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Definitions

• Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) is an accepted clinical estimate of being overweight (BMI 25 to 30) and of obesity (BMI > 30).
• BMI body mass index
• MCH Melanin-concentrating hormone
• MCH has also been shown to be involved in stress induced or CRF-stimulated ACTH release.
• human two genes encoding MCH have been identified that are expressed in the brain.
• MCH has been localized primarily to neuronal cell bodies of the hypothalamus which are implicated in the control of food intake, including perikarya of the lateral hypothalamus and zona inertia.
• nigge et al, 1996. Peptides 17, 1063-1073.
• MCH mRNA is up-regulated in fasted mice and rats, in the ob/ob mouse and in mice with targeted disruption in the gene for neuropeptide Y (NPY).
• NPY neuropeptide Y
• ICN melanocyte stimulating hormone
• MCH deficient mice are lean, hypophagic and have increased metabolic rate.
• MCH action is not limited to modulation of food intake as effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-axis have been reported. ( ⁇ ahon, 1994. Critical Rev. in . Neurobiol. 8, 221-262.) MCH may be involved in the body response to stress as MCH can modulate the stress-induced release of CRF from the hypothalamus and ACTH from the pituitary.
• MCH neuronal systems may be involved in reproductive or maternal function.
• MCH transcripts and MCH peptide were found within germ cells in testes of adult rats, suggesting that MCH may participate in stem cell renewal and/or differentiation of early spermatocytes (Hervieu et al., 1996).
• MCH injected directly into the medial preoptic area (MPOA) or ventromedial nucleus (NM ⁇ ) stimulated sexual activity in female rats (Gonzalez et al., 1996).
• MCH stimulated luteinizing hormone (LH) release while anti-MCH antiserum inhibited LH release (Gonzalez et al., 1997).
• MCH The zona incerta, which contains a large population of MCH cell bodies, has previously been identified as a regulatory site for the pre-ovulatory LH surge (MacKenzie et al., 1984). Therefore modulators of MCH receptors may be useful in the prevention and treatment of reproductive function. MCH has been reported to influence release of pituitary hormones including ACTH and oxytocin.
• modulators of MCH receptors may be useful in the prevention and treatment of obesity, Gushing' s disease, sexual function, appetite and eating disorders, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, dyslipidemia, myocardial infarction, gall stones, osteoarthritis, certain cancers, AIDS wasting, cachexia, frailty (particularly in the elderly), binge eating disorders including bulimia, anorexia, kidney function, diuresis, reproductive function and sexual function.
• MCH-1R Two receptor subtypes have been identified in humans, MCH-1R and MCH-2R. Both receptors, as well as the gene for the MCH peptide, have been mapped to regions previously reported to contain a susceptibility gene for psychiatric disorders. In particular, MCH-1R was mapped to chromosome 22ql3.2 (Kolakowski et al. 1996). The possibility of linkage for schizophrenia susceptibility locus in this area was suggested by independent studies from 2 groups (Pulver et al. 1994, Coon et al. 1994). In addition, a more recent study (Stoeber et al. 2000) of samples from patients with periodic catatonia, a clinical subtype of unsystematic schizophrenia suggested possible linkage of the region around 22ql3.
• MCH-2R MCH receptor
• MCH receptor modulators Based on pathogenesis and pathophysiology (reviewed in Lewis and Liebermann (2000)) several brain areas have been implicated in schizophrenia; all of which show high expression for MCH receptors: thalamus, midbrain, nucleus accumbens, temporo- limbic, and prefrontal cortices. These studies and findings support the use of MCH receptor modulators in the treatment and prevention of schizophrenia.
• Kelsoe et al. (2001) recently reported on a genome survey indicating a possible susceptibility locus for bipolar disorder identified on 22q (Kelsoe et al. 2001).
• the MCH gene which encodes the MCH pro-peptide was mapped to chromosome 12q23.1. This area has been identified by Morissette et al. (1999) in a genome wide scan for susceptibility loci for bipolar disorder in families in the province of Quebec.
• Ewald et al. (1998) showed significant linkage to chromosome 12q23.1 (maximum lod score 3.37) in Danish families suffering from bipolar affective disorder.
• MCH cell group occupies a rather constant location in those areas of the lateral hypothalamus and subthalamus where they lie and may be a part of some of the so-called "extrapyramidal" motor circuits. These involve substantial striato- and pallidofugal pathways involving the thalamus and cerebral cortex, hypothalamic areas, and reciprocal connections to subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, and mid- brain centers (Bittencourt et al., 1992). In their location, the MCH cell group may offer a bridge or mechanism for expressing hypothalamic visceral activity with appropriate and coordinated motor activity. Thus, modulators of MCH receptor function may be useful ih the treatment and prevention of movement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, Parkinson-like syndromes and Huntingdon's Chorea in which extrapyramidal circuits are known to be involved.
• movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Parkinson-like syndromes and Huntingdon's Chorea in which extrapyramidal circuits are known to be
• Locus 12q23-24 coincides with a locus to which autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia type II (SCA2 ) has been mapped (Auburger et al., 1992; Twells et al., 1992).
• SCA2 autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia type II
• This disease comprises neurodegenerative disorders, including an olivopontocerebellar atrophy.
• the gene for Darier's disease has been mapped to locus 12q23-24 (Craddock et al., 1993).
• Dariers' disease is characterized by abnormalities in keratinocyte adhesion and mental illnesses in some families.
• the MCH gene may represent a good candidate for SCA2 or Darier's disease. Therefore, modulators of MCH receptors may be useful in the treatment of mental disorders including manic depression, depression, schizophrenia, mood disorders, delirium, dementia, severe mental retardation, anxiety, stress, cognitive disorders, and dyskinesias including Parkinson's disease, Tourette' s syndrome, Huntington' s disease, cerebellar ataxia, seizures, locomotor disorders, attention deficit disorder (ADD) and substance abuse disorders.
• mental disorders including manic depression, depression, schizophrenia, mood disorders, delirium, dementia, severe mental retardation, anxiety, stress, cognitive disorders, and dyskinesias including Parkinson's disease, Tourette' s syndrome, Huntington' s disease, cerebellar ataxia, seizures, locomotor disorders, attention deficit disorder (ADD) and substance abuse disorders.
• ADD attention deficit disorder
• MCH receptors may be useful in treating muscular dystrophy and dyskinesias, including Parkinson's disease, Tourette' s syndrome, Huntington' s disease, cerebellar ataxia, and seizures.
• modulators of MCH receptor binding may also be useful in treating epilepsy.
• injection of MCH prior to seizure induction prevented seizure activity in both rats and guinea pigs, suggesting that MCH-containing neurons may participate in the neural circuitry underlying PTZ-induced seizure (Knigge and Wagner, 1997).
• MCH has also been observed to affect behavioral correlates of cognitive functions. MCH treatment hastened extinction of the passive avoidance response in rats (McBride et al., 1994), raising the possibility that MCH receptor antagonists may be beneficial for memory storage and/or retention.
• MCH receptor modulators may be useful as antinociceptives or as analgesics, particularly for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
• MCH may participate in the regulation of fluid intake. ICN infusion of MCH in conscious sheep produced diuretic, natriuretic, and kaliuretic changes in response to increased plasma volume (Parkes, 1996). Together with anatomical data reporting the presence of MCH in fluid regulatory areas of the brain, the results indicate that MCH may be an important peptide involved in the central control of fluid homeostasis in mammals. Therefore, modulators of MCH receptors may be useful in kidney function and diuresis.
• the compounds of the present invention are modulators of the MCH- 1R receptor and are useful in the treatment, prevention and suppression of diseases mediated by the MCH-1R receptor.
• the invention is concerned with the use of these novel compounds to selectively antagonize the MCH-1R receptor.
• compounds of the present invention are useful for the treatment or prevention of obesity, diabetes, appetite and eating disorders, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, dyslipidemia, myocardial infarction, gall stones, osteoarthritis, certain cancers, AIDS wasting, cachexia, frailty (particularly in elderly), binge eating disorders including bulimina, anorexia, mental disorders including manic depression, depression, schizophrenia, mood disorders, delirium, dementia, severe mental retardation, anxiety, stress, cognitive disorders, sexual function, reproductive function, kidney function, diuresis, locomotor disorders, attention deficit disorder (ADD), substance abuse disorders and dyskinesias including Parkinson's disease, Parkinson-like syndromes, Tourette's syndrome, Huntington's disease, epilepsy, improving memory function, and spinal muscular atrophy.
• ADD attention deficit disorder
• the present invention is concerned with compounds of the general Formula I:
• MCH melanin concentrating hormone
• the compounds of the present invention are useful in the treatment, prevention and suppression of diseases mediated by the MCH receptor.
• compounds of the present invention are selective antagonists of the MCH-1R subtype receptor.
• the compounds of the present invention may be useful in treating the following conditions: obesity, diabetes, appetite and eating disorders, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, dyslipidemia, myocardial infarction, gall stones, osteoarthritis, certain cancers, AIDS wasting, cachexia, frailty (particularly in elderly), binge eating disorders including bulimina, anorexia, mental disorders including manic depression, depression, schizophrenia, mood disorders, delirium, dementia, severe mental retardation, anxiety, stress, cognitive disorders, sexual function, reproductive function, kidney function, diuresis, locomotor disorders, attention deficit disorder (ADD), substance abuse disorders and dyskinesias including Parkinson's disease, Parkinson-like syndromes, Tourette's syndrome, Huntington's disease, epilepsy, improving memory function, and spinal muscular at
• the present invention is also concerned with treatment of these conditions, and the use of compounds of the present invention for manufacture of a medicament useful in treating these conditions.
