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  • C07D333/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D333/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
  • C07D333/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom
  • C07D333/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D333/30—Hetero atoms other than halogen
  • C07D333/34—Sulfur atoms
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  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F8/00—Chemical modification by after-treatment
  • C08F8/44—Preparation of metal salts or ammonium salts
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
  • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
  • A61K47/56—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic macromolecular compound, e.g. an oligomeric, polymeric or dendrimeric molecule
  • A61K47/59—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic macromolecular compound, e.g. an oligomeric, polymeric or dendrimeric molecule obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyureas or polyurethanes
  • A61K47/60—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic macromolecular compound, e.g. an oligomeric, polymeric or dendrimeric molecule obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyureas or polyurethanes the organic macromolecular compound being a polyoxyalkylene oligomer, polymer or dendrimer, e.g. PEG, PPG, PEO or polyglycerol
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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C271/00—Derivatives of carbamic acids, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups, the nitrogen atom not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
  • C07C271/06—Esters of carbamic acids
  • C07C271/08—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C271/10—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms with the nitrogen atoms of the carbamate groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C271/16—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms with the nitrogen atoms of the carbamate groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms to carbon atoms of hydrocarbon radicals substituted by singly-bound oxygen atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C271/00—Derivatives of carbamic acids, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups, the nitrogen atom not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
  • C07C271/06—Esters of carbamic acids
  • C07C271/08—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C271/10—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms with the nitrogen atoms of the carbamate groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C271/20—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms with the nitrogen atoms of the carbamate groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms to carbon atoms of hydrocarbon radicals substituted by nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C271/00—Derivatives of carbamic acids, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups, the nitrogen atom not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
  • C07C271/06—Esters of carbamic acids
  • C07C271/08—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C271/10—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms with the nitrogen atoms of the carbamate groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C271/22—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms with the nitrogen atoms of the carbamate groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms to carbon atoms of hydrocarbon radicals substituted by carboxyl groups
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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C317/00—Sulfones; Sulfoxides
  • C07C317/26—Sulfones; Sulfoxides having sulfone or sulfoxide groups and nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups, bound to the same carbon skeleton
  • C07C317/28—Sulfones; Sulfoxides having sulfone or sulfoxide groups and nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups, bound to the same carbon skeleton with sulfone or sulfoxide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton
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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D207/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D207/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D207/44—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D207/444—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having two doubly-bound oxygen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 5
  • C07D207/448—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having two doubly-bound oxygen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 5 with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms directly attached to other ring carbon atoms, e.g. maleimide
  • C07D207/452—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having two doubly-bound oxygen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 5 with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms directly attached to other ring carbon atoms, e.g. maleimide with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by hetero atoms, directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D277/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings
  • C07D277/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D277/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member
  • C07D277/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D277/16—Sulfur atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
  • C07K14/43504—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from invertebrates
  • C07K14/43595—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from invertebrates from coelenteratae, e.g. medusae
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  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F8/00—Chemical modification by after-treatment
  • C08F8/30—Introducing nitrogen atoms or nitrogen-containing groups
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides

Definitions

• the present invention relates to branched polymers which are useful in extending the in vivo circulating life of biologically active materials.
• the invention also relates to conjugates made with the polymers.
• one of the hydroxyl end-groups is converted into a reactive functional group. This process is frequently referred to as “activation” and the product is called an "activated poly(alkylene oxide)".
• Other substantially non-antigenic polymers are similarly “activated” or functionalized.
• the activated polymers are reacted with a therapeutic agent having nucleophilic functional groups that serve as attachment sites.
• nucleophilic functional group commonly used as an attachment site is the ⁇ -amino groups of lysines. Free carboxylic acid groups, suitably activated carbonyl groups, oxidized carbohydrate moieties and mercapto groups have also been used as attachment sites.
• Insulin and hemoglobin were among the first therapeutic agents conjugated. These relatively large polypeptides contain several free e-amino attachment sites. A sufficient number of polymers could be attached to reduce immunogenicity and increase the circulating life without significant loss of biologic activity. Excessive polymer conjugation and/or conjugation involving a therapeutic moiety's active site where groups associated with bioactivity are found, however, often result in loss of activity and thus therapeutic usefulness. This is often the case with lower molecular weight peptides which have few attachment sites not associated with bioactivity. Many non-peptide therapeutics also lack a sufficient number of attachment sites to obtain the benefit of polymeric modification.
• One suggestion for overcoming the problems discussed above is to use longer, higher molecular weight polymers. These materials, however, are difficult to prepare and expensive to use. Further, they provide little improvement over more readily available polymers.
• Triazine is a toxic substance which is difficult to reduce to acceptable levels after conjugation.
• triazine is a planar group and can only be double-polymer substituted. The planar structure rigidly locks the two polymer chains in place. This limits the benefits of polymer conjugation to about the same as that obtained by increasing polymer chain length.
• non-triazine-based activated polymers would offer substantial benefits to the art.
• the biologically active polymer conjugates were formed having substantially hydrolysis-resistant bonds (linkages) between the polymer and the parent biologically-active moiety.
