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Definitions

• the present invention relates to inhibitors of protein inases, especially glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), a serine/threonine protein kinase.
• the invention also provides compositions comprising the inhibitors of the invention and methods utilizing those compositions in the treatment of various disorders, such as diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), stroke, neurological and neurodegenerative disorders, and psychiatric disorders.
• Protein kinases mediate intracellular signal transduction. They do this by effecting a phosphoryl transfer from a nucleoside triphosphate to a protein acceptor that is involved in a signaling pathway. There are a number of kinases and pathways through which extracellular and other stimuli cause a variety of cellular responses to occur inside the cell.
• Examples of such stimuli include environmental and chemical stress signals (e.g., osmotic shock, heat shock, ultraviolet radiation, bacterial endotoxin, and H2O2), cytokines (e.g., interleukin-1 (LL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF- )), and growth factors (e.g., granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)).
• An extracellular stimulus may affect one or more cellular responses related to cell growth, migration, differentiation, secretion of hormones, activation of transcription factors, muscle contraction, glucose metabolism, control of protein synthesis and regulation of cell cycle.
• Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine protein kinase comprised of ⁇ and ⁇ isoforms that are each encoded by distinct genes [Coghlan et al., Chemistry & Biology, 7, 793-803 (2000); Kim and Kimmel, Curr. Opinion Genetics Dev., 10, 508-514 (2000)].
• GSK-3 has been implicated in various diseases including diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, CNS disorders such as manic depressive disorder and neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy [see, e.g., WO 99/65897; WO 00/38675; Kaytor and Orr, Curr. Opin.
• GSK-3 has been found to phosphorylate and modulate the activity of a number of regulatory proteins. These include glycogen synthase, which is the rate-limiting enzyme required for glycogen synthesis, the microtubule-associated protein Tau, the gene transcription factor ⁇ -catenin, the translation initiation factor elF-2B, as well as ATP citrate lyase, axin, heat shock factor-1, c-Jun, c-myc, c-myb, CREB, and CEPB ⁇ . These diverse targets implicate GSK-3 in many aspects of cellular metabolism, proliferation, differentiation and development.
• GSK-3 is a negative regulator of the insulin-induced signal in this pathway. Normally, the presence of insulin causes inhibition of GSK-3-mediated phosphorylation and deactivation of glycogen synthase. The inhibition of GSK-3 leads to increased glycogen synthesis and glucose uptake [Klein et al., PNAS, 93, 8455-9 (1996); Cross et al., Biochem. J., 303, 21-26 (1994); Cohen, Biochem. Soc. Trans., 21, 555-567 (1993); and Massillon et al., Biochem J.
• Apoptosis has been implicated in the pathophysiology of ischemic brain damage (Li et al., 1997; Choi, et al., 1996; Charriaut-Marlangue et al., 1998; Grahm and Chen, 2001; Murphy et al., 1999; Nicotera et al., 1999).
• Recent publications indicate that activation of GSK-3 ⁇ may be involved in apoptotic mechanisms (Kaytor and Orr, 2002; Culbert et al., 2001).
• GSK-3 is also implicated in mycardial infarction. See Jonassen et al., Circ Res, 89:1191, 2001 (The reduction in myocardial infarction by insulin administration at reperfusion is mediated via Akt dependent signaling pathway); Matsui et al., Circulation, 104:330, 2001 (Akt activation preserves cardiac function and prevents cardiomyocyte injury after transient cardiac ischemia in vivo); Miao et al., J Mol Cell Cardiol, 32:2397, 2000 (Intracoronary, adenovirus-mediated Akt gene delivery in heart reduced gross infarct size following ischemia-reperfusion injury in vivo); and Fujio et al., Circulation et al., 101:660, 2000 (Akt signaling inhibits cardiac myocyte apoptosis in vitro and protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury in mouse heart).
• GSK-3 activity plays a role in head trauma. See Noshita et al., Neurobiol Dis, 9:294, 2002 (Upregulation of Akt/PI3-kinase pathway may be crucial for cell survival after traumatic brain injury) and Dietrich et al., J Neurotrauma, 13:309, 1996 (Posttraumatic administration of bFGF significantly reduced damaged cortical neurons & total contusion volume in a rat model of traumatic brain injury). [0012] GSK-3 is also known to play a role in psychiatric disorders.
• GSK-3 activity is also associated with Alzheimer's disease. This disease is characterized by the presence of the well-known ⁇ -amyloid peptide and the formation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.
• the neurofibrillary tangles contain hyperphosphorylated Tau protein, in which Tau is phosphorylated on abnormal sites.
• GSK-3 has been shown to phosphorylate these abnormal sites in cell and animal models.
• inhibition of GSK-3 has been shown to prevent hyperphosphorylation of Tau in cells [Lovestone et al., Curr. Biol, 4, 1077-86 (1994); and Brownlees et al., Neuroreport 8, 3251-55 (1997); Kaytor and Orr, Curr. Opin.
• GSK3 In transgenic mice overexpressing GSK3, significant increased Tau hyperphosphorylation and abnormal morphology of neurons were observed [Lucas et al., EMBO J, 20:27-39 (2001)]. Active GSK3 accumulates in cytoplasm of pretangled neurons, which can lead to neurofibrillary tangles in brains of patients with AD [Pei et al., J europathol Exp Neurol, 58, 1010-19 (1999)]. Therefore, inhibition of GSK-3 slows or halts the generation of neurofibrillary tangles and thus treat or reduce the severity of Alzheimer's disease.
• Presenilin-1 and kinesin-1 are also substrates for GSK-3 and relate to another mechanism for the role GSK-3 plays in Alzheimer's disease, as was recently described by Pigino, G., et al., Journal of Neuroscience (23:4499, 2003). It was found that GSK3beta phosphorylates kinsesin-I light chain, which results in a release of kinesin-1 from membrane-bound organelles, leading to a reduction in fast anterograde axonal transport (Morfini et al., 2002). The authors suggest that the mutations in PSl may deregulate and increase GSK-3 activity, which in turn, impairs axonal transport in neurons. The consequent reductions in axonal transport in affected neurons ultimately leads to neurodegeneration.
• GSK-3 is also associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). See Williamson and Cleveland, 1999 (Axonal transport is retarded in a very early phase of ALS in mSODl mice); Morfini et al., 2002 (GSK3 phosphorylates kinesin light chains and inhibit anterograde axonal transport); Warita et al., Apoptosis, 6:345, 2001 (The majority of spinal motor neurons lost the immunoreactivities for both PI3-K and Akt in the early and presymptomatic stage that preceded significant loss of the neurons in this SOD1 tg animal model of ALS); and Sanchez et al., 2001 (The inhibition of PI-3K induces neurite retraction mediated by GSK3 activation).
• ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
• GSK-3 activity is also linked to spinal cord and peripheral nerve injuries. It has been shown that GSK3 inhibition by lithium and valproic acid can induce axonal remodeling and change synaptic connectivity. See Kaytor & Orr, Curr Opin Neurobiol, 12:275, 2002 (Downregulation of GSK3 causes changes in mirotubule-associated proteins: tau, MAPI & 2) and Hall et al., Mol Cell Neurosci, 20:257, 2002 (Lithium and valproic acid induces the formation of growth cone-like structures along the axons).
• GSK-3 Another substrate of GSK-3 is ⁇ -catenin, which is degraded after phosphorylation by GSK-3.
