WO2005099057A1 - 窒化物半導体発光素子用ウエハとその製造方法およびそのウエハから得られた窒化物半導体発光素子 - Google Patents
窒化物半導体発光素子用ウエハとその製造方法およびそのウエハから得られた窒化物半導体発光素子 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005099057A1 WO2005099057A1 PCT/JP2005/003566 JP2005003566W WO2005099057A1 WO 2005099057 A1 WO2005099057 A1 WO 2005099057A1 JP 2005003566 W JP2005003566 W JP 2005003566W WO 2005099057 A1 WO2005099057 A1 WO 2005099057A1
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- wafer
- nitride semiconductor
- light emitting
- semiconductor light
- polishing
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/30—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region
- H01S5/32—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising PN junctions, e.g. hetero- or double- heterostructures
- H01S5/323—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising PN junctions, e.g. hetero- or double- heterostructures in AIIIBV compounds, e.g. AlGaAs-laser, InP-based laser
- H01S5/32308—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising PN junctions, e.g. hetero- or double- heterostructures in AIIIBV compounds, e.g. AlGaAs-laser, InP-based laser emitting light at a wavelength less than 900 nm
- H01S5/32341—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising PN junctions, e.g. hetero- or double- heterostructures in AIIIBV compounds, e.g. AlGaAs-laser, InP-based laser emitting light at a wavelength less than 900 nm blue laser based on GaN or GaP
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/30—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26
- H01L21/302—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26 to change their surface-physical characteristics or shape, e.g. etching, polishing, cutting
- H01L21/306—Chemical or electrical treatment, e.g. electrolytic etching
- H01L21/30625—With simultaneous mechanical treatment, e.g. mechanico-chemical polishing
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L33/00—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L33/005—Processes
- H01L33/0062—Processes for devices with an active region comprising only III-V compounds
- H01L33/0075—Processes for devices with an active region comprising only III-V compounds comprising nitride compounds
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L33/00—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L33/005—Processes
- H01L33/0093—Wafer bonding; Removal of the growth substrate
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/02—Structural details or components not essential to laser action
- H01S5/0206—Substrates, e.g. growth, shape, material, removal or bonding
- H01S5/0207—Substrates having a special shape
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/02—Structural details or components not essential to laser action
- H01S5/0206—Substrates, e.g. growth, shape, material, removal or bonding
- H01S5/0217—Removal of the substrate
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a nitride semiconductor light emitting device wafer applied to a blue laser light source used for an optical disk or the like, a method for manufacturing the same, and a nitride semiconductor light emitting device obtained from the nitride semiconductor light emitting device wafer. .
- a semiconductor light emitting device or a semiconductor laser diode (LD) that outputs blue light has attracted attention as a light source for optical display and next-generation optical disks.
- These blue semiconductor light emitting devices are mainly formed by laminating materials such as GaN, InGaN, and AlGaN on a sapphire substrate by an epitaxy crystal growth technique.
- blue semiconductor lasers formed on GaN substrates have been reported. For example, in September 2001, Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 79, pages 1948 and 1950, there is a report entitled "Characteristics of InGaN Lasers in the Pure Blue Region". It is reported that a blue semiconductor laser formed on a 150-m-thick GaN substrate operated at an ambient temperature of 50 ° C and an optical power of 5 mW with an estimated lifetime of 3000 hours.
- the substrate used here is a 165 / zm thick ELO (epitaxial lateral overgrowth) GaN substrate.
- the ELO GaN substrate is a 2.5- ⁇ m-thick GaN grown on a sapphire substrate at low temperature, and a 12- ⁇ m-wide SiO mask (0.1 ⁇ m-thick) is grown on the surface at a period of 20 ⁇ m. 15 ⁇ m thick
- GaN film was formed by hydride vapor phase epitaxy on an ELO substrate formed by MOVPE (organic metal vapor phase epitaxy), and the sapphire substrate was removed.
- MOVPE organic metal vapor phase epitaxy
- the GaN substrate with a thickness of 165 ⁇ m is a GaN substrate with a thickness of 165 ⁇ m with GaN formed with a thickness of 15 ⁇ m by MOVPE growth.
- FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of the nitride semiconductor laser disclosed in the above-mentioned document.
- the nitride semiconductor laser disclosed in the above-mentioned document includes an n-electrode 101, an ⁇ -type ELO—GaN substrate 102 having a layer thickness of 165 ⁇ m, an n—AlGaN cladding layer 103 having a thickness of 5 m, and an n—InGaN layer 104 having a thickness of 100 nm.
- It comprises a P-type modulation-doped superlattice cladding layer 109, a 15 nm thick p-GaN contact layer 110, a 300 nm thick SiO current confinement mask 111, and a p electrode 112.
- the total thickness of the AlGaN cladding layer is
- the ridge width is 2.5 m, and the resonator is formed open if.
- the resonator is 675 ⁇ m and fc.
- a method of removing the sapphire substrate by a method of melting GaN at the interface by laser irradiation in addition to a method of etching in addition to a method of etching.
- a long device lifetime can be obtained by forming a region having a low dislocation density in the substrate and forming a device thereon.
- the crystal growth of the LD part is performed by MOVPE method! Mg (magnesium) is used for the p dopant, and Si (silicon) is used for the n dopant.
- the ridge-type p-cladding layer 109 for confining light in the striped direction is formed by dry etching.
- the typical stripe width is 1.8 m to 2.6 ⁇ m to obtain fundamental transverse mode oscillation.
- a blue laser using a GaN substrate of ELO has high reliability! If a laser can be obtained, it has the advantage that a GaN film with a thickness of 150 to 170 m can be grown on a sapphire substrate. After that, the semiconductor laser layer must be formed, and the sapphire substrate must be removed. This has the disadvantage that the production TAT is long and the product yield is poor.
- the LD element on the GaN substrate for example, a process of forming an LD structure on the surface of the GaN substrate by epi growth, a process of forming a ridge-type stripe by dry etching, and forming a P electrode on the stripe Process, a process of etching or polishing the back surface to form a thin film, a process of depositing an n-electrode on the back surface, a process of forming a resonator by cleavage, and a process of obtaining a device of a desired size by device isolation.
- the active layer has an InGaN-ZlnGaN quantum well structure, and the oscillation wavelength is 390 nm—41 Onm or 41 Onm—465 nm, and is determined by controlling the quantum well well and barrier layer thickness and In composition. Is done.
- Typical device sizes are cavity lengths of 500 ⁇ m-1000 ⁇ m and widths of 250 ⁇ m-400 ⁇ m.
- Non-Patent Document 1 Shin—icm Nakagawa, Tomoya Ynamoto, Masahiko Sano and Takashi Mukai, Applied Physics Letters, vol. 79, Number 13, Sept. 2001, pl948-pl950, "Characteristics of GaN laser diodes in the pure blue reagion
- the substrate is a GaAs substrate or an InP substrate, and since these substrates are relatively soft materials, warpage of the wafer due to polishing distortion has become a problem. However, it was revealed that wafer warpage due to polishing distortion is an important issue to be solved because GaN substrates are hard and materials.