• linkages bonds between the polymer and the parent biologically-active moiety.
• prodrugs allows the artisan to modify the onset and/or duration of action of a biologically-active compound in vivo.
• Prodrugs are often biologically inert or substantially inactive forms of the parent or active compound.
• the rate of release of the active drug is influenced by several factors including the rate of hydrolysis of the linker which joins the parent biologically active compound to the prodrug carrier.
• prodrugs based on ester or phosphate linkages have been reported. In most cases, the particular type of ester linkage used to form the prodrug provides t ⁇ / 2 for hydrolysis of up to several days in aqueous environments. Although one would expect a prodrug to have been formed, most of the conjugate is eliminated prior to sufficient hydrolysis being achieved in vivo. It would therefore be preferable to provide prodrugs which have a linkage which allows more rapid hydrolysis of the polymer-drug linkage in vivo so as to generate the parent drug compound more rapidly.
• Ri and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of substantially non-antigenic polymer residues, C ⁇ -6 alkyls, aralkyls, and terminal branching groups; Z is selected from among moieties actively transported into a target cell, hydrophobic moieties, bifunctional linking moieties and combinations thereof; Y ⁇ -3 are independently selected from among O, S or NR ⁇ ; Li and L 2 are independently selected bifunctional linkers; R3-R11 , R 24 and R25 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-6 alkyls, C 3 - ⁇ branched alkyls, C3-8 cycloalkyls, C1-6 substituted alkyls,
• A is selected from among leaving groups, functional groups and residues of amine-containing agents and OH; a and c are each independently 0 or a positive integer; b, d and e are independently 0 or 1 ; and m, n, o, and p are independently selected positive integers.
• Another aspect of the invention includes bifunctional compounds that are formed when at least one of (Ri) and (R 2 ) is a polymeric residue which includes both an alpha and omega terminal linking group.
• the artisan is capable of attaching two equivalents of a biologically active agent drug, protein, polypeptide, etc. to the polymeric (preferably PEG) bicine system.
• An example of such a bifunctional polymer conjugate is illustrated below as formula (Ha) and (lib) :
• the term “residue” shall be understood to mean that portion of a compound, to which it refers, that remains after it has undergone a substitution reaction in which the polymeric prodrug carrier portion has been attached.
• the term “polymeric residue” or “PEG residue” shall each be understood to mean that portion of the polymer or PEG which remains after it has undergone a reaction with a biologically active compound.
• alkyl shall be understood to include straight, branched, substituted, e.g. halo-, alkoxy-, nitro-, C. 12 alkyls,
• substituted alkyls include carboxyalkyls, aminoalkyls, dialkylaminos, hydroxyalkyls and mercaptoalkyls
• substituted alkenyls include carboxyalkenyls, aminoalkenyls, dialkenylaminos, hydroxyalkenyls and mercaptoalkenyls
• substituted alkynyls include carboxyalkynyls, aminoalkynyls, dialkynylaminos, hydroxyalkynyls and mercaptoalkynyls
• substituted cycloalkyls include moieties such as
• aryls include moieties such as napthyl; substituted aryls include moieties such as 3-bromo-phenyl; aralkyls include moieties such as toluyl; heteroalkyls include moieties such as ethylthiophene; substituted heteroalkyls include moieties such as 3-methoxy-thiophene; alkoxy includes moieties such as methoxy; and phenoxy includes moieties such as 3-nitrophenoxy.
• Halo- shall be understood to include fluoro, chloro, iodo and bromo.
• the term "sufficient amounts" for purposes of the present invention shall mean an amount which achieves a therapeutic effect as such effect is understood by those of ordinary skill in the art.
• substantially non-antigenic shall be understood to include all polymeric materials understood in the art as being substantially non-toxic and not eliciting an appreciable immune response in mammals.
• a "positive integer” shall be understood to mean a positive whole number, preferably from about 1 to 6 and more preferably 1 or 2.
• the bicine linker allows for the manipulation of the hydrolysis rate of the prodrug, thereby releasing the native entities at various rates in vivo as well as in vitro.
• various bifunctional moieties, including amino acid or short peptide residues can be included as part of any of L1-3 to modulate the rate of hydrolysis of the prodrug and/or cellular uptake, etc. in vivo and in vitro.
• Another advantage of the invention is that the target compounds delivered via the polymeric transport system often demonstrate a measurable increase in aqueous solubility and circulating life in vivo.
• FIGS 1 - 17 schematically illustrate methods of forming compounds of the present invention which are described in the detailed description and examples.
• Ri and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of substantially non-antigenic polymer residues, C1-6 alkyls, aralkyls, and terminal branching groups;
• A is selected from among leaving groups, functional groups, residues of amine-containing agents such as biologically active proteins, peptides, chemotherapeutics, etc. and OH, a and c are each independently 0 or a positive integer; b, d and e are independently 0 or 1 ; and m, n, o, and p are independently selected positive integers.
• one or more of Ri and R 2 include a substantially non-antigenic polymeric residue such as a polyethylene glycol (PEG) group.