• the invention is also concerned with pharmaceutical formulations comprising one of the compounds as an active ingredient.
• the invention is further concerned with processes for preparing the compounds of this invention.
• Rl is selected from:
• aryl-C ⁇ -10 alkyl (7) aryl-C ⁇ -10 alkyl, and (8) heteroaryl-C ⁇ -10 alkyl; wherein alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl, moieties above are optionally substituted with one to four substituents independently selected from R a , and cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl aryl and heteroaryl moieties above are optionally substituted with one to four substituents independently selected from R D ; and wherein sulfur- containing heterocyclic rings may be mono- or di-oxidized on the sulfur atom.
• Rl is selected from:
• heteroaryl-Co-10 alkyl wherein alkyl and alkenyl moieties above are optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from R a , and cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl moieties above are optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from R ⁇ .
• Rl is hydrogen, or C ⁇ -6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from R a .
• Rl is selected from :
• R2 is selected from:
• aryl-C ⁇ -10 alkyl (7) aryl-C ⁇ -10 alkyl, and (8) heteroaryl-C ⁇ -10 alkyl; wherein alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl, moieties above are optionally substituted with one to four substituents independently selected from R a and cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl aryl and heteroaryl moieties above are optionally substituted with one to four substituents independently selected from RP; and wherein sulfur- containing heterocyclic rings may be mono- or di-oxidized on the sulfur atom.
• R2 is selected from:
• heteroaryl-C ⁇ -10 alkyl wherein alkyl and alkenyl moieties above are optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from R a , and cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl moieties above are optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from R ⁇ .
• R2 is selected from:
• heteroaryl-C ⁇ -10 alkyl wherein alkyl moieties above are optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from R a , and cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl moieties above are optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from R ⁇ .
• R2 is selected from:
• heterocycloalkyl-C ⁇ -6 alkyl and (5) aryl-Co-6 alkyl, wherein alkyl moieties above are optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from R a , and cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl moieties above are optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from R ⁇ P.
• R is selected from the group consisting of:
• heterocycloalkyl-C ⁇ -6 alkyl wherein the heterocycloalkyl moiety is selected from azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, and pyridyl, and
• phenyl-Co-3alkyl wherein alkyl moieties above are optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from R a , and cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl moieties above are optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from R ⁇ .
• Rl and R2 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a 4- to 10-membered bridged or unbridged heterocyclic ring, optionally containing one or two additional heteroatoms selected from N, S, and O, optionally having one or more degrees of unsaturation, optionally fused to a 6-membered heteroaromatic or aromatic ring, either unsubstituted or substituted with one to four substituents independently selected from Rb; and wherein sulfur-containing heterocyclic rings may be mono- or di-oxidized on the sulfur atom.
• Rl and R2 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a 4- to 10-membered bridged or unbridged heterocyclic ring, optionally containing one additional heteroatom selected from N, S, and O, optionally having one or more degrees of unsaturation, optionally fused to a 6-membered heteroaromatic or aromatic ring, either unsubstituted or substituted with an Rb substituent.
• Rl and R2 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a 4- to 10-membered bridged or unbridged heterocyclic ring, optionally containing one additional heteroatom selected from N, S, and O, either unsubstituted or substituted with an Rb substituent.
• Rl and R2 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a 4- to 10-membered bridged or unbridged heterocyclic ring, selected from: azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, l-thia-4-azacyclohexyl, azacycloheptyl, 2-oxa-5- azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, 2,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, 2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, 1- azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, 2,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, 2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, and 3- azabicyclo[3.2.2]nonyl, either unsubstituted or substituted with an Rb substituent.
• Rl and R2 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a 4- to 6-membered unbridged heterocyclic ring, selected from: azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, either unsubstituted or substituted with an Rb substituent.
• Rl and R2 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached are selected from: unsubstituted amino, N- methylamino, N-ethylamino, N,N-dimethylamino, N,N-diethylamino, N- cyclopropylamino, N-cyclobutylamino, azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, and 4-(4- fluorophenyl)piperidinyl.
• R3 is selected from the group consisting of:
• alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl, moieties above are optionally substituted with one to four substituents independently selected from R a
• cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl moieties above are optionally substituted with one to four substituents independently selected from Rb
• sulfur-containing heterocyclic rings may be mono- or di-oxidized on the sulfur atom.
• R is selected from:
• R3 is selected from:
• R3 is selected from:
• R3 is selected from:
• R3 is selected from hydrogen and -CO2CH2CH3. In yet another subclass, R3 is hydrogen.
• R4 is selected from the group consisting of:
• alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl, moieties above are optionally substituted with one to four substituents independently selected from R a
• cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl moieties above are optionally substituted with one to four substituents independently selected from Rb
• sulfur-containing heterocyclic rings may be mono- or di-oxidized on the sulfur atom.
• R4 is selected from:
• alkyl and alkenyl moieties above are optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from R a , and cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl moieties above are optionally substituted with an Rb substituent.
• R4 is selected from the group consisting of:
• alkyl moieties above are optionally substituted with one to four substituents independently selected from R a , and cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl moieties above are optionally substituted with an Rb substituent.
• R4 is selected from:
• R4 is selected from:
• R4 is selected from: methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, 1-methylpropyl, n- pentyl, n-hexyl, phenyl, methoxymethyl, methylthiomethyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.
• R3 and R4 are not both hydrogen.
• R3 and R4 together with the ring carbon atoms to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl or cycloalkyl ring, either unsubstituted or substituted with one to four substituents independently selected from Rb.
• R3 and R4 together with the ring carbon atoms to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl or cycloalkyl ring, either unsubstituted or substituted with an Rb substituent.
• R3 and R4 together with the ring carbon atoms to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered cycloalkyl ring, either unsubstituted or substituted with oxo or hydroxy.
• R3 and R4 together with the ring carbon atoms to which they are attached form a cyclohexyl ring, either unsubstituted or substituted with oxo or hydroxy.
• R5 is selected from:
• R5 is selected from:
• R5 is selected from:
• R5 is selected from:
• R5 is hydrogen
• R6 is selected from:
• R6 is selected from:
• n 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5
• R6 is selected from:
• R6 is selected from:
• R6 is -oxadiazolyl- R7.
• R 7 is independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of:
• heterocycloalkyl C2-3 alkenyl wherein the alkyl and alkenyl moieties are optionally substituted with one to four substituents selected from Ra, and wherein the aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl moieties are independently substituted with one to four substituents selected from Rb; and wherein sulfur-containing heterocyclic rings may be mono- or di-oxidized on the sulfur atom.
• the alkyl and alkenyl moieties are optionally substituted with one to three substituents selected from Ra, and wherein the aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl moieties are independently substituted with one to three substituents selected from Rb; and wherein sulfur-containing heterocyclic rings may be mono- or di-oxidized on the sulfur atom.