• ⁇ -catenin has been reported in schizophrenic patients and have also been associated with other diseases related to increase in neuronal cell death [Zhong et al., Nature, 395, 698-702 (1998); Takashima et al., PNAS, 90, 7789-93 (1993); Pei et al., J. Neuropathol. Exp, 56, 70-78 (1997); and Smith et al., Bio-org. Med. Chem. 11, 635-639 (2001)]. Furthermore, ⁇ -catenin and Tcf-4 play a dual role in vascular remodeling by inhibiting vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis and promoting proliferation (Wang et al., Circ Res, 90:340, 2002).
• GSK-3 is associated with angiogenic disorders. See also Liu et al., FASEB J, 16:950, 2002 (Activation of GSK3 reduces hepatocyte growth factor, leading to altered endothelial cell barrier function and diminished vascular integrity) and Kim et al.,k J Biol Chem, 277:41888, 2002 (GSK3beta activation inhibits angiogenesis in vivo using Matrigel plug assay: the inhibition of GSK3beta signaling enhances capillary formation). [0021] Association between GSK-3 and Huntington's disease has been shown.
• GSK3beta inhibition protect cells from poly-glutamine-induced neuronal and non-neuronal cell death via increases in b-catenin and its associated transcriptional pathway.
• Overexpression of GSK3 reduced the activation of heat shock transcription factor-1 and heat shock protein HSP70 (Bijur et al., J Biol Chem, 275:7583, 2000) that are shown to decrease both poly-(Q) aggregates and cell death in in vitro HD model (Wyttenbach eta 1., Hum Mol Genet, 11:1137, 2002).
• GSK-3 effects the levels of FGF-2 and their receptors are increased during remyelination of brain aggregate cultures remyelinating rat brains. See Copelman et al., 2000, Messersmith, et al., 2000; and Hinks and Franklin, 2000. It was also found that FGF-2 induces process outgrowth by oligodendrocytes implicating involvement of FGF in remyelination (Oh and Yong, 1996; Gogate et al., 1994) and that FGF-2 gene therapy has shown to improve the recovery of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice (Ruffini, et al., 2001).
• EAE allergic encephalomyelitis
• GSK-3 has also been associated with hair growth because Wnt beta-catenin signaling is shown to play a major role in hair follicle morphogenesis and differentiation (Kishimotot et al. Genes Dev, 14:1181, 2000; Millar, J Invest Dermatol, 118:216, 2002). It was found that mice with constitutive overexpression of the inhibitors of Wnt signaling in skin failed to develop hair follicles. Wnt signals are required for the initial development of hair follicles and GSK3 constitutively regulates Wnt pathways by inhibiting beta-catenin. (Andl et al., Dev Cell 2:643, 2002).
• a transient Wnt signal provides the crucial initial stimulus for the start of a new hair growth cycle, by activating beta-catenin and TCF-regulated gene transcription in epithelial hair follicle precursors (Van Mater et al, Genes Dev, 17:1219, 2003)
• GSK-3 inhibition is useful as a male contraceptive. It was shown that a decline in sperm GSK3 activity is associated with sperm motility development in bovine and monkey epididymis (Vijayaraghavan et al., Biol Reprod, 54: 709, 1996; Smith et al., J Androl, 20:47, 1999). Furthermore, tyrosine & serine/threonine phosphorylation of GSK3 is high in motile compared to immotile sperm in bulls (Vijayaraghavan et al., Biol Reprod, 62:1647, 2000). This effect was also demonstrated with human sperm (Luconi et al., Human Reprod, 16:1931, 2001).
• the compounds of this invention are capable of inhibiting GSK-3 activity.
• these compounds are also utilized in compositions and methods for inhibiting GSK-3 activity and methods for treating or lessening the severity of diseases or conditions associated with GSK-3 in patients.
• the diseases or conditions amenable to the methods of this invention include, for example, neurological and neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, psychiatric disorders, multiple sclerosis (MS), myocardial infarction, reperfusion/ischemia, baldness, and stroke.
• MS multiple sclerosis
• myocardial infarction myocardial infarction
• reperfusion/ischemia reperfusion/ischemia
• baldness and stroke.
• Figure 1 depicts effects of treatment with a compound of formula I as compared to vehicle control, administered 6 hours after the Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model (MCAO), as a decrease in total infarct volume, cortical infarct volume, striatal ischemic damage, and edema formation.
• MCAO Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model
• Figure 2 depicts the neurological function of rats, over the time course of the experiment, treated with a compound of formula I as compared to the vehicle control group.
• W is nitrogen or CH
• R 1 is selected from hydrogen or fluorine
• R y is a C 1 . 4 aliphatic group, optionally substituted with N(R 2 ) 2 or a 5-6 membered saturated ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein: each R is independently selected from hydrogen or a C ⁇ _ 3 aliphatic group optionally substituted with OH, N(R 3 ) , or a 5-6 membered saturated ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; and wherein: each R is independently selected from hydrogen or a C 1 - 3 aliphatic group; provided that: when R 1 is hydrogen and W is CH, then R y is other than methyl.
• aliphatic or "aliphatic group” as used herein means a straight-chain or branched C ⁇ -C hydrocarbon chain that is completely saturated or that contains one or more units of unsaturation, or a monocyclic C 3 -C hydrocarbon that is completely saturated or that contains one or more units of unsaturation, but which is not aromatic (also referred to herein as “carbocycle” or “cycloalkyl”), that has a single point of attachment to the rest of the molecule.
• suitable aliphatic groups include, but are not limited to, linear or branched or alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl groups and hybrids thereof such as (cycloalkyl)alkyl, (cycloalkenyl)alkyl or (cycloalkyl)alkenyl.
• alkyl alkenyl and alkynyl used alone or as part of a larger moiety shall include both straight and branched chains containing one to four carbon atoms and at least two carbon atoms and one double bond in the case of alkenyl and at least two carbon atoms and one triple bond, in the case of alkynyl.
• a stable compound or chemically feasible compound is one in which the chemical structure is not substantially altered when kept at a temperature of 40°C or less, in the absence of moisture or other chemically reactive conditions, for at least a week.
• structures depicted herein are also meant to include all stereochemical forms of the structure; i.e., the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center. Therefore, single stereochemical isomers as well as enantiomeric and diastereomeric mixtures of the present compounds are within the scope of the invention.
• structures depicted herein are also meant to include compounds that differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms.
• compounds having the present structures except for the replacement of a hydrogen by a deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by a 13 C- or 14 C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention.
• One aspect of the present invention relates to a compound of formula I wherein
• R y is an unsubstituted . 4 aliphatic group.
• Preferred aliphatic groups of compounds of formula I are alkyl groups. Such alkyl groups are preferably methyl, ethyl, cyclopropyl, tert-butyl, or isopropyl. More preferred alkyl groups of formula I are methyl, cyclopropyl, and tert-butyl.
• the present invention relates to a compound of formula I wherein R y is a C ⁇ _ aliphatic group substituted with a 6-membered saturated ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.
• Such 6-membered saturated rings include morpholinyl, piperidinyl, and piperazinyl.
• the present invention relates to a compound of formula I wherein R y is a C ⁇ - aliphatic group substituted with N(R 2 ) 2 .
• the present invention relates to a compound of formula
• the present invention relates to a compound of formula I wherein R is an unsubstituted Ci. 3 aliphatic group.
• 6-membered saturated rings include morpholinyl, piperidinyl, and piperazinyl.
