WO2005081269A1 - 透明導電膜を形成する方法と装置 - Google Patents
透明導電膜を形成する方法と装置 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2005081269A1 WO2005081269A1 PCT/JP2005/002131 JP2005002131W WO2005081269A1 WO 2005081269 A1 WO2005081269 A1 WO 2005081269A1 JP 2005002131 W JP2005002131 W JP 2005002131W WO 2005081269 A1 WO2005081269 A1 WO 2005081269A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- film forming
- gas
- film
- vapor
- transparent conductive
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 32
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 137
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 136
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims description 65
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical group [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 56
- 239000012495 reaction gas Substances 0.000 claims description 41
- 125000002524 organometallic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000006200 vaporizer Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000012159 carrier gas Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrous Oxide Chemical compound [O-][N+]#N GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphur dioxide Chemical compound O=S=O RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001272 nitrous oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- MGWGWNFMUOTEHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-amine Chemical compound CC1=CC(C)=CC(C=2N=C(N)SC=2)=C1 MGWGWNFMUOTEHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- UBAZGMLMVVQSCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon dioxide;molecular oxygen Chemical compound O=O.O=C=O UBAZGMLMVVQSCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen dioxide Inorganic materials O=[N]=O JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- -1 alkyl zinc Chemical compound 0.000 claims 1
- 150000003462 sulfoxides Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 20
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract description 20
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 332
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 121
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 41
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 31
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 29
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 26
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 20
- 239000011344 liquid material Substances 0.000 description 20
- 229910021417 amorphous silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 19
- 238000002230 thermal chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 16
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 14
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 12
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 11
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 9
- 229910021424 microcrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 229910021420 polycrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910021419 crystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 4
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000031700 light absorption Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 3
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002912 waste gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000676 Si alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WTEOIRVLGSZEPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N boron trifluoride Chemical compound FB(F)F WTEOIRVLGSZEPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ZWWCURLKEXEFQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N dinitrogen pentaoxide Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)O[N+]([O-])=O ZWWCURLKEXEFQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005268 plasma chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003566 sealing material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001771 vacuum deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910015900 BF3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004809 Teflon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000149 argon plasma sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HVMJUDPAXRRVQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper indium Chemical compound [Cu].[In] HVMJUDPAXRRVQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UIPVMGDJUWUZEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper;selanylideneindium Chemical compound [Cu].[In]=[Se] UIPVMGDJUWUZEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AXAZMDOAUQTMOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylzinc Chemical compound C[Zn]C AXAZMDOAUQTMOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- QNWMNMIVDYETIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N gallium(ii) selenide Chemical compound [Se]=[Ga] QNWMNMIVDYETIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013507 mapping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002488 metal-organic chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013081 microcrystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021421 monocrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052756 noble gas Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002835 noble gases Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001579 optical reflectometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000059 patterning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002985 plastic film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006255 plastic film Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002310 reflectometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002379 silicone rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000020 sulfo group Chemical group O=S(=O)([*])O[H] 0.000 description 1
- PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellurium atom Chemical compound [Te] PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JLTRXTDYQLMHGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylaluminium Chemical compound C[Al](C)C JLTRXTDYQLMHGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WXRGABKACDFXMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylborane Chemical compound CB(C)C WXRGABKACDFXMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/44—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating
- C23C16/455—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating characterised by the method used for introducing gases into reaction chamber or for modifying gas flows in reaction chamber
- C23C16/45512—Premixing before introduction in the reaction chamber
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/22—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the deposition of inorganic material, other than metallic material
- C23C16/30—Deposition of compounds, mixtures or solid solutions, e.g. borides, carbides, nitrides
- C23C16/40—Oxides
- C23C16/407—Oxides of zinc, germanium, cadmium, indium, tin, thallium or bismuth
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/18—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof
- H01L31/1884—Manufacture of transparent electrodes, e.g. TCO, ITO
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for forming a relatively large-area transparent conductive film.
- a transparent conductive film can be preferably used, for example, in a thin-film photoelectric conversion device or a liquid crystal display device.
- the terms “crystalline” and “microcrystal” with respect to a semiconductor thin film are also used when a part of the semiconductor thin film includes an amorphous state, as generally used in the art. .
- photoelectric conversion devices using thin films containing crystalline silicon such as polycrystalline silicon and microcrystalline silicon have been vigorously developed!
- the development of these photoelectric conversion devices aims at achieving both low cost and high performance by forming a high-quality crystalline silicon thin film on an inexpensive substrate by a relatively low-temperature process.
- Such photoelectric conversion devices are expected to be applied to various uses such as solar cells and optical sensors.
- a transparent conductive film for part of the device.
- a surface electrode made of a transparent conductive film, a photoelectric conversion unit including a one-conductivity-type layer, a crystalline silicon-based photoelectric conversion layer, and a reverse-conductivity-type layer on a substrate, and a light-reflective metal layer There is known a structure having a structure in which a back electrode including a is sequentially formed.
- a surface irregularity (surface texture) structure is provided on the surface electrode on the light incident side to scatter the light into the photoelectric conversion unit, and the light is scattered by the back metal electrode.
- a device has been devised to further diffuse the reflected light.
- a transparent conductive film is inserted between a semiconductor layer and a back electrode in order to confine light in a photoelectric conversion device for effective use.
- a transparent conductive film is included as an intermediate layer in a tandem-type photoelectric conversion device having a stacked structure including a plurality of pn or pin junctions.
- Oxidation tin film with surface uneven structure for example, U-type SnO film manufactured by Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.
- High-pressure thermal CVD (chemical vapor deposition), vacuum deposition, sputtering, low-pressure thermal CVD, and the like have been used as methods for forming a transparent conductive film, particularly a zinc oxide film, using a relatively small-scale film forming apparatus. It is possible.
- high-pressure thermal CVD requires a high deposition temperature, so that inexpensive substrates such as glass and plastic films with low heat resistance cannot be used.
- a transparent conductive film is formed on an underlayer consisting of a semiconductor film, the This causes defects and diffusion of impurities in the film, which adversely affects the characteristics of the device including the semiconductor film.
- a transparent conductive film can be deposited at a relatively low temperature, but it is difficult to form a large area film and the film formation speed is slow.
- the ability to deposit a transparent conductive film at a relatively low temperature even by sputtering A high voltage of several hundred volts to several kV is used to form a film by releasing ions and radicals from the target surface. The energy collides with the underlying surface, causing defects or damage to the underlying substrate or semiconductor film, adversely affecting the characteristics of a device including such an underlying.
- a low-pressure thermal CVD method also called an MOCVD (organic metal CVD) method
- MOCVD organic metal CVD
- a zinc oxide film deposition apparatus by a typical low-pressure thermal CVD method disclosed in Non-Patent Document 1 by Wilson W. Wenas et al. Is shown as a prior example.
- the inside of the vacuum chamber 4 is a film forming chamber 3 in which the substrate 1 is installed.
- Getyl zinc (DEZ) vapor as an organometallic vapor containing zinc is supplied into the film formation chamber 3 through the DEZ supply pipe 7 in a state mixed with Ar carrier gas.
- water (H 2 O) vapor which is an oxidant vapor, is mixed with Ar carrier gas to form H 2 O
- the reason that the organometallic vapor and the oxidant vapor are introduced into the film forming chamber 3 through the respective gas introduction pipes 7 and 8 is that the organometallic vapor and the oxidant vapor are the same. If transported by the gas introduction pipe, a reaction occurs in the gas introduction pipe before reaching the film formation chamber, and the gas introduction pipe is blocked by the reaction deposit within a short time. [0008] In the film forming chamber 3, for example, the glass substrate 1 is heated by the heater 2 to perform low-pressure thermal CVD, and a zinc oxide film is deposited on the surface of the glass substrate 1 as a transparent conductive film.