• R 7 is independently selected at each occurrence from:
• aryl selected from: phenyl, naphthyl, indanyl, indenyl, indolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, benzthiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, dihydroindanyl, benzisodiazolyl, spirocyclohexylindolinyl, spiro-
• heteroaryl selected from: pyrrolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, furanyl, triazinyl, thienyl, pyrimidyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, furo[2,3-b]pyridyl, quinolyl, indolyl, isoquinolyl, quinazolinyl, benzisodiazolyl, triazolopyrimidinyl, 5,6,7,8- tetrahydroquinolinyl, 2,1,3-benzothiadiazolyl, and thien
• cycloalkyl selected from: cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, decahydronaphthyl, indanyl, bicyclo [2.2.2]octanyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, and dihydroindanyl,
• heterocycloalkyl selected from: azetidinyl, pyridyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, imidazolidinyl, morpholinyl, l-thia-4-aza- cyclohexane, 2,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, 2,3-dihydrofuro[2,3- b]pyridyl, benzoxazinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, dihydroindolyl, indolyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, l,3-dihydro-2- benzofuranyl, benzodioxolyl, hexahydrothienopyridinyl, thienopyridinyl, azacycloheptyl, 4,4-spiro[2,3-didin
• aryl C ⁇ _3 alkyl wherein the aryl moiety is selected from: phenyl, naphthyl, indanyl, indenyl, indolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, benzthiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, dihydroindanyl, benzisodiazolyl, spirocyclohexylindolinyl, spiro-(dihydrobenzothiophenyl)piperidinyl, spiro-indolinylpiperidinyl, indolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, isoindolinyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzotriazolyl, l,3-dihydro-2-benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzodioxolyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl, di
• heteroaryl Ci-3 alkyl wherein the heteroaryl moiety is selected: pyrrolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, furanyl, triazinyl, thienyl, pyrimidyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, furo[2,3-b]pyridyl, quinolyl, indolyl, isoquinolyl, quinazolinyl, benzisodiazolyl, triazolopyrimidinyl, 5,6,7, 8-tetrahydroquinolinyl, 2, 1 ,
• cycloalkyl C ⁇ _3 alkyl wherein the cycloalkyl moiety is selected from: cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, decahydronaphthyl, indanyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, and dihydroindanyl,
• heterocycloalkyl Ci_3 alkyl wherein the heterocycloalkyl moiety is selected from: azetidinyl, pyridyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, imidazolidinyl, morpholinyl, l-thia-4-aza-cyclohexane, 2,5- diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, 2,3-dihydrofuro[2,3-b]pyridyl, benzoxazinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, dihydroindolyl,indolyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, l,3-dihydro-2-benzofuranyl, benzodioxolyl, hexahydrothienopyridinyl, thienopyridinyl, azacycloh
• aryl C -3 alkenyl wherein the aryl moiety is selected from: phenyl, naphthyl, indanyl, indenyl, indolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, benzthiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, dihydroindanyl, benzisodiazolyl, spirocyclohexylindolinyl, spiro-(dihydrobenzothiophenyl)piperidinyl , spiro-indolinylpiperidinyl , indolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, isoindolinyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzotriazolyl, l,3-dihydro-2-benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzodioxolyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl
• heteroaryl C2-3 alkenyl wherein the heteroaryl moiety is selected from: pyrrolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, furanyl, triazinyl, thienyl, pyrimidyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, furo[2,3- bjpyridyl, quinolyl, indolyl, isoquinolyl, quinazolinyl, benzisodiazolyl, triazolopyrimidinyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinolinyl,
• cycloalkyl C2-3 alkenyl wherein the cycloalkyl moiety is selected from: cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, decahydronaphthyl, indanyl, bicyclo [2.2.2]octanyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, and dihydroindanyl, and
• heterocycloalkyl C2-3 alkenyl wherein the heterocycloalkyl moiety is selected from: azetidinyl, pyridyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, imidazolidinyl, morpholinyl, l-thia-4-aza-cyclohexane, 2,5- diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, 2,3-dihydrofuro[2,3-b]pyridyl, benzoxazinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, dihydroindolyl,indolyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, l,3-dihydro-2-benzofuranyI, benzodioxolyl, hexahydrothienopyridinyl, thienopyridinyl, azacyclo
• R a is independently selected from: 1
• R a is independently selected from:
• R a is independently selected from:
• each Rb is independently selected from:
• each Rb is independently selected from:
• aryl-Ci-io alkyl wherein alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, heteroaryl, and aryl are optionally substituted with one to four substituents selected from a group independently selected from R c .
• each Rb is independently selected from: (1) R a , (2) -Sn(CH 3 )3,
• aryl-Ci-io alkyl wherein alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, heteroaryl, and aryl moieties in R a and Rb are optionally substituted with one to four substituents selected from a group independently selected from R c .
• each Rb is independently selected from:
• phenyl-Ci-io alkyl wherein alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, heteroaryl, and aryl moieties in R a and Rb are optionally substituted with one to four substituents selected from a group independently selected from R c .
• each R c is independently selected from:
• R is independently selected from hydrogen, C ⁇ _ alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl; C -6 alkynyl; cycloalkyl; cycloalkyl-C ⁇ _6 alkyl; cycloheteroalkyl; cycloheteroalkyl-Ci-6 alkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; aryl-Ci-6 alkyl; and heteroaryl-C _6 alkyl; wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, heteroaryl, and aryl in Rd are optionally substituted with one to four substituents independently selected from R e .
• the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, heteroaryl, and aryl in Rd are optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from a R e .
• each R e is selected from halo, methyl, methoxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, and hydroxy.
• each m is independently selected from 1 and 2. In one class of this embodiment, m is 1. In another class of this embodiment m is 2.
• n is independently elected from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 at each occurrence.
• each n is independently selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4.
• n is selected from 0, 1, 2, and 3.
• n is selected from 0, 1, and 2.
• n is 0.
• each p is independently selected from 0, 1, and 2. In one class of this embodiment, p is 0. In another class of this embodiment, p is 1. In still another class of this embodiment, p is 2.
• alkyl as well as other groups having the prefix "alk”, such as alkoxy, alkanoyl, means carbon chains which may be linear or branched or combinations thereof.
• alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, 1-methylpropyl, 2-methylpropyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, 1- methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, n-hexyl, 1-methylpentyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 4- methylpentyl, 1-ethylbutyl, 2-ethylbutyl, 3-ethylbutyl, 1,1-dimethylbutyl, 1,2- dimethylbutyl, 1,3-dimethylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylbut
• alkenyl means carbon chains which contain at least one carbon- carbon double bond, and which may be linear or branched or combinations thereof. Examples of alkenyl include vinyl, allyl, isopropenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, 1- propenyl, 2-butenyl, 2-methyl-2-butenyl, and the like.
• Alkynyl means carbon chains which contain at least one carbon- carbon triple bond, and which may be linear or branched or combinations thereof. Examples of alkynyl include ethynyl, propargyl, 3-methyl-l-pentynyl, 2-heptynyl and the like.
• Cycloalkyl means mono- or bicyclic saturated carbocyclic rings, each of which having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms. The term also includes monocyclic rings fused to an aryl group in which the point of attachment is on the non-aromatic portion.
• cycloalkyl examples include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, decahydronaphthyl, indanyl, bicyclo [2.2.2]octanyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, dihydroindanyl, 3,3-spirohexylindoline, 5,6,7,8- tetrahydroquinoline, and the like.
• Aryl means mono- or bicyclic aromatic rings containing only carbon atoms. The term also includes aryl group fused to a monocyclic cycloalkyl or monocyclic heterocycloalkyl group in which the point of attachment is on the aromatic portion.
• aryl examples include phenyl, naphthyl, indanyl, indenyl, indolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, benzthiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, dihydroindanyl, benzisodiazolyl, spirocyclohexylindolinyl, spiro-(dihydrobenzothiophenyl) piperidinyl, spiro-indolinylpiperidinyl, indolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, isoindolinyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzotriazolyl, l,3-dihydro-2-benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzodioxolyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzopyranyl, 1,4-benzodioxanyl
• Heteroaryl means a mono- or bicyclic aromatic ring containing at least one heteroatom selected from N, O and S, with each ring containing 5- to 6 atoms.
• heteroaryl include pyrrolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, furanyl, triazinyl, thienyl, pyrimidyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, furo[2,3-b]pyridyl, quinolyl, indolyl, isoquinolyl, quinazolinyl, benzisodiazolyl,
• Heterocycloalkyl means mono- or bicyclic saturated rings containing at least one heteroatom selected from N, S and O, each of said ring having from 3 to 14 atoms in which the point of attachment may be carbon or nitrogen.
• the term also refers to bridged rings, and also includes monocyclic heterocycles fused to an aryl or heteroaryl group in which the point of attachment is on the non-aromatic portion.
• heterocycloalkyl examples include azetidinyl, pyridyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, imidazolidinyl, morpholinyl, l-thia-4-aza-cyclohexane, 2,5- diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, 2,3-dihydrofuro[2,3-b]pyridyl, benzoxazinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, dihydroindolyl,indolyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, l,3-dihydro-2-benzofuranyl, benzodioxolyl, hexahydrothienopyridinyl, thienopyridinyl, azacycloheptyl, 2-oxa-5-azabicyclo[2.2.1
• the term also includes partially unsaturated monocyclic rings that are not aromatic, such as 2- or 4-pyridones attached through the nitrogen or N-substituted-(lH,3H)-pyrimidine-2,4-diones (N-substituted uracils).
• Halogen includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
• Compounds of Formula I contain one or more asymmetric centers and can thus occur as racemates and racemic mixtures, single enantiomers, diastereomeric mixtures and individual diastereomers. The present invention is meant to comprehend all such isomeric forms of the compounds of Formula I.
• tautomers Some of the compounds described herein may exist with different points of attachment of hydrogen, referred to as tautomers. Such an example may be a ketone and its enol form known as keto-enol tautomers.
• the individual tautomers as well as mixtures thereof are encompassed with compounds of Formula I.
• Compounds of the Formula I may be separated into diastereoisomeric pairs of enantiomers by, for example, fractional crystallization from a suitable solvent, for example MeOH or ethyl acetate or a mixture thereof.
• the pair of enantiomers thus obtained may be separated into individual stereoisomers by conventional means, for example by the use of an optically active amine as a resolving agent or on a chiral HPLC column.
• any enantiomer of a compound of the general Formula I may be obtained by stereospecific synthesis using optically pure starting materials or reagents of known configuration.
• salts refers to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases or acids including inorganic or organic bases and inorganic or organic acids.
• Salts derived from inorganic bases include aluminum, ammonium, calcium, copper, ferric, ferrous, lithium, magnesium, manganic salts, manganous, potassium, sodium, zinc, and the like. Particularly preferred are the ammonium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium salts.
• Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic bases include salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines, and basic ion exchange resins, such as arginine, betaine, caffeine, choline, N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine, diethylamine, 2- diethylaminoethanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N- ethyl-morpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, glucamine, glucosamine, histidine, hydrabamine, isopropylamine, lysine, methylglucamine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, polyamine resins, procaine; purines, theobromine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, tripropylamine, tromethamine, and the like.