• the present invention relates to a compound of formula I wherein W is nitrogen.
• the present invention relates to a compound of formula I wherein W is CH.
• the present invention relates to a compound of formula I wherein R 1 is hydrogen.
• the present invention relates to a compound of formula I wherein R 1 is fluorine.
• Reagents and conditions (a) oxalyl chloride, dichloroethane, 70°C; (b) dimethylamine, pentane, TiCl 4 ; (c) NELOAc, HOAc, THF, reflux; (d) POCl 3 , n-Pr 3 N, reflux; (e) 160 °C, neat.
• Scheme I above shows a general method for preparing compounds of the present invention.
• the aryl amide 1 is treated with oxalyl chloride to form the acyl isocyanate 2.
• an acyl isocyanate 2 may be condensed with an enamine 3 to provide pyrimidinone 4 (J. Org. Chem (1993), 58, 414-418; LMed.Chem., (1992), 35, 1515-1520; J.Org.Chem., 91967, 32, 313-214).
• Intermediate 4 is treated with POCl to form the chloro compound 5 which is then combined with the amino-indazole derivative 6 to provide a compound of formula I.
• Methods for preparing the amino- indazole derivatives 6 are known in the art. Specifically, the synthesis of these derivatives are set forth in WO 02/22607.
• Reagents and conditions (a) i LiN(TMS) 2 , ether, THF, ii HC1; (b) NaOEt, EtOH, reflux.
• Scheme II above shows an alternative method for preparing pyrimidinone intermediate 5, which may be utilized in the preparation of compounds of formula I as depicted in Scheme I at step (e) above.
• the aryl nitrile 7 is benzamidine intermediate 8 is then treated with the beta-keto ester 9 to form the pyrimidinone compound 5 which may be utilized as described above.
• the activity of a compound utilized in this invention as an inhibitor of GSK-3 may be assayed in vitro, in vivo or in a cell line.
• In vitro assays include assays that determine inhibition of either the phosphorylation activity or ATPase activity of activated GSK-3. Alternate in vitro assays quantitate the ability of the inhibitor to bind to GSK-3. Inhibitor binding may be measured by radiolabelling the inhibitor prior to binding, isolating the inhibitor/GSK-3 complex and determining the amount of radiolabel bound. Alternatively, inhibitor binding may be determined by running a competition experiment where new inhibitors are incubated with GSK-3 bound to known radioligands.
• the invention provides a composition comprising a compound of this invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle.
• the amount of compound in the compositions of this invention is such that is effective to detectably inhibit a protein kinase, particularly GSK-3, in a biological sample or in a patient.
• the composition of this invention is formulated for administration to a patient in need of such composition.
• the composition of this invention is formulated for oral administration to a patient.
• the term "patient”, as used herein, means an animal, preferably a mammal, and most preferably a human.
• pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle refers to a non-toxic carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle that does not destroy the pharmacological activity of the compound with which it is formulated.
• compositions of this invention include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene glycol and wool fat.
• ion exchangers alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin
• serum proteins such as human serum albumin
• buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate,
• a "pharmaceutically acceptable salt” means any non-toxic salt, ester, salt of an ester or other derivative of a compound of this invention that, upon administration to a recipient, is capable of providing, either directly or indirectly, a compound of this invention or an inhibitorily active metabolite or residue thereof.
• the term “inhibitorily active metabolite or residue thereof” means that a metabolite of a compound of the present invention, or residue thereof, is also an inhibitor of GSK-3 kinase.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic and organic acids and bases.
• suitable acid salts include acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, glycolate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-na ⁇ hthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oxalate, palm
• Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal (e.g., sodium and potassium), alkaline earth metal (e.g., magnesium), ammonium and N+(Cl-4 alkyl)4 salts.
• alkali metal e.g., sodium and potassium
• alkaline earth metal e.g., magnesium
• ammonium e.g., ammonium
• N+(Cl-4 alkyl)4 salts e.g., sodium and potassium
• compositions of the present invention may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir.
• parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intra-synovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intrahepatic, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion techniques.
• the compositions are administered orally, intraperitoneally or intravenously.
• Sterile injectable forms of the compositions of this invention may be aqueous or oleaginous suspension. These suspensions may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.
• the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non- toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1,3- butanediol.
• a non- toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent for example as a solution in 1,3- butanediol.
• acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
• sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
• any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or di-glycerides.
• Fatty acids such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically-acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions.
• These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, such as carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agents that are commonly used in the formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms including emulsions and suspensions.
• Other commonly used surfactants such as Tweens, Spans and other emulsifying agents or bioavailability enhancers which are commonly used in the manufacture of pharmaceutically acceptable solid, liquid, or other dosage forms may also be used for the purposes of formulation.
• compositions of this invention may be orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions or solutions.
• carriers commonly used include lactose and corn starch.
• Lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added.
• useful diluents include lactose and dried cornstarch.
• aqueous suspensions are required for oral use, the active ingredient is combined with emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening, flavoring or coloring agents may also be added.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention may be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration. These can be prepared by mixing the agent with a suitable non-irritating excipient that is solid at room temperature but liquid at rectal temperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the drug. Such materials include cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.
• a suitable non-irritating excipient that is solid at room temperature but liquid at rectal temperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the drug.
• Such materials include cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention may also be administered topically, especially when the target of treatment includes areas or organs readily accessible by topical application, including diseases of the eye, the skin, or the lower intestinal tract. Suitable topical formulations are readily prepared for each of these areas or organs.
• Topical application for the lower intestinal tract can be effected in a rectal suppository formulation (see above) or in a suitable enema formulation. Topically- transdermal patches may also be used.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions may be formulated in a suitable ointment containing the active component suspended or dissolved in one or more carriers.
• Carriers for topical administration of the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax and water.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions can be formulated in a suitable lotion or cream containing the active components suspended or dissolved in one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
• Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions may be formulated as micronized suspensions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, or, preferably, as solutions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, either with or without a preservative such as benzylalkonium chloride.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions may be formulated in an ointment such as petrolatum.
• compositions of this invention may also be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation.
• Such compositions are prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other conventional solubilizing or dispersing agents.
• compositions of this invention are formulated for oral administration.
• compositions should be formulated so that a dosage of between 0.01 - 100 mg/kg body weight/day of the inhibitor can be administered to a patient receiving these compositions.
• a specific dosage and treatment regimen for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, and the judgment of the treating physician and the severity of the particular disease being treated.
• the amount of a compound of the present invention in the composition will also depend upon the particular compound in the composition.
• neurotrophic factors or other agents for treating neurological or neurodegenerative disorders may be combined with the compounds of this invention to treat neurological and neurodegenerative disorders.
• known neurotrophic factors include, but are not limited to, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, MAO inhibitors, interferons, anti-convulsants, ion channel blockers, riluzole, and anti-Parkinsonian agents.
• Examples of known treatments for stroke include Activase®, a recombinant, or genetically engineered, tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA), heparin, glutamate antagonists, calcium antagonists, opiate antagonists, GABA agonists and antioxidants.
• tissue plasminogen activator rt-PA
• heparin glutamate antagonists
• glutamate antagonists glutamate antagonists
• calcium antagonists calcium antagonists
• opiate antagonists GABA agonists and antioxidants.
• the amount of additional therapeutic agent present in the compositions of this invention will be no more than the amount that would normally be administered in a composition comprising that therapeutic agent as the only active agent.