- the wafer When the thickness of the GaN substrate is reduced to about 150 m by polishing, the wafer is fixed after polishing is completed, the wax is melted, and the wafer becomes prominent when the wafer is removed from the polishing jig. It breaks and warps. Although the warpage is suppressed while the wafer is fixed with wax, when the wax is melted and the wafer is removed from the polishing jig, the polishing strain layer formed on the back surface of the substrate by mechanical polishing becomes This is because a force that warps the wafer in a direction in which the polished surface becomes convex acts on the wafer, and the wafer is significantly warped.
- the (100) substrate of GaAs which is a sphalerite-type crystal, has an in-plane cleavage direction orthogonal to that of a normal GaN substrate, and the three in-plane cleavage directions are 60 °. Angled. Therefore, if the wafer on the GaN substrate has a large warp, it is likely to crack in the 60 ° direction and break easily into a triangular shape. The greater the warpage of the wafer, the finer the crack. As a result, parallel resonator surfaces cannot be formed, and the yield is significantly reduced.
- the second problem is that sufficient reliability cannot be obtained.
- the first is caused by the occurrence of cracks and non-light emitting centers in the epi layer due to warpage or cracking of the LD wafer.
- the second cause is that the warpage of the element reduces the contact area between the LD element and a heat sink for heat dissipation, and the temperature of the active layer rises due to a decrease in heat dissipation efficiency.
- a GaN substrate has a region with a high dislocation density. If the warpage is large, dislocations may enter the current injection region of the active layer from the high dislocation density region, thereby shortening the device lifetime.
- a third problem is that cleavage failure is likely to occur. Cleavage defects reduce device yield and device characteristics. In the case of GaN, when the wafer thickness is 150 / zm or more, if cleavage cannot be performed, cleavage cannot be performed at a desired position, or even if cleavage can be performed at a desired position, it is difficult to obtain a flat resonator surface, and cleavage failure may occur. Easily.
- Cleavage defects cause degradation of LD characteristics, such as deterioration of the shape of the light spot, or increase in reflection loss and current threshold.
- the thickness of the LD wafer In order to form a resonator with high yield by cleavage, the thickness of the LD wafer must be at least 150 / zm or less.
- the first cause of wafer warpage is that the wafer thickness is distorted on the back surface of the substrate by mechanical polishing.
- the mechanically polished strain layer generated on the back surface by this polishing has a large defect density and thickness.
- GaN is a harder and harder material than other IIIV materials, polished scratches and polished strained layers with disordered crystal structures are likely to be formed deeply on the polished surface of GaN.
- a polished strained layer having a large strain is introduced from the polished surface to a depth of about 5 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m.
- the polished strained layer is lattice-mismatched to the unstrained crystal region. Therefore ⁇
- the wafer is cleaved to a thickness of 150 / zm or less, significant warpage occurs in the direction in which the polished surface becomes convex.
- polishing flaws caused by mechanical polishing depend on the particle size of the polishing cannonball, but usually have a polishing flaw of a maximum depth of about 2 ⁇ m.
- the reason that the wafer is cracked by the warpage is that the internal stress increases beyond the bonding force of the crystal.
- GaN is hard, but is a very brittle material compared to sapphire, so it easily cracks when the wafer is warped.
- the wafer is apt to crack. Polishing scratches can be in all directions, complicating wafer cracking. Further, the polishing scratches cause a phenomenon such as cracking in the direction of the polishing scratches at the time of cleaving the wafer, thereby lowering the device yield.
- the second cause of wafer warpage is due to lattice mismatch between the AlGaN cladding layer and the GaN substrate.
- the AlGaN cladding layer warps the wafer in the same direction as the warpage due to the polishing strained layer, that is, the direction in which the back surface of the wafer becomes convex. Therefore, increasing the AlGaN cladding layer thickness or A1 composition increases the wafer warpage. If the thickness and Al composition of the AlGaN cladding layer are limited to a small value in order to reduce wafer warpage while applying force, the LD characteristics will be degraded. This is because the light confinement in the active layer decreases and the current threshold increases.
- the third cause of wafer warpage is that the GaN substrate used for the force wafer itself has the defect density distribution in the growth direction, which is also the case with the ELO GaN substrate.
- a GaN thick film is formed on a sapphire substrate, and then the sapphire substrate is removed to obtain a GaN substrate.
- a growth direction defect density distribution is formed in the GaN thick film due to lattice mismatch between sapphire and GaN. Therefore, when the sapphire substrate is removed, a large warp occurs in the GaN thick film.
- the first cause of warpage when the substrate is thinned the polished strain layer by mechanical polishing, Chemistry By mechanical polishing, the surface portion having the largest distortion is removed, and distortion due to mechanical polishing is eliminated.
- the strain of the polishing strain layer by chemical mechanical polishing is smaller and thinner than that of the polishing distortion by mechanical polishing.
- the second cause is to reduce the warpage of the wafer by optimizing the strain of the AlGaN layer.
- the third cause of the backside of the substrate, the lattice mismatch between sapphire and the GaN substrate is considered. The inventor has found that a wafer having a small warpage can be obtained by removing a region having a high defect density in the growth direction by polishing.
- the back surface is wet-etched with a mixture of phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid at a temperature of 200 ° C. There is a way to do it.
- the electrode on the surface side is eroded, threading dislocations in the C-axis direction are enlarged, or remarkable irregularities are formed on the etched surface. Problems such as increased thermal resistance and shortened service life occur.
- the processing time and cost are high because the etching rate is low, and it is not suitable for mass production.
- polishing the back surface of the LD wafer is the most efficient way to make the LD wafer on the GaN substrate about 100 m thick, and the processing cost can be reduced.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a nitride semiconductor light emitting device and a semiconductor device having high productivity, reliability and performance. And an element wafer and a method for manufacturing the same.
- the present invention relates to a nitride semiconductor light emitting device wafer in which the wafer thickness is reduced by polishing at least the back surface of the substrate using chemical mechanical polishing. And a curvature radius R of the warpage of the substrate surface and a curvature radius R of 0.5 m or more and a substrate thickness of 145 m or less. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a nitride semiconductor light emitting device wafer in which the wafer thickness is reduced by polishing at least the back surface of the substrate using chemical mechanical polishing. A nitride semiconductor light emitting device wafer characterized by having a thickness of 5 ⁇ m or less, and a mirror surface on the back surface of the nitride semiconductor light emitting device wafer.
- the nitride semiconductor wafer of the present invention is formed on a GaN substrate, a sapphire substrate,
- the ZrB substrate must have a tilt angle with respect to the C plane of more than 0 degrees and not more than 10 degrees
- the inclination angle with respect to the C plane is larger than 0 degree and 1 degree or less, or the inclination angle with respect to the C plane is 2 degrees or more and 10 degrees or less.
- the present invention further includes a mechanical polishing step of polishing the back surface of the substrate by a mechanical polishing method, and a chemical mechanical polishing step of subsequently polishing the substrate by a chemical mechanical polishing method, in a direction perpendicular to the substrate surface.