• basic ion exchange resins such
• salts may be prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids, including inorganic and organic acids.
• acids include acetic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, citric, ethanesulfonic, fumaric, gluconic, glutamic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, isethionic, lactic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic, nitric, pamoic, pantothenic, phosphoric, succinic, sulfuric, tartaric, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and the like.
• Particularly preferred are citric, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, maleic, phosphoric, sulfuric, and tartaric acids.
• references to the compounds of Formula I are meant to also include the pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
• Compounds of this invention are antagonists of the MCH-1R receptor and as such are useful for the prevention and treatment of disorders or diseases associated with the MCH-1R receptor. Accordingly, another aspect of the present invention provides a method for the treatment (including prevention, alleviation, amelioration or suppression) of diseases or disorders or symptoms mediated by MCH- 1R receptor binding and subsequent cell activation, which comprises administering to a mammal an effective amount of a compound of Formula I.
• Such diseases, disorders, conditions or symptoms are, for example, obesity, diabetes, appetite and eating disorders, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, dyslipidemia, myocardial infarction, gall stones, osteoarthritis, certain cancers, AIDS wasting, cachexia, frailty (particularly in elderly), binge eating disorders including bulimina, anorexia, mental disorders including manic depression, depression, schizophrenia, mood disorders, delirium, dementia, severe mental retardation, anxiety, stress, cognitive disorders, sexual function, reproductive function, kidney function, diuresis, locomotor disorders, attention deficit disorder (ADD), substance abuse disorders and dyskinesias including Parkinson's disease, Parkinson-like syndromes, Tourette' s syndrome, Huntington' s disease, epilepsy, improving memory function, and spinal muscular atrophy.
• ADD attention deficit disorder
• prophylactic or therapeutic dose of a compound of Formula I will, of course, vary with the nature of the severity of the condition to be treated and with the particular compound of Formula I and its route of administration. It will also vary according to the age, weight and response of the individual patient. In general, the daily dose range lie within the range of from about 0.001 mg to about 100 mg per kg body weight of a mammal, preferably 0.01 mg to about 50 mg per kg, and most preferably 0.1 to 10 mg per kg, in single or divided doses. On the other hand, it may be necessary to use dosages outside these limits in some cases.
• a suitable dosage range is from about 0.001 mg to about 25 mg (preferably from 0.01 mg to about 1 mg) of a compound of Formula I per kg of body weight per day and for cytoprotective use from about 0.1 mg to about 100 mg (preferably from about 1 mg to about 100 mg and more preferably from about 1 mg to about 10 mg) of a compound of Formula I per kg of body weight per day.
• a suitable dosage range is, e.g. from about 0.01 mg to about 100 mg of a compound of Formula I per day, preferably from about 0.1 mg to about 10 mg per day.
• the compositions are preferably provided in the form of tablets containing from 0.01 to 1,000 mg, preferably 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, 20.0, 25.0, 30.0, 40.0, 50.0 or 1000.0 milligrams of the active ingredient for the symptomatic adjustment of the dosage to the patient to be treated.
• compositions which comprises a compound of Formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• composition is intended to encompass a product comprising the active ingredient(s), and the inert ingredient(s) (pharmaceutically acceptable excipients) that make up the carrier, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination, complexation or aggregation of any two or more of the ingredients, or from dissociation of one or more of the ingredients, or from other types of reactions or interactions of one or more of the ingredients.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention encompass any composition made by admixing a compound of Formula I, additional active ingredient(s), and pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
• Any suitable route of administration may be employed for providing a mammal, especially a human with an effective dosage of a compound of the present invention.
• oral, rectal, topical, parenteral, ocular, pulmonary, nasal, and the like may be employed.
• Dosage forms include tablets, troches, dispersions, suspensions, solutions, capsules, creams, ointments, aerosols, and the like.
• compositions of the present invention comprise a compound of Formula I as an active ingredient or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and may also contain a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and optionally other therapeutic ingredients.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts refers to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases or acids including inorganic bases or acids and organic bases or acids.
• the compounds of the present invention are conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from pressurized packs or nebulizers.
• the compounds may also be delivered as powders which may be formulated and the powder composition may be inhaled with the aid of an insufflation powder inhaler device.
• the preferred delivery systems for inhalation are metered dose inhalation (MDI) aerosol, which may be formulated as a suspension or solution of a compound of Formula I in suitable propellants, such as fluorocarbons or hydrocarbons and dry powder inhalation (DPI) aerosol, which may be formulated as a dry powder of a compound of Formula I with or without additional excipients.
• MDI metered dose inhalation
• DPI dry powder inhalation
• Suitable topical formulations of a compound of formula I include transdermal devices, aerosols, creams, ointments, lotions, dusting powders, and the like.
• the compounds of Formula I can be combined as the active ingredient in intimate admixture with a pharmaceutical carrier according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques.
• the carrier may take a wide variety of forms depending on the form of preparation desired for administration, e.g., oral or parenteral (including intravenous).
• any of the usual pharmaceutical media may be employed, such as, for example, water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents and the like in the case of oral liquid preparations, such as, for example, suspensions, elixirs and solutions; or carriers such as starches, sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents and the like in the case of oral solid preparations such as, for example, powders, capsules and tablets, with the solid oral preparations being preferred over the liquid preparations. Because of their ease of administration, tablets and capsules represent the most advantageous oral dosage unit form in which case solid pharmaceutical carriers are obviously employed. If desired, tablets may be coated by standard aqueous or nonaqueous techniques.
• the compounds of Formula I may also be administered by controlled release means and/or delivery devices such as those described in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,845,770; 3,916,899; 3,536,809; 3,598,123; 3,630,200 and 4,008,719.
• compositions of the present invention suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient, as a powder or granules or as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid, a non-aqueous liquid, an oil-in-water emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion.
• Such compositions may be prepared by any of the methods of pharmacy but all methods include the step of bringing into association the active ingredient with the carrier which constitutes one or more necessary ingredients.
• the compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately admixing the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product into the desired presentation.
• a tablet may be prepared by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients.
• Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine, the active ingredient in a free- flowing form such as powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, surface active or dispersing agent.
• Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine, a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
• each tablet contains from about 1 mg to about 500 mg of the active ingredient and each cachet or capsule contains from about 1 to about 500 mg of the active ingredient.
• Benzalkonium chloride 1.0 Water for injection to a total volume of 1 mL Tablet mg/tablet
• Compounds of Formula I may be used in combination with other drugs that are used in the treatment/prevention/suppression or amelioration of the diseases or conditions for which compounds of Formula I are useful. Such other drugs may be administered, by a route and in an amount commonly used therefor, contemporaneously or sequentially with a compound of Formula I.
• a pharmaceutical composition containing such other drags in addition to the compound of Formula I is preferred.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include those that also contain one or more other active ingredients, in addition to a compound of Formula I.
• a compound of the present invention may be used in conjunction with other anorectic agents.
• the present invention also provides a method for the treatment or prevention of eating disorders, which method comprises administration to a patient in need of such treatment an amount of a compound of the present invention and an amount of an anorectic agent, such that together they give effective relief.
• Suitable anorectic agents of use in combination with a compound of the present invention include, but are not limited to, aminorex, amphechloral, amphetamine, benzphetamine, chlorphentermine, clobenzorex, cloforex, clominorex, clortermine, cyclexedrine, dexfenfluramine, dextroamphetamine, diethylpropion, diphemethoxidine, N-ethylamphetamine, fenbutrazate, fenfluramine, fenisorex, fenproporex, fludorex, fluminorex, furfurylmethylamphetamine, levamfetamine, levophacetoperane, mazindol, mefenorex, metamfepramone, methamphetamine, norpseudoephedrine, pentorex, phendimetrazine, phenmetrazine, phentermine, pheny
• a particularly suitable class of anorectic agent are the halogenated amphetamine derivatives, including chlorphentermine, cloforex, clortermine, dexfenfluramine, fenfluramine, picilorex and sibutramine; and pharmaceutically acceptble salts thereof.
• Particularly preferred halogenated amphetamine derivatives of use in combination with a compound of the present invention include: fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
• the compounds of the present invention may also be used in combination with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI).
• SSRI selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
• the present invention also provides a method for the treatment or prevention of obesity, which method comprises administration to a patient in need of such treatment an amount of a compound of the present invention and an amount of an SSRI, such that together they give effective relief.
• Suitable selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors of use in combination with a compound of the present invention include: fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine and sertraline, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
• the present invention also provides a method for the treatment or prevention of obesity, which method comprises administration to a patient in need of such treatment an amount of a compound of the present invention and an amount of growth hormone secretagogues such as those disclosed and specifically described in US Patent 5,536,716; melanocortin agonists such as Melanotan II; ⁇ -3 agonists such as those disclosed and specifically described in patent publications WO94/18161, WO95/29159, WO97/46556, WO98/04526 and WO98/32753; 5HT-2 agonists; orexin antagonists; melanin concentrating hormone antagonists; galanin antagonists; CCK agonists; GLP-1 agonists; corticotropin-releasing hormone agonists; NPY-5 antagonists; CB1 modulators, such as N-(l-piperidinyl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-l-(2,4- dichlorophenyl)-4-methylpyrazole-3-carboxamide (SR141716A),
• WO98/43636 WO98/31227, WO98/41519, WO98/37061, WO00/10967, WO00/10968, WO97/29079, WO99/02499 and WO98/43635, and EPO Application No. EP-658546; and Yl antagonists, such that together they give effective relief.