• the amount of additional therapeutic agent in the presently disclosed compositions will range from about 50% to 100% of the amount normally present in a composition comprising that agent as the only therapeutically active agent.
• the present invention relates to administering to a patient an additional therapeutic agent selected from a treatment for Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a treatment for Parkinson's Disease, an agent for treating Multiple Sclerosis (MS), a treatment for asthma, an anti-inflammatory agent, an immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive agent, a neurotrophic factor, an agent for treating stroke, an agent for treating cardiovascular disease, an antidepressant, an anti- psychotic agent, or an agent for treating diabetes, wherein: said additional therapeutic agent is appropriate for the disease being treated; and said additional therapeutic agent is administered together with said composition as a single dosage form or separately from said composition as part of a multiple dosage form.
• the invention relates to a method of inhibiting GSK-3 kinase activity in a biological sample comprising the step of contacting said biological sample with a compound of this invention, or composition comprising said compound.
• biological sample includes, without limitation, cell cultures or extracts thereof; biopsied material obtained from a mammal or extracts thereof; and blood, saliva, urine, feces, semen, tears, or other body fluids or extracts thereof.
• Inhibition of GSK-3 kinase activity in a biological sample is useful for a variety of purposes which are known to one of skill in the art. Examples of such purposes include, but are not limited to, blood transfusion, organ-transplantation, biological specimen storage, and biological assays.
• the invention relates to a method of inhibiting GSK-3 kinase activity in a patient comprising the step of administering to said patient a compound of this invention, or composition comprising said compound.
• the invention provides a method for treating or lessening the severity of a GSK-3 -mediated disease or condition in a patient comprising the step of administering to said patient a composition according to the present invention.
• GSK-3-mediated disease means any disease or other deleterious condition or disease in which GSK-3 is known to play a role.
• diseases or conditions include, without limitation, autoimmune disease, an inflammatory disease, a metabolic disorder, a psychiatric disorder, diabetes, an angiogenic disorder, tauopothy, a neurological or neurodegenerative disorder, a spinal cord injury, glaucoma, baldness, or a cardiovascular disease.
• the present invention relates to a method for treating or lessening the severity of a disease, disorder, or condition selected from an autoimmune disease, an inflammatory disease, a metabolic disorder, a psychiatric disorder, diabetes, an angiogenic disorder, tauopothy, a neurological or neurodegenerative disorder, a spinal cord injury, glaucoma, baldness, or a cardiovascular disease, in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient a compound of the present invention or composition thereof.
• a disease, disorder, or condition selected from an autoimmune disease, an inflammatory disease, a metabolic disorder, a psychiatric disorder, diabetes, an angiogenic disorder, tauopothy, a neurological or neurodegenerative disorder, a spinal cord injury, glaucoma, baldness, or a cardiovascular disease
• the present invention relates to a method for treating or lessening the severity of a disease or condition selected from allergy, asthma, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, AJDS- associated dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, Lou Gehrig's disease), multiple sclerosis (MS), an injury due to head trauma, schizophrenia, anxiety, bipolar disorder, tauopothy, a spinal cord or peripheral nerve injury, myocardial infarction, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, glaucoma, attention deficit disorder (ADD), depression, a sleep disorder, reperfusion/ischemia, stroke, an angiogenic disorder, or baldness, wherein said method comprises administering to a patient in need thereof a compound of the present invention or composition thereof.
• a disease or condition selected from allergy, asthma, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, AJDS- associated dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, Lou Gehrig's disease), multiple sclerosis (
• the method of the present invention relates to treating or lessening the severity of stroke.
• the method of the present invention relates to treating or lessening the severity of a neurodegenerative or neurological disorder.
• Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method of decreasing sperm motility in a male patient comprising administering to said patient a compound of the present invention or composition thereof.
• the methods of this invention that utilize compositions that do not contain an additional therapeutic agent comprise the additional step of separately administering to said patient an additional therapeutic agent.
• these additional therapeutic agents are administered separately they may be administered to the patient prior to, sequentially with or following administration of the compositions of this invention.
• the HPLC Method designated as “Method A” is as follows: Column: C18, 3 um, 2.1 X 50 mm, "Lighting" by Jones Chromatography. Gradient: 100% water (containing 1% acetonitrile, 0.1% TFA) to 100% acetonitrile (containing 0.1% TFA) over 4.0 minutes, hold at 100% acetonitrile for 1.4 minutes and return to initial conditions. Total run time 7.0 minutes. Flow rate: 0.8 mL/minute.
• R t refers to the retention time, in minutes, obtained for the compound using the designated HPLC method. Compound numbers recited in the Examples below correspond to the compound numbers recited in Table 1, supra.
• Example 1 6-Methyl-2-(2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-3H-pyrimidin-4-one: A mixture of 2- trifluoromethyl-benzamidine (2.13 g, 4 mmol) and sodium ethoxide (0.83 g, 12 mmol) in ethanol (20 mL) was treated with methyl acetoacetate (0.44 mL, 4 mmol) and heated at for 24 hours. The reaction was cooled, concentrated, diluted with water and acidified with 2 N hydrochloric acid. The resulting solution was extracted with ethyl acetate, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated.
• Example 2 4-Chloro-6-methyl-2-(2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)- pyrimidine: A solution of 6-methyl- 2-(2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-3H-pyrimidin-4-one (10.7 g, 41.9 mmol) in phosphorous oxychloride (39 mL, 419 mmol) was treated with tri-n-propylamine (16 mL, 83.9 mmol) and refluxed at 110-120°C for 1 hours. The solvent was evaporated, azeotroped three times with toluene, then dried in vacuo.
• Example 3 (5-Fluoro-lH-indazol-3-yl)-[6-methyl-2-(2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-pyri ⁇ nidin-4- yl]amine (1-2): A mixture of 4-chloro-6-methyl-2-(2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-pyrimidine (0.10 g, 0.37 mmol) and 5-fluoro-lH-indazole-3-ylamine (0.072 g, 0.48 mmol) was heated neat at 160-170°C for 8 hours. The resulting residue was cooled to ambient temperature then dissolved in N-methyl-pyrrolidinone (2 mL).
• Example 4 6-tert-ButyI-2-(2-trifluoromethyI-phenyl)-3H-pyrimidin-4-one: A mixture of 2- trifluoromethylbenzamidine (1.12 g, 5 mmol), sodium ethoxide (1.02 g, 15 mmol) and 4,4-dimethyl-3-oxo ⁇ pentanoic acid methyl ester (0.80 mL, 5 mmol) in ethanol (50 mL) and was heated at reflux for 16 hours. The reaction was cooled, concentrated, diluted with water and acidified with 2 N hydrochloric acid. This solution was extracted with ethyl acetate, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated.
• Example 5 6-tert-Butyl-6-chloro-2-(2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-pyrimidine: A solution of 6-tert- butyl-2-(2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-3H-pyrimidin-4-one (0.47 g, 1.59 mmol) in phosphorous oxychloride (1.65 mL, 15.9 mmol) was treated with tri-n-propylamine (0.61 mL, 3.17 mmol) and heated at 110-120°C for 1 hour. The solvent was removed by evaporattion then azeotroped three times with toluene.