- the manufacture of a nitride semiconductor light emitting device wafer characterized in that the thickness d of the wafer and the radius of curvature of the warpage of the substrate surface are such that the radius of curvature R is 0.5 m or more and the substrate thickness is 145 m or less. Is the way.
- the present invention also includes a mechanical polishing step of polishing the back surface of the substrate by a mechanical polishing method, and a chemical mechanical polishing step of subsequently polishing the substrate using a chemical mechanical polishing method.
- the polishing pressure during chemical mechanical polishing be 0.05 kgZcm 2 —5 kgZcm 2 .
- At least one or more guns selected from the group consisting of 1 O and Mn O forces, KOH, NH O
- the polishing pad for chemical mechanical polishing is preferably one of suede, nonwoven fabric, artificial leather, and foamed structure.
- the polishing speed is preferably lnm Zmin—100nmZmin. Preferable! / ⁇ .
- polishing distortion layer removing step of removing the polishing distortion layer formed by the chemical mechanical polishing. It is preferable that the polishing strain layer removing step is wet etching, Ar ion milling, reactive ion etching, or dry etching. In the polishing strain removal step, it is preferable to remove a region of 1 ⁇ m or more from the polished surface.
- a step of forming a wax on the polishing holder is a step of forming an adhesive layer, and a step of forming a wax on the surface of the adhesive layer.
- the wax or the adhesive is formed adjacent to the outer periphery of the nitride semiconductor light emitting device wafer, and the width W of the wax or the adhesive formed adjacent to the outer periphery of the nitride semiconductor light emitting device wafer.
- the radius of curvature R1 of the warp before polishing the back surface of the nitride semiconductor light emitting device wafer which is preferably mm ⁇ W ⁇ 20 mm, and the radius of curvature R2 of the warp of the wafer in a state where the polishing holder is attached with wax, are obtained.
- Rl ⁇ R2! / are obtained.
- the wax or the adhesive is resistant to an alkaline solution (PH8-PH11),
- the point tm is preferably 70 ° C ⁇ tm ⁇ 200 ° C, and the thermal expansion coefficient K1 of the material of the polishing holder, which is preferably soluble in an organic solvent other than alcohol, is not suitable for nitride semiconductor light emitting devices. It is preferable that K1 ⁇ 6 X KO with respect to the thermal expansion coefficient KO of the substrate of the wafer!
- the nitride semiconductor light emitting device of the present invention is preferably obtained from the above nitride semiconductor light emitting device wafer.
- the effective thickness of the polishing strained layer is as large as 5 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m. Therefore, the curvature of a wafer with a thickness of 150 ⁇ m or less is reduced. The radius was less than 0.5 m. Conventionally, the wafer was broken due to large wafer warpage. As a result, the device yield is 22% or less for a thick substrate and 10% or less for a thin substrate of about 90 ⁇ m.
- the effective thickness of the polishing strain layer where polishing scratches are formed is as small as 2 m
- the radius of curvature of a wafer having a substrate thickness of 145 m or less was lm or more. Since the wafer warpage is small, the wafer does not break and there is no crack in the epi layer. As a result, high device yields of over 80% or over 98% were achieved.
- the ohmic connection between the substrate back surface and the metal layer cannot be obtained in the conventional mechanically polished substrate, but the substrate back surface is mirror-polished using chemical mechanical polishing. By doing so, ohmic connection can be established between the substrate and the metal layer, and an n-electrode can be formed on the back surface of the substrate.
- the thickness of the substrate is 145 ⁇ m or less, it can be divided along the cleavage when cutting the wafer into chips, and the thermal resistance does not increase.
- the conventional LD has a device life of about 100 hours at an optical output of 100 mW, but the present invention has obtained a device life of 1000 hours or more.
- the nitride semiconductor laser of the present invention showed about 10 times improvement in device yield and reliability as compared with the conventional semiconductor laser.
- a GaN substrate is 50 to 100 times more expensive than a GaAs substrate used for a red light emitting device of the same size. Very important. Practical nitride semiconductor light emitting device according to the present invention It is believed that the child can provide.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a conventional nitride semiconductor laser.
- FIG. 2 is a sectional view of a nitride semiconductor laser according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is an execution view of chemical mechanical polishing which is a method for manufacturing a nitride semiconductor light emitting device of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a sectional view of a nitride semiconductor light emitting device wafer of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the layer thickness dependence of the radius of curvature of the nitride semiconductor laser wafer of the example of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the dependence of the device yield of the nitride semiconductor laser of the embodiment of the present invention on the thickness of the LD wafer.
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing the dependence of the device life of a nitride semiconductor laser of an example of the present invention on the thickness of an LD wafer.
- FIG. 8 is a sectional view of a nitride semiconductor laser according to a tenth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a sectional view of a nitride semiconductor laser according to an eleventh embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a view showing a state in which the nitride semiconductor light emitting device wafer of the present invention is attached to a polishing holder.
- FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of FIG.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing the dependence of the radius of curvature R in the resonator direction on the resonator length L of the laser diode chip.
- FIG. 13 is an enlarged view of the horizontal axis of FIG. 12 in the range of 0 ⁇ L ⁇ 5.
- wafer for a nitride semiconductor light emitting device of the present invention
- the thickness of the polishing strain layer by chemical mechanical polishing of the back surface of the substrate is 5 ⁇ m. m.
- the magnitude of the warpage of the wafer whose thickness has been reduced by polishing is determined by the degree of lattice mismatch between the AlGaN cladding layer and the substrate, that is, the product of the thickness of the AlGaN cladding layer and the magnitude of the A1 composition, It is determined by the thickness of the polishing strain layer with respect to the thickness of the wafer.
- the larger the AlGaN cladding layer thickness and A1 composition the smaller the wafer thickness, and the larger the polishing strained layer, the greater the warpage of the wafer.
- the AlGaN lattice mismatch and the cleavage yield were further considered.
- the thickness of the wafer substrate within the range of 75 ⁇ m or more and 145 ⁇ m or less
- the curvature radius of the wafer and device warpage could be controlled to 0.5m ⁇ R ⁇ 20m. Since the wafer of the present invention has a small warpage and no polishing scratches, the internal stress is increased more than the bonding force of the wafer crystal, and the stress is not concentrated on the polishing scratches. As a result, the yield of the device has been improved by a factor of 5 to 20 compared to the conventional device.
- the radius of curvature R and the thickness of the substrate are in a proportional relationship, and the upper limit of the radius of curvature R does not need to be particularly set.
- the radius of curvature R is large, the substrate becomes thick and the problem of wafer yield does not occur.
- the thermal resistance is increased and the life is shortened.
- the life due to thermal resistance is related to the luminous output, and the thickness of the substrate at low output can be set to be larger than the thickness of the substrate at high output, the power of recent DVD (Digital Versatile Disk).
- the output is required to exceed 100 mw during recording, so that the thickness of the wafer is preferably 145 m or less. If the wafer thickness is 145 m or less, the yield will not decrease when semiconductor laser devices are manufactured from wafers.