• obesity refers to a condition whereby a mammal has a Body Mass Index (BMI), which is calculated as weight per height squared (kg/m 2 ), of at least 25.9. Conventionally, those persons with normal weight, have a BMI of 19.9 to less than 25.9.
• BMI Body Mass Index
• the compounds of the present invention may also be used in combination with histamine receptor-3 (H3) modulators, CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonists or inverse agonists, and/or phosphodiesterase-3B (PDE3B) inhibitors.
• H3 histamine receptor-3
• CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonists or inverse agonists CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonists or inverse agonists
• PDE3B phosphodiesterase-3B
• the obesity described herein may be due to any cause, whether genetic or environmental.
• disorders that may result in obesity or be the cause of obesity include overeating and bulimia, polycystic ovarian disease, craniopharyngioma, the Prader-Willi Syndrome, Frohlich's syndrome, Type LI diabetes, GH-deficient subjects, normal variant short stature, Turner's syndrome, and other pathological conditions showing reduced metabolic activity or a decrease in resting energy expenditure as a percentage of total fat-free mass, e.g., children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
• Treatment refers to reducing the BMI of the mammal to less than about 25.9, and maintaining that weight for at least 6 months.
• the treatment suitably results in a reduction in food or calorie intake by the mammal.
• Prevention refers to preventing obesity from occurring if the treatment is administered prior to the onset of the obese condition. Moreover, if treatment is commenced in already obese subjects, such treatment is expected to prevent, or to prevent the progression of, the medical sequelae of obesity, such as, e.g., arteriosclerosis, Type LI diabetes, polycystic ovarian disease, cardiovascular diseases, osteoarthritis, dermatological disorders, hypertension, insulin resistance, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and cholelithiasis.
• Excessive weight is a contributing factor to different diseases including hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemias, cardiovascular disease, gall stones, osteoarthritis and certain forms of cancers. Bringing about a weight loss can be used, for example, to reduce the likelihood of such diseases and as part of a treatment for such diseases. Weight reduction can be achieved by antagonizing MCH-IR receptor activity to obtain, for example, one or more of the following effects: reducing appetite, increasing metabolic rate, reducing fat intake or reducing carbohydrate craving.
• insulin sensitizers including (i) PPAR ⁇ agonists such as the glitazones (e.g. troglitazone, pioglitazone, englitazone, MCC-555, BRL49653 and the like), and compounds disclosed in WO97/27857, 97/28115, 97/28137 and 97/27847; (ii) biguanides such as metformin and phenformin;
• cholesterol lowering agents such as (i) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (lovastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, and other statins), (ii) sequestrants (cholestyramine, colestipol and a dialkylaminoalkyl derivatives of a cross-linked dextran), (ii) nicotinyl alcohol nicotinic acid or a salt thereof, (iii) proliferator-activater receptor agonists such as fenofibric acid derivatives (gemfibrozil, clofibrate, fenofibrate and benzafibrate), (iv) inhibitors of cholesterol absorption for example beta-sitosterol and (acyl CoA holesterol acyltransferase) inhibitors for example melinamide, (v) probucol, (vi) vitamin E, and (vii) thyromimetics;
• antiobesity compounds such as fenfluramine, dexfenfluramine, phentermine, sibutramine, orlistat, or ⁇ 3 adrenergic receptor agonists
• feeding behavior modifying agents such as neuropeptide Y antagonists (e.g. neuropeptide Y5) such as those disclosed in WO 97/19682, WO 97/20820, WO 97/20821, WO 97/20822 and WO 97/20823;
• growth hormone secretagogues such as MK-0677.
• a compound of the present invention may be used in conjunction with other anti-stress agents, such as anti-anxiety agents.
• anti-anxiety agents include benzodiazepines and 5-HTiA agonists or antagonists, especially 5-HTiA partial agonists, and corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) antagonists.
• Suitable benzodiazepines include: alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, chlorazepate, diazepam, halazepam, lorazepam, oxazepam and prazepam, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
• Suitable 5-HT ⁇ A receptor agonists or antagonists include, in particular, the 5-HTiA receptor partial agonists buspirone, flesinoxan, gepirone and ipsapirone, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
• Suitable CRF antagonists include the 4-tetrahydropyridylpyrimidine derivatives disclosed in US 6,187,781; the aryloxy and arylthio-fused pyridine and pyrimidine derivatives disclosed in US 6,124,300; the arylaminofused pyrimidine derivatives disclosed in US 6,107,300; the pyrazole and pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives disclosed in US 5,705,646, US 5,712,303, US 5,968,944, US 5,958,948, US 6,103,900 and US 6,005,109; the tetrahydropteridine derivatives disclosed in US 6,083,948; the benzoperimidine carboxylic acid derivatives disclosed in US 5,861,398; the substituted 4-phenylaminothiazol derivatives disclosed in US 5,880,135; the cyclic CRF analogs disclosed in US5,493,006, US 5,663,292 and US 5,874,227; and the compounds disclosed in US 5,063,245, US 5,245,009, US 5,510
• substance abuse disorders includes substance dependence or abuse with or without physiological dependence.
• the substances associated with these disorders are: alcohol, amphetamines (or amphetamine-like substances), caffeine, cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, inhalants, nicotine, opioids, phencyclidine (or phencyclidine-like compounds), sedative- hypnotics or benzodiazepines, and other (or unknown) substances and combinations of all of the above.
• the term "substance abuse disorders” includes drug withdrawal disorders such as alcohol withdrawal with or without perceptual disturbances; alcohol withdrawal delirium; amphetamine withdrawal; cocaine withdrawal; nicotine withdrawal; opioid withdrawal; sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic withdrawal with or without perceptual disturbances; sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic withdrawal delirium; and withdrawal symptoms due to other substances. It will be appreciated that reference to treatment of nicotine withdrawal includes the treatment of symptoms associated with smoking cessation.
• substance abuse disorders include substance-induced anxiety disorder with onset during withdrawal; substance-induced mood disorder with onset during withdrawal; and substance-induced sleep disorder with onset during withdrawal.
• the invention encompasses pharmaceutical compositions for modulating the perception of pain comprising a non-toxic therapeutically effective amount of the compound of Formula I as defined above and one or more ingredients such as another pain reliever including acetaminophen or phenacetin, or a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor; a potentiator including caffeine; a prostaglandin including misoprostol, enprostil, rioprostil, ornoprostol or rosaprostol: a diuretic; a sedating or non-sedating antihistamine.
• another pain reliever including acetaminophen or phenacetin, or a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor
• COX-2 cyclooxygenase-2
• a potentiator including caffeine
• a prostaglandin including misoprostol, enprostil, rioprostil, ornoprostol or rosa
• cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitors examples include rofecoxib (VIOXX®, see U.S. Patent No. 5,474,995), etoricoxib (ARCOXIATM see U.S. Patent No. 5,861,419), celecoxib (CELEBREX®, see U.S. Patent No. 5,466,823), valdecoxib (see U.S. No. 6,633,272), parecoxib (see U.S. No.
• cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors compounds are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,020,343.
• the invention encompasses a method of treating pain comprising: administration to a patient in need of such treatment a non-toxic therapeutically effective amount of the compound of Formula I, optionally co- administered with one or more of such ingredients as listed immediately above.
• “Male sexual dysfunction” includes impotence, loss of libido, and erectile dysfunction.
• Esrectile dysfunction is a disorder involving the failure of a male mammal to achieve erection, ejaculation, or both. Symptoms of erectile dysfunction include an inability to achieve or maintain an erection, ejaculatory failure, premature ejaculation, or inability to achieve an orgasm.
• An increase in erectile dysfunction and sexual dysfunction can have numerous underlying causes, including but not limited to (1) aging, (b) an underlying physical dysfunction, such as trauma, surgery, and peripheral vascular disease, and (3) side-effects resulting from drug treatment, depression, and other CNS disorders.
• “Female sexual dysfunction” can be seen as resulting from multiple components incl ⁇ ding dysfunction in desire, sexual arousal, sexual receptivity, and orgasm related to disturbances in the clitoris, vagina, periurethral glans, and other trigger points of sexual function. In particular, anatomic and functional modification of such trigger points may diminish the orgasmic potential in breast cancer and gynecologic cancer patients.
• Treatment of female sexual dysfunction with an MC-4 receptor agonist can result in improved blood flow, improved lubrication, improved sensation, facilitation of reaching orgasm, reduction in the refractory period between orgasms, and improvements in arousal and desire.
• "female sexual dysfunction” also incorporates sexual pain, premature labor, and dysmenorrhea.
• the compounds of the present invention may be employed in combination with a compound selected from a type V cyclic-GMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE-V) inhibitor, such as sildenafil and IC-351 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; an alpha- adrenergic receptor antagonist, such as phentolamine and yohimbine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; or a dopamine receptor agonist, such as apomorphine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• PDE-V type V cyclic-GMP-specific phosphodiesterase
• Suitable antipsychotic agents of use in combination with a compound of the present invention for the treatment of schizophrenia include the phenothiazine, thioxanthene, heterocyclic dibenzazepine, butyrophenone, diphenylbutylpiperidine and indolone classes of antipsychotic agent.