- the substrate temperature during deposition is set in the range of 100 ° C-300 ° C, and the pressure is set in the range of 1 to 25 torr (133Pa to 3325Pa).
- the waste gas after the reaction in the film forming chamber 3 is exhausted through the exhaust port 5 and the exhaust pipe 6.
- an underlayer temperature at the time of deposition of the transparent conductive film is relatively low, so that an inexpensive underlayer such as glass can be used.
- ions are not generated in principle as in the case of sputtering, damages due to ions are not caused on the base or semiconductor film as a base.
- Non-patent literature 1 Wilson. W. Wenas, Akira Yamada, Makoto Konagai and Kiyoshi Takahashi; l extured ZnO Thin Films for Solar Cells Grown by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition ", Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 30, No. .3B, March 1991, PP.L441-L443.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus for forming a large-area and uniform transparent conductive film in low-pressure thermal CVD using organometallic vapor and oxidant vapor. And Another object is to provide a device including the large-area transparent conductive film, such as a large-area photoelectric conversion device or a liquid crystal display device.
- the film forming apparatus is capable of forming a film on a base having an area of 220 cm 2 or more by CVD.
- a film forming chamber for depositing a bright conductive film, a first gas pipe for transporting a first gas containing organometallic vapor, and a second gas pipe for transporting a second gas containing oxidant vapor.
- a gas mixing space for mixing the first and second gases by connecting the first and second gas pipes, and the mixed gas and the mixed reaction gas into the film forming chamber. It includes a gas introduction device to be introduced, and an exhaust device for discharging exhaust gas from the film formation chamber.
- the organic metal vapor getyl which is heated to about 80 ° C. in a pipe having an outer diameter of 1/4 inch (inner diameter of about 4.4 mm), is applied.
- the reaction between the organometallic vapor and the oxidant vapor starts in the piping, and a transparent conductive film or powder accumulates in the piping, which closes the piping in a short time. Resulting in.
- the piping is blocked within the time required to deposit a zinc oxide film having a thickness of about 1 ⁇ m on a glass substrate, and subsequent film formation becomes impossible.
- the inventor of the present invention examines the reaction conditions of the organometallic vapor and the oxidant vapor in detail, so that even if the organometallic vapor and the oxidant vapor are mixed, the time until the pipe is closed is industrially acceptable. We found conditions that could fit in the range. Specifically, by controlling the temperature of the space where the organometallic vapor and the oxidant vapor are mixed and the temperature of the wall surface of the path through which the reaction gas is introduced into the film formation chamber to an appropriate range, the piping can be blocked. Can be suppressed.
- a large-area and uniform transparent conductive film in low-pressure thermal CVD using an organometallic vapor and an oxidant vapor.
- a large-area device including a large-area transparent conductive film, in particular, a large-area photoelectric conversion device can be manufactured and its characteristics can be improved.
- FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram showing an example of a conventional film forming apparatus for forming a transparent conductive film.
- FIG. 2 is a thickness distribution diagram of a transparent conductive film formed by the film forming apparatus of FIG. 1.
- FIG. 3 is a conceptual diagram showing another example of a conventional film forming apparatus for forming a transparent conductive film.
- FIG. 4 is a thickness distribution diagram of a transparent conductive film formed by the film forming apparatus of FIG. 3.
- FIG. 5 is a conceptual diagram of a film forming apparatus according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a thickness distribution diagram of a transparent conductive film formed by the film forming apparatus of FIG. 5.
- FIG. 7 is a conceptual diagram of a film forming apparatus according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is a thickness distribution diagram of a transparent conductive film formed by the film forming apparatus of FIG. 7.
- FIG. 9A is a conceptual longitudinal sectional view of a film forming apparatus according to still another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9B is a conceptual plan view showing the arrangement of exhaust ports in the film forming apparatus of FIG. 9A.
- FIG. 10 is a thickness distribution diagram of a transparent conductive film formed by the film forming apparatus of FIG. 9A.
- FIG. 11A is a conceptual longitudinal sectional view of a film forming apparatus according to still another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 11B is a conceptual plan view showing the arrangement of exhaust ports in the film forming apparatus of FIG. 11A.
- FIG. 12 is a thickness distribution diagram of a transparent conductive film formed by the film forming apparatus of FIG. 11A.
- FIG. 13A is a conceptual longitudinal sectional view of a film forming apparatus according to still another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 13B is a conceptual plan view showing the arrangement of exhaust ports in the film forming apparatus of FIG. 13A.
- FIG. 14 is a thickness distribution diagram of a transparent conductive film formed by the film forming apparatus of FIG. 13A.
- FIG. 15 is a schematic sectional view showing a photoelectric conversion device according to still another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 16 is a schematic sectional view showing a photoelectric conversion device according to still another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 17 is a schematic sectional view showing a photoelectric conversion device according to still another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 18 is a schematic sectional view showing a photoelectric conversion device according to still another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 19 is a schematic sectional view showing a large-area photoelectric conversion device according to still another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 20 is a conceptual diagram showing still another example of a conventional film forming apparatus.
- FIG. 21 is a schematic diagram showing a pipe near a gas mixing space in the film forming apparatus of the present invention.
- FIG. 23 is a conceptual diagram showing an evaporator.
- FIG. 24 is a conceptual diagram showing a publishing vaporizer.
- FIG. 25 is a conceptual diagram showing a spray vaporizer.
- FIG. 26A is a conceptual longitudinal sectional view of a film forming apparatus according to still another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 26B is a conceptual longitudinal sectional view showing the arrangement of exhaust ports in the film forming apparatus shown in FIG. 26A.
- FIG. 27A is a conceptual longitudinal sectional view of a film forming apparatus according to still another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 27B is a conceptual longitudinal sectional view showing the arrangement of exhaust ports in the film forming apparatus shown in FIG. 27A.
- shower plate 11 reaction gas piping, 12 gas mixing space, 13 wall heater, 14 baffle plate, 15 branch exhaust pipe, 16 glass substrate, 17 surface electrode, 18 first photoelectric conversion unit, 18a first p-type semiconductor layer, 18b Mono intrinsic semiconductor layer, 18c first n-type semiconductor layer, 19 second photoelectric conversion unit, 19a second p-type semiconductor layer, 19b second intrinsic semiconductor layer, 19c second n-type semiconductor layer, 20 back electrode, 21 back reflection Layer, 22 Intermediate Layer, 23 Underlayer, 24 DEZ Supply Valve, 25 HO Supply Valve, 26 Heater, 27 Tank, 28 Liquid Material,
- liquid material when used as a raw material of a film forming gas, it is preferable that at least one of the liquid materials is vaporized by a publishing vaporizer or a spray vaporizer.
- DEZ vapor as organometallic vapor and H 2 O vapor as oxidant vapor
- the power and the outlet pressure of the H 2 O vaporizer should be approximately equal. Great for both pressures
- outlet pressure of the evaporator is determined by the vapor pressure of the liquid material, it is difficult to control the outlet pressure.
- evaporator When using an evaporator, enter DEZ vapor and H 2 O vapor into the deposition chamber.
- the vapor pressure of DEZ is lower than the vapor pressure of H 2 O.
- the outlet pressure of the vaporizer is almost determined by the pressure of the carrier gas when the pressure in the film forming chamber is constant, so that the outlet pressure of the vaporizer can be adjusted. It is. Furthermore, to minimize the generation of powder in the gas mixing space 12 (see Fig. 5), the temperature of the vaporizer, DEZ supply pipe 7, and H 2 O supply pipe 8 should be as low as possible.