• R, 2 include a capping group designated herein as
• J. Preferred J groups used for polymer capping include moieties such as OH, NH 2 , SH, CO 2 H, C, 6 alkyl moieties, such as CH3, and compounds of formulae (Ilia) and
• Ri and R 2 are polyalkylene oxide residues, and more preferably polyethylene glycol residues; in other aspects, Ri and R 2 are bicine-based terminal branching groups described in more detail below to allow multiple polymer strand loading; R3-R10, and R 24 - 2 5 are each hydrogen; a, b, c, d, m, n, o and p preferably each 1 ; e is preferably 0 or 1 ;
• Li and L 2 are each preferably one of NHCH(CH 3 )C(O)-, NHCH 2 C(O)-, NH(CH 2 CH 2 O) 2 CH 2 C(OK or NH(CH) 3 OC(0)-; and
• Z is as defined above, or, alternatively Z comprises an amino acid residue, a peptide residue, a group which is actively transported into a target cell, hydrophobic or has combinations of such properties, such that when combined with biologically active A groups, prodrugs are formed which release from the bicine polymeric portion of formulae (I), (II), etc. See also commonly assigned USSN 09/758,993, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
• Ri and R 2 are preferably each water soluble polymer residues which are preferably substantially non-antigenic such as polyalkylene oxides (PAO's) and more preferably polyethylene glycols such as mPEG.
• PAO's polyalkylene oxides
• PEG residue portion of Ri can be selcted from among:
• the PEG residue can be selected from among:
• R23-24 are individually selected from among hydrogen, C1-6 alkyls, C3- ⁇ 2 branched alkyls, C3-8 cycloalkyls, C ⁇ - 6 substituted alkyls,C3-8 substituted cycloalkyls, aryls substituted aryls, aralkyls, C ⁇ -6 heteroalkyls, substituted C 1-6 heteroalkyls, C ⁇ - 6 alkoxy, phenoxy and Ci- ⁇ heteroalkoxy and J is a capping group as described above with regard to Formula H
• R1-2 are selected from among
• Ri and R 2 preferably comprise residues of this formula.
• the degree of polymerization for the polymer (x) can be from about 10 to about 2,300. This represents the number of repeating units in the polymer chain and is dependent on the molecular weight of the polymer.
• the (J) moiety is a capping group as defined herein, i.e. a group which is found on the terminal of the polymer and, in some aspects, can be selected from any of NH 2 , OH, SH, C0 2 H, C, 6 alkyls or other PEG terminal activating groups, as such groups are understood by those of ordinary skill.
• polypropylene glycols such as those described in commonly-assigned U.S. Patent No. 5,643,575 (the '575 patent), "star-PEG's” and multi-armed PEG's such as those described in Shearwater Corporation's 2001 catalog "Polyethylene Glycol and Derivatives for Biomedical Application".
• the disclosure of each of the foregoing is incorporated herein by reference.
• the branching afforded by the '575 patent allows secondary or tertiary branching from the bicine group as a way of increasing polymer loading on a biologically active molecule or enzyme from a single point of attachment. It will be understood that the water-soluble polymer can be functionalized for attachment to the bifunctional linkage groups if required without undue experimentation.
• PAO's and PEG's can vary substantially in weight average molecular weight, preferably, R, and R-. each have a weight average molecur weight of from about 2,000 to about 25,000 Da in most aspects of the invention.
• the polymeric substances included herein are preferably water-soluble at room temperature.
• a non-limiting list of such polymers include polyalkylene oxide homopolymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) or polypropylene glycols, polyoxyethylenated polyols, copolymers thereof and block copolymers thereof, provided that the water solubility of the block copolymers is maintained.
• R- are each optionally selected from among one or more effectively non-antigenic materials such as dextran, polyvinyl alcohols, carbohydrate-based polymers, hydroxypropylmeth-acrylamide (HPMA), polyalkylene oxides, and/or copolymers thereof. See also commonly-assigned U.S. Patent No, 6,153,655, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. It will be understood by those of ordinary skill that the same type of activation is employed as described herein as for PAO's such as PEG.
• effectively non-antigenic materials such as dextran, polyvinyl alcohols, carbohydrate-based polymers, hydroxypropylmeth-acrylamide (HPMA), polyalkylene oxides, and/or copolymers thereof. See also commonly-assigned U.S. Patent No, 6,153,655, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. It will be understood by those of ordinary skill that the same type of activation is employed as described herein as for PAO's such as P
• the polymers of the present invention can also be copolymerized with bifunctional materials such as poly(alkylene glycol) diamines to form interpenetrating polymer networks suitable for use in permeable contact lenses, wound dressings, drug delivery devices and the like.
• bifunctional materials such as poly(alkylene glycol) diamines to form interpenetrating polymer networks suitable for use in permeable contact lenses, wound dressings, drug delivery devices and the like.
• the steric limitations and water solubility of such branching will be readily recognized by one of ordinary skill in the art.
• the molecular weight of multiple branched polymers should not exceed 80,000 daltons.
• Li and/or L 2 are linking groups which facilitate attachment of the bicine derivative to the polymer strands, e.g. Ri and/or R2.