- the lower limit of the thickness of the substrate is determined by the handleability of the wafer or the semiconductor laser chip obtained from the wafer. If the thickness of the wafer is 75 ⁇ m or more, the handleability does not deteriorate. . Further, if the radius of curvature is 0.5 m or more, the wafer is not cracked when the wafer is removed from the jig after the wafer is thinned by etching or polishing.
- FIG. 10 shows a state in which the wafer for nitride semiconductor light emitting device is attached to a polishing holder. Use a wax 952 to attach the wax to the polishing holder 951. Polishing is performed in a state where the back surface 104 of the element wafer is attached with the width W953 facing up.
- Figure 11 shows a cross-sectional view.
- the wafer for nitride semiconductor light emitting device is almost horizontally attached to the holder 951 with a wax thickness t955.
- the surface of the bonded wafer before polishing has a radius of curvature R956.
- the thickness t of the wax is defined by a value at the center of the wafer.
- the wax thickness t955 and the wax width W953, the radius of curvature R956 of the surface of the wafer in which the shells are inlaid, the properties of the attached wax 952, and the thermal expansion coefficient (material) of the polishing holder 101 are controlled. It has the following characteristics.
- a wax that is resistant to the alkaline solution of CMP and has a strong adhesive force is used as the wax.
- a wax soluble in an organic solvent such as methanol, ethanol, or isopropyl alcohol is used.
- one that is soluble in methyl ethyl ketone is used.
- Typical wax melting points are 80 ° C-160 ° C. The higher the melting point of the wax, the more preferable it is because it tends to be hard.
- the central portion of the wafer was pressed to remove bubbles between the wafer and the wax, and the wafer was embedded with melted wax and attached to the holder, and then the holder was placed in the guide ring. facing downward in a state stuck to cool over top force also vertically weighted lOOgZc m 2 or more and 500GZcm 2 below at a clean platform horizontal.
- the wafer is horizontally attached while reducing the warpage of the wafer.
- the wax covers the side surface around the wafer, and the wafer and the wax surface are aligned.
- the holder with the polished wafer is heated by a heater to melt the wax, extruded so as to shift the wafer, and the wafer is removed from the holder.
- the removed wafer is immersed in methyl ethyl ketone and ultrasonically cleaned to remove wax. After that, it is washed with alcohol, blown with nitrogen, and dried.
- the thickness of the wafer for attaching the element wafer to the polishing holder is about 2 ⁇ m, and is 5 ⁇ m or less. This is because the thinner the wax, the smaller the thickness unevenness in the wafer surface and the more uniform the wafer thickness.
- the layer thickness t of the wax or adhesive for attaching the element wafer to the polishing holder is 5 m ⁇ t ⁇ 50 m, preferably 8 m ⁇ t ⁇ 30 m, more preferably Is preferably 10 ⁇ ; ⁇ 20 / ⁇ ⁇ .
- the holder of the polished wafer is heated by a heater to melt the wax, extruded so as to shift the wafer, and the wafer is removed from the holder.
- the polished wafer is thin and easily broken by warping! , Get in the state! / If the diameter of the wafer is 15 mm or more, if the wax thickness t is 5 m or less, the wafer will crack when it is removed. With a wax thickness of 5 ⁇ m or more, the wax acts as a lubricant, which can prevent the wafer from being cracked during removal.
- the wax thickness t of the present invention has an advantage that the wafer can be stuck even when the wafer having a diameter of 50 mm before the polishing is warped and has a deflection of 5 m to 30 m at the center of the wafer.
- the wax or the adhesive is formed so as to be adjacent to the periphery of the side surface of the device wafer.
- the width W of the adjacently formed wax is 1 mm ⁇ W, preferably 2 mm ⁇ W ⁇ 20 mm, more preferably 3 mm ⁇ W ⁇ 8 mm.
- GaN is a strong material, it is susceptible to cracking due to chipping or polishing scratches when subjected to polishing.
- the periphery of the wafer is liable to be damaged by an impact which collides with an abrasive such as a diamond embedded in the polishing plate.
- the peripheral portion of the wafer can be protected by the hard wax, so that the chip is less likely to be damaged.
- the width W of the wax depends on the location, but at least lmm ⁇ W is required. If 20 mm ⁇ W, the wax accumulates on the polishing machine (see Fig. 3), or the polishing load is applied to the wax other than the wafer, and the polishing rate is significantly reduced. Considering the fluctuation of W, 2mm ⁇ W ⁇ 20mm is preferable, and 3mm ⁇ W ⁇ 8mm is more preferable.
- the curvature radius R1 of the warpage before polishing the back surface of the wafer and the curvature radius R2 of the warpage of the wafer in a state where the polishing holder is attached with wax are R1 ⁇ R2, preferably 1.5′R1 ⁇ R2, and more preferably. Is 3′R1 ⁇ R2, most preferably 6′R1 ⁇ R2.
- Table 1 shows the relationship between the amount of radius and the radius of curvature for a 50 mm diameter wafer.
- the typical value of the curvature radius R1 of the back surface of the wafer before polishing is 10 m.
- the radius of curvature is 20 / zm if the curvature radius R2 of the wafer warp after shell divination is 1.5'R1 or more, and if the wafer is attached horizontally, 100m thick wafer center Sometimes it is 120 / xm at the wafer edge. Since the cleavage yield is high within 120 / zm, the manufacturing method of the present invention is effective in improving the yield.
- the radius of curvature R2 of the warpage of the wafer after bonding is 3'R1 or more, the radius is 10 m, and the in-plane uniformity of the wafer is improved. If the radius of curvature R2 of the warpage of the wafer after shellfish divination is 6'R1 or more, the radius is 5 m, and even if the horizontality of the wafer is slightly reduced, a high yield can be obtained, which is the most preferable.
- the bonding wax or adhesive is resistant to alkaline solutions (PH8 PH11) such as chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) abrasives, and its melting point tm is 70 ° C ⁇ tm ⁇ 200 ° C.
- PH8 PH11 alkaline solutions
- CMP chemical mechanical polishing
- tm melting point
- the temperature is 100 and ⁇ ⁇ 1 ⁇ 170 ° C, more preferably 140 ° C ⁇ tm ⁇ 160 ° C, and it is preferable to use a solvent soluble in an organic solvent other than alcohol.
- the coefficient of thermal expansion K1 of the material of the polishing holder to which the device wafer is attached is K1 ⁇ 6 ⁇ 0, preferably ⁇ 1 ⁇ 3 ⁇ , more preferably ⁇ 1 ⁇ 2 ⁇ 0, with respect to the coefficient of thermal expansion KO of the wafer substrate.
- Table 2 shows the amount of holder shrinkage in a 50 mm size with respect to the material of the holder when a wax having a melting point of 100 ° C is used
- Table 3 shows the amount of shrinkage of the material of the holder when a wax having a melting point of 150 ° C is used. Shows the amount of holder shrinkage at 50 mm size.
- the aluminum holder shrinks by 99 ⁇ m and GaN shrinks by 12 m, so that the difference in shrinkage is 88 ⁇ m.