- FIG. 23 is a conceptual diagram of the evaporator.
- the liquid material 28 is vaporized by heating the tank 27 containing the liquid material 28 with the heater 26 to generate steam 29.
- the vaporized gas is supplied while its flow rate is quantitatively controlled by the gas mass flow controller 30.
- the gas mass flow controller 30 needs to operate even when the differential pressure between the inlet and the outlet is less than 0.05 MPa, and is more expensive than a general mass flow controller operating with a differential pressure of 0.05 MPa or more.
- the pressure at the outlet of the evaporator is difficult to control because it is determined by the vapor pressure of the liquid material. Therefore, it is not easy to mix organometallic vapor and oxidant vapor before entering the film formation chamber.
- FIG. 24 is a conceptual diagram of a publishing device.
- the liquid material is vaporized by flowing an Ar carrier gas into the liquid material 28 to generate bubbles 33.
- Ar is supplied while controlling the flow rate by the gas mass flow controller 34.
- This mass flow controller 34 is a general one that operates at a differential pressure of 0.05 MPa or more.
- the tank 27 is placed in a thermostat 32 and its temperature is controlled to be constant.
- a mixture of Ar and vaporized gas comes out of the outlet of the publishing vaporizer.
- the flow rate of the gas to be vaporized by the publishing vaporizer is determined by the Ar flow rate, the temperature of the liquid material, the level of the liquid level, and so on, and it is difficult to control it quantitatively.
- FIG. 25 (a) is an overall conceptual diagram of the spray vaporizer, and (b) is an enlarged conceptual diagram illustrating the mixer 36 included in (a) in more detail. While the Ar carrier gas is supplied at a controlled flow rate by the gas mass flow controller 34, the liquid material is supplied at a controlled flow rate by the liquid mass flow controller 35, and they are mixed and vaporized by the mixer 36. As shown in FIG. 25 (b), Ar gas is supplied from the Ar supply pipe 37. The liquid material is supplied as a mist-like liquid material 40 from a micro hole 39 through a liquid material supply pipe 38. The atomized liquid material 40 is vaporized by vigorously flowing Ar gas, and guided by the vaporized gas supply pipe 41.
- the outlet pressure of the spray vaporizer is almost determined by the carrier gas pressure and can be controlled. Therefore, it is possible to mix the organometallic vapor and the oxidant vapor before entering the film formation chamber. Further, since all the liquid material that has passed through the liquid mass flow controller 35 is vaporized, quantitative control of the vaporized gas is possible. Spray vaporizers are more expensive than publishing vaporizers, but are less expensive than evaporative vaporizers.
- FIG. 5 is a conceptual diagram showing a method for forming a transparent conductive film according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the inside of a vacuum chamber 4 is a film forming chamber 3 in which a substrate 1 is arranged.
- Getyl zinc (DEZ) vapor which is an organometallic vapor containing zinc, is supplied to the gas mixing space 12 in a state of being mixed with an Ar carrier gas, and water (HO) vapor, which is an oxidant vapor, is supplied to the Ar gas.
- DEZ deoxyl zinc
- HO water
- the DEZ and H are supplied to the gas mixing space 12 while being mixed with the carrier gas.
- a reaction gas containing O and Ar is prepared in the gas mixing space 12.
- FIG. 21 In the schematic diagram of FIG. 21, an example of a pipe near the gas mixing space 12 is shown. In this figure, the area surrounded by the broken line at the position where the DEZ supply pipe 7 and the H 2
- DEZ supply pipe 7 is heated by heater 71, and H 2 O supply pipe is heater 81
- reaction gas prepared in the gas mixing space 12 is guided toward the film forming chamber 3 by the reaction gas pipe 11.
- the merging position of the DEZ vapor and the H 2 O vapor is the gas mixing space 12
- Powder can be generated.
- the gas flow conductance is smaller than that of the piping! / If the valve is located near the gas mixing space 12, the generated powder will close the valve in a short time.
- the first DEZ supply valve 24 provided in the DEZ supply pipe 7 in the upstream direction from the gas mixing space 12 is separated from the gas mixing space 12 by 0.3 m or more (distance A in Fig. 21). It is more preferable that the distance is at least lm.
- the first H 2 O supply valve 25 provided in the H 2 supply pipe 8 in the upstream direction from the gas mixing space 12 is
- the density of H 2 O in the DEZ supply pipe 7 can be calculated by the diffusion equation of the following equation 1.
- D is the diffusion constant of ⁇ ⁇
- ⁇ is the molecular number density of ⁇ ⁇
- X is D from the gas mixing space 12.
- k is the reaction rate constant between DEZ vapor and H 2 O vapor
- N is DEZ vapor
- Equation 2 The molecular number density of 2D gas. Solving Equation 1 gives the following Equation 2.
- N N. Exp [— ⁇ k'N ⁇ ( ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ) ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ] (Equation 2)
- N is the number density of H 2 O molecules in the gas mixing space 12.
- the graph in FIG. 22 shows an example of the calculation result obtained by Expression 2.
- the horizontal axis of this graph represents the distance X from the mixing space 12 along the DEZ supply pipe 7, and the vertical axis represents the H in the gas mixing space 12.
- the distance X is 0.3 with respect to the H 2 O concentration in the gas mixing space 12.
- the separation B is preferably 0.3 m or more, more preferably lm or more.
- the reaction gas prepared in the gas mixing space 12 is supplied into the film formation chamber 3 through a reaction gas path including the reaction gas pipe 11, the diffusion box 9 and the shear plate 10.
- the reaction gas also emits a large number of hole forces provided in the shower plate 10 in a shower shape, and is uniformly supplied into the film forming chamber 3.
- the wall surface of the gas mixing space 12 and the wall surface of the reaction gas path (the reaction gas pipe 11, the diffusion box 9, and the shower plate 10) are temperature-controlled by the wall heater 13.
- the glass substrate 1 is heated by the heater 2 to perform low-pressure thermal CVD, and an oxide film as a transparent conductive film is deposited on the substrate surface.
- a sheath heater can be used as the heater 2, for example.
- the waste gas is exhausted by a pump (not shown) through an exhaust port 5 and an exhaust pipe 6. Further, the pressure in the vacuum chamber 4 can be kept constant by a capacitance manometer and a conductance variable valve not shown in FIG.
- the pressure in the vacuum chamber 4 is 5 to 200 Pa
- the substrate temperature is 100 to 300 ° C
- the flow rate of DEZ vapor is 10 to 1000 sccm
- the flow rate of H 2 O vapor is 10 to 1000 sccm
- Flow rate can be set in the range of 100—100OOsccm.
- the temperature of the gas mixing space or the wall surface of the reaction gas path is too high, the organometallic vapor and the oxidant vapor react there, and a transparent conductive film or powder is deposited to cause blockage. Also, If the temperature of the mixing space or the wall of the reaction gas path is too low, it will be difficult to keep the vapor pressure of the organometallic vapor or the oxidant vapor high, and in the worst case, liquefaction may occur.
- the temperature of at least one of the gas mixing space and at least one of the walls of the reaction gas passage is controlled to 20-100 ° C, preferably 50-80 ° C, by controlling the wall heater 13. Desirably, it is controlled within the range of 55-65 ° C.
- a resistance heating type heater for example, a resistance heating type heater (sheath heater, tape heater, silicon rubber heater, etc.), an infrared heater, a heating medium circulation heater (a heater for circulating a fluid such as heated oil or water) or the like can be used.