• Example 6 [6-tert-Butyl-2-(2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-pyrimidin-4-yl]-(lff-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-3-yl)-amine (1-3): A mixture of 4-chloro-6-tert-butyl-2-(2-trifluoromethyl- phenyl)-pyrimidine (0.10 g, 0.32 mmol) and lH-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-3-ylamine (0.064 g, 0.48 mmol) was heated neat at 160-170°C for 16 hours.
• Example 8 4-Chloro-6-cyclopropyl-2-(2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-pyrimidine: 6-Cyclopropyl-2- (2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-3H-pyrimidin-4-one (12.0 g, 42.8 mmol) in phosphorous oxychloride (40 mL, 428 mmol) was heated at 75-80°C for 1 hour. The solvent was removed by evaporation and azeotroping three times with toluene. The residue was cooled to 0°C, taken up in ethyl acetate, treated with ice chips and water. The mixture was then washed sequentially with sodium bicarbonate, water and brine, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated.
• Example 9 [6-Cyclopropyl-2-(2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-pyrimidin-4-yl]-(lH-indazol-3-yl)- amine (1-4): A mixture of 4-chloro-6-cyclopropyl-2-(2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)- pyrimidine (0.08 g, 0.27 mmol) and lH-indazol-3-ylamine (0.036 g, 0.41 mmol) was heated neat at 160-170°C for 6 hours.
• Example 10 [6-Cyclopropyl-2-(2-trifluoromethyI-phenyl)-pyrimidin-4-yl]-(lH-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-3-yl)-amine (1-1): A mixture of 4-chloro-6-cyclopropyl-2-(2-trifluoromethyl- pheny -pyrimidine (7.00 g, 23.4 mmol, prepared as described above in example 8) and lH- ⁇ yrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-3-ylamine (9.43 g, 70.3 mmol) in N-methylpyrrolidinone (50 mL) was heated at 130°C for 12 hours.
• Example 11 [6-CycIopropyl-2-(2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-pyrimidin-4-yl]-(lH-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-3-yl)-amine, hydrochloride salt:
• the HC1 salt was prepared by dissolving compound 1-1 (8.42 g, 21.4 mmol) in 6N hydrochloric acid and lyophilizing to provide the title compound (9.242 g, 99 %) as a yellow solid.
• Example 1 except using 3-oxo-hept-6-enoic acid ethyl ester.
• the reaction provided the title compound (2.545 g, 49% yield) as a cream-colored solid.
• Example 13 4-But-3-enyl-6-chloro-2-(2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-pyrimidine: The title compound was prepared as described in Example 2, except using 6-but-3-enyl-2-(2-trifluoromethyl- phenyl)-3H-pyrimidin-4-one to provide a yellow oil (0.49 g, 99% yield).
• Example 14 [6-But-3-enyl-2-(2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-pyrimidin-4-yl]-(lH-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-3-yl)-amine (1-7): The title compound was prepared as described in example 6, except using 4-but-3-enyl-6-chloro-2-(2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-pyrimidme to provide a cream-colored solid (2.712 g, 62% yield).
• Example 15 [6-(3-Morpholin-4-yl-propyI)-2-(2-trifluoromethyl-phenyI)pyrimidin-4-yl]-(lH- pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-3-yl)-amine (1-8): A solution of [6-but-3-enyl-2-(2- trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-pyrimidin-4-yl]-(lH-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-3-yl)-amine (0.10 g, 0.25 mmol) in methanol (5 mL) and tetrahydrofuran (5 mL) at -78°C was bubbled through with ozone for 5 minutes.
• Compounds were screened for their ability to inhibit GSK-3 ⁇ (AA 1-420) activity using a standard coupled enzyme system (Fox et al. (1998) Protein Sci. 7, 2249). Reactions were carried out in a solution containing 100 mM HEPES (pH 7.5), 10 mM MgCl 2 , 25 mM NaCl, 300 ⁇ M NADH, 1 mM DTT and 1.5% DMSO. Final substrate concentrations in the assay were 20 ⁇ M ATP (Sigma Chemicals, St Louis, MO) and 300 ⁇ M peptide (HSSPHQS(PO 3 H 2 )EDEEE, American Peptide, Sunnyvale, CA).
• Reactions were carried out at 30 °C and 20 nM GSK-3 ⁇ . Final concentrations of the components of the coupled enzyme system were 2.5 mM phosphoenolpyruvate, 300 ⁇ M NADH, 30 g/ml pyruvate kinase and 10 ⁇ g/ l lactate dehydrogenase.
• An assay stock buffer solution was prepared containing all of the reagents listed above with the exception of ATP and the test compound of interest.
• the assay stock buffer solution (175 ⁇ l) was incubated in a 96 well plate with 5 ⁇ l of the test compound of interest at final concentrations spanning 0.002 ⁇ M to 30 ⁇ M at 30°C for 10 minutes.
• a 12-point titration was conducted by preparing serial dilutions (from 10 mM compound stocks) with DMSO of the test compounds in daughter plates.
• the reaction was initiated by the addition of 20 ⁇ l of ATP (final concentration 20 ⁇ M). Rates of reaction were obtained using a Molecular Devices Spectramax plate reader (Sunnyvale, CA) over 10 minutes at 30°C.
• the K values were determined from the rate data as a function of inhibitor concentration.
• Percent Protection represents the percentage of neuronal cells protected against ischemic injury (OGD) and is calculated as:
• % protection (test-OGD)/(normal-OGD) * 100 [00102]
• This protocol describes the procedure used to induce experimental ischemia by anoxia-reoxygenation in cultured hippocarnpal neuronal cells. The neuroprotective effect of test compounds is evaluated against ischemic-induced neuronal cell injury and cell death.
• LoG-Neurobasal contains NoG-Neurobasal medium
• LoG-Neurobasal was pre-equilibrated in the normal incubator (5% CO 2 ) overnight.
• Neurobasal/B27AO contains Neurobasal medium (Invitrogen Corp Cat # 21103-049) with 2x B27 minus AO supplement (Invitrogen Corp Cat #10889-038), 0.5 mM L-glutamine, and 0.25x
• Penicillin/Streptomycin was pre-equilibrated overnight.
• LoG-Neurobasal medium was removed from the hypoxic chamber, and the medium was lightly bubbled with 100% N 2 for 30 minutes to deoxygenate completely.
• the Neurobasal/B27m culture medium [NeurobasaI/B27m contains
• Neurobasal medium with 2x B27 supplement (Invitrogen Corp Cat #17504-044) and 0.5 mM L-glutamine] was aspirated from the cells in each 12-welI plate using the vacuum pump with a sterile glass pastuer pipette attached.
• the plate was washed once with 2 ml of glucose free-BSSo (pH 7.4), prepared from the following: 143.6 mM NaCl, 5.4 mM KC1, 1.8 mM CaCI 2 , 0.8 mM MgSO 4 , 1 mM NaH 2 PO , 26.2 mM NaHCO 3 , 10 mg/1 phenol red, and 0.25x P/S.
• test compounds were added directly to each well (3 concentrations of the compound plus positive control, each in triplicate). The compounds were dissolved in
• Reoxygenated medium was achieved by placing medium overnight in the culture incubator (5% CO 2 /95% O 2 ) prior to use.
• HBSS HBSS.
• the plates were then placed in the dark at room temperature for 15 minutes then the neurons were washed once with 2 ml of HBSS. 1 ml of HBSS was added to each well, and the numbers of live and dead fluorescent cells were counted using Cellomics® automated imaging system.
