.
- the element symbol in the formulas (1) to (3) represents the content in mass% of the element.
- Ni-based alloy element tube according to (1) or (2) above, containing one or more types .
- Ni-based alloy element tube according to any one of (1) to (5) above, which contains one or more kinds.
- Ni-based alloy pipe according to any of (1) to (7) above or the Ni-base alloy pipe manufactured by the method according to (8) or (9) Ni-based alloy seamless pipe, characterized by
- Oil well pipes and line pipes manufactured using the Ni-based alloy base pipe of the present invention as well as various structural members in nuclear power plants and engineering plants have excellent mechanical properties such as strength and ductility. Excellent corrosion resistance in sour gas environment.
- the Ni-based alloy pipe of the present invention can be used as a pipe for oil well pipes and line pipes, and can be used as a pipe for various structural members in nuclear power plants and engineering industries plants. .
- the Ni-based alloy element pipe of the present invention is pierced and rolled by a piercer, it is possible to easily manufacture a pipe having a large diameter! It can fully meet the demands of industry to develop oil and gas wells with high efficiency and low cost.
- the strength and toughness are reduced.
- the C content exceeds 0.04%, the ductility and toughness deteriorate significantly. Therefore, the C content is set to 0.04% or less. It is more preferable to reduce the C content to 0.02% or less.
- the corrosion resistance is remarkably improved not only by improving ductility and toughness.
- M in the above “MC type carbide” is a composite of metal elements such as Mo, Fe, Cr and W.
- the content of C is a balance with the contents of P and S described later, and the value of T expressed by the above formula (1) is 1300 or more.
- Si 0.50% or less
- Mn has a desulfurization action.
- the Mn content needs to be 0.01% or more.
- the Mn content exceeds 6.0%, the MC type carbide
- the Mn content is set to 0.01 to 6.0%. Note that if the Mn content exceeds 1.0%, the formation of sigma phase is promoted, and even when the value of P represented by the above formula (3) is greater than or equal to ⁇ , the piercing by the piercer Rolling may cause cracks on the inner surface and glazing on the inner and outer surfaces due to sigma phase formation. Therefore, the Mn content is more preferably 0.01-1.0.0%, and even more preferably 0.01-01.50%. [0060] P: 0.03% or less
- P is an impurity that is usually inevitably mixed in.
- hot workability deteriorates and corrosion resistance also deteriorates.
- the content of P is set to 0.03% or less.
- the P content is more preferably 0.01% or less.
- the content of P is large, solidification prayers occur, the grain boundary melting temperature of the Ni-base alloy is lowered, and the piercing and rolling property by the piercer is lowered. Therefore, the content of P is a balance between the above-mentioned C and the content of S described later, and the value of T expressed by the above equation (1) is 13
- s is also an impurity that is usually inevitably mixed in.
- hot workability deteriorates and corrosion resistance also deteriorates.
- the S content is set to 0.01% or less.
- the S content is more preferably 0.005% or less.
- Cr together with Mo, W and N, has the effect of improving the corrosion resistance and strength of the alloy.
- the above-described effect is remarkably obtained when the Cr content is 15% or more.
- the Cr content is 15-30%.
- the Cr content is more preferably 21 to 27%.
- the Cr content is Ni, Mo, W and N described later. It is necessary to make the amount satisfying the value power of P represented by the above equation (3) in balance with the content of
- Ni more than 45% and less than 60%
- Ni has the function of stabilizing the austenite substrate together with N, and is an essential element for containing a large amount of elements having strengthening and corrosion resistance such as Cr, Mo and W in the Ni-based alloy. is there.
- Ni also has the effect of suppressing sigma phase formation.
- Each of the above effects can be easily obtained when the Ni content exceeds 45%.
- a large amount of Ni will cause an excessive increase in the alloy cost, especially if the Ni content exceeds 60%. Therefore, the Ni content is over 45% and below 60%.
- the Ni content is more preferably 50-60%.
- the content of Ni is the content of Mo, W and N described later.
- the value of P expressed by the above formula (2) satisfies 200 or less.
- the Ni content is in balance with the Cr content described above and the Mo, W and N content described below. It is necessary to make the amount satisfying the value power of P represented by the formula (3) or more.