- a heating medium circulation heater a heater for circulating a fluid such as heated oil or water
- Films and powders are generated in the film and blockage occurs in a short time.
- the gas Nagaredan area of the reaction gas passage and gas mixing space 28mm 2 or more preferably 78mm 2 or more, more preferably set to 300 mm 2 or more.
- the inner diameter is set to 6 mm or more, preferably 10 mm or more, more preferably 20 mm or more.
- the pressure in the piping must be 1330Pa (10torr) or less. At this time, when the transparent conductive film is deposited to a thickness of 1 m with a pipe inner diameter of 6 mm, film formation of 50 batches or more is possible.
- a joint that can be removed and reattached is interposed in at least a part of the gas mixing space and the reaction gas path.
- the joint is preferably a joint that can sufficiently be vacuum-sealed and is chemically resistant to organic metal vapor and oxidant vapor.
- a metal seal joint for example, one using stainless steel as a sealing material is preferable.
- an O-ring seal joint for example, one using fluorine rubber or Teflon (registered trademark) as a sealing material is preferable.
- a clamp joint which is a type of O-ring seal joint (JIS B8365) can be easily removed and reattached without using a tool, so that it is possible to easily clean the gas mixing space and the reaction gas path.
- the transparent conductive film according to the present invention is not limited to a zinc oxide film!
- the present invention can be similarly applied to other transparent conductive films that can be formed by low-pressure thermal CVD of organometallic vapor and oxidant vapor.
- the organometallic vapor is not limited to the DEZ vapor. Examples of organometallic vapors other than DEZ include dimethylzinc vapor, but other organometallic vapors that can be used for forming a transparent conductive film can also be used.
- the oxidant vapor in the present invention is not limited to H2O vapor. Oxidizing agents other than H 2 O
- Oxides (R (SO) R ') and the like can be used, and any other oxidant vapor that is effective in forming a transparent conductive film can be used as well.
- R and R ' represent an alkyl group.
- the carrier gas in the present invention is not limited to Ar.
- Other noble gases He, Ne, Kr, Xe, Rn
- nitrogen, hydrogen, etc. may be used as examples of the carrier gas other than Ar.
- gases that are substantially inert to organic metal vapors and oxidant vapors can be used as well.
- the substrate in the present invention is not limited to a glass substrate.
- a metal plate, a metal foil, an organic film, and the like can be used. Any material that can withstand the temperature at the time of film formation and emits a small amount of gas can be used.
- the present invention is also applicable to a substrate having an irregular surface such as a curved surface which does not have to be a plate.
- the size of the [0044] substrate, the area of the surface region of the substrate to be deposited transparent conductive film is 220 cm 2 or more, especially if it is 1300 cm 2 or more, application of the present invention is preferred.
- a region having 95% or more thickness uniformity as compared to the substrate center region can not be only achieved with each about 220 cm 2 to about 1300 cm 2. That is, a transparent conductive film cannot be uniformly formed on a substrate having a larger film area.
- Example 1 of the present invention to be described later a region having a film thickness uniformity of 95% or more as compared with the central region of the substrate can be expanded to about 9580 cm 2 .
- the transparent conductive film In order to improve the conductivity of the transparent conductive film, it is effective to mix a gas containing a Group 3 element in addition to the organometallic vapor and the oxidant vapor. Then, in a device to which the transparent conductive film having improved conductivity is applied, resistance loss can be reduced.
- a gas containing a Group 3 element for example, a gas containing diborane, trimethylboron, boron trifluoride, trimethylaluminum, or the like can be used.
- the back surface of the glass substrate 1 is brought into contact with the heater 2 in order to prevent the transparent conductive film from being formed on the back surface of the substrate.
- Contacting the back surface of the substrate with a plate-like member instead of contacting the back surface of the substrate with the heater is also effective in preventing film formation on the back surface.
- a metal plate or a carbon plate having good thermal conductivity as the plate-like member, in order to make the substrate temperature uniform, and to make the thickness and physical properties of the transparent conductive film on the substrate uniform.
- a sheathing heater exemplified by a sheath heater, an infrared lamp heater, a heating medium circulation heater, or the like can be used as the heating means for the base.
- FIG. 15 is a schematic sectional view showing a photoelectric conversion device according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- a zinc oxide film is formed as a surface electrode 17 on a glass substrate 16 using the film forming apparatus shown in FIG.
- a first thin-film semiconductor photoelectric conversion unit 18 including a pin junction and a second thin-film semiconductor photoelectric conversion unit 19 similarly including a pin junction are formed by a plasma CVD method.
- a metal layer is formed as a back electrode 20 by a sputtering method.
- the light incident on the glass substrate 16 side is photoelectrically converted by the first photoelectric conversion unit 18 and the second photoelectric conversion unit 19 constituting the hybrid structure.
- the first photoelectric conversion unit 18 includes a first p-type semiconductor layer 18a of amorphous silicon carbide doped with B (boron), a first intrinsic semiconductor layer 18b of amorphous silicon, and P (phosphorus).
- the first n-type semiconductor layer 18c made of doped microcrystalline silicon.
- the second photoelectric conversion unit 19 includes a second p-type semiconductor layer 19a of B-doped microcrystalline silicon, a second intrinsic semiconductor layer 19b of polycrystalline silicon, and a second n-type semiconductor of P-doped microcrystalline silicon. From layer 19c Become.
- polycrystalline silicon is used for the second intrinsic semiconductor layer.
- polycrystalline silicon can absorb light of a longer wavelength than amorphous silicon, so that long wavelength light that cannot be absorbed by the first intrinsic semiconductor layer 18b can be absorbed. This is because the maximum power (Pmax) of the photoelectric conversion device can be improved by being absorbed by the second intrinsic semiconductor layer 19b.
- the sheet resistance decreases, and thereby the resistance loss of the photoelectric conversion device decreases.
- the surface irregularities increase, and the light incident on the photoelectric conversion device is scattered and the substantial optical path length increases, so that the short-circuit current (Isc) of the photoelectric conversion device increases.
- the surface electrode 17 is too thick, light absorption loss by the surface electrode 17 increases, and Isc decreases. Therefore, there is an appropriate range for the thickness of the transparent conductive film used for the surface electrode 17, and is preferably 0.5! /, 5m, more preferably 1! /, 3m. It is most preferably 1.5! /, Which is within the range of 2.5 m.
- amorphous silicon carbide is used for the first p-type semiconductor layer 18a, but the present invention is not limited to this.
- amorphous silicon doped with B or A1 or an amorphous silicon alloy having a wide band gap (amorphous silicon carbide, amorphous silicon Xcite, amorphous silicon nitride) and the like can also be used.
- an amorphous silicon alloy having a wide band gap in order to reduce the light absorption loss of the first p-type semiconductor layer 18a, it is preferable to use an amorphous silicon alloy having a wide band gap.
- amorphous silicon doped with P may be used as the first n-type semiconductor layer 18c.
- the intrinsic semiconductor layer is made of amorphous silicon and polycrystalline silicon, and other non-single-crystal silicon-based semiconductors such as microcrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon alloy, and microcrystalline silicon alloy are used.
- a polycrystalline silicon alloy or the like can be used.
- the silicon alloy for example, a silicon alloy containing at least one element of germanium, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen can be preferably used.
- a silicon-based thin film semiconductor is used for the photoelectric conversion device.
- compound semiconductors for example, copper indium selenium, copper indium gallium selenium, silicon nitride dome, silicon nitride tellurium, etc. Etc. can also be used.
- the transparent glass substrate, the transparent conductive film, the semiconductor layer, and the metal layer are stacked in this order, but the present invention is not limited to this.