• Suitable examples of phenothiazines include chlorpromazine, mesoridazine, thioridazine, acetophenazine, fluphenazine, perphenazine and trifluoperazine.
• Suitable examples of thioxanthenes include chlorprothixene and thiothixene.
• dibenzazepines include clozapine and olanzapine.
• An example of a butyrophenone is haloperidol.
• An example of a diphenylbutylpiperidine is pimozide.
• An example of an indolone is molindolone.
• Other antipsychotic agents include loxapine, sulpiride and risperidone.
• the antipsychotic agents when used in combination with a CBl receptor modulator may be in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, for example, chlorpromazine hydrochloride, mesoridazine besylate, thioridazine hydrochloride, acetophenazine maleate, fluphenazine hydrochloride, flurphenazine enathate, fluphenazine decanoate, trifluoperazine hydrochloride, thiothixene hydrochloride, haloperidol decanoate, loxapine succinate and molindone hydrochloride.
• Perphenazine, chlorprothixene, clozapine, olanzapine, haloperidol, pimozide and risperidone are commonly used in a non-salt form.
• D3 dopamine receptor antagonist is the compound PNU-99194A.
• D4 dopamine receptor antagonist is PNU-101387.
• a muscarinic Ml receptor agonist is xanomeline.
• Another class of antipsychotic agent of use in combination with a CBl receptor modulator is the 5-HT2A receptor antagonists, examples of which include MDL100907 and fananserin.
• 5-HT2A receptor antagonists examples of which include MDL100907 and fananserin.
• SDAs serotonin dopamine antagonists
• olanzapine and ziperasidone examples of which include olanzapine and ziperasidone.
• a compound of the present invention may be used in conjunction with other anti- depressant or anti-anxiety agents.
• Suitable classes of anti-depressant agents include norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase (RLMAs), serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) antagonists, ⁇ -adrenoreceptor antagonists, neurokinin-1 receptor ' antagonists and atypical anti-depressants.
• SSRIs selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
• MAOIs monoamine oxidase inhibitors
• RLMAs reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase
• SNRIs serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors
• CRF corticotropin releasing factor
• Suitable norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors include tertiary amine tricyclics and secondary amine tricyclics.
• Suitable examples of tertiary amine tricyclics include: amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, imipramine and trimipramine, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
• Suitable examples of secondary amine tricyclics include: amoxapine, desipramine, maprotiline, nortriptyline and protriptyline, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
• Suitable selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors include those described supra.
• Suitable monoamine oxidase inhibitors include: isocarboxazid, phenelzine, tranylcypromine and selegiline, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
• Suitable reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase include: moclobemide, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
• Suitable serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors of use in the present invention include: venlafaxine, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
• Suitable CRF antagonists include those compounds described hereinabove.
• Suitable atypical anti-depressants include: bupropion, lithium, nefazodone, trazodone and viloxazine, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
• Suitable classes of anti-anxiety agents include benzodiazepines and 5-HTiA agonists or antagonists, especially 5-HTiA partial agonists, and corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) antagonists.
• the neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist may be peptidal or non-peptidal in nature, however, the use of a non-peptidal neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist is preferred.
• the neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist is a CNS- penetrant neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist.
• an orally active neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist is preferred.
• the neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist is a long acting neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist.
• An especially preferred class of neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists of use in the present invention are those compounds which are orally active and long acting.
• Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists of use in the present invention are fully described, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,162,339, 5,232,929, 5,242,930, 5,373,003, 5,387,595, 5,459,270, 5,494,926, 5,496,833, 5,637,699; European Patent Publication Nos.
• Specific neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists of use in the present invention include:
• Suitable benzodiazepines include those described previously herein.
• Suitable 5-HTIA receptor agonists or antagonists include, in particular, those described supra.
• the compounds of the present invention may be used in combination with butyrophenones.
• the compounds of the present invention may be used in combination with levodopa, carbidopa/levodopa, amantadine, bromocryptine and other ergot alkaloids, anticholinergic medications such as benztropine, trihexyphenidyl, antihistamines such as diphenhydramine and orphenadrine, mild sedatives, tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptiline and others described supra, and propanolol.
• anticholinergic medications such as benztropine, trihexyphenidyl, antihistamines such as diphenhydramine and orphenadrine, mild sedatives, tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptiline and others described supra, and propanolol.
• the compounds of the present invention may be used in combination with phenothiazine, chlorpromazine, and butyrophenone neuroleptics such as haloperidol or reserpine.
• the compounds of the present invention may be used together with anticonvulsants such as penytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, carbamazepine, trimethadione, clonazepam, valproate and ethosuximide
• MCH-IR antagonist compounds can be provided in kit.
• a kit typically contains an active compound in dosage forms for administration.
• a dosage form contains a sufficient amount of active compound such that a beneficial effect can be obtained when administered to a patient during regular intervals, such as 1 to 6 times a day, during the course of 1 or more days.
• a kit contains instructions indicating the use of the dosage form for weight reduction (e.g., to treat obesity or overweight) or stress reduction, and the amount of dosage form to be taken over a specified time period.
• the method of treatment of this invention comprises a method of treating melanin concentrating hormone receptor mediated diseases by administering to a patient in need of such treatment a non-toxic therapeutically effective amount of a compound of this invention that selectively antagonizes the MCH-IR receptor in preference to the other G-protein coupled receptors.
• the present invention comprises a method of treating MCR-1R receptor subtype mediated diseases by administering to a patient in need of such treatment a non-toxic therapeutically effective amount of a compound of this invention that selectively antagonizes the MCH-IR receptor.
• the weight ratio of the compound of the Formula I to the second active ingredient may be varied and will depend upon the effective dose of each ingredient. Generally, an effective dose of each will be used. Thus, for example, when a compound of the Formula I is combined with a ⁇ -3 agonist the weight ratio of the compound of the Formula I to the ⁇ -3 agonist will generally range from about 1000:1 to about 1:1000, preferably about 200:1 to about 1:200. Combinations of a compound of the Formula I and other active ingredients will generally also be within the aforementioned range, but in each case, an effective dose of each active ingredient should be used.
• the compounds of Formula I of the present invention can be prepared according to the procedures of the following Schemes and Examples, using appropriate materials and are further exemplified by the following specific examples. Moreover, by utilizing the procedures described with the disclosure contained herein, one of ordinary skill in the art can readily prepare additional compounds of the present invention claimed herein. The compounds illustrated in the examples are not, however, to be construed as forming the only genus that is considered as the invention. The Examples further illustrate details for the preparation of the compounds of the present invention. Those skilled in the art will readily understand that known variations of the conditions and processes of the following preparative procedures can be used to prepare these compounds. The instant compounds are generally isolated in the form of their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, such as those described previously hereinabove.
• the free amine bases corresponding to the isolated salts can be generated by neutralization with a suitable base, such as aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, and potassium hydroxide, and extraction of the liberated amine free base into an organic solvent followed by evaporation.
• a suitable base such as aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, and potassium hydroxide
• the amine free base isolated in this manner can be further converted into another pharmaceutically acceptable salt by dissolution in an organic solvent followed by addition of the appropriate acid and subsequent evaporation, precipitation, or crystallization. All temperatures are degrees Celsius unless otherwise noted.
• Mass spectra (MS) were measured by electron-spray ionization.
• standard peptide coupling reaction conditions means coupling a carboxylic acid with an amine using an acid activating agent such as l-(3- dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide HC1 (EDC), 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodi- imide (DCC), and benzotriazol-l-yloxytris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP) in an inert solvent such as dichloromethane in the presence of a catalyst such as 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) or 1- hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (HOBT).
• an acid activating agent such as l-(3- dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide HC1 (EDC), 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodi- imide (DCC), and benzotriazol-l-yloxytris(dimethylamino)
• protecting groups for the amine, carboxylic acid or other functionalities to facilitate the desired reaction and minimize undesired reactions is well documented. Conditions required to remove protecting groups are found in standard textbooks such as Greene, T. and Wuts, P. G. M., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1991.
• Benzyloxycarbonyl (CBZ) and t-butyloxycarbonyl (BOC) protecting groups are commonly used protecting groups in organic synthesis, and conditions for their removal are known to those skilled in the art.
• CBZ may be removed by catalytic hydrogenation in the presence of a noble metal or its oxide such as palladium on activated carbon in a protic solvent such as methanol or ethanol.
• a protic solvent such as methanol or ethanol.
• removal of CBZ groups can also be achieved by treatment with a solution of hydrogen bromide in acetic acid or by treatment with a mixture of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and dimethylsulfide.
• TFA trifluoroacetic acid
• Removal of BOC protecting groups is carried out with a strong acid, such as trifluoroacetic acid, hydrochloric acid, or hydrogen chloride gas, in a solvent such as methylene chloride, methanol, or ethyl acetate.
• ECB buffer Extra-cellular buffer 140nM NaCI, 20 nM KC1, 20mM
• heating aniline starting materials 1 and alkynyl ester intermediates 4 with an acid catalyst provides the intermediates 3 which may be converted in like fashion (with or without isolation) by further heating to quinoline intermediates 5.