- Mo (%) + 0.5 W (%) which is the value expressed by the formula, that is, Mo equivalent, contains Mo and Z or W in an amount exceeding 1.5%. It is necessary to let However, if the Mo equivalent value exceeds 18%, the mechanical properties such as ductility and toughness are greatly reduced. Mo and W do not need to be added together. The Mo equivalent value only needs to be within the above range. Therefore, the Mo content is set to 0 to 18%, the W content is set to 0 to 36%, and the value of Mo (%) + 0.5W (%) exceeds 1.5% to 18% or less. It was.
- the contents of Mo and W, and the value of Mo equivalent are the above-described Ni and the below-mentioned in order to suppress an excessive increase in deformation resistance and to prevent the occurrence of inner surface glazing.
- Cu is an element effective for improving the corrosion resistance in a sour gas environment.
- S sulfur
- Cr molybdenum
- Mo molybdenum
- W molybdenum
- the above effect is obtained when the Cu content is 0.01% or more.
- the Cu content was set to 0.01 to: L 5%.
- the Cu content is more preferably 0.5 to 1.0%.
- A1 0. 10% or less
- A1 is the most harmful element that promotes the formation of sigma phase.
- the content of A1 is set to not more than 0.10%.
- the content of A1 is more preferably 0.06% or less.
- N 0.0005 to 0.20%
- N is one of the important elements in the present invention, and has an effect of stabilizing the austenite base together with Ni and an effect of suppressing the formation of the sigma phase.
- the above effect can be obtained when the N content is 0.0005% or more.
- a large amount of N added force may cause a decrease in toughness.
- the toughness may be significantly decreased. Therefore, the N content was set to 0.0005 to 0.20.
- the N content is more preferably 0.0005 to 0.12%.
- the content of N is the content of Ni, Mo and W described above. In balance with the amount, it is necessary that the value of P expressed by the above formula (2) satisfies 200 or less. Also, sigma phase sr
- the N content is in balance with the aforementioned Cr, Ni, Mo and W contents. It is necessary to make the amount satisfying the value power of P represented by the equation.
- Fe Substantially remaining Fe has the effect of securing the strength of the alloy and reducing the alloy cost by reducing the Ni content. For this reason, in the alloy used as the material of the Ni-based alloy pipe according to the present invention, the substantial balance element is Fe.
- the value of T was set to 1300 or more.
- the value of T is
- the value of P is set to 200 or less.
- the value of P is more preferably 150 or less.
- High Cr—High Ni-based Ni-base alloys especially 15% or more of Cr and 45% or more of Ni, and Mo equivalents such as Mo equivalents exceeding 1.5%.
- the cracks on the inner surface and the internal and external surface cracks caused by the sigma phase formation in the low temperature region accompanying the temperature decrease are described in (3). It can be evaluated by the value of P expressed by the formula. When the value of P is 0 or more, the occurrence of cracks on the inner surface and covering on the inner and outer surfaces when piercing and rolling is performed with a piercer. Can be controlled. Therefore, the value of P was set to 0 or more. The value of P is more preferably 3.0 or more.
- the chemical composition of the alloy that is the material of the Ni-based alloy pipe according to the present invention (1) includes elements up to the C force N in the above-described range, and the balance is substantially made of Fe. It was specified that the value of T was 1300 or more, the value of P was 200 or less, and the value of P was ⁇ or more.
- the Ni-based alloy pipe according to the present invention (2) has a Mn content of 0.01 to about among the chemical composition of the alloy that is the material of the Ni-based alloy pipe according to the present invention (1): It is specified as L 0%.
- V 0.001 to 0.3%
- Nb 0.001 to 0.3%
- Ta 0.001 to 1.0%
- Ti 0.001 to 1.0%
- Zr 0.001 to 1.0%
- Hf 0.001 to 1.0% more than
- Mg 0.0001 to 0.010%, Ca: 0.0001 to 0.010%, La: 0.0001 to 0.20%, Ce: 0.0001 to 0.20%, Y: 0.0001 to 0.40%, Sm: 0.0001 to 0.40%, Pr: 0.0001 to 0.40 %
- Nd 0.0001 to 0.50% selected from one or more elements, and one or more elements of each group can be selectively contained. That is, one or more elements of the four groups (i) to Gv) may be added as optional additional elements.