• the linkage provided can be either direct or through further coupling groups known to those of ordinary skill.
• Other L x groups are mentioned in the specification and they are understood to be selected from among the same groups as Li.
• Li is preferably selected from among:
• R. 4 -R ⁇ 7 and R19 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C ⁇ -6 alkyls, C 3 - ⁇ branched alkyls, C3-8 cycloalkyls, C1-6 substituted alkyls, C3- 8 substituted cycloalkyls, aryls, substituted aryls, aralkyls, C 1-6 heteroalkyls, substituted C1-6 heteroalkyls, C1-6 alkoxy, phenoxy and C1-6 heteroalkoxy; and Ri8 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C ⁇ - 6 alkyls, C3-19 branched alkyls, C3-8 cycloalkyls, C1-6 substituted alkyls, C3-8 substituted cycloalkyls, aryls, substituted aryls, aralkyls, C1-6 heteroalkyls, substituted C1-6 heteroalkyls, C1-6 alkoxy, phenoxy and C1-6 heteroalkoxy, NO
• L 2 can be selected from among:
• R 2 o-R 2 3 and R 2 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C ⁇ -6 alkyls, C 3 - ⁇ 9 branched alkyls, C3-8 cycloalkyls, C1-6S ubstituted alkyls, C3-8 substituted cycloalkyls, aryls, substituted aryls, aralkyls, C1-6 heteroalkyls, substituted C1-6 heteroalkyls, C ⁇ -6 alkoxy, phenoxy and C1-6 heteroalkoxy and
• R 24 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C ⁇ -6 alkyls, C 3 - ⁇ 9 branched alkyls, C3-8 cycloalkyls, C1-6 substituted alkyls, C3-8 substituted cycloalkyls, aryls, substituted aryls, aralkyls, C1-6 heteroalkyls, substituted C1-6 heteroalkyls, C ⁇ -6 alkoxy, phenoxy and C1-6 heteroalkoxy, NO 2 , haloalkyl and halogen; and v and w are individually selected positive integers, preferably from about 1 to about 4.
• Li and/or L 2 can include an amino acid residue.
• the amino acid can be selected from any of the known naturally-occurring
• L- amino acids is, e.g.. alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, glycine, serine, threonine, methionine, cysteine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine, arginine, histidine, proline, and/or a combination thereof, to name but a few.
• the peptide ranges in size, for instance, from about 2 to about 10 amino acid residues.
• the peptide is Gly-Phe-Leu-.
• glycine can be added to the aforementioned trippeptide after leucine to form a 4 residue peptide.
• amino acid residues are preferably of the formula
• X' is O, S or NR 2 6, Y 5 is O, S or NR 2 , and R 26 , R27 and R28 are independently selected from the same group as that which defines R3 but each is preferably H or lower alkyl; and f is a positive integer from about 1 to about 10, and is preferably 1.
• D or L various art-known non-naturally occurring amino acids
• hydrophobic or non-hydrophobic are also contemplated to be within the scope of the invention.
• amino acid analogs and derivates include: 2-aminoadipic acid, 3-amino-adipic acid, beta-alanine, beta-aminopropionic acid, 2-aminobutyric acid, 4-amino-butyric acid, piperidinic acid, 6-aminocaproic acid, 2-aminoheptanoic acid, 2-aminoisobutyric acid, 3-aminoisobutyric acid, 2-aminopimelic acid, 2,4-diaminobutyric acid, desmosine, 2,2-diaminopimelic acid, 2,3-diaminopropionic acid, n-ethylglycine, N-ethylasparagine, 3-hydroxyproline, 4-hydroxyproline, isodesmosine, allo-isoleucine, N-methylglycine, sarcosine, N-methylisoleucine, 6-N-methyl-lysine,
• Short peptides are, for example, peptides ranging from 2 to about 10, or more, amino acid residues, as mentioned supra.
• the Z group servers as the linkage between the A groups and the remainder of the bicine transport form.
• Z is a moiety that is actively transported into a target cell, a hydrophobic moiety, and combinations thereof.
• Z is preferably monovalent, Z can optionally be bivalent or multivalent so to allow attachment of more than one A group to the bicine-based polymer.
• This aspect of the invention is broadly based upon the principle that biologically active materials suitable for incorporation into the bicine-polymer- based prodrug conjugates may themselves be substances/compounds which are not active after hydrolytic release from the bicine-linked composition, but which will become active after undergoing a further chemical process/reaction.
• a therapeutic or diagnostic agent, peptide, polypetide, etc. that is delivered to the bloodstream by the bicine-based polymer system, will remain inactive until entering or being actively transported into a target cell of interest, whereupon it is activated by intracellular chemistry, e-g-., by an enzyme or enzyme system present in that tissue or cell.
• the prodrugs of this aspect of the invention are prepared so that in vivo hydrolysis of the bicine-polymer-based conjugate cleaves the conjugate so as to release the active biological material (designated A herein) into extracellular fluid, while still linked to the Z moiety.
• the biologically active materials in this aspect of the invention are preferably, but not exclusively, small molecule therapeutic and/or diagnostic agents.