• Alkylation of the 4-hydroxyl group of intermediates 5 under a variety of conditions such as treatment of the 4-hydroxyquinoline intermediates 5 with dimethylsulfate or similar alkylating agents in toluene under reflux affords 4- alkoxyquinoline intermediates 6.
• N-substituted 4-aminoquinoline intermediates 9 is available as described in Scheme B.
• the 4-hydroxyl group of intermediate 5 may be converted by those skilled in the art to other known improved leaving groups, for example, but not limited to, fluoride, bromide, iodide, methanesulfonate or trifluoromethanesulfonate.
• 4,6-Diaminoquinoline intermediates 11 may be prepared as described in Scheme C.
• 4,6-Diaminoquinoline intermediates 10 containing protected 6-amino groups may be converted to the 6-amino derivatives 11 by removal of the protecting groups using methods known to those skilled in the art as described above (eq. 1).
• protecting groups may be carboxamides such as acetyl groups or carbamate protecting groups such as BOC-group or CBZ group, for example.
• 4-amino-6- nitroquinoline intermediates 12 may be converted to 4,6-diaminoquinoline intermediates 11 by reduction of the nitro group using a variety of methods known to those skilled in the art (eq. 2).
• nitro group of intermediates 12 treatment of the nitro group of intermediates 12 with chemical reducing agents such as tin (II) chloride, ferric chloride, hydrazine system in the presence of carbon, or lithium aluminium hydride may produce amino groups of intermediates 11.
• chemical reducing agents such as tin (II) chloride, ferric chloride, hydrazine system in the presence of carbon, or lithium aluminium hydride
• catalytic reduction of nitro groups of intermediates 12 with hydrogen in the presence of a noble metal catalyst such as palladium on carbon or platinum oxide
• 6-Nitroquinoline intermediates 12 may be prepared by those skilled in the art from appropriate substituted nitroanilines and other appropriate starting materials using the synthetic route outlined in Schemes A and B.
• Reaction of the 4,6- diaminoquinoline intermediates 11 with the acid chloride intermediates 14 in acetic acid solvent provides the desired N-(4-aminoquinolin-6-yl)carboxamides 15, which may be isolated as salts from the reaction mixture by filtration or other methods known to those skilled in the art.
• products 15 may be purified by a variety of techniques known to those skilled in the art such as (but not limited to) preparative thin layer chromatography (tic), HPLC, reverse phase HPLC or column chromatography on a variety of adsorbents such as silica gel or alumina.
• N-(4-aminoquinolin-6-yl)carboxamides 15 may be prepared directly from carboxylic acid derivatives 13 and the 4,6-diaminoquinoline intermediates 11 using a variety of standard peptide coupling reagents as described earlier, such as EDC and DMAP, in an inert solvent such as methylene chloride followed by standard workup and purification as described earlier.
• Carboxylic acid intermediates 13 are available from a wide range of commercial sources. Alternatively, carboxylic acid derivatives 13 may be prepared by a variety of methods known to those skilled in the art such as, but not limited to, oxidation of other functional groups, carbonylation, saponification of ester intermediates, or deprotection of protected carboxylic acids. Homologated carboxylic acids may be prepared from carboxylic acids by conversion to the corresponding carboxaldehyde intermediates (or directly from available carboxaldehydes) followed by homologation utilizing stabilized Wittig or Homer-Emmons reagents to provide unsaturated acid or ester intermediates. These intermediates may be converted directly to carboxylic acid derivatives 13.
• the resulting olefin may be functionalized or reduced to the saturated derivative by a variety of conditions known to those skilled in the art such as by catalytic hydrogenation in the presence of a noble metal catalyst such as palladium on carbon or platinum oxide. These saturated intermediates may in turn be converted to carboxylic acid derivatives 13.
• 4-Aminoquinolin-6-carboxamide derivatives 17 may be prepared as outlined in Scheme E from 4-amino-6-substituted quinoline derivatives 16 described in Scheme A, wherein the 6-substituent is a carboxylic acid or protected carboxylic acid derivative.
• an inert solvent such as methylene chloride
• Homologated analogs may be prepared by homologation of the carboxylic acid intermediates 16 or other intermediates derived thereof using methods known to those skilled in the art such as but not limited to the Amdt-Eistert homologation, or by the sequence of conversion of the acid to the alcohol, leaving group formation, cyanide displacement followed by hydrolysis to the homologated carboxylic acid intermediates 18.
• the carboxylic acid intermediates 16 may be converted to the carboxaldehyde intermediate followed by Wittig or Horner- Emmons homologation and subsequent functional group manipulation as described earlier.
• homologated carboxylic acid intermediates 18 may be prepared by those skilled in the art from substituted aniline intermediates containing the required homologated acid and other appropriate starting materials using the quinoline synthesis outlined in Schemes A and B. Finally, theses homologated carboxylic acid intermediates 18 may be converted by standard peptide coupling techniques such as those described in Scheme D, with a variety of amines to homologated carboxamide derivatives 19.
• Quinoline derivatives containing heterocycle groups at the 6-position in place of 4-aminoquinoline-6-carboxamide or related analogs or in place of N-(4- aminoquinoline-6-yl)carboxamide or related analogs may be prepared as outlined in Scheme F from quinoline-6-carboxylic acid derivatives 18 or related homologs.
• Oxadiazolyl or related heterocyclic derivatives are known to be useful replacements for carboxamide, urea, sulfonamide and other hydrogen bond donating functional groups. Removal of these hydrogen bonding groups may increase water solubility, remove waters of hydration or vary other physical chemical properties that may improve pharmacokinetic parameters such as oral absorption, oral bioavailability or metabolic disposition of these compounds.
• heterocycle substituted quinoline derivatives may be prepared by a variety of methods known to those skilled in the art. For example, treatment of quinolin-6-carboxylic acid intermediates 18 with EDC and DMAP in the presence of an amidoxime derivative 20 followed by heating at reflux in an inert solvent such 1,4- dioxane or 1,2-dimethoxyethane provides (3-substituted-l,2,4-oxadiazoI-5yl)quinolin- 4-yl amine derivatives 21.
• homologated 4-aminoquinolin-6-yl carboxylic acid intermediates 18 provide the related homologated (3-substituted-l,2,4-oxadiazol- 5yl)quinolin-4-yl amine analogs 21.
• Amidoxime intermediates 20 may be commercially available or may be prepared from nitrile intermediates by treatment with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in the presence of an inorganic base such as sodium bicarbonate in an alcoholic solvent.
• Isomeric 6-(5-substituted-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3yl)quinolin-4-amines 23 may be prepared in a similar fashion from 4-aminoquinoline-6-nitrile intermediates 22 or related homologs.
• 4-Aminoquinoline-6-nitrile intermediates 22 may be prepared as outlined is Scheme A directly from nitrile substituted anilines.
• quinoline-6-carboxylic acid derivatives 18 may be converted to quinoline-6- carboxamide derivatives as described earlier followed by dehydration using a variety of methods known to those skilled in the art. Reaction of the nitrile intermediates 22 with hydroxylamine as described above affords the corresponding amidoxime intermediates.
• quinolin-4,6-diamine derivatives 27 may be converted to quinolin-4,6-diamine derivatives 26 by reductive animation with a carboxaldehyde or ketone derivative ( Scheme H, eq. 1) or by first, carboxamide formation, followed by further reduction of the carboxamide intermediate to the quinolin-4,6-diamine derivatives 26.
• a carboxaldehyde or ketone derivative Scheme H, eq. 1
• quinolin-4,6-diamine derivatives 29 may be converted to quinolin-4,6-diamine derivatives 29 by reductive animation with a variety of amines under a variety of conditions known to those skilled in the art such as sodium cyanoborohydride in the presence of a drying agent and acid buffer in an appropriate solvent such as methanol.
• (4-Aminoquinolin-6-yl)carboxaldehyde intermediates 28 or related homologated intermediates may be prepared by a variety of methods known to those skilled in the art. For example, oxidation of related alcohol derivatives or reduction of carboxylic acid or related carboxamide ester or nitrile derivatives may provide the desired (4-aminoquinolin-6-yl)carboxaldehyde intermediates 28 or related homologs.
• (4-aminoquinolin-6-yl)ketone intermediates 28 or related homologs may be prepared from above intermediates by many methods known to those skilled in the art.
• quinoline carboxaldehyde or ketone intermediates 28 may be reduced to the corresponding alcohol intermediates, subsequent leaving group formation then displacement with a suitable amine or surrogate amine nucleophile. Further functional group manipulation or protecting group removal may provide quinolin-4,6-diamine derivatives 29.
• Further derivatives of amine 27 may be prepared by reaction of the amine with a variety of electrophiles such as carboxylic acids or their acid chlorides, isocyanates, carbamoyl chlorides, ketenes, chloroformates, sulfonic acids or their sulfonyl chloride to provide further derivatives of the present invention of the general structure 30 (Scheme I).