- the present invention is applicable to a photoelectric conversion device in which an opaque metal substrate, a semiconductor layer, and a transparent conductive film are stacked in this order.
- the photoelectric conversion units included in the photoelectric conversion device are not limited to the two-stage photoelectric conversion unit as shown in FIG. 15, and the present invention is applicable to a photoelectric conversion device including a photoelectric conversion unit having an arbitrary number of one or more stages. is there.
- FIG. 19 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a large-area thin-film photoelectric conversion device according to still another embodiment of the present invention.
- the large-area thin-film photoelectric conversion device has a structure of an integrated photoelectric conversion module in which a plurality of photoelectric conversion cells divided into small areas are connected in series on a glass substrate.
- Each photoelectric conversion cell is composed of a surface electrode of a transparent conductive film formed on a glass substrate using the film forming apparatus shown in FIG. 5, a semiconductor section in which one or more thin film semiconductor photoelectric conversion units are stacked, and a back electrode layer. It is formed by sequentially performing the film and the patterning.
- the integrated photoelectric conversion module 101 shown in FIG. 19 is a first photoelectric conversion unit having a pin bonding force including a surface electrode layer 103 of a transparent conductive film and an intrinsic semiconductor layer of amorphous silicon on a glass substrate 102.
- 104a, a second photoelectric conversion unit 104b having an intrinsic semiconductor layer of crystalline silicon and having a pin junction strength, and a back electrode layer 106 are sequentially laminated.
- the integrated photoelectric conversion module 101 is provided with first and second separation grooves 121 and 122 and a connection groove 123.
- the first and second separation grooves 121 and 122 and the connection groove 123 are parallel to each other and extend in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the drawing.
- the power generation area of one photoelectric conversion cell 110 is an area between the first and second separation grooves 121 and 122.
- the first separation groove 121 divides the surface electrode layer 103 corresponding to each of the photoelectric conversion cells 110. That is, the first separation groove 121 electrically separates the adjacent transparent surface electrodes 103 from each other.
- the second separation groove 122 divides the first photoelectric conversion unit 104a, the second photoelectric conversion unit 104b, and the back electrode layer 106 corresponding to each photoelectric conversion cell 110. That is, the second separation groove 122 electrically separates the back electrodes 106 between the adjacent photoelectric conversion cells 110.
- the connection groove 123 is provided between the first separation groove 121 and the second separation groove 122, and divides the first photoelectric conversion unit 104a and the second photoelectric conversion unit 104b. .
- connection groove 123 is filled with a metal material constituting the back electrode layer 106, and electrically connects one back electrode 106 of the adjacent photoelectric conversion cell 110 to the front electrode 103 of the other cell. I have. That is, the connection groove 123 and the metal material filling the connection groove electrically connect the photoelectric conversion cells 110 arranged in parallel on the glass substrate 102 in series.
- the generated current of the module is limited by the photoelectric conversion cell having the smallest generated current. . Therefore, in order to equalize the generated currents of a plurality of cells included in one module, it is necessary to form a surface electrode layer of a transparent conductive film having a uniform film thickness distribution using the film forming apparatus shown in FIG. Of particular importance.
- the zinc oxide film which is a transparent conductive film formed by using the film forming apparatus shown in FIG. 5, is used as a back reflection layer between the semiconductor layer of the photoelectric conversion device and the back electrode layer. You can also. If the back reflection layer is too thin, the reflectivity will be insufficient, and if it is too thick, the absorption loss by the back reflection layer will increase, so that the thickness has an appropriate range.
- amorphous silicon or crystalline silicon is used as a semiconductor layer of a photoelectric conversion device
- a metal layer is used as a back electrode layer
- a transparent conductive film of zinc oxide is used as a back reflection layer between the semiconductor layer and the metal layer.
- the thickness of the back reflection layer is preferably in the range of 10 to 150 nm, more preferably 30 to 120 nm, most preferably 60 to 90 nm.
- the zinc oxide film which is a transparent conductive film formed using the film forming apparatus in FIG. 5, can also be used as an intermediate layer in a tandem photoelectric conversion device including a plurality of stages of photoelectric conversion units.
- a zinc oxide film as a transparent conductive film can be provided as an intermediate layer between the first photoelectric conversion unit 18 and the second photoelectric conversion unit 19 of the photoelectric conversion device in FIG. If such an intermediate layer is too thin, the light reflectivity and light scattering properties are not sufficient, and if it is too thick, the absorption loss of the intermediate layer increases, so that a preferable thickness range exists.
- the thickness of the intermediate layer is preferably 2 to 150 nm, more preferably 10 to 100 nm. nm, most preferably in the range of 30 to 60 nm.
- the present invention can be applied to a photoelectric conversion device including a pin junction, a nip junction, a pn junction, or an np junction having a force of two or more pin junctions stacked on each other. Needless to say.
- Comparative Example 1 an example of a conventional transparent conductive film forming apparatus using low-pressure thermal CVD is shown as Comparative Example 1.
- the inside of the vacuum chamber 4 is the film forming chamber 3 in which the substrate 1 is installed.
- Getyl zinc (DEZ) vapor which is an organometallic vapor containing zinc, is supplied into the film forming chamber 3 through the DEZ supply pipe 7 in a state of being mixed with an Ar carrier gas.
- an evaporator was used.
- the DEZ supply pipe 7 is a stainless steel pipe with an outer diameter of 1/4 inch (inner diameter of about 4.4 mm). A part of the DEZ supply pipe 7 is heated to about 80 ° C. by a heater 71 in order to increase the vapor pressure of the DEZ vapor to prevent liquoring.
- Water (H 2 O) vapor which is oxidant vapor, is mixed with Ar carrier gas.
- H O supply pipe 8 also has an outer diameter of 1/4 inch
- a part of the H 2 O supply pipe 8 is heated to about 80 ° C. by a heater 81.
- the glass substrate 1 is heated by the heater 2 to perform low-pressure thermal CVD, and an oxidized zinc film is deposited on the surface of the glass substrate 1 as a transparent conductive film.
- Heater 2 is a sheath heater.
- the waste gas is exhausted by a pump (not shown) through an exhaust port 5 and an exhaust pipe 6.
- the pressure in the vacuum chamber 4 can be kept constant by the capacitance manometer and the variable conductance valve.
- the pressure in the vacuum chamber 4 is 100 Pa
- the substrate temperature is 200 ° C.
- the flow rate of DEZ vapor is 500 sccm
- the flow rate of H 2 O vapor is
- the flow rate is 500 sccm, and the flow rate of Ar is 2000 sc including the DEZ supply pipe 7 and the H 2 O supply pipe 8.
- the schematic plan view of FIG. 2 shows that the film forming apparatus of FIG.
- the thickness distribution when a film is formed is shown as Comparative Example 2.
- the numerical values in FIG. 2 represent the contour lines of the film thickness in m units.
- the thickness of the transparent conductive film was determined by measuring the wavelength dependence of the reflectance of the transparent conductive film on the glass substrate, and determining the film thickness from the change in reflectance due to interference. For this measurement and analysis, a Sentec 'Instrumento Wafer Mapping' system was used.
- the film thickness sharply decreases toward the periphery where the film thickness is large. Also, no film was deposited on the periphery of the substrate.
- a region with a film thickness of 75% or more compared to the film thickness in the central region of the substrate is 580 cm 2 5.8% of the substrate area, and a region with a film thickness of 95% or more is a small force of the substrate area 2.2. % Was 220 cm 2 . From this, the reaction between DEZ and HO
- the transparent conductive film could not be applied to the surface electrode of the large-area photoelectric conversion device because there was a region where no film was deposited around the substrate at all.