- V 0.001 to 0.3%
- Nb 0.001 to 0.3%
- Ta 0.001 to 1.0%
- Ti 0.001 to 1.0%
- Zr 0.001 to 1.0%
- Hf 0.001 to 1.0%
- V, Nb, Ta, Ti, Zr and Hf if added, all have the effect of significantly increasing the corrosion resistance in a sour gas environment where S (sulfur) is recognized as a single substance. It also has the effect of stabilizing C by forming MC-type carbides (where M means any one of V, Nb, Ta, Ti, Zr and Hf, or a composite), and It also has the effect of increasing strength.
- M means any one of V, Nb, Ta, Ti, Zr and Hf, or a composite
- the content of any element of V, Nb, Ta, Ti, Zr and Hf is 0.001% or more.
- the content of each of the case of adding V, Nb, Ta, Ti, Zr and Hf are, V I or from 0.001 to 0.3 0/0, Nbi or from 0.001 to 0.3 0/0, Tai or 0. 001 ⁇ 1. O 0/0, Tii or 0. 001 ⁇ 1. 0%, Zr « 0. 001 ⁇ 1. 0% and Hf is from 0.001 to 1.0% and The power to do it!
- the more preferable range of the content of the soot content is V, the V force s 0. 10 to 0.27 0 / 0, Nb force ⁇ 0. 03 ⁇ 0. 27%, Ta is 0.03 to 0.70%, Ti force SO. 03 ⁇ 0. 70%, Zr force from 0.03 to 0.70 0/0 and The Hf force is 0.03 to 0.70%.
- V, Nb, Ta, Ti, Zr and Hf can be!, Added by one type of displacement force or a combination of two or more types.
- B When added, B has the effect of refining the precipitate and the austenite crystal grain size. In order to reliably obtain the above-described effect, it is preferable that B has a content of 0.0001% or more. However, when a large amount of B is added, a low melting point compound may be formed and the hot workability may be deteriorated. In particular, when the content exceeds 0.015%, the hot workability is significantly deteriorated. There is. Therefore, when B is added, the B content is preferably 0.0001-0.015%.
- the Ni-based alloy according to any one of the present invention (1) to the present invention (3) It was stipulated that it contained B: 0.0001-0.015% in place of part of Fe.
- the more preferable range of the B content when added to the alloy as the material of the Ni-based alloy base pipe according to the present invention (4) is 0.0001 to 0.0050%. .
- Co when added, has the effect of stabilizing austenite.
- the Co content is 0.3% or more.
- Co-enriched calories lead to an excessive increase in alloy costs, especially when the Co content exceeds 5.0%. Therefore, the content of Co when added is preferably 0.3 to 5.0.
- the more preferable range of the Co content when added to the alloy as the raw material of the Ni-based alloy pipe according to the present invention (5) is 0.35 to 4.0%.
- Mg, Ca, La, Ce, Y, Sm, Pr, and Nd all have the effect of preventing solidification cracking during ingot fabrication. It also has the effect of reducing ductility deterioration after long-term use.
- Mg, Ca, La, Ce, Y, Sm, Pr, and Nd are also 0.0001% or more.
- Mg and Ca exceed 0.010%
- La and Ce exceed 0.20%
- Y, Sm and Pr exceed 0.40%
- Nd exceed 0.50%
- coarse inclusions are formed and the toughness is reduced.
- each content when adding Mg, Ca, La, Ce, Y, Sm, Pr, and Nd [Ma, Mgi 0.001 to 0.001%, Cai 0.001 ⁇ 0.010%, Lai 0.0001 ⁇ 0.20%, Ce is 0.0001 ⁇ 0.20%, Y is 0.0001 ⁇ 0.40%, Sm is 0.0001 ⁇ 0.40% , Pr is 0.0001 to 0.40% and Nd is 0.0001 to 0.50%.
- the Ni-based alloy according to any one of the present invention (1) to the present invention (5) instead of a part of Fe, Mg: 0.0001-0.010%, Ca: 0.0001-0.010%, La: 0.0001-0.20%, Ce: 0.0001-0 20%, Y: 0.0001 ⁇ 0.40%, Sm: 0.0001 ⁇ 0.40%, Pr: 0.0001 ⁇ 0.40% and Nd: 0.0001 ⁇ 0.50% It is specified that it contains one or more of the above.