• Example 19 Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model (MCAO) [00119]
• the animals used in this study were male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing between 270 and 333 g (Charles River, NC). The rats were allowed to acclimate to the animal facilities for at least one week on a 12-hour light/dark diurnal cycle. They were allowed free access to food and water.
• the intraluminal arterial occluders used to block the origin of the middle cerebral artery were made from 4-0 nylon monofilament suture cut to 25 mm long segments. The tip of the suture was rounded by exposure to heat. To increase the effectiveness of the occluder to block the lumen of the artery, they were coated with a 1% Poly-L-lysine suspension and dried for 1 hour in an oven set at 60° C. Sutures were purchased from Ethelon, Somerville, NJ. Chemical reagents were utilized as follows:
• the intraluminal suture model of focal cerebral ischemia was used substantially as described by Longa, et al., Stroke, 20:84-91 (1989).
• the left external jugular vein was cannulated for vehicle or compound administration.
• Rats that met the initial inclusion criteria were randomized by sequential assignment to the vehicle or compound treatment groups. The initial daily assignment of the rats to a particular group was alternated each day.
• Treatment with compound or vehicle was initiated by bolus injection i.v. 6 hours after MCAO and continued for the next 18 hours by constant infusion using the
• Infu Disk pump The rats were anesthetized briefly and the jugular catheter was exposed through the dorsal neck incision. The bolus dose of compound or vehicle was administered and the infusion pump was activated 5 minutes later. The infusion pumps were attached to the back of the rats by a jacket.
• the volume of infarction was determined by image analysis of 7 consecutive 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) stained sections using a modification of the procedure described by Bederson et al. (1986). Three days after MCAO, the rats were sacrificed by CO 2 asphyxiation and decapitated. The brains were quickly removed from the calvarium and placed in individual beakers containing PBS in an ice bath for 30 minutes. Coronal brain sections, 2 mm thick, were obtained using a brain matrix sheer. The brain sections were placed in labeled petri dishes containing 2% TTC in PBS for 20 minutes at 37 ° C. TTC stains viable brain tissue red, leaving the ischemic area white.
• TTC 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride
• Brain sections were then immersed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for at least 24 hours at 4° C. All the sections were imaged within 3 days of sacrifice. [00127] Formalin fixed TTC stained brain sections (7 consecutive sections) were captured digitally using Adobe Photoshop software and a digital camera. The images were imported into IPLab image analysis program. The area of cortical infarction (white area) was outlined and measured. The infarct volume was calculated using the following formula:
• Infarct volume ⁇ infarct area X 2 (the distance between each section)
• the total ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheric volumes were determined similarly.
• the volume of edema was calculated by subtracting the contralateral hemispheric volume from the ipsilateral hemispheric volume.
• a scientist blinded to the treatment of the rats performed the analysis.
• the neurological function of the rats was evaluated at 2, 24, 48 and 72 hours after MCAO using a scoring system described by Bederson et al. (1986b). The score ranged from 0 to 3 with 0 as normal and 3 indicates severe deficit. [00129] The neurological score at 2 hours of ischemia was used as inclusion criteria into the study. If the rat did not have a neurological score of at least 2 or if he had a score of 3, he was eliminated from the study. A researcher, blinded to the treatment group of the rat, performed the neurological evaluations.
• the blood was put into heparinzed blood collection tubes (6 ml capacity). Plasma was separated from the blood by centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 5 minutes (Allegra R6,). The plasma was collected, placed in labeled plastic tubes and stored at -20° C in a freezer. [00132] Statistical analysis for the infarct size, plasma glucose, body temperature, and body weight between the vehicle and treatment groups was performed by two tailed Student's t-test. The statistical analysis of the neurological score was done by non- parametric analysis. The data are presented as mean ⁇ SEM.
• Treatment with a compound of formula I was able to significantly reduce striatal ischemic damage by 62% as compared to vehicle control (146 ⁇ 13 mm 3 , p ⁇ 0.0001). Finally, treatment with a compound of formula I (21 ⁇ 10 mm 3 ) reduced the amount of edema formation by 79% as compared to the vehicle control group (97 ⁇ 10 mm 3 , p ⁇ 0.0001).
• Rats treated with a compound of formula I demonstrated marked improvement in neurological function over the time course of the experiment ( Figure 2). As early as 18 hours after the initiation of dosing, a significant improvement in neurological function was observed in the compound treated group as compare to the vehicle control group (1.3 ⁇ 0.3 vs. 2 ⁇ 0 units, respectively, p ⁇ 0.01). The neurological score of the rats treated with compound continued to improve so that by 72 hours after MCAO, these rats were able to function with little or no noticeable deficit. In contrast, the vehicle treated rats showed no improvement in neurological function throughout the time course of the experiment.
• DAI Despiramine
• PPI Pre-pulse Inhibition of Startle
• Impairment of sensorimotor gating linked with disruptions in attention and cognition is common among schizophrenic patients.
• Pre-pulse inhibition of startle (PPI) is impaired in schizophrenic patients.
• Pre-pulse inhibition occurs when a weak sound preceding the loud acoustic stimulus inhibits the startle reflex.
• PPI is considered a test with good predictive, face and construct validity for schizophrenia.
• a positive control, clozapine is a commercially-available atypical anti- psychotic drug (Clozaril®).
• Clozapine has a high affinity to D4 dopamine & 5-HT2 receptors and effectively enhances PPI response in animal models.
• the PPI assay was performed, in the following manner, by methods substantially similar to that described by Spooren et al., Anxiolytic-like effects of the prototypical metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonist 2-methyl-6- (phenylethynyl)pyridine in rodents. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 295: 1267-1275 (2000).
• Male C57BL/6 (20-30g) were housed in groups of four in macrolon cages (42x26x15 cm) for at least 3 days before the experiment.
• the housing facility was temperature- and humidity-controlled and equipped with artificial illumination (6:00 AM to 6:00 PM, lights on). The animals had access to water and food, ad libitum. All animals were experimentally naive. [00145] Procedure animals were pretreated with test compound (30,60,100 mg/kg), clozapine (30mg/kg), a positive control, or vehicle (0.5% methylcellulose). After 45 minutes, mice were individually placed in the startle chamber with a background white noise of 70 dB, and left undisturbed for 10 minutes. Then there was a 15 minute session consisting of 56 trials.
• the startle stimulus is a 40 ms-120dB -white noise sound
• pre- pulses are 20 ms- white noise sound of 72, 74 and 78 dB preceding the startle by 100 ms.
• Eight types of trials were given: prepulse plus startle (7 trials per prepulse intensity), prepulse alone (7 trials per prepulse intensity), startle alone (7 trials), and no stimulation (7 trials).
• the variable intertrial interval averages 15 s (between 10 and 20 s). In the no-stimulation trials, baseline measurements were taken.
• Example 22 Animal Models for Anxiolytic Agent
• the anxiolytic assay was performed, in the following manner, by methods substantially similar to that described by Spooren et al., Anxiolytic-like effects of the prototypical metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonist 2-methyl-6- (phenylethynyl)pyridine in rodents. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 295: 1267-1275 (2000) and Lecci A, Borsini F, Volterra G and Meli A, Pharmacological validation of a novel animal model of anticipatory anxiety in mice. Psychopharmacology 101: 255-261 (1990).