- Comparative Example 3 another example of a conventional transparent conductive film forming apparatus using low-pressure thermal CVD is shown as Comparative Example 3.
- the inside of the vacuum chamber 4 is the film forming chamber 3 and the glass substrate 1 is heated by the heater 2 in FIG.
- the mixed gas of DEZ and Ar enters the diffusion box 9 from the DEZ supply pipe 7 and the hole force of the shower plate 10 is also supplied into the film forming chamber 3 in a shower form.
- the DEZ supply pipe 7 is a stainless steel pipe with an outer diameter of 1/4 inch (inner diameter of about 4.4 mm). A part of the DEZ supply pipe 7 is heated by the heater 71 to about 80 ° C.
- the film is supplied into the film forming chamber 3 from two H 2 O supply pipes 8 arranged opposite to the wall surface to be formed.
- the supply pipe 8 is also a stainless steel pipe with an outer diameter of 1/4 inch (inner diameter of about 4.4 mm). H O
- a part of the supply pipe 8 is also heated to about 80 ° C by the heater 81.
- the glass substrate 1 is heated by the heater 2 to perform low-pressure thermal CVD, and a zinc oxide film, which is a transparent conductive film, is deposited on the surface of the glass substrate 1.
- a zinc oxide film which is a transparent conductive film, is deposited on the surface of the glass substrate 1.
- the gas pressure and the gas flow rate when depositing the zinc oxide film were the same as those in Comparative Example 1. (Comparative Example 4)
- the schematic plan view of FIG. 4 shows, as Comparative Example 4, the thickness distribution when an oxidized zinc film was formed on an lm ⁇ lm glass substrate 1 by the film forming apparatus of FIG.
- the numerical values in FIG. 4 indicate the contour lines of the film thickness in m units.
- Comparative Example 4 in FIG. 4 compared to Comparative Example 2 in FIG. 2, the area where the transparent conductive film is deposited on the glass substrate is wider.
- the thickness of the transparent electrode film in the central region of the substrate is still thinner toward the periphery of the substrate.
- the center of the region having a large film thickness is slightly closer to the right side of the substrate, and the film thickness is larger on the side closer to the exhaust port 5 in FIG. This is considered to be because the gas flow is slightly deviated to the right of the substrate 1 in the exhaust direction.
- the region of film thickness of at least 95% is 13.1% of 1310Cm 2 of substrate area Met.
- Reaction gas was supplied to the DEZ supply pipe 7.
- the DEZ supply pipe 7 was closed by the precipitated powder in about 112 minutes, so that a transparent conductive film could not be formed on the substrate 1.
- the pressure in the DEZ supply pipe 7 reached about 5000 Pa.
- Example 1 of the present invention an oxidized zinc film was formed using the film forming apparatus shown in FIG.
- a publishing vaporizer was used, and the temperature of the gas mixing space 12 and the wall surface of the reaction gas path were controlled to 60 ° C.
- the distances A and B in the piping shown in FIG. 21 used in Example 1 were both 0.15 m.
- the reaction gas pipe 11 is a cylindrical pipe having an inner diameter of about 25 mm, which is larger than the conventional one, and a part thereof is connected by an NW25 type clamp joint (not shown). When the pipe diameter is sufficiently large, the gas flow conductance is increased, the pressures in the gas mixing space 12 and the reaction gas path are reduced, and the blockage of the pipe can be suppressed.
- Example 1 is a film forming method that can be used industrially sufficiently.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic plan view showing a thickness distribution when an oxidized zinc film is formed on an lm ⁇ lm glass substrate 1 by the film forming apparatus of FIG.
- the size of the shower plate 10 is, for example, 1. lm X l. lm.
- the pressure in the film forming chamber 3 was 100 Pa
- the substrate temperature was 200 ° C.
- the flow rate of DEZ vapor was 500 sccm
- the flow rate of H 2 O vapor was 500 sccm
- the numerical values in FIG. 6 indicate the contour lines of the film thickness in units of / zm. Except for the four corner regions of the substrate, a uniform film thickness distribution is obtained. There is an exhaust port 5 on the right side of the film forming apparatus shown in FIG. 5, and two of the four corners of the substrate are on the left corner farther than the two right corners near the exhaust port 5. The region with a small film thickness is slightly wider. The region with a film thickness of 75% or more compared to the film thickness at the center of the substrate is 9860 cm 2 of 98.6% of the substrate area, and the region with a film thickness of 95% or more is 9580 cm 2 of 95.8% of the substrate area. there were. From this, it can be seen that in Example 2, the uniformity of the film thickness was significantly improved as compared with Comparative Examples 2 and 4.
- the light transmittance (wavelength: 400 nm to 1000 nm) of 80% or more, sheet resistance of 15 ⁇ or less, and haze ratio of 10% or more, which are preferable for a photoelectric conversion device, were obtained. It has been proved that the characteristics can be obtained when the film forming chamber pressure is in the range of 5 to 200 Pa. At a film forming chamber pressure within this range, a high film forming rate of InmZs or more was obtained in the thickness direction.
- the haze factor is an index for optically evaluating the surface unevenness of a transparent substrate, and is expressed by (diffuse transmittance Z total light transmittance) X 100 [%] CFIS K7136)
- the pressure in the film forming chamber is lower than 5 Pa, the film forming rate becomes lower than InmZs, and the film forming time of the transparent conductive film becomes longer, thereby increasing the manufacturing cost. Further, since a pump having a high pumping capacity is required to lower the pressure in the film forming chamber, the cost of the film forming apparatus is increased.
- the pressure in the film forming chamber was set to be higher than 200 Pa, it was difficult to obtain the above-mentioned characteristics preferable for the photoelectric conversion device.
- the internal pressure of the deposition chamber was 200 Pa or less
- the pressure in the gas mixing space was 300 Pa or less and was almost constant regardless of the pressure in the deposition chamber.
- the pressure in the gas mixing space increased remarkably in proportion to the pressure in the film formation chamber.
- the pressure in the film forming chamber was 20 OPa or more, the piping was easily blocked.
- FIG. 7 shows a film forming apparatus according to the third embodiment.
- the film forming apparatus of FIG. 7 is different only in that the exhaust port 5 and the exhaust pipe 6 are arranged below the center of the heater 2.
- the exhaust port 5 By arranging the exhaust port 5 below the center of the heater 2, the flow of the gas exhausted from the film forming chamber 3 becomes nearly symmetric with respect to the center of the substrate 1.
- a spray vaporizer is used.
- the schematic plan view of FIG. 8 shows that the oxidizing zinc Example 4 shows the thickness distribution when a film is formed.
- the gas pressure and the gas flow rate are the same as in the second embodiment.
- the numerical values in Fig. 8 show the contour lines of the film thickness in m units.
- the thinner regions at the four corners of the substrate have substantially the same size on the left and right sides of the substrate.
- FIG. 9A shows the film forming apparatus in Example 5, and the conceptual plan view of FIG. 9B shows the arrangement of the exhaust ports in the film forming apparatus of FIG. 9A.
- an exhaust pipe 6 is arranged below the center of the heater 2.
- baffle plates 14 that block the flow of gas are arranged along four sides on the lower surface of heater 2.
- An exhaust port 51 is provided at the center of each of the four baffle plates 14 along the four sides of the heater 2.
- the reactive gas supplied toward the glass substrate 1 forms a transparent conductive film on the heated substrate 1, after which the gas flows almost symmetrically around the substrate 1 with a force directed toward the periphery of the substrate 1.
- the four exhaust ports 51 are exhausted. Note that there may be a slight gap between the ridge between the baffle plate 14 and the heater 2 and the ridge portion where the baffle plates contact each other.