- the alloy as the material of the Ni-based alloy pipe according to the present invention (6). . 0050%, Ca force ⁇ 0.0010 to 0.0050 0/0, the power 0. 01 ⁇ 0. 15 0/0, Ce force 0. 01 ⁇ 0. 15 0/0, ⁇ mosquito 0.01 to 0 . 15%, S m forces SO. from 02 to 0. 30%, a Pr forces SO. from 02 to 0. 30 0/0 and Nd force 0.01 to 0.30 0/0.
- Oil well pipes and line pipes manufactured using Ni-based alloy pipes with chemical composition described above as well as various structural members in nuclear power plants and engineering plants have strength and ductility. It has excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance under sour gas environment. For this reason, if the Ni-based alloy pipes having the above-mentioned chemical composition are applied as the pipes of oil well pipes and line pipes, and the pipes of various structural members in nuclear power plants and engineering industries plants, Durability and safety can be greatly improved. In other words, this Ni-based alloy element tube is extremely suitable for use as a member exposed to the above environment.
- Ni-base alloy pipe suitable as a material for various structural members in chemical industrial plants, including 15% or more of Cr and 45% or more of Ni, and Mo equivalent value of 1.5% or more Ni-base alloy pipes containing high amounts of Mo and W at the same time can be used in the same way as carbon steel, low alloy steel, and martensitic stainless steels such as so-called “13% Cr steel”.
- the Ni-based alloy having the chemical composition described in the above section (A) optimizes the content of elements from C to N, and particularly at the high temperature side during piercing and rolling by a piercer.
- the values of P expressed are 1300 or more, 200 or less, and 0 or more, respectively. For this reason, the Ni-based alloy billet having the chemical compositional force described in the above section (A) is cracked into two pieces, even if it is pierced and rolled with a piercer by the usual method. In addition, it is possible to suppress all occurrences of cracks on the inner surface and glazing on the inner and outer surfaces due to the generation of sigma phase, and thus a raw pipe having a good surface property can be obtained.
- the present invention (8) has a diameter of a caliber produced by mass-production on an industrial scale by piercing and rolling a billet of Ni-based alloy having the chemical composition described in the above section (A) with a piercer.
- the Ni-based alloy pipe according to the present invention (1) to the present invention (6) has the chemical composition described in the above section (A) and is defined as pierced and rolled by a piercer. did.
- the pipe manufactured by the method of the present invention (8) that is, the pipe obtained by piercing and rolling the billet having the chemical composition described in the above section (A) with a piercer, is as described above.
- it is a tube with good surface properties in which the occurrence of double cracks, inner surface cracks, and cracks on the inner surface and inner and outer surfaces due to sigma phase formation are all suppressed. Therefore, the Ni-base alloy pipe according to the present invention (1) to the present invention (6) can sufficiently meet the demands of the industry. It is.
- the piercing and rolling by the billet piercer which is also the chemical yarn and the synthetic yarn described in the above section (A) may be performed by a usual method.
- the piercing and rolling by the piercer is performed under the same conditions as in the case of martensitic stainless steel such as carbon steel, low alloy steel, and so-called "13% Cr steel".
- the billet caro heat temperature is 1200-1300
- the roll crossing angle is 0-10 °
- the roll tilt angle is 7-14
- the draft rate is 8-14%
- the plug tip draft rate is 4-7.
- piercing and rolling may be performed.
- the draft rate and the plug tip draft rate are expressed by the following formulas (5) and (6), respectively.
- Draft rate (%) ⁇ (Material diameter—roll gorge spacing) Z material diameter ⁇ X 100 (5)
- Plug tip draft rate (%) ⁇ (Material diameter Roll spacing at the tip of plug) Z Material Diameter ⁇ X 100 (6).
- the piercing and rolling by the billet piercer which is also the elastic yarn and the synthetic yarn described in the above section (A) has special conditions that can be performed by a normal method. There is no need.
- the tube expansion ratio H expressed by the ratio of the outer diameter of the raw tube and the diameter of the material billet the occurrence of double cracks due to grain boundary melting can be easily suppressed.