- Substrate crack due to compressive stress applied to wafer Can also be the cause.
- cracks are added to the thin wax of about 10 m thick, cracking will occur.
- the alkaline solution of the CMP erodes the electrode portion on the front surface of the wafer, thereby lowering the yield. The tendency increases as the melting point of the wax increases.
- an aluminum holder is not suitable because the difference in shrinkage between an aluminum holder and GaN is 145 ⁇ m.
- K1 ⁇ 6 ⁇ 0 when SiC is used as the holder material K1 ⁇ 6 ⁇ 0 when SiC is used as the holder material, ⁇ 1 ⁇ 3 ⁇ when alumina is used, and ⁇ 1 ⁇ 6 ⁇ 0 when stainless steel is used.
- the holder made of alumina is suitable in terms of workability and cost.
- the present invention in addition to the conventional mechanical polishing method for gradually reducing the particle diameter of diamond cannonball used for mechanical polishing, since there is a step of performing chemical mechanical polishing on the back surface of the wafer, The thickness of the polishing strained layer where polishing scratches are eliminated can be reduced to 2 m or less. As a result, even if the polishing strained layer is removed by etching, significant irregularities are not formed on the etched surface, and threading dislocations in the C-axis direction do not increase.
- the chemical mechanical polishing mainly, a chemical process in which a product formed by reacting with an alkaline aqueous solution on a polishing surface is formed, and the reaction product is removed by rubbing with fine particles such as SiO.
- the chemical mechanical polishing has a feature that the polishing rate is low, but distortion is hardly applied to the inside of the crystal.
- the mechanical polishing is a process in which abrasive grains such as diamond harder than the substrate are rubbed on the substrate to physically remove the polished surface.
- Mechanical polishing has a disadvantage that the polishing rate is high but polishing distortion is remarkable. On the other hand, in the wet etching, the distortion inside the crystal does not occur. The surface irregularities after mechanical polishing are easily increased remarkably.
- the chemical mechanical polishing preferentially sequentially processes and removes the convex portions of the fine irregularities.
- flatness was realized, and the surface with the largest distortion of the polishing strained layer formed by mechanical polishing was removed by chemical mechanical polishing and added to the substrate.
- the distortion recovers.
- the thickness of the polishing strain layer becomes thinner, and at the same time, the amount of strain becomes extremely small.
- the thickness of the strained layer of 5 to 20 ⁇ m can be reduced to 2 to 5 ⁇ m. If the thickness of the strained layer due to chemical mechanical polishing is 5 m or less, the force at which the wafer is not cracked by warpage is preferably 3 m or less, more preferably 2 m or less.
- the gunshot type for chemical mechanical polishing is SiO.
- the average particle size of the cannonball is preferably from 5 nm to 100 nm, more preferably from 5 nm to 50 nm.
- Processing fluid is KOH, NH OH
- O, 6 (? ⁇ 0) 2 Puru can be any of 1 ⁇ 10 or a combination of them
- the polishing pad may be any of suede, non-woven fabric, artificial leather, and foamed structure. If the pressure during chemical mechanical polishing is too low, the polishing rate will be too low. Therefore, a load on the substrate of 0.1 kg / cm to 5 kg / cm should be appropriate.
- the polishing rate is preferably 5 nmz min-lOOnmZ min force S, and more preferably 5 nmZmin-20 nmZmin.
- the back surface of the substrate can be etched to remove the strain due to the chemical mechanical polishing.
- etching wet etching, Ar ion milling, reactive ion etching or dry etching can be used.
- etching by Ar ion milling, reactive ion etching or dry etching is a force that causes etching damage to the substrate.
- the thickness is about 0.01 m, and the degree of distortion is lower than that of chemical mechanical polishing, so the influence on the substrate warpage is small.Etching without protecting the wafer surface like wet etching You can do it, and you have the merits.
- FIG. 12 shows the dependence of the radius of curvature R in the LD resonator direction on the resonator length L of a laser diode (hereinafter abbreviated as LD) chip with a substrate thickness of 108 ⁇ m using CMP.
- LD laser diode
- FIG. 13 shows an enlarged view of the horizontal axis of FIG. 12 in the range of 0 ⁇ L ⁇ 5.
- the radius of curvature of a 40 mm diameter wafer using CMP is determined by the influence of a wafer thickness, an epi thickness, a damaged layer thickness after mechanical polishing, a CMP time, a dislocation density of a substrate, and the like. 5 m or more.
- the radius of curvature R of an LD chip obtained from an LD wafer is 0.05 m or more.
- FIG. 2 shows a cross-sectional view of the nitride semiconductor laser according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- the nitride semiconductor laser according to the present embodiment includes an n-electrode 201, a GaN substrate polishing strain layer 202
- GaN cladding layer 205 InGaN (2.5 nm) ZGaN (10 nm) three-layer quantum well
- Active layer 206 8 nm thick p-AlGaN current overflow prevention layer 207, 100 ⁇
- the aN contact layer 210, the 300 nm thick SiO current confinement mask 211, the p-electrode 212, and the force are also used.
- the edge width is 1.8 ⁇ m—2.3 ⁇ m.
- the p-dopant may use Mg (magnesium), and the n-dopant may use force 0 (oxygen) using Si (silicon).
- Atomic concentration of Mg is P- GaN contact layer 210 1 X 10 2 ° cm- 3 to, for others are all the atomic concentration of 2 X 1019cm- 3, Si 2 X 10 18 cm- 3.
- the crystal was grown by MOVPE.
- the growth temperature is 600 ° C. for the n—GaN buffer layer 204, 1050 ° C. for the n-cladding layer 205 and the p-cladding layer 209, and 800 ° C. for the active layer 6.
- Ammonia was used as the N source, and nitrogen was used as the carrier gas for the active layer, and hydrogen was used for the rest.
- a ridge-type p-cladding layer 209 is formed by dry etching.
- a 300 nm thick SiO current confinement mask 210 is formed, and the p-cladding is performed by selective growth.
- the doped layer 209 can also be formed by growth.
- a superlattice cladding layer composed of multiple periods of / p-GaN (2.5 nm) may be used.
- the average A1 composition should be the same for the same layer thickness.
- the n-AlGaN layer with dn (m) thickness and dpm) thickness In the LD formed on the GaN substrate, the n-AlGaN layer with dn (m) thickness and dpm) thickness
- a lattice mismatch dLMi of 0.08 ⁇ dLM ⁇ 0.35 force is required, 0.09 ⁇ dLM ⁇ 0.20 force is required, and 0.10 ⁇ dLM ⁇ 0.15 is more preferred.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the nitride semiconductor light emitting device wafer of the present invention.
- an AlGaN-based LD epi layer 404 and a P electrode 405 are formed on the surface of a GaN substrate 403, and a polishing damage layer 402 is formed on the back surface of the GaN substrate 403.
- An N electrode 401 is formed on the layer 402. The radius of curvature is defined as shown in Fig. 4 using the front surface of the LD wafer and the LD element, the back surface of the LD device, and the inclination of the C axis of the crystal.