- the schematic plan view of FIG. 10 shows, as Example 6, the thickness distribution when an oxidized zinc film is formed on an lmX lm glass substrate 1 by the film forming apparatus of FIG. 9A.
- the gas pressure and the gas flow rate are the same as in the second embodiment.
- the numerical values in FIG. 10 indicate the contour lines of the film thickness in units of / zm.
- the film thickness uniformity force S is further improved in this example 6 as compared with examples 2 and 4.
- the thin regions at the four corners of the substrate are approximately the same size on the left and right sides of the substrate.
- Area of the membrane thickness of more than 75% Te ratio base to the thickness in the center of the substrate is 10000 cm 2 of 100% of the substrate area, of 95% or more
- the region of the film thickness was 9940 cm 2, which is 99.4% of the substrate area.
- FIG. 11A shows a film forming apparatus in Example 7, and a conceptual plan view of FIG. 11B shows an exhaust port arrangement in the film forming apparatus of FIG. 11A.
- the gas in the film forming chamber 3 is sucked from a plurality of exhaust ports 52 provided in the branch exhaust pipe 15 and is exhausted through the branch exhaust pipe 15 and the exhaust pipe 6.
- the plurality of exhaust ports 52 are arranged substantially symmetrically in the vicinity of the opposing sides of the glass substrate 1, whereby the gas is exhausted almost symmetrically with respect to the center of the substrate surface.
- the force in which the exhaust pipe 6 is disposed below the center of the heater 2 in the seventh embodiment, the exhaust pipe 6 can be disposed on the side surface of the vacuum tank 4. Therefore, when there are some restrictions on arranging the exhaust pipe 6 below the vacuum chamber 4, the seventh embodiment is preferable.
- the schematic plan view of FIG. 12 shows, as Example 8, a thickness distribution when an oxidized zinc film is formed on an lm ⁇ lm glass substrate 1 by the film forming apparatus of FIG. 11A.
- the gas pressure and the gas flow rate are the same as in the second embodiment.
- the numerical values in FIG. 12 represent the contour lines of the film thickness in units of / zm.
- the film thickness uniformity was further improved in Example 8 compared with Examples 2, 4, and 6. I have.
- the thinner regions at the four corners of the substrate have substantially the same size on the left and right sides of the substrate.
- Area of the film thickness of more than 75% compared to film thickness definitive the substrate center is 10000 cm 2 of 100% of the substrate area, the region of film thickness of at least 95% is met 9970Cm 2 of 99.7% of the substrate area Was.
- FIG. 13A shows the film forming apparatus in Example 9, and the conceptual plan view of FIG. 13B shows the arrangement of the exhaust ports in the film forming apparatus of FIG. 13A.
- the exhaust pipe 6 is disposed below the center of the heater 2.
- baffles 14 that block the flow of gas are arranged along the four sides on the lower surface of the heater 2.
- An exhaust port 53 is provided below each corner of the heater 2.
- the reactive gas supplied to the glass substrate 1 with the hole force of the shower plate 10 also forms a transparent conductive film on the heated substrate 1, after which the gas flows almost symmetrically toward the four corners of the substrate 1, The air is exhausted from the four exhaust ports 53. Note that there may be a slight gap at the ridge between the baffle plate 14 and the heater 2.
- the schematic plan view of FIG. 14 shows, as Example 10, the thickness distribution when an oxidized zinc film is formed on an lm ⁇ lm glass substrate 1 by the film forming apparatus of FIG. 13A.
- the gas pressure and the gas flow rate are the same as those in Example 2.
- the numerical values in FIG. 14 indicate the contour lines of the film thickness in units of / zm.
- the film thickness uniformity of the tenth embodiment is smaller than that of the second, fourth, sixth, and eighth embodiments. Further improvements have been made.
- the thin regions at the four corners of the substrate are almost eliminated. Thickness of the region of more than 75% compared to the film thickness at the center of the substrate is 10000 cm 2 of 100% of the substrate area, the region of film thickness of at least 95% was also 10000 cm 2 100% of the substrate area.
- FIG. 15 shows a photoelectric conversion device according to an eleventh embodiment.
- This photoelectric conversion device includes, as a surface transparent electrode 17, a zinc oxide film formed on a glass substrate 16 using the film forming device of FIG.
- a first thin film photoelectric conversion unit 18 including a pin semiconductor junction and a second thin film photoelectric conversion unit 19 including a pin semiconductor junction are formed by a plasma CVD method.
- a back metal electrode 20 is formed thereon by a sputtering method.
- light incident from the glass substrate 16 side is photoelectrically converted by the first photoelectric conversion unit 18 and the second photoelectric conversion unit 19 forming a hybrid type structure.
- the first photoelectric conversion unit 18 includes a first p-type semiconductor layer 18a of amorphous silicon carbide doped with B, a first intrinsic semiconductor layer 18b of amorphous silicon, and microcrystalline silicon doped with P. Of the first n-type semiconductor layer 18c.
- the second photoelectric conversion unit 19 is doped with B A second p-type semiconductor layer 19a of microcrystalline silicon, a second intrinsic semiconductor layer 19b of polycrystalline silicon, and a second n-type semiconductor layer 19c of P-doped microcrystalline silicon.
- Polycrystalline silicon can absorb light of a longer wavelength than amorphous silicon, so light of a longer wavelength that cannot be absorbed by the first intrinsic semiconductor layer 18b is absorbed by the second intrinsic semiconductor layer 19b.
- the maximum output power (Pmax) can be improved.
- the photoelectric conversion device of Example 11 was formed using a glass substrate having an area of 91 cm x 45.5 cm, and the semiconductor laminated structure on the substrate was patterned with a laser, as shown in FIG. Integrated photoelectric conversion module. At this time, 100 stages of photoelectric conversion cells 110 were electrically connected in series. As a result, the characteristics of the large-area photoelectric conversion device of Example 11 include a maximum output (Pmax) of 38.7 W, an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 131.9 V, a short-circuit current (Isc) of 0.432 A, and Fill factor (FF) was 0.679.
- Pmax maximum output
- Voc open-circuit voltage
- Isc short-circuit current
- FF Fill factor
- Comparative Example 6 a photoelectric conversion device including the transparent conductive film formed by the film formation device in FIG. 3 as a surface electrode was manufactured.
- the photoelectric conversion device of Comparative Example 6 was different from Example 11 only in the method of forming the transparent conductive film.
- Pmax 3.6 W
- Voc 84.5 V
- lsc 0.304 A
- FF 0.140. That is, while the characteristics of the photoelectric conversion device of Comparative Example 6 are very low, the characteristics of the photoelectric conversion device of Example 11 are significantly improved.
- FIG. 16 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a photoelectric conversion device according to the twelfth embodiment.
- the back reflection layer 21 of the zinc oxide film formed by the film formation device of FIG. 3 is inserted between the second n-type semiconductor layer 19c and the back electrode 20. Only the difference from the eleventh embodiment in FIG. By providing the back surface reflection layer 21, the light reflectance of the back surface is increased. Therefore, the light that has been absorbed by the first intrinsic semiconductor layer 18b or the second intrinsic semiconductor layer 19b is reflected at the interface between the second n-type semiconductor layer 19c and the back reflection layer 21, and is used for photoelectric conversion. Thereby, the characteristics of the photoelectric conversion device are improved.
- Example 12 the thickness of the back reflection layer 21 was 80 nm. Large area light of Example 12
- FIG. 17 shows a photoelectric conversion device according to the thirteenth embodiment.