• mice Sixty minutes before taking the rectal temperature all individuals within a given cage were consecutively treated at 1-minute intervals with test compound (doses: 1.3, 10 or 30 mg/kg, p.o.; injection volume: 10 ml/kg), chlordiazepoxide-HCl (10 mg/kg, p.o.; Research Biochemicals International), i.e., the positive controls, or vehicle (0.5% methylcellulose; Animed). Exactly 30 minutes later the mice were consecutively removed from the cage (again at 1-minute intervals), and rectal temperature was determined and noted. Once temperature had been recorded, the animals were placed in a different (adjacent) cage.
• the dependent variable i.e., the stress-induced hyperthermia
• the dependent variable i.e., the stress-induced hyperthermia
• the delta was calculated for six to eight cages depending on the specific treatment group whereas in the final representation the mean of these six to eight values was used.
• the rectal temperature of the very first animal was used, in addition, to evaluate the compound's potential effect on basal body temperature, per se
• Animals received test compound (doses: 0.3, 3, 10 or 30 mg/kg), chlordiazepoxide-HCl (5 mg/kg, p.o.; CDZ, Research Biochemicals International, Natick, MA), LiCl ( 10, 30 mg/kg) as the reference/positive compounds, or vehicle (0.5% methylcellulose).
• the injection volume was 2 ml/kg.
• Oral treatment was given to the intruder rat only, and the test was performed 1 hour after compound administration. All observations were made during the light phase (8:00 AM to 1:00 PM) in the home cage of the resident rat (see above). The floor of the cage was covered with sawdust.
• Pairs consisting of one intruder rat and one resident rat were assigned at random to one of the experimental or the control groups.
• mice Male adult Sprague-Dawley rats (180-220 g) were housed in groups of four in macrolon cages (42 x 26 x 15 cm) for at least 3 days before the experiment. The housing facility was temperature- and humidity-controlled and equipped with artificial illumination (6:00 AM to 6:00 PM, lights on). The animals had access to water and food, ad libitum. All animals were experimentally naive.
• the elevated plus-maze consists of two open arms (40 x 12 cm) and two enclosed arms (40 x 12 x 20 cm), which all extend from a common central platform (12 x 12 cm).
• the configuration forms the shape of a plus sign, with similar arms arranged opposite to each another, and the apparatus is elevated 60 cm above the floor on a central pedestal.
• the maze is made from gray Plexiglas.
• the grip on the open arms is facilitated by inclusion of a small raised edge (0.25 cm) around their perimeter.
• Rats were randomly allocated to one of the various treatments. Animals were transported from the housing room to "the laboratory at least 1 hour before testing. After oral compound administration, rats were individually housed in macrolon cages (22 x 16 x 14 cm), and after 60 minutes placed onto the central platform facing an enclosed arm. An 8-minute trial was performed, and the maze was thoroughly cleaned between subjects.
• Compounds of the present invention show an anxiolytic-like effect in the above animal models.
• Example 23 Cell Assay for Alzheimer's Disease - Neuronal Survival [00156] The following assay is performed by methods substantially similar to that described by Kienlen-Campard, et al., J Biol Chem 277:15666 (2002). Primary cultures of hippocarnpal neurons are prepared from E18 rat embryos (Park et al., J Neurochem, 74:114, 2000).
• Cells are plated in 6- or 96-well culture dishes (4 x 105 cells/cm2) or glass coverslips (1.25 x 105 cells/cm2) pretreated with poly(D-lysine) and cultured for 6 days in vitro in NEUROB AS ALTM medium supplemented with 2% B-27 and 0.5 mM L-glutamine prior to infection with recombinant adenoviruses. Under these conditions, neuronal cultures (up to 98% of neurons) display high differentiation and survival rates. [00157] Recombinant Adenoviruses and Neuronal Infection— Production, propagation, and purification of adenoviruses-encoding mutant form of APP695 are made.
• neuronal cultures are infected at the multiplicity of infection of 100 for 4 hours in a minimal volume of culture medium. Infection medium is then replaced by fresh culture medium for 3-5 days. Under these conditions, at least 75% of neurons express the proteins encoded by recombinant adenoviruses.
• Cell Survival Neuronal survival is measured by the colorimetric MTT assay or CellTracker fluorescent cell viability assay using Cellomics automated imaging system. For nuclear staining, cells are fixed (0.37% formaldehyde/0.2% glutaraldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline) and incubated for 30 minutes in the Hoechst 33342 dye (1 ⁇ g/ml).
• Example 24 Inhibition of Beta Amyloid (1-40) Production
• Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the presence of extracellular plaques and intercellular neurofibrillary tangles in the brain.
• the major protein component of these plaques is beta amyloid ("A ⁇ ") peptide which is cleaved from amyloid precursor protein (“APP").
• a ⁇ beta amyloid
• APP amyloid precursor protein
• a stable cell line capable of secretion of A ⁇ was constructed in human H4 neuroglioma cells by transduction with a retroviral vector that expresses both APP695 containing the Swedish mutations (K595N, M596L) and YFP as a selection marker. Stable transductants expressing APP695 were selected by sorting cells expressing high levels of YFP.
• the ELISA assay was performed as follows:
• the wells were washed 4 times with 100 ⁇ l of wash buffer (Biosource Reagent) then 100 ⁇ l of detection antibody was then added and the plates were incubated for 2 hours at room temperature.
• the detection antibody recognizes the hA ⁇ (1-40) sequence.
• HRP horseradish peroxidase
• the wells were washed 4 times with 100 ⁇ l of wash buffer then 100 ⁇ l of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled anti-rabbit secondary antibody was added. The plates were incubated for 2 hours at room temperature. The wells were then washed 5 times with 100 ⁇ l of wash buffer then 100 ⁇ l of stabilized chromogen was added. The plates were incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature in the dark.
• the stabilized chromogen is a substrate solution which when cleaved by bound HRP turns blue and therefore can be monitored in a standard microtiter plate reader.
• Transgenic mice overexpressing the 695-amino acid isoform of human Alzheimer beta-amyloid (Abeta) precursor protein containing a Lys670 — > Asn, Met671 — > Leu mutation (Tg2576 mice are commercially available from Taconic, NY.) had normal learning and memory in spatial reference and alternation tasks at 3 months of age but showed impairment by 9 to 10 months of age. A fivefold increase in Abeta(l-40) and a 14-fold increase in Abeta( 1-42/43) accompanied the appearance of these behavioral deficits. Numerous Abeta plaques that stained with Congo red dye are present in cortical and limbic structures of mice with elevated amounts of Abeta.
• Tg2576 mice are specified in the models described herein, it would be understood that other transgenic mice, available both commercially and privately, are amenable for use in said models.
• the following systems are used: (1) BAN-50 capture and BA-27 or BC-05 detection or (2) 3160 capture and BA-27 or BC-05 detection, both of which detect A ⁇ 1-40 and A ⁇ 1-42, respectively.
• the direct comparison of many Tg2576 brains from mice of all ages showed that the amounts of A ⁇ 40 and A ⁇ 42 detected with 3160 capture ELISAs are essentially the same as when BAN-50 is used for capture.
• the 2% SDS extracts are diluted at least 1:40 so that the assay could be performed in 0.05% SDS. Greater dilutions are corrected for SDS so that they are also assayed in 0.05% SDS.
• the FA extract is neutralized by a 1:20 dilution into 1 M Tris phosphate buffer, pH 8.0.