• one potential Z-A combination is leucine- doxorubacin, another is amino acid-linked camptothecin or paclitaxel and the tissue to be treated is tumor tissue.
• the rate of transport of a biologically active material into tumor cells is by the delivery of a biologically active material into extracellular tissue pace, e_-g-, of a tissue exhibiting an EPR effect, in a protected and/or transport-enhanced form.
• the transport enhancer (Z) is selected from among known substrates for a cell membrane transport system.
• cells are known to actively transport certain nutrients and endocrine factors, and the like, and such nutrients, or analogs thereof, are readily employed to enhance active transport of a biologically effective material into target cells.
• these nutrients include amino acid residues, peptides, e--g-., short peptides ranging in size from about 2 to about 10 residues or more, simple sugars and fatty acids, endocrine factors, and the like.
• Short peptides are, for example, peptides ranging from 2 to about 10, or more, amino acid residues, as mentioned supra.
• peptide transport enhancers need not be hydrophobic, but are thought to function in other ways to enhance uptake and/or to protect the linked small molecule agents from premature hydrolysis in the general bloodstream.
• peptide transport enhancers, and other transport enhancers of similar molecular weight ranges are thought to sterically hinder cleavage from the biologically active agent by plasma-based hydrolytic enzymes, but are then cleaved within a target cell by various peptides and/or proteases, such as cathepsins.
• Z is a hydrophobic moiety.
• a hydrophobic moiety inhibits the extracellular cleavage of the transport enhancer away from the active biological agent, by inhibiting the attack of hydrolytic enzymes, etc. present in the extracellular tissue space, e_-g_, in the plasma.
• some preferred transport enhancers include, e-g., . hydrophobic amino acids such as alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, proline, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophane, as well as non-naturally occurring derivatives and analogs thereof, as mentioned supra.
• the transport enhancer is a hydrophobic organic moiety.
• the organic moiety is a C ⁇ -18, or larger, alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl-substituted or nonsubstituted.
• suitble moieties include, without limitation, groups such as N-hydroxybenzotriazolyl, halogen, N- hydroxyphthalimidyl, p-nitrophenoxy, imidazolyl, N-hydroxysuccinimidyl; thiazolidinyl thione, O-acyl ureas or
• leaving groups are to be understood as those groups which are capable of reacting with a nucleophile found on the desired target, i.e. a biologically active moiety, a bifunctional spacer, intermediate, etc.
• the targets thus contain a group for displacement, such as NH 2 groups found on proteins, peptides, enzymes, naturally or chemically synthesized therapeutic molecules such as doxorubicin, spacers such as mono-protected diamines such compound 42.
• the compounds of the present invention can also include a spacer group between the bicine group and the leaving group or attached target (drug) if desired.
• the spacer moiety may be a heteroalkyl, alkoxy, alkyl containing up to 18 carbon atoms or even an additional polymer chain.
• the spacer moieties can added using standard synthesis techniques. It is to be understood that those moieties selected for (A) can also react with other moieties besides biologically active nucleophiles. 2. Functional Groups
• A can also be a functional groups.
• functional groups include maleimidyl, vinyl, residues of sulfone, hydroxy, amino, carboxy, mercapto, hydrazide, carbazate and the like which can be attached to the bicine portion through an amine-containing spacer.
• the functional group e.g. maleimide
• the bicine- polymer can be used to attach the bicine- polymer to a target such as the cysteine residue of a polypeptide, amino acid or peptide spacer, etc.
• A is a residue of an amine-containing compound.
• suitable compounds include residues of organic compounds, enzymes, proteins, polypeptides, etc.
• Organic compounds include, without limitation, moieties such as anthracycline compounds including daunorubicin, doxorubicin; p-aminoaniline mustard, melphalan, Ara-C (cytosine arabinoside) and related anti-metabolite compounds, e.g., gemcitabine, etc.
• A can be a residue of an amine-containing cardiovascular agent, anti- neoplastic, anti-infective, anti-fungal such as nystatin and amphotericin B, anti- anxiety agent, gastrointestinal agent, central nervous system-activating agent, analgesic, fertility agent, contraceptive agent, anti-inflammatory agent, steroidal agent, agent, etc.
• A can also be a residue of an enzyme, protein, polypeptide, etc.
• Suitable proteins, polypeptides, enzymes, peptides and the like having at least one available group for polymer attachment, e.g. an e-amino, cysteine, thio, N-terminal amino, include materials which have physiological or pharmacological activities as well as those which are able to catalyze reactions in organic solvents.
• the only other requirement of the amine-containing materials is that they maintain at least some portion of the activity associated with the unmodified protein, enzyme, peptide, etc. either after attachment to the polymeric transport or, if relevant, after the parent compound has been hydrolyzed and released.
• Proteins, polypeptides and peptides of interest include, but are not limited to, hemoglobin, serum proteins such as blood factors including Factors VII, VIH, and IX; immunoglobulins, cytokines such as interleukins, i.e. IL-1 through IL-13, etc., ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ -interferons, colony stimulating factors including granulocyte colony stimulating factors, platelet derived growth factors and phospholipase-activating protein (PLAP).