• electrophiles such as carboxylic acids or their acid chlorides, isocyanates, carbamoyl chlorides, ketenes, chloroformates, sulfonic acids or their sulfonyl chloride
• Step G Preparation of (2E)-N-(4-Amino-2-propylquinolin-6-yl)-3-(4- chlorophenyl)prop-2-enamide
• Step G To a solution of the product of Step ⁇ (60mg, 0.3mmol) in 1.5mL HO Ac was added the product of Step F (64mg, 0.32mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at r.t. for 6h then the solvent removed under vacuum. The residue was purified by preparative TLC eluting with chloroform 2 ⁇ ammonia in methanol (9/1) to afford the product, MS: m/z 366 (MH 1" ).
• Step A Preparation of methyl (2E)-3-ir4-(acetylarmno)phenyl1amino ⁇ oct-2- enoate
• ⁇ -(4-aminophenyl)acetamide 8.9g, 59mmol
• methyl oct-2-ynoate (lOg, 64.8mmol)
• anhydrous potassium fluoride (lg, 17mmol) in lOOmL anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide was purged with nitrogen then heated at 50° overnight. After approximately 18 h, the reaction mixture was cooled to r.t., and filtered.
• Step F Preparation of (2E)-N-(4-Amino-2-pentylquinolin-6-yl -3-(4- chlorophenyl)prop-2-enamide
• the product was prepared from the product of Step ⁇ (25mg, 0.3mmol) and (2E)-3- (4-chlorophenyl)prop-2-enoyl chloride (Example 1, Step F, 33mg, O.l ⁇ mmol) according to the procedure for Example 1, Step G.
• the product was obtained as an amber solid, MS: m/z 394 (MH 4" ).
• Step A Preparation of ethyl (2E)-3-r(4-nitrophenyl)aminolhex-2-enoate
• the product was prepared from (2E)-3-[(4-trifluoromethyl)phenyl]prop-2-enoic acid according to the procedure for Example 1, Step F.
• Step G Preparation of (2E)-N-(4-azetidin-l-yl-2-propylquinolin-6-yl)-3-[4-
• Step F The product was prepared from the product of Step ⁇ (15mg) and (2E)-3-[(4- trifluoromethyl)phenyl]prop-2-enoyl chloride (Step F, 20mg) according to the procedure for Example 1, Step G.
• the product was obtained as a solid, MS: m/z 440 (MET).
• Step A Ethyl 4-amino-6-nitro-2-propylquinoline-3-carboxylate
• Step B Ethyl 4,6-diamino-2-propylquinoline-3-carboxylate
• Step C Ethyl 4-amino-2-propyl-6-( ⁇ (2E)-3-r4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyllprop-2- enoyl ) amino)quinoline-3-carboxylate
• Example 156 Following procedures similar to those described above for Example 156, the following compounds were prepared from the appropriate starting materials or by functional group manipulation of intermediates or products here-in or above.
• the product was prepared from ethyl 4-aminobenzoate and ethyl 3-oxohexanoate according to the procedure for Example 1, Step A.
• Step B Ethyl 4-hvdroxy-2-propylquinoline-6-carboxylate
• the product was prepared from ethyl 4- ⁇ [(lE)-3-ethoxy-3-oxo-l-propylprop-l- enyl]amino ⁇ benzoate (Step A) according to the procedure for Example 1, Step B.
• Step C Ethyl 4-methoxy-2-pro ⁇ ylquinoline-6-carboxylate
• Step B according to the procedure for Example 1, Step C.
• Step C A mixture of ethyl 4-methoxy-2-propylquinoline-6-carboxylate (Step C), KOH (15mg) in 0.5mL water and 5mL ethanol was heated at reflux for 3h. The mixture was cooled to r.t., diluted with water, acidified with aq. HCl and extracted with excess EtOAc. The extracts were combined, dried and solvent removed under vacuum to provide the product which was used in the next Step without further purification.
• Step F 4-Methoxy-2-propyl-N-r4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl1quinoline-6- carboxamide
• Step G 4- Amino-N- F4-(trifluorometh ypbenzyll -2-propylquinoline-6- carboxamide
• the product was prepared from 4-aminobenzonitrile and ethyl 3- oxohexanoate according to the procedure for Example 1, Step A.
• N-hydroxy-4-methoxy-2-propylquinoline-6-carboxirrridamide A mixture of 4-methoxy-2-propylquinoline-6-carbonitrile (Step C, 900mg), hydroxylamine hydrochloride (3 eq.), sodium carbonate (3 eq.) in 3mL water and lOmL ethanol was stirred overnight. The mixture was diluted with water, extracted with excess EtOAc. The extracts were combined, dried and solvent removed under vacuum. The residue was triturated with EtOAc and the solvent decanted away to provide the product (610mg)which was used in the next step without further purification.
• Step E 4-Methoxy-6-i5-r4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl1-1.2.4-oxadiazol-3-yll-2- propylquinoline
• Step F 2-Propyl-6- ⁇ 5-r4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyll-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl ⁇ quinolin-4-amine
• Example 192 Using chemistry known to those skilled in the art, the following compounds were made using analogous procedures used to prepare Example 192 shown above or by functional group manipulation of intermediates and/or examples shown above.
• N-(4-amino-2-propylquinolin-6-yl)-N-r4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl1urea To a solution of triphosgene (27mg, 0.09mmol) in methylene chloride (0.6mL) under nitrogen atmosphere was added a mixture of 4-trifluoromethylbenzylamine (0.04mL, 0.28mmol) and ⁇ , ⁇ -diisopropylethylamine (0.1 ImL) over 15minutes by syringe pump. The resulting mixture was stired at r.t. for 0.25h and the solvent removed under vacuum to provide a solid.
• Membrane binding assays were performed on transiently-transfected COS-7 cells expressing human MCH-2R from the plasmid vector pCI-neo (Promega, Madison, WI), on a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line stably expressing the MCH-2R from the plasmid vector pEFl/N5-HisB (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), or a CHO cell line stably expressing human MCH-IR from pcD ⁇ A3.1.
• COS-7 cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (Gibco BRL, Rockville, MD) with 10 % heat inactivated fetal calf serum.
• a suspension of 7 x 106 COS-7 cells were transfected with 20 ⁇ g of pCI-neo/MCH-2R plasmid by electroporation (26) and cells were harvested after 60-72 hours.
• Membranes were prepared from transient and stable transfectants by hypotonic lysis, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at - 80°C.
• a scintillation proximity assay (SPA) was developed to measure the specific binding of [125i]_[p el3Tyrl9]-hMCH.
• SPA scintillation proximity assay
• binding buffer 50 mM Tris pH 7.4, 10 mM MgCl2, 2 mM EDTA, 12% glycerol, 0.1% BSA.
• Binding buffer contained 50 mM Tris pH 7.4, 8 mM MgCl2don 12 % glycerol, 0.1 % BSA (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) and protease inhibitors: 4 ⁇ g/mL of leupeptin (Sigma, St. Louis, MO), 40 ⁇ g/mL of Bacitracin (Sigma, St.
• Binding conditions were 50 mM Tris pH 7.4, 10 mM MgCl2, 2 mM EDTA 200 ⁇ g/mL bacitracin, 1 ⁇ M phosphoramidon, 2.5 to 5 ⁇ g protein, with and without 10 ⁇ M MCH unlabeled peptide as a competitor.
• Dose response curves were from 10 ⁇ M in 5 fold or 3-fold dilution series for 11 points. The mixture was shaken for 5 minutes on a platform shaker, and incubated at r.t. for 1 hour. Filter plates were presoaked in 1% PEL The binding reaction was harvested onto filters using Packard Filtermate harvester (Meriden, CT). The filters were then washed in 50 mM Tris pH 7.4, 10 mM MgCl2,
• the aequorin bioluminescence assay is a reliable test for identifying G-protein- coupled receptors which couple through the G protein subunit family consisting of Gq and G ⁇ which leads to the activation of phospholipase C, mobilization of intracellular calcium, and activation of protein kinase C.
• Stable cell lines expressing either the MCH-IR or the MCH-2R and the aequorin reporter protein were used.
• the assay was performed using a Luminoskan RT luminometer (Labsystems Inc., Gaithersburg, MD) controlled by custom software written for a Macintosh PowerPC 6100.
• 293AEQ17/MCH-lR(or MCH-2R) cells were cultured for 72 h and the apo-aequorin in the cells was charged for 1 h with coelenterazine (10 ⁇ M) under reducing conditions (300 M reduced glutathione) in ECB buffer (140 mM NaCI, 20 mM KC1, 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.4, 5 mM glucose, 1 mM MgCl2, 1 mM CaCl2, 0.1 mg/mL bovine serum albumin). The cells were harvested, washed once in ECB medium, and resuspended to 500 000 cells/mL.
• test ligands were pre-incubated for -10 minutes at varying concentrations prior to injection on the test ligand plate containing MCH agonists.
• the "fractional response" values for each well were calculated by taking the ratio of the integrated response to the initial challenge to the total integrated luminescence including the Triton X-100 lysis response.
• the functional EC50 values were measured in three separate assays.
• Selective MCH-IR antagonist compounds of the present invention have IC 50 affinities for the MCH-IR receptor between 0.1 and 10000 nM, are at least 20x selective for the MCH-IR receptor over the MCH-2R receptor, and are functional antagonists lacking agonist activity at the MCH-IR receptor.
• MCH-IR human
• MCH-2R human

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