- Wafer warpage 1ZR 406 is represented by the radius of curvature R 407 of the portion of the wafer having the largest warpage. In other words, the curvature radius R 407 force, the smaller the warpage.
- the local definition is because the wafer warpage is not always a perfect spherical surface over the entire surface of the wafer. Usually, the warpage of the central portion of the wafer is large, so the warpage of the substrate surface, which is not the electrode surface, is measured at the central portion.
- the radius of the wafer is ⁇ 409 and the wafer size is L
- the amount of radius ⁇ 409 is the distance from the horizontal plane to the edge of the wafer when the wafer is placed on a horizontal plane with the convex downward as shown in FIG.
- An LD structure was grown by MOVPE on a ⁇ -type GaN substrate with a thickness of 300 ⁇ m—450 ⁇ m. A wafer was obtained. Further, a ridge structure was formed on the p-side of the LD wafer, and a p-electrode was formed. Up to here, it is the same as the conventional manufacturing method.
- the thickness of the wafer is reduced to a desired thickness by polishing the back surface of the wafer.
- the p-electrode side of the LD wafer was attached to a polishing jig using alkali-resistant wax.
- the wafer was pressed against a diamond baked polishing plate having a gun particle size of 60 ⁇ m with a load of 300 gZcm 2 and held, and was mechanically polished by rotating the polishing plate at a speed of 30 rotations Z minutes.
- the polishing rate was 10 mZ
- the wafer thickness was mechanically polished from 450 m to 140 m.
- mechanical polishing was performed to a thickness of 114 m using diamond slurries of 6 m diameter and 2 m diameter, a copper plate and a tin plate, and then chemical mechanical polishing was performed as a finish.
- FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of chemical mechanical polishing.
- the polishing machine with a rim 301, polishing nod, 302, Ueno, 306, also power.
- the colloidal silica solution 303 is filled in the edged polishing plate 301 on which the polishing pad 302 is affixed, and the LD wafer 306 is immersed therein and pressed with a load of 300 gZcm 2 , while rotating the edged polishing plate 301 for 20 rotations Z minutes. And then rotated.
- the polishing rate at that time was 2 mZ hours.
- a colloidal silica solution obtained by dispersing SiO cannon particles having an average particle diameter of about 20 nm in an alkaline solution is used.
- polishing pad 302 a polyethylene foam structure called a surf was used. By chemical mechanical polishing for about one hour, almost no polishing scratches were observed even when observed in detail with an optical microscope, and a mirror surface was obtained. A polishing jig was placed on the heater, the wax was melted, and the wafer was removed from the polishing jig 304. Wafer cracking occurred. When the thickness of the wafer was measured after organic cleaning, the layer thickness of the wafer was 112 ⁇ m, and the uniformity was 1 ⁇ m at a diameter of 40 mm. The radius of curvature of the warpage determined from the radius of the board was as small as 5 m.
- the substrate side surface of the wafer is polished by chemical mechanical polishing, and then Ar ion milling is performed at a high frequency power of 400W for 1 hour.
- the polishing strained layer having a depth of 2 m was removed.
- phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid-based jet etching and chlorine-based plasma are used for dry processing. It can also be performed using etching or reactive ion etching.
- the conditions for chlorine dry etching are, for example, one hour at a high frequency power of 400 W at a pressure of 1. OPa and a pressure of 20 cc Zmin for chlorine.
- an n-electrode is formed on the back surface of the wafer, and heat treatment is performed at 500 ° C for 15 minutes. Then, the wafer is cut with a diamond cutter so that the cavity length becomes 650 m. After the edge was scribed lmm long, the wafer was cleaved by pressing the edge along the scribe line. When the cleavage plane was observed with a scanning electron microscope, a perfect mirror surface was obtained for most of the devices. LD bars were split horizontally to obtain LD elements. By using the chemical mechanical polishing which is the manufacturing method of the present invention, a device yield of 98% was obtained.
- the types of munitions used in chemical mechanical polishing are not limited to SiO.
- the average particle size of the cannonball is from 5 nm to 100 ⁇ m, or more preferably from 5 nm to 50 nm.
- Processing fluid is KOH, NH OH
- the polishing pad may be any of suede, non-woven fabric, artificial leather, and foamed structure. Since the pressure at the time of chemical mechanical polishing, too low, the polishing rate is small, 0. lkg / cm 2 -5kg / cm 2 » appropriate and Mel. Polishing rate is 5nmz min-1OOnmz min) is preferable, and 5nm / min-20nmZmin is more preferable! / ⁇ .
- An AR-HR coating was applied to the obtained device.
- the threshold voltage of the device was 45 mA
- the slope efficiency was 1.2 W / A
- the operating current at 5 mW was about 50 mA
- the operating current at 100 mW was about 130 mA.
- the life test was performed with 20 pieces under the operating conditions of 50 ° C, 5mW or 60 ° C, 100mW.
- the fault (disqualification) judgment standard was defined as the point at which the operating current increased by 20%.
- Non-Patent Document 1 Mean Time To Failure
- the average life expectancy of more than 700 hours was obtained even at a high output of 60 ° C and 100 mW, which was accelerated about 8.6 times under the conditions of 50 ° C and 5 mW.
- the substrate thickness d of the wafer and the radius of curvature R of the wafer are each 75 m ⁇ d ⁇ 145.
- LD devices obtained from LD wafers and LD devices satisfying the conditions of m and 0.5m ⁇ R ⁇ 20m, or LD wafers satisfying the above conditions can be obtained.
- the effective strain amount of the polished strained layer 202 of the LD obtained by the manufacturing method of the present invention is about 0.165%, and the effective layer thickness at that time is as extremely small as 2 ⁇ m-5 ⁇ m or less. For this reason, it is possible to obtain an LD wafer and an LD element having a curvature radius of curvature of lm or more, or an LD element obtained from an LD wafer that satisfies the above conditions.
- the warp of the present invention is a warp having a radius of curvature of lm or more, and can be confirmed with a normal wafer size or element size.
- the wafer size is lcm
- the radius of a wafer having a radius of curvature lm is 12.5 m. This is a value that can be sufficiently measured with a normal film thickness meter.
- the radius of the element having a radius of curvature lm is 52.8 nm. This is a value that can be measured by observing the cross-sectional shape with a scanning electron microscope.
- a blue LD element is placed adjacent to a flat GaAs substrate and put into a scanning electron microscope apparatus to measure the amount of radius, and the warpage of the obtained radial force element can be obtained.
- reflection of a laser beam may be used.
- the element can be cooled and the optical measurement force can be used to measure the amount of crystal distortion to determine the warpage.
- the warpage of the device or the wafer can be obtained from the inclination of the crystal axis.
- the device is on a GaN substrate, cool it down to 5K, Using the linear relationship of the C-axis lattice constant, the exciton energy changing force can be used to obtain the residual strain of GaN. Thereby, the thickness of the polishing strain layer can be estimated.
- the force is all based on the thickness of the wafer.
- the thickness of the wafer is also obtained by subtracting the thickness of the epitaxially grown layer grown on the substrate. be able to.