- the fn value expressed by the above equation (4) is 0.3 or less, the force includes 15% or more of Cr and 45% or more of Ni. 1. Even in the case of Ni-base alloys that contain high amounts of Mo and W at the same time exceeding 5%, the occurrence of double cracks due to intergranular melting during piercing and rolling with Piercer It can be completely prevented.
- the present invention (9) is represented by the above formula (4) when the Ni-based alloy billet having the chemical composition described in the above section (A) is pierced and rolled by a piercer.
- the fn value was set to 0.3 or less, and piercing and rolling was decided.
- the Ni-based alloy pipe according to the present invention (7) has the chemical composition described in the item (A), and the fn value expressed by the equation (4) satisfies 0.3 or less.
- the force was also defined as being pierced and rolled by the piercer.
- the pipe expansion ratio H during piercer piercing and rolling is increased by increasing the value. Occurrence of double cracks due to grain boundary melting can be easily suppressed. However, if that value ⁇ is exceeded, the bulge of the tube will become too large, and the material will tend to squeeze into the gap between the roll and the disk or guide shroud, which is the outer surface regulating tool, causing a phenomenon of rolling. It becomes easy to invite.
- the upper limit value of the tube expansion ratio H is preferably 2.
- the lower limit value of the expansion ratio H is less than 1, the outer diameter of the obtained raw pipe is smaller than the diameter of the material billet, so the outer diameter of the plug or the core metal which is the inner surface tool is also reduced. It is necessary to reduce the size of the plug, which may cause the plug to melt or bend the core due to insufficient heat capacity.
- Ni-base alloy pipes according to the present invention (1) to the present invention (7) or the Ni-base alloy pipe manufactured by the method of the present invention (8) or the present invention (9) The manufactured Ni alloy seamless pipes have good surface properties and excellent strength and corrosion resistance in sour gas environments. For this reason, it is suitable as various structural members in oil well pipes and line pipes, nuclear power plants, and engineering industries plants.
- the present invention (10) includes a Ni-based alloy element pipe according to any one of the present invention (1) to the present invention (7), or the method of the present invention (8) or the present invention (9). It was defined as a Ni-based alloy seamless tube manufactured using a Ni-based alloy raw tube manufactured in 2020.
- a stretch reducer such as a size reducer can be used after processing by a normal method using a blank tube, reducing the wall thickness with a stretching machine such as a mandrel mill, plug mill, assel mill, or pushbench.
- a stretching machine such as a mandrel mill, plug mill, assel mill, or pushbench.
- alloys having the chemical composition shown in Table 1 and Table 2 were melted by a conventional method using a 150 kg vacuum induction melting furnace, and then ingot and made into an ingot.
- Alloys 1 to 23 are examples of the present invention whose chemical composition is within the range defined by the present invention, and alloys a to r are ratios in which any of the components is out of the range of the content defined by the present invention.
- This is a comparative alloy.
- alloy a and alloy b correspond to conventional alloys (AS MUNS No. N06255 and No. N10276, respectively).
- each of the above ingots was soaked at 1200 ° C for 2 hours, and then hot forged by a normal method to change the tube expansion ratio during piercing and rolling, and each alloy had a diameter of 85 mm.
- One billet, two billets with a diameter of 70 mm, and one billet with a diameter of 55 mm were produced.
- the forging finishing temperature was 1000 ° C or higher.
- the tube expansion ratio H was set to 1.09-: L. Was pierced and rolled.
- Table 3 shows the relationship between the tube expansion rate, billet size, and tube size.
- Table 4 shows the roll crossing angle, roll inclination angle, draft rate, and plug leading edge draft rate, which are the drilling conditions of the model mill, which is a drilling device.
- Table 6 summarizes the survey results for cracks and flaws.
- ⁇ ”, “ ⁇ ”, “ ⁇ ”, and “X” indicate that “there were strong cracks and creases”, “there were no cracks but there were small creases”, and “cracks” It means “there was a large flaw” but “there was a crack”.
- the alloys 1 to 23 the alloy q and the alloy r, in which the investigation results of cracks and flaws in the above-mentioned pipes include the evaluation of “ ⁇ ”, the pipe expansion ratio H is 1.36 and is represented as it is.
- a solid solution heat treatment was performed by holding at 1050 ° C. for 30 minutes and then cooling with water.