• hemoglobin serum proteins such as blood factors including Factors VII, VIH, and IX
• immunoglobulins such as interleukins, i.e. IL-1 through IL-13, etc., ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ -interferons
• colony stimulating factors including granulocyte colony stimulating factors, platelet derived growth factors and phospholipase-activating protein (PLAP).
• PLAP phospholipase-activating protein
• proteins of general biological or therapeutic interest include insulin, plant proteins such as lectins and ricins, tumor necrosis factors and related proteins, growth factors such as transforming growth factors, such as TGF ⁇ 's or TGF ⁇ 's and epidermal growth factors, hormones, somatomedins, erythropoietin, pigmentary hormones, hypothalamic releasing factors, antidiuretic hormones, prolactin, chorionic gonadotropin, follicle-stimulating hormone, thyroid- stimulating hormone, tissue plasminogen activator, and the like.
• Immunoglobulins of interest include IgG, IgE, IgM, IgA, IgD and fragments thereof.
• Some proteins such as the interleukins, interferons and colony stimulating factors also exist in non-glycosylated form, usually as a result of using recombinant techniques.
• the non-glycosylated versions are also among the proteins of the present invention.
• Enzymes of interest include carbohydrate-specific enzymes, proteolytic enzymes, oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases and ligases.
• examples of enzymes of interest include asparaginase, arginase, arginine deaminase, adenosine deaminase, superoxide dismutase, endotoxinases, catalases, chymotrypsin, lipases, uricases, adenosine diphosphatase, tyrosinases and bilirubin oxidase.
• Carbohydrate-specific enzymes of interest include glucose oxidases, glucodases, galactosidases, glucocerebrosidases, glucouronidases, etc. Also included herein is any portion of a biological polymer demonstrating in vivo bioactivity. This includes amino acid sequences, nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), peptide nucleic acids (PNA), oligonucleotides, antibody fragments, single chain binding proteins, see, for example U.S. Patent No. 4,946,778, disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, binding molecules including fusions of antibodies or fragments, polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies and catalytic antibodies.
• the proteins or portions thereof can be prepared or isolated by using techniques known to those of ordinary skill in the art such as tissue culture, extraction from animal sources, or by recombinant DNA methodologies.
• Transgenic sources of the proteins, polypeptides, amino acid sequences and the like are also contemplated. Such materials are obtained from transgenic animals, i.e., mice, pigs, cows, etc., wherein the proteins are expressed in milk, blood or tissues.
• Transgenic insects and baculovirus expression systems are also contemplated as sources.
• mutant versions of proteins, such as mutant interferons are also within the scope of the invention.
• Other proteins of interest are allergen proteins such as ragweed, Antigen E, honeybee venom, mite allergen, and the like. The foregoing is illustrative of the proteins which are suitable for the present invention. It is to be understood that those proteins, as defined herein, not specifically mentioned but having an available amino group are also intended and are within the scope of the present invention.
• the amino-containing compound is a biologically active compound that is suitable for medicinal or diagnostic use in the treatment of animals, e.g., mammals, including humans, for conditions for which such treatment is desired.
• animals e.g., mammals, including humans
• the amino-containing compound is a biologically active compound that is suitable for medicinal or diagnostic use in the treatment of animals, e.g., mammals, including humans, for conditions for which such treatment is desired.
• the foregoing list is meant to be illustrative and not limiting for the compounds which can be modified. Those of ordinary skill will realize that other such compounds/ compositions can be similarly modified without undue experimentation. It is to be understood that those biologically active materials not specifically mentioned but having suitable attachment groups are also intended and are within the scope of the present invention.
• a non-limiting list of suitable coupling agents include 1,3-diisopropyl- carbodiimide (DIPC), any suitable dialkyl carbodiimide, 2-halo-l -alkyl -pyridinium halides (Mukaiyama reagents), l-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethyl carbodiimide (EDC), propane phosphonic acid cyclic anhydride (PPACA) and phenyl dichlorophosphates, etc. which are available, for example from commercial sources such as Sigma-Aldrich Chemical, or synthesized using known techniques.
• DIPC 1,3-diisopropyl- carbodiimide
• any suitable dialkyl carbodiimide such as 2-halo-l -alkyl -pyridinium halides (Mukaiyama reagents), l-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethyl carbodiimide (EDC
• the substituents are reacted in an inert solvent such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), acetonitrile (CH3CN), methylene chloride (DCM), chloroform (CHCI3), dimethyl formamide (DMF) or mixtures thereof.
• Suitable bases include dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), dusopropylethylamine, pyridine, triethylamine, KOH, potassium t-butoxide and NaOH etc.
• the reactions are usually carried out at a temperature of from about 0° C up to about 22° C (room temperature).
• one method of forming the activated bicine derivatives includes
• Ai is a leaving group such as
• the base bicine derivative is further modified to include one or more terminal branching groups.