- the type and plane orientation of the nitride semiconductor substrate are not particularly limited.
- the substrate material is not limited to a GaN substrate, but may be an AlGaN substrate, an InN substrate, a GalnN substrate, an AlInN substrate, or an AlGalnN substrate.
- the type of substrate and the plane orientation are not particularly limited as long as at least one nitride semiconductor layer is present in the epi layer.
- the substrate material may be Al O substrate, ZrB substrate, SiC substrate, or Si substrate.
- a nitride semiconductor device using a ZrB substrate is characterized by excellent reliability.
- the nitride semiconductor element used has excellent heat dissipation characteristics, and the nitride semiconductor element using a Si substrate has the characteristic of excellent low cost properties, and can be used properly according to the purpose.
- Table 4 shows the yield and average life for the substrate thickness and curvature R of the nitride semiconductor laser wafer according to the nine embodiments of the present invention.
- the fourth example has already been described in detail in the first embodiment.
- the respective layer thicknesses and the radii of curvature are different from each other.
- the other structures are all the same as those in the first embodiment.
- Table 4 shows the yield and the average life with respect to the substrate thickness and curvature R of the nitride semiconductor laser wafer according to the example of the present invention.
- the first embodiment is a nitride semiconductor laser device having a wafer substrate thickness of 136 ⁇ and a radius of curvature of 8.3 m.
- the device yield was 81% and the average lifetime of the device was 700 hours.
- the second embodiment is a nitride semiconductor laser device having a wafer substrate thickness of 128 ⁇ m and a radius of curvature of 7. Om.
- the device yield was 89% and the average lifetime of the device was 1030 hours.
- a nitride semiconductor laser having a wafer substrate thickness of 119 ⁇ and a curvature radius of 6.2 m was used.
- the device yield was 94% and the average lifetime of the device was 1100 hours.
- the fourth embodiment is a nitride semiconductor laser device having a wafer substrate thickness of 112 m and a radius of curvature of 5. Om.
- the device yield was 98% and the average lifetime of the device was 1160 hours.
- the fifth embodiment is a nitride semiconductor laser device having a wafer substrate thickness of 108 ⁇ m and a radius of curvature of 4.3 m.
- the device yield was 99% and the average lifetime of the device was 1150 hours.
- the sixth embodiment is a nitride semiconductor laser device having a wafer substrate thickness of 105 ⁇ m and a radius of curvature of 3.8 m.
- the device yield was 98.5% and the average lifetime of the device was 1200 hours.
- the seventh example is a nitride semiconductor laser device having a wafer substrate thickness of 94 m and a radius of curvature of 2.9 m.
- the device yield was 98% and the average lifetime of the device was 1150 hours.
- the eighth embodiment is a nitride semiconductor laser device having a wafer substrate thickness of 83 / ⁇ and a curvature radius of 1.5 m.
- the device yield was 89% and the average lifetime of the device was 1050 hours.
- the ninth embodiment is a nitride semiconductor laser device having a wafer substrate thickness of 75 m and a radius of curvature of 1. Om.
- the device yield was 80% and the average lifetime of the device was 800 hours.
- FIG. 5 shows the dependence of the radius of curvature of the nitride semiconductor laser wafer of the embodiment of the present invention on the substrate thickness.
- the diamond marks in FIG. 5 indicate the values of the LD wafer using the chemical mechanical polishing according to the embodiment of the present invention, and the white circles indicate the values by the LD of the conventional manufacturing method not using the chemical mechanical polishing.
- the curvature radius of the LD tended to increase with the substrate thickness of the wafer.
- mirror surface refers to a state in which chemical mechanical polishing has been performed using an optical microscope until polishing scratches are not observed.
- the state is almost the same as the state in which oblique light is applied to the surface and no damage is observed on the substrate surface with the naked eye. The case where no scratch is observed with the naked eye while the surface is irradiated with oblique light may be used.
- the radius of curvature of a wafer having a thickness of 150 m or less is 0.5 ⁇ m or less, and the warpage is large.
- the radius of curvature of the LD wafer according to the embodiment of the present invention is lm or more, and the warpage is clearly smaller than that of the LD manufactured by the conventional method.
- the effective thickness of the polished strained layer is as large as 5 m-2 O / zm. Therefore, when the substrate thickness d of the wafer is 70 m ⁇ d ⁇ 145 m, the radius of curvature is Is 0. The yield was reduced to 22% or less, which was less than 5m, and the wafer cracking due to warpage was significant. On the other hand, with the wafer having a small warp of the present invention, a remarkably high device yield of 80% or more was obtained.
- FIG. 5 shows the calculated value of the radius of curvature with respect to the LD wafer layer thickness in the case where there is no polishing distortion by a dashed-dotted line 503.
- the dashed line 503 indicates a strain of 0.05% and an AlGaN layer with a layer thickness of 1.8 m. This shows warpage due to the mismatch layer. As the wafer becomes thinner, warpage increases due to the AlGaN layer.
- a wafer substrate thickness of 70 m or more is required. Since the cleavage yield decreases when the wafer substrate thickness exceeds 145 m, the wafer substrate thickness d is limited to 70 ⁇ m ⁇ d ⁇ 145 ⁇ m in the present invention.
- the solid line 504 in Fig. 5 is a calculated value of the radius of curvature with respect to the LD layer thickness when the polished strained layer having a strain of 0.165% has a thickness of 2 m.
- a broken line 505 indicates a calculated value of a radius of curvature with respect to the LD wafer layer thickness when the polishing strain layer has a layer thickness of 3 m
- a dotted line 506 indicates a calculated value when the layer has a layer thickness of 4 m.
- the calculated distortion value of the polished strained layer was approximately 0.165%, which is almost the same as that of the example.
- the polishing strain layer thickness of the LD of the example having a small radius of curvature of 3 m or more and a small warp is 2 ⁇ m to 3 ⁇ m.
- the layer thickness must be determined in consideration of this.
- the polishing strained layer of about 2 m is removed by dry etching or wet etching, an LD with even smaller warpage can be obtained.
- FIG. 6 shows the dependence of the device yield of the nitride semiconductor laser of the example of the present invention on the substrate thickness of the LD wafer.
- Conventional LDs have a device yield of 10% or less or 20% or less, whereas the present invention has achieved a device yield of 80% or more or 98% or more.
- FIG. 7 shows the dependence of the device life of the nitride semiconductor laser of the example of the present invention on the thickness of the LD wafer.
- a conventional LD had a device life of about 100 hours at 100 mW. In the present invention, a device life of 1000 hours or more was obtained.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the correlation between the thickness d in the direction perpendicular to the substrate surface and the radius of curvature R of the warpage of the substrate surface.
- the first range 507 i.e., when the substrate thickness d in the direction perpendicular to the substrate surface and the curvature radius R of the substrate surface warp are 70 111 ⁇ (1 ⁇ 145 111 00.5m ⁇ R ⁇ 20m, 80 A device life of more than 700 hours was obtained with a device yield of more than 700% and a device yield of more than 700% for the second range 508, ie, 80 ⁇ m ⁇ d ⁇ 135 ⁇ m and lm ⁇ R ⁇ 15 m.