- a strip-shaped material having a thickness of 5 mm, a width of 12 mm, and a length of 150 mm was cut out and cold-rolled by a normal method to form a 3.5-mm-thick plate, and the tensile properties and corrosion resistance were investigated using this as a material.
- a four-point bending corrosion test piece having a notch with a radius of 0.25 mm and a width of 10 mm, a thickness of 2 mm, and a length of 75 mm was prepared from the above-mentioned 3.5 mm thick plate.
- Corrosion resistance that is, stress corrosion cracking resistance was evaluated under the sour gas environment.
- Test solution 20% NaCl—0.5% CH 2 COOH,
- Test gas Hydrogen sulfide partial pressure 1013250Pa—CO2 partial pressure 2026500Pa (10atmH S
- Table 6 shows the results of the tensile test and the corrosion resistance test.
- ⁇ O '' and ⁇ X '' in the column of corrosion resistance indicate that cracking occurred and that cracking occurred. means.
- “-” in the columns of tensile properties and corrosion resistance of alloys a to P indicates that there is no “ ⁇ ” in the evaluation of cracks and wrinkles of pierced and rolled raw pipes. Show.
- the seamless pipe has excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance in a sour gas environment. It is clear that can be mass-produced on an industrial scale.
- the billet was heated to 1230 ° C, and then piped on an actual machine under the conditions shown in Table 8 to obtain a blank having an outer diameter of 235 mm and a wall thickness of 15 mm.
- the value of fn expressed by the above equation (4) is 0.099028.
- the Piercer Bragg is suitable for piercing and rolling of Ni-based alloys.
- the tensile strength at 900 ° C is 90 MPa, the total scale thickness before use is 600 m, and 0.5% Cr—1.0. % Ni—3.0% W material strength was also used.
- each of the five elementary tubes was subjected to cold drawing at a cross-sectional reduction rate of 30%, and then subjected to a solution heat treatment that was heated to 120 ° C and water-cooled, and then further reduced in cross-sectional reduction rate. 30% cold drawing was applied.
- Test solution 20% NaCl—0.5% CH 2 COOH,
- Test gas Hydrogen sulfide partial pressure 1013250Pa—CO2 partial pressure 2026500Pa (10atmH S
- Table 9 summarizes the tensile test results and the corrosion resistance test results.
- “ ⁇ ” in the column of corrosion resistance means that cracking did not occur.
- the Ni-based alloy pipe of the present invention has excellent inner surface properties
- the pipe is expanded by an ordinary method, for example, with a drawing machine such as a mandrel mill, plug mill, assel mill, push bench, etc. to increase the wall thickness.
- a drawing machine such as a mandrel mill, plug mill, assel mill, push bench, etc.
- the outer diameter of the stretch reducer can be finished with a rolling mill such as a sizer.
- the Ni-based alloy base pipe of the present invention is a base pipe for oil well pipes and line pipes, as well as atomic force. It can be used as a raw material tube for various structural members in power plants and engineering industries plants. This Ni-based alloy element tube can be easily mass-produced at a low cost by the method of the present invention.