• the program Softmax is used to calculate femtomoles per milliliter by comparing the sample absorbance to the absorbance of known concentrations of synthetic A ⁇ l-40 and A ⁇ l-42 in identical solution as the samples, and these values are corrected with the wet weight of the original homogenate to be finally expressed as picomoles per gram wet weight.
• nontransgenic tissues are processed identically in parallel with transgenic tissues.
• the water maze is tailored to Tg2576 mice in the B6/SJL strain background in a manner that enabled us to detect and distinguish all stages of memory loss.
• This protocol provided the sensitivity, specificity, and dynamic range needed to measure changes that are subtle early in life and gross late in life. Interpolation of probes during training provided sensitivity. Adoption of exclusion criteria for performance deficits gave specificity. Training extensively lent dynamic range. The assignment of mean probe scores (MPSs), which is the mean percentage time spent by a mouse in the target quadrant during the three probe trials, improved quantification of cognitive performance of individual mice for correlations with molecular markers and provided a single measure with a broad dynamic range.
• MPSs mean probe scores
• the water maze is a circular 1 or 1.2 m pool filled with water at 25-27°C and made opaque by the addition of nontoxic white paint.
• the pool is placed amid fixed spatial cues consisting of boldly patterned curtains and shelves containing distinct objects. Mice are placed in a beaker and gently lowered into the water facing the wall of the pool.
• mice first underwent visible platform training for 3 consecutive days (eight trials per day), swimming to a raised platform (a square surface 12 x 12 cm2) marked with a black and white striped pole. Visible platform days are split into two training blocks of four trials for statistical analysis. During visible platform training, both the platform location (NE, SE, SW, or NW) and start position (N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, or NW, excluding the positions immediately adjacent to the platform) are varied pseudorandomly in each trial. Pseudorandomization ensured that all positions are sampled before a given position is repeated.
• Hidden-platform training is conducted over 9 consecutive days (four trials per day), wherein mice are allowed to search for a platform submerged 1.5 cm beneath the surface of the water.
• mice failing to reach the platform within 60 sec are led to the platform with a metal escape scoop.
• the location of the platform remained constant (NE, SE, SW, or NW), and mice entered the pool in one of the seven pseudorandomly selected locations (N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, or NW, excluding the position immediately adjacent to the platform).
• mice remained on the platform for 30 seconds and are removed from the platform and returned to their home cage with the escape scoop. Mice quickly learned to associate the scoop with escaping from the pool and consistently oriented to or followed the scoop on its appearance. The ability of mice to orient to or follow the escape scoop represented independent measures of vision and attention.
• a probe trial is conducted in which the platform is removed from the pool and mice are allowed to search for the platform for 60 seconds. All trials are monitored by a camera mounted directly above the pool and are recorded and analyzed using a computerized tracking system.
• the MPS is calculated for each mouse and used to assess retention of spatial information in the Morris water maze.
• the MPS represents a measurement of learning similar in concept to the previously described learning index (Gallagher et al., 1993), which samples memory at different stages of learning. Similar statistical results are found with MPS, the learning index and learning score (the weighted sum of percentage time spent in the target quadrant during probe trials), and we elected to represent our data using MPS because of ease of representation.
• mice After testing, a subset of each group of mice is euthanized, and the right hemibrain is frozen in liquid nitrogen for A ⁇ measurements. All brains are analyzed in a coded manner. IV. Behavioral Test of Transgenic Mice: Exploratory Activity, Anxiety, and Motor Coordination
• mice Spontaneous alternation is tested in a T-maze made of white acrylic.
• the maze consisted of a central stem (length: 30 cm) flanked on each side by two arms (length: 30 cm).
• the maze width is 9 cm and each wall is 20 cm in height.
• the mice are placed in the stem of the T-maze with the right arm blocked by a plastic barrier (forced choice). After entering the available arm, the mice are kept in it for 60 seconds by closing the barrier behind them. The mice are then retrieved and after removing the barrier are immediately placed back in the stem for a free-choice trial, in which the mice could either explore the opposite arm or the same one (four-paw criterion).
• the mice are placed in a corner of the open-field for three daily 5-minute sessions.
• the distance traveled and the time spent resting ( ⁇ 2 cm/s), moving slow (2-5 cm/s), or moving fast (>5 cm/s) in each zone is measured, as well as time spent in the periphery and center of the apparatus.
• the elevated plus-maze consisted of four arms (length: 70 cm, width: 10 cm, height from floor: 40 cm) in a cross-shaped form and a central region (10 cm 2 ). Two of the arms are enclosed on three sides by walls (height: 10 cm) while the other two are open, except for a minimal border (height: 0.5 cm), used to minimize falls. The two enclosed or open arms faced each other.
• the mice are placed in the central region and the number of entries and durations in enclosed and open arms are measured for two daily 5-minute sessions with the same video-track equipment used as in the previous test. The open/total arm entries and duration ratios are then calculated. On the rare occasions when the mice fell from an open arm, the recorded time is stopped and the mice placed back at the exact position it fell from. After each session of spontaneous alternation, open-field, and plus-maze testing, the apparatus is wiped clean with a wet cloth and dried before initiation of the next trial in order to reduce the possible effects of odor cues.
• the stationary beam is constructed of plastic, with a diameter of 2.5 cm and a length of 110 cm.
• the beam is covered by a layer of white masking tape in order to secure a firm grip and divided into 11 segments by line drawings.
• the beam is placed at a height of 45 cm from a mat-covered floor, which served to cushion falls and thereby prevent injury to the mice.
• a cardboard wall is inserted at the end of the beam to prevent the mice from escaping.
• a trial began by placing the mice on the middle segment. The number of segments crossed (four-paw criterion), the latencies before falling, and the number of falls are measured in a single four-trial session. The cut-off period is 1 minute per trial and the intertrial interval 15 minutes.
• the accelerating rotorod (Model 7650, Stoelting, Wood Dale, LL, USA) is constructed of ribbed plastic (diameter: 3 cm). The beam is placed at a height of 13.5 cm from floor level and separated into five sections (width: 5.5 cm) by a plastic barrier. Facing away from the experimenter's view, the mice are placed on top of the already revolving rod (4 rpm) in the orientation opposite to its movement, so that falls could be avoided by forward locomotion. The rotorod accelerated gradually and smoothly from 4 to 40 rpm during each 5-minute trial. Latencies before falling are measured for three daily sessions of four trials, with an intertrial interval of 15 minutes.
• mice clung to the rod without moving (passive rotation) for two complete revolutions in succession it is considered to have fallen. Since no mouse appeared to jump deliberately, a valid estimation of motor skills could be obtained. After training, the occurrence of various normal and pathological reflexes is evaluated.
• mice are cardiac-perfused with phosphate buffered saline (10 mM NaHPO4, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.2) and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde.
• Frozen brain sections are sectioned coronally at a 12- ⁇ m thickness using a cryostat, mounted on ProbeOn Plus microscope slides (Fisher Scientific), and air-dried. Immediately before staining, the brain sections are fixed with acetone. Tissue sections are incubated for 30 minutes in 0.3% H2O2 and 0.3% normal goat serum, washed in phosphate-buffered saline, and incubated with 1.5% normal goat serum in phosphate-buffered saline for 30 minutes.
• Brain sections are then incubated with anti-A ⁇ antibody 6E10 (1:1000, Senetik) stained with biotinylated anti -mouse IgG (1:200, Vector Laboratories), and immunodetected with Vectastain ABC Reagent (1:100, Vector Laboratories). Sections are counter-stained with hematoxylin.

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