• the terminal branching groups are of the formula:
• L 4 is a bifunctional linker selected from the same group as that which defines Li;
• R40-R46 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-6 alkyls, C3-19 branched alkyls, C 3 . 8 cycloalkyls, C1-6 substituted alkyls, C3-8 substituted cycloalkyls, aryls, substituted aryls, aralkyls, C1-6 heteroalkyls, substituted C 1-6 heteroalkyls, C 1-6 alkoxy, phenoxy and C 1-6 heteroalkoxy; j and k are each independently 0 or a positive integer; q is 0 or 1 ; g, h, v and w are independently selected positive integers; Rso is selected from the group consisting of substantially non-antigenic polymer residues, C ⁇ -6 alkyls, C ⁇ -6 aralkyls, and
• Ls is a bifunctional linker selected from the same group as that which defines Li; and R 6 o is selected from the group consisting of substantially non-antigenic polymer residues, C1-6 alkyls and Ci- ⁇ aralkyls.
• the bicine derivative intermediate containing the blocked primary amine is reacted with two equivalents of an activated bicine polymer to form a bicine polymer system containing up to four strands of polymer which are joined to a single point of attachment on the biologically active molecule, enzyme, target, etc.
• the process can be repeated to form the eight stranded derivative by reacting two equivalents of the four stranded polymer bicine derivative described above with one equivalent of the blocked primary amine bicine derivative.
• bicine-based polymeric transport systems containing a second and different type of polymeric system attached to the biologically active moiety designated herein as A.
• the mixed linker or hybrid systems can be prepared by at least two methods.
• the bicine-based system can be synthesized first as discussed above and then the bicine-attached biologically active moiety is PEGylated using any art- recognized activated polymer such as thiazolidinyl thione-, succinimidyl carbonate- or maleimide-activated PEG.
• the biologically active material can be any art- recognized activated polymer such as thiazolidinyl thione-, succinimidyl carbonate- or maleimide-activated PEG.
• the biologically active material can be
• activated bicine based system PEGylated first and then reacted with the activated bicine based system described above.
• the mixed linker or hybrid systems will be better suited for proteins, enzymes and the like where multiple amino groups (e.g. e amino groups of lysines or N-terminal groups) cysteine or thio groups are available for attachment of the various polymer linkers.
• activated polymers will be understood to include polymers containing one or more terminal groups which are capable of reacting with one or more of amino groups, histidine nitrogens, carboxyl groups, sulfhydryl groups, etc. found on enzymes, proteins, etc., as well as such groups found on synthetically prepared organic compounds. It will further be appreciated that the activating groups can also be used to form the activated-bicine systems described above.
• the activating terminal group is therefore any group which facilitates conjugation of the polymers with the biologically active material, i.e. protein, enzyme, etc. either before of after the double prodrug transport system of the present invention has been synthesized. See, for example, U.S. Patent No.
• a further aspect of the invention provides the conjugates of the invention optionally prepared with a diagnostic tag linked to the transport enhancer described above, wherein the tag is selected for diagnostic or imaging purposes.
• a suitable tag is prepared by linking any suitable moiety, e--g_, an amino acid residue, to any art-standard emitting isotope, radio-opaque label, magnetic resonance label, or other non-radioactive isotopic labels suitable for magnetic resonance imaging, fluorescence-type labels, labels exhibiting visible colors and/or capable of fluorescing under ultraviolet, infrared or electrochemical stimulation, to allow for imaging tumor tissue during surgical procedures, and so forth.
• the diagnostic tag is incorporated into and/or linked to a conjugated therapeutic moiety, allowing for monitoring of the distribution of a therapeutic biologically active material within an animal or human patient.
• the inventive tagged conjugates are readily prepared, by art-known methods, with any suitable label, including, e.g., radioisotope labels.
• radioisotope labels include Iodine, Iodine, m Technetium and/or Indium to produce radioimmunoscintigraphic agents for selective uptake into tumor cells, in vivo.
• there are a number of art- known methods of linking peptide to Tc-99m including, simply by way of example, those shown by U.S. Patent Nos. 5,328,679; 5,888,474; 5,997,844; and 5,997,845, incorporated by reference herein.
• the conjugate tag is administered to a patient or animal suspected of having a tumor.
• the signal generated by the label is detected, for instance, visually, by X-ray radiography, computerized transaxial tomography, MRI, by instrumental detection of a luminescent tag, by a photo scanning device such as a gamma camera, or any other method or instrument appropriate for the nature of the selected tag.
• the detected signal is then converted to an image or anatomical and/or physiological determination of the tumor site.
• the image makes it possible to locate the tumor in vivo and to devise an appropriate therapeutic strategy.
• the detected signal provides evidence of anatomical localization during treatment, providing a baseline for follow-up diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
• Another aspect of the present invention provides methods of treatment for various medical conditions in mammals.
• the methods include administering to the mammal in need of such treatment, an effective amount of a prodrug, such as a doxorubicin-bicine linked-PEG conjugate, which has been prepared as described herein.
• a prodrug such as a doxorubicin-bicine linked-PEG conjugate
• the compositions are useful for, among other things, treating neoplastic disease, reducing tumor burden, preventing metastasis of neoplasms and preventing recurrences of tumor/neoplastic growths in mammals.