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Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (6)
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JP2006528764A JP4475429B2 (ja) | 2004-06-30 | 2005-06-29 | Ni基合金素管及びその製造方法 |
AU2005258507A AU2005258507C1 (en) | 2004-06-30 | 2005-06-29 | Ni base alloy material tube and method for production thereof |
EP05755622A EP1777313B1 (en) | 2004-06-30 | 2005-06-29 | Ni BASE ALLOY MATERIAL TUBE AND METHOD FOR PRODUCTION THEREOF |
CA2572157A CA2572157C (en) | 2004-06-30 | 2005-06-29 | Ni base alloy pipe stock and method for manufacturing the same |
US11/643,824 US20070181225A1 (en) | 2004-06-30 | 2006-12-22 | Ni base alloy pipe stock and method for manufacturing the same |
US13/917,951 US9034125B2 (en) | 2004-06-30 | 2013-06-14 | Method for manufacturing Ni base alloy pipe stock |
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JP2004194357 | 2004-06-30 |
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US11/643,824 Continuation US20070181225A1 (en) | 2004-06-30 | 2006-12-22 | Ni base alloy pipe stock and method for manufacturing the same |
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WO2006003954A1 true WO2006003954A1 (ja) | 2006-01-12 |
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EP (1) | EP1777313B1 (ja) |
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JP2010515041A (ja) * | 2006-12-29 | 2010-05-06 | アレヴァ エヌペ | 主に原子炉核燃料集合体用及び原子炉用のニッケルベースの合金の環境助長割れに対する感受性を低減するための処理方法、及び、該処理された合金製の製品 |
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US8808473B2 (en) | 2009-12-10 | 2014-08-19 | Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation | Austenitic heat resistant alloy |
WO2011071054A1 (ja) * | 2009-12-10 | 2011-06-16 | 住友金属工業株式会社 | オーステナイト系耐熱合金 |
JP2012102375A (ja) * | 2010-11-11 | 2012-05-31 | Sumitomo Metal Ind Ltd | オーステナイト系合金大径管の製造方法 |
US9238857B2 (en) | 2010-11-30 | 2016-01-19 | Kobe Steel, Ltd. | Precipitation-strengthened Ni-based heat-resistant alloy and method for producing the same |
WO2012074026A1 (ja) * | 2010-11-30 | 2012-06-07 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | 析出強化型Ni基耐熱合金およびその製造方法 |
JP2012117094A (ja) * | 2010-11-30 | 2012-06-21 | Japan Atomic Energy Agency | 析出強化型Ni基耐熱合金およびその製造方法 |
JP2014040669A (ja) * | 2013-10-10 | 2014-03-06 | Nippon Yakin Kogyo Co Ltd | 耐粒界腐食性に優れた高耐食合金 |
RU2630131C1 (ru) * | 2013-11-12 | 2017-09-05 | Ниппон Стил Энд Сумитомо Метал Корпорейшн | МАТЕРИАЛ СПЛАВА Ni-Cr И ИЗГОТОВЛЕННЫЕ ИЗ НЕГО БЕСШОВНЫЕ НЕФТЕПРОМЫСЛОВЫЕ ТРУБНЫЕ ИЗДЕЛИЯ |
JP5979320B2 (ja) * | 2013-11-12 | 2016-08-24 | 新日鐵住金株式会社 | Ni−Cr合金材およびそれを用いた油井用継目無管 |
WO2015072458A1 (ja) * | 2013-11-12 | 2015-05-21 | 新日鐵住金株式会社 | Ni-Cr合金材およびそれを用いた油井用継目無管 |
US10557574B2 (en) | 2013-11-12 | 2020-02-11 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Ni—Cr alloy material and seamless oil country tubular goods using the same |
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JP2017524830A (ja) * | 2014-06-20 | 2017-08-31 | ハンチントン、アロイス、コーポレーションHuntington Alloys Corporation | ニッケル−クロム−鉄−モリブデン耐食合金、製品およびそれらの製造方法 |
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US10513757B2 (en) | 2014-08-05 | 2019-12-24 | Tohoku University | Corrosion-resistant, high-hardness alloy composition and method for producing same |
JP2019026911A (ja) * | 2017-08-01 | 2019-02-21 | 新日鐵住金株式会社 | オーステナイト系耐熱合金部材 |
JP2020530064A (ja) * | 2017-08-01 | 2020-10-15 | ストック カンパニー“チェペトスキー メカニカル プラント” | 耐食性合金 |
CN114561570A (zh) * | 2022-01-17 | 2022-05-31 | 上海中洲特种合金材料股份有限公司 | 镍基合金Inconel 601及其制备方法、应用 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US9034125B2 (en) | 2015-05-19 |
CA2572157A1 (en) | 2006-01-12 |
EP1777313A1 (en) | 2007-04-25 |
AU2005258507C1 (en) | 2008-10-30 |
CN1977058A (zh) | 2007-06-06 |
US20070181225A1 (en) | 2007-08-09 |
AU2005258507A1 (en) | 2006-01-12 |
CA2572157C (en) | 2015-02-10 |
AU2005258507B2 (en) | 2008-04-17 |
JPWO2006003954A1 (ja) | 2008-04-17 |
EP1777313B1 (en) | 2012-08-01 |
JP4475429B2 (ja) | 2010-06-09 |
CN100453670C (zh) | 2009-01-21 |
US20130283879A1 (en) | 2013-10-31 |
EP1777313A4 (en) | 2009-06-03 |
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