- An average lifetime of more than 1000 hours was obtained with a yield and lOOmW.
- the third range 509 ie, 90 ⁇ m ⁇ d ⁇ 125 ⁇ m and 2m ⁇ R ⁇ 9m, a device yield of more than 94% and 100mW
- the fourth range 510 ie, 100 / ⁇ ⁇ (1 ⁇ 115 ⁇ m and 3m ⁇ R ⁇ 8m, 1150 hours at a device yield of 98% or more and lOOmW The above average life was obtained.
- FIG. 8 is a sectional view of a nitride semiconductor laser according to a tenth embodiment of the present invention.
- the nitride semiconductor laser according to the present embodiment is formed on a sapphire substrate, and has a structure in which a polishing strain layer 800 of a 2 ⁇ m thick sapphire substrate, a sapphire substrate 801 having a thickness of 80 ⁇ m, and a 5 m thick N—GaN layer 812, thick n—GaN layer 802, 1. thick n—Al Ga N
- Lad layer 803 active layer of three quantum wells of In GaN (2.5 nm) ZGaN (10 nm) 8
- the ridge width is 2.3 ⁇ m.
- Mg magnesium
- Si silicon
- Atomic concentration of Mg is p-GaN contact layer 210 1 X 10 2 ° cm one 3 in, the otherwise atomic concentration of 2 X 10 19 cm- 3, Si are all 2 X 10 18 cm- 3. Crystal growth was performed by MOVPE method as in the previous example.
- the ⁇ -GaN layer 802 having a thickness of 2 ⁇ m for the n-electrode is removed by dry etching, the surface of the n-GaN layer 812 is exposed, and the n-electrode is Form 811
- the head layer 807 is formed. Dry etching masks such as ZrO in addition to SiO
- a p-electrode 810 was formed.
- the sapphire substrate 801 was ground and polished.
- the feature of this embodiment is that the sapphire substrate 801 of the device has a thickness of 80 m and the curvature radius of curvature of the original wafer is L5 m.
- the feature of the manufacturing method is that chemical mechanical polishing is used after the conventional polishing step using diamond abrasive grains on the back surface of the sapphire substrate 801. As a result, a small curvature radius of 1.5 m was obtained. It is considered that the thickness of the polishing strained layer 800 at this time was also within 2 m on the sapphire substrate.
- the manufacturing process of the example of the present invention will be described in detail.
- the initial thickness of the sapphire substrate (C-plane) was 350 m, and the device wafer was reduced to 110 m by back grinding. Thereafter, the diamond slurries having a particle size of 6 m and 2 m were used in this order, and polished to 82 mi on a tin polisher, and further polished to a thickness of 80 m using chemical mechanical polishing. Grinding was performed using a diamond grinder with a particle size of 60 m at 1500 rotations at an average speed of 0.4 / z mZ seconds.
- the mechanical polishing was performed using colloidal silica having a particle size of 30 nm at a pressure of 700 gZcm 2 at a speed of 50 rotations Z for 1 hour.
- the warpage of the obtained wafer was 1.5 m, and the warpage was reduced as compared with the conventional one.
- the wafer was diced with diamond to obtain a nitride semiconductor light emitting device having a width of 300 m and a length of 600 m in the stripe direction.
- a multilayer film of Ti02 and SiO was attached to the end face of the device to control the reflectance, and spontaneous emission light was extracted from one end face.
- the end face of the active layer portion was not a perfect cleavage plane, a spontaneous emission light with a strong power of 5 mW and no oscillation was obtained. Since this device can perform high-speed modulation operation at a high frequency of 10 GHz, it can be used for indoor wideband wireless optical communication. Alternatively, the embodiment of the present invention can be used as a low-voltage, long-life white light source by combining with a phosphor.
- FIG. 9 shows a sectional view of a nitride semiconductor laser according to an eleventh embodiment of the present invention.
- the nitride semiconductor laser of the present example was tilted 4 degrees in the [11 20] direction, which is the C-plane force cleavage direction. It was formed on a zirconium boride (ZrB) substrate.
- ZrB zirconium boride
- An eleventh embodiment of the present invention relates to a ZrB group.
- Sublayer 904 1. Thick n—AlGaN cladding layer 905, In GaN (2.5 nm) /
- GaN (10nm) three-period force active layer with three quantum wells 906, 8nm thick p—Al G
- N current overflow prevention layer 907 100 nm thick p-GaN layer 908, 0.6 m thick
- the wafer of this embodiment has a wafer thickness of 110
- the radius of curvature of the warpage of the wafer is 3.5 m.
- the C-plane force is also the cleavage direction.
- MOVPE Use of MOVPE to grow the GaN growth surface into a Ga surface over a wide range is preferable if MOVPE is used.
- the steepness of the quantum well interface can be obtained at 0 ° to 1 ° or less. .
- the temperature is changed from 2 degrees to 10 degrees, for example, when magnesium (Mg) is diffused by hydrogen passivation, Mg easily enters crystal sites, and p-type impurities are easily activated.
- a ridge for an optical waveguide was formed on the obtained epi wafer, a p-electrode was attached, and the back surface of the wafer was polished.
- Chemical mechanical polishing was performed to finish the backside polishing.
- the chemical mechanical polishing was performed using colloidal silica at a pressure of 500 g / cm 2 and a rotation speed of 30 rotations Z for 1 hour on surfing.
- the laser cavity surface was formed by cleavage, and the devices were separated to obtain a laser device.
- the dislocation density of the LD crystal grown on the ZrB substrate is 5 X 106 cm—
- ZrB (zirconium boride) single crystal is prepared by a floating zone melting method (FZ method, float
- the ZrB substrate has excellent characteristics as a substrate of a nitride semiconductor light emitting device with a large light output.
- the ZrB substrate is hexagonal like GaN, and has a lattice constant difference of 0.6% from GaN. Due to the feature of matching elements and the feature of thermal expansion with a 5% difference in thermal expansion coefficient, GaN crystals of much higher quality can be grown than GaN on sapphire substrates.
- ZrB substrate is metal C
- ZrB substrate has almost the same high thermal conductivity as metal Mo
- ZrB substrate is hard and brittle like GaN. Therefore, polishing distortion is formed deeply
- the wafer warpage increased, cracks occurred when the wafer was removed from the polishing jig, and the yield was significantly reduced.
- the chemical mechanical polishing of the present invention even when the wafer thickness was 110 m, the curvature radius of the warpage of the wafer was as small as 3.5 m, and good cleavage could be performed without breaking the wafer.
- the GaN-based semiconductor formed on the ZrB substrate
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JP2007184352A (ja) * | 2006-01-05 | 2007-07-19 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 窒化物系化合物半導体素子用ウェハーの製造方法及び窒化物系化合物半導体素子用ウェハー |
JP2010046744A (ja) * | 2008-08-21 | 2010-03-04 | Disco Abrasive Syst Ltd | サファイアウエーハの研削方法 |
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