• the amount of the prodrug administered will depend upon the parent molecule, e.g. peptide, polypeptide, protein, enzyme, etc. included therein.
• the amount of prodrug used in the treatment methods is that amount which effectively achieves the desired therapeutic result in mammals.
• the dosages of the various prodrug compounds will vary somewhat depending upon the parent compound, rate of in vivo hydrolysis, molecular weight of the polymer, etc. Those skilled in the art will determine the optimal dosing of the prodrug selected based on clinical experience and the treatment indication. Actual dosages will be apparent to the artisan without undue experimentation.
• the compositions of the present invention can be included in one or more suitable pharmaceutical compositions for administration to mammals.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a solution, suspension, tablet, capsule or the like, prepared according to methods well known in the art.
• compositions may be by the oral and/or parenteral routes depending upon the needs of the artisan.
• a solution and/or suspension of the composition may be utilized, for example, as a carrier vehicle for injection or infiltration of the composition by any art known methods, e.g., by intravenous, intramuscular, subdermal injection and the like.
• Such administration may also be by infusion into a body space or cavity, as well as by inhalation and/or intranasal routes.
• the prodrugs are parenterally administered to mammals in need thereof.
• reaction mixture is washed with 0.1 N HCl (3 x 30 mL), 0.1 N NaHCO 3 (3 x 30 mL), dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), and the solvent evaporated, and the residue purified by column chromatography on silica gel to give 32.
• the structure of 32 is confirmed by NMR.
• EXAMPLE 29 SYNTHESIS OF COMPOUND ( ⁇ ») A solution of 32 (0.30 g, 0.36 mmol), and piperidine (0.062 g, 0.72 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (25 mL) is stirred at room temperature for 2 hrs. The solvent is evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue purified by column chromatography on silica gel to give 33. The structure of 33 is confirmed by NMR.
• EXAMPLE 33 SYNTHESIS OF COMPOUND (37) A solution of 40 kDa PEG di-acid (20.0 g, 0.500 mmol), 36 (1.01 g, 2.00 mmol), and DMAP (0.976 g, 8.00 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (400 mL) is added EDC (0.769 g, 4.00 mmol) and the reaction mixture stirred at room temperature for 12 hrs. The solvent is removed under reduced pressure, the residue crystallized from IPA (400 L) to give 37. The structure of 37 is confirmed by NMR. EXAMPLE 34
• EXAMPLE 43 SYNTHESIS OF COMPOUND (52) To a solution of 8 (6.10 g, 0.25 mmol) and 5 (0.0701 g, 0.125 mmol) in DCM (120 mL) is added DMAP (0.122 g, 1.00 mmol). This mixture is stirred under nitrogen at room temperature for 12 hrs. The PEG derivative is precipitated out with ethyl ether, filtered, crystallized from IPA (120 mL) to yield 50. The structure of 50 is confirmed by NMR. Compound 50 is treated with TFA under the same conditions of making compound 7 to give 51. The structure of 51 is confirmed by NMR. Compound 51 is then activated under the same conditions of making compound 8 to give 52.
• FLUORESCENCE PROTFTN (GFP) CONJUGATES Materials Releasable PEG linker, compound 8, was used in the study.
• PBS (10 mM phosphate, pH 7.4, 138 mM NaCl, and 2.7 raM KC1) was purchased from Sigma Inc. (St. Louis, MO).
• GFP Green Fluorescent... Protein
• the GFP used in the experiments is an enhanced version, EGFP, with maximum excitation wavelength of 488 nm and maximum emission wavelength of 507-509 nm.
• the EGFP sequence (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Santa Cruz, CA) was subcloned into pET22b vector containing a Histidine tag at the carboxyl terminal and was expressed in BL21 strain of E. coli (Novagen, Inc., Madison, WI) with IPTG induction.
• the soluble, cytosolic EGFP was purified to near homogeneity from bacterial supernatant using a Ni-column (Novagen, Inc., Madison, WI), followed by DEAE anion exchange chromatography (Pharmacia Biotech Products, Piscataway, NJ). Fluorescence intensity was measured on the HITACHI F-2000 Fluorescence Spectrophotometer. A linear standard curve of the protein concentration (1-140 ng/ml in 15 M Tris, pH 7.4 buffer) versus fluorescence intensity was used for protein concentration quantitation. ⁇ ConjiigatioT. of PF.fi to GFP anrl Purification of PFG-PF.fi rn ⁇ .pon ⁇ .Hs
• the plasma samples collected at different time points were thawed from -20°C to 4°C, diluted with PBS, and analyzed on a Superdex 75 HR 10/30 column (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, NJ) using the Biocad Perfusion chromatogram.
• GFP has 21 free amines, 20 from lysine side chains and one from the N-terminus. All purified PEG-GFP conjugates had an apparent molecular weight of higher than 200,000 Da on 10% SDS electrophoresis gel when the reaction was carried out at a 30: 1 molar ratio (PEG:GFP). The PEGylation number estimated on the gel was 10-14 PEG molecules per GFP.
• Table 2 below shows various prodrug release times corresponding to PEG bicine conjugates.

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