- the intermediate layer 22 of the zinc oxide film formed by the film formation device of FIG. 5 is inserted between the first n-type semiconductor layer 18c and the second p-type semiconductor layer 19a.
- the difference from the twelfth embodiment in FIG. By providing this intermediate layer 22, the optical power that has been absorbed by the first intrinsic semiconductor layer 18b is reflected at the interface between the first n-type semiconductor layer 18c and the intermediate layer 22 and the first intrinsic semiconductor layer 18b Used for photoelectric conversion inside. Further, the light transmitted through the intermediate layer 22 is scattered by the surface uneven structure of the intermediate layer 22, so that the substantial optical path length in the second intrinsic semiconductor layer 19b is extended.
- the light use efficiency is increased by the intermediate layer 22, and the photoelectric conversion characteristic S is further improved.
- the thickness of the intermediate layer 22 was set to 50 nm.
- the schematic cross-sectional view of FIG. 18 shows the photoelectric conversion device according to the fourteenth embodiment.
- the photoelectric conversion device of Example 14 differs from Example 11 of FIG. 15 only in that it includes an underlayer 23 formed by dispersing and coating silicon fine particles between the glass substrate 16 and the surface electrode 17. ing.
- the surface electrode 17 made of a transparent conductive film scatters light as its surface unevenness increases, thereby extending the substantial optical path length of the photoelectric conversion device.
- the underlayer 23 having large surface irregularities is formed by using fine particles of silicon oxide which is substantially transparent to light having a wavelength usable by the photoelectric conversion device.
- the surface electrode 17 of the transparent conductive film is formed on the underlayer 23 by using the film forming apparatus shown in FIG. 5, the surface irregularities can be increased while suppressing the absorption loss of the surface electrode 17. .
- the underlayer 23 can be formed by applying silicon oxide fine particles dispersed in a gel-like solvent to a glass substrate and baking it. Large area of this Example 14
- Example 15 as in Example 1, a transparent conductive film was formed using the film forming apparatus shown in FIG. However, the distances A and B in the piping of FIG. 21 used in Example 1 were both 0.15 m, whereas in Example 15, both distances A and B were set to be longer than lm. In.
- Example 1 when the film formation time reached a total of 300 hours, the piping did not block, and when the total pressure reached about 400 hours, the flow rate of the DEZ vapor became unstable, and the DEZ supply valve 24 Powder adhered inside and clogged. On the other hand, in Example 15, even when the film formation was performed for a total of 700 hours or more, the pipe was kept closed. At that time, the DEZ supply valve 24 and H 2 O supply valve 25 are also closed by powder.
- Example 16 as in Example 1, a transparent conductive film was formed using the film forming apparatus shown in FIG. However, in Example 16, another pipe was added to join the gas mixing space 12, and a reaction gas in which BH and H were added and mixed was prepared.
- Form zinc oxide film
- the substrate temperature is 150 ° C
- the flow rate of DEZ vapor is 300sccm
- the flow rate of H 2 O vapor is 1000sccm
- the flow rate of BH is 1.5sccm
- the flow rate of H is 500scc.
- the flow rate of Ar was 500 sccm in total for the DEZ supply pipe 7 and the H 2 O supply pipe 8.
- Example 16 the sheet resistance of the transparent conductive film was reduced by supplying BH.
- the substrate temperature can be reduced even under a low deposition pressure.
- the uniformity was improved, and not only the uniformity of the thickness of the transparent conductive film but also the uniformity of light transmittance and sheet resistance were improved.
- the conceptual vertical cross-sectional view of FIG. 26A shows the film forming apparatus in Example 17, and the conceptual vertical cross-sectional view of FIG. 26B shows the arrangement of the exhaust ports in the film forming apparatus of FIG. 26A.
- the film forming apparatus of Example 17 is similar to the film forming apparatus of Example 9 shown in FIGS. 13A and 13B, but the film forming apparatus of Example 9 is a horizontal type.
- the film forming apparatus of Example 17 is a vertical type [0100]
- the film forming apparatus in FIG. 26A includes two parallel shower plates 10, by arranging a plurality of substrates 1 facing the two shower plates, the efficiency is improved. Can be formed.
- the reaction gas pipe 11 extends to the vicinity of the center of the shower plate 10 and supplies the reaction gas to the shower plate therefrom.
- the temperature of the surface of the shower plate 10 is controlled, so that the portion of the reaction gas pipe 11 extending inside the shower plate is maintained at substantially the same temperature as the shower plate without providing the wall heater 13 there. obtain.
- the vertical type film forming apparatus since the main surface of the substrate 1 is arranged in the vertical direction, dust from which the deposits adhered to the inner wall of the film forming chamber, the shower plate 10, the heater 2 and the like are generated. In addition, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of defects such as pinholes in the transparent conductive film formed on the substrate 1, which prevents dust from dropping and adhering on the main surface of the substrate. Therefore, compared to the horizontal type film forming apparatus, the vertical type film forming apparatus does not require cleaning of the film forming chamber for a long time, and can stably form the film.
- the pressure was set to 0.1
- the transparent conductive film formed by the film forming apparatus of the seventeenth embodiment can have a uniform film thickness distribution as in the case of the ninth embodiment.
- the conceptual vertical cross-sectional view of FIG. 27A shows the film forming apparatus in Example 18, and the conceptual vertical cross-sectional view of FIG. 27B shows the arrangement of the exhaust ports in the film forming apparatus of FIG. 27A.
- the vertical type film forming apparatus of the embodiment 18 has some features of the embodiment 7 and some features of the embodiment 17 so as to be compelling when compared with FIGS. 11A, 11B and 26A. Contains.
- the film forming apparatus of Example 18 four substrates having an area of, for example, lm X lm can be arranged facing four shower plates 10, and at the same time, on four large-area substrates 1 Film formation is possible.
- the transparent conductive film formed by the film forming apparatus of the eighteenth embodiment can have a uniform film thickness distribution as in the case of the seventh embodiment.
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Cited By (5)
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JP2009235496A (ja) * | 2008-03-27 | 2009-10-15 | Tokyo Electron Ltd | 原料ガスの供給システム及び成膜装置 |
ITRM20080405A1 (it) * | 2008-07-28 | 2010-01-29 | Enea Ente Per Le Nuova Tecnologie L En E | Metodo per la fabbricazione in linea di strati sottili di zno b trasparente conduttivo e testurizzato su larga area e relativo apparato |
JP2011091131A (ja) * | 2009-10-21 | 2011-05-06 | Kaneka Corp | 結晶シリコン系太陽電池の製造方法 |
JP2019054167A (ja) * | 2017-09-15 | 2019-04-04 | ソーラーフロンティア株式会社 | 光電変換モジュール |
CN115354305A (zh) * | 2022-08-29 | 2022-11-18 | 西北大学 | 一种金属有机化学气相沉淀反应器喷淋装置 |
Families Citing this family (1)
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JP5775633B1 (ja) * | 2014-09-29 | 2015-09-09 | 株式会社日立国際電気 | 基板処理装置、半導体装置の製造方法および記録媒体 |
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JP2009235496A (ja) * | 2008-03-27 | 2009-10-15 | Tokyo Electron Ltd | 原料ガスの供給システム及び成膜装置 |
ITRM20080405A1 (it) * | 2008-07-28 | 2010-01-29 | Enea Ente Per Le Nuova Tecnologie L En E | Metodo per la fabbricazione in linea di strati sottili di zno b trasparente conduttivo e testurizzato su larga area e relativo apparato |
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CN115354305B (zh) * | 2022-08-29 | 2024-04-19 | 西北大学 | 一种金属有机化学气相沉淀反应器喷淋装置 |
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