Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
  • C07K5/06—Dipeptides
  • C07K5/06008—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral
  • C07K5/06017—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
  • C07K5/12—Cyclic peptides with only normal peptide bonds in the ring
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
  • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K1/00—General methods for the preparation of peptides, i.e. processes for the organic chemical preparation of peptides or proteins of any length
  • C07K1/02—General methods for the preparation of peptides, i.e. processes for the organic chemical preparation of peptides or proteins of any length in solution
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
  • C07K5/08—Tripeptides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
  • C07K5/08—Tripeptides
  • C07K5/0802—Tripeptides with the first amino acid being neutral
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
  • C07K5/08—Tripeptides
  • C07K5/0802—Tripeptides with the first amino acid being neutral
  • C07K5/0804—Tripeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic
  • C07K5/0806—Tripeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic the side chain containing 0 or 1 carbon atoms, i.e. Gly, Ala
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K7/00—Peptides having 5 to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K7/02—Linear peptides containing at least one abnormal peptide link
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides

Definitions

• the present invention relates to novel hepatitis C virus ("HCV”) protease inhibitors, pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more such inhibitors, methods of preparing such inhibitors and methods of using such inhibitors to treat hepatitis C and related disorders.
• HCV hepatitis C virus
• This invention specifically discloses novel macrocyclic compounds as inhibitors of the HCV NS3/NS4a serine protease.
• Hepatitis C virus is a (+)-sense single-stranded RNA virus that has been implicated as the major causative agent in non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANBH), particularly in blood-associated NANBH (BB-NANBH)(see, International Patent Application Publication No. WO 89/04669 and European Patent Application Publication No. EP 381 216).
• NANBH is to be distinguished from other types of viral-induced liver disease, such as hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), delta hepatitis virus (HDV), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), as well as from other forms of liver disease such as alcoholism and primary biliar cirrhosis.
• HAV hepatitis A virus
• HBV hepatitis B virus
• HDV delta hepatitis virus
• CMV cytomegalovirus
• EBV Epstein-Barr virus
• HCV protease necessary for polypeptide processing and viral replication has been identified, cloned and expressed; (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 5,712,145).
• This approximately 3000 amino acid polyprotein contains, from the amino terminus to the carboxy terminus, a nucleocapsid protein (C), envelope proteins (E1 and E2) and several non-structural proteins (NS1 , 2, 3, 4a, 5a and 5b).
• NS3 is an approximately 68 kda protein, encoded by approximately 1893 nucleotides of the HCV genome, and has two distinct domains: (a) a serine protease domain consisting of approximately 200 of the N-terminal amino acids; and (b) an RNA-dependent ATPase domain at the C-terminus of the protein.
• the NS3 protease is considered a member of the chymotrypsin family because of similarities in protein sequence, overall three-dimensional structure and mechanism of catalysis.
• Other chymotrypsin-like enzymes are elastase, factor Xa, thrombin, trypsin, plasmin, urokinase, tPA and PSA.
• the HCV NS3 serine protease is responsible for proteolysis of the polypeptide (polyprotein) at the NS3/NS4a, NS4a/NS4b, NS4b/NS5a and NS5a NS5b junctions and is thus responsible for generating four viral proteins during viral replication. This has made the HCV NS3 serine protease an attractive target for antiviral chemotherapy.
• NS4a protein an approximately 6 kda polypeptide
• NS3/NS4a serine protease activity of NS3 It has been determined that the NS4a protein, an approximately 6 kda polypeptide, is a co-factor for the serine protease activity of NS3.
• Autocleavage of the NS3/NS4a junction by the NS3/NS4a serine protease occurs intramolecularly (Le., cis) while the other cleavage sites are processed intermolecularly (i.e., trans).
• NS3/NS4a junction contains a threonine at P1 and a serine at P1 ⁇
• the Cys ⁇ Thr substitution at NS3/NS4a is postulated to account for the requirement of cis rather than trans processing at this junction. See, e.g., Pizzi et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci (USA) .91:888-892, Failla et al. (1996) Folding & Design 1:35-42.
• the NS3/NS4a cleavage site is also more tolerant of mutagenesis than the other sites. See, e ⁇ , Kollykhalov et al. (1994) J. Virol. 68:7525-7533.
• Inhibitors of HCV protease include antioxidants (see, International Patent Application Publication No. WO 98/14181), certain peptides and peptide analogs (see, International Patent Application Publication No. WO 98/17679, Landro et al. (1997) Biochem. 36:9340-9348, Ingallinella et al. (1998) Biochem. 37:8906-8914. Llinas-Brunet et al. (1998) Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 8:1713-1718), inhibitors based on the 70-amino acid polypeptide eglin c (Martin et al. (1998) Biochem.
• HCV has been implicated in cirrhosis of the liver and in induction of hepatocellular carcinoma.
• the prognosis for patients suffering from HCV infection is currently poor.
• HCV infection is more difficult to treat than other forms of hepatitis due to the lack of immunity or remission associated with HCV infection.
• Current data indicates a less than 50% survival rate at four years post cirrhosis diagnosis. Patients diagnosed with localized resectable hepatocellular carcinoma have a five-year survival rate of 10-30%, whereas those with localized unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma have a five-year survival rate of less than 1%.
• a still further object of the present invention is to provide methods for modulating the activity of serine proteases, particularly the HCV NS3/NS4a serine protease, using the compounds provided herein. Another object herein is to provide methods of modulating the processing of the HCV polypeptide using the compounds provided herein.
• the present invention provides a novel class of macrocyclic inhibitors of the HCV protease, pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more of the compounds, methods of preparing pharmaceutical formulations comprising one or more such compounds, and methods of treatment, prevention or amelioration or one or more of the symptoms of hepatitis C. Also provided are methods of modulating the interaction of an HCV polypeptide with HCV protease.
• compounds that inhibit HCV NS3/NS4a serine protease activity are preferred.
• the presently disclosed compounds generally contain about three or more amino acid residues and less than about twelve amino acid residues.
• the present invention provides a macrocyclic compound of Formula I:
• X and Y are independently selected from the moieties: alkyl, alkyl-aryl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, aryl-heteroaryl, alkyl-heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, alkyl ether, alkyl-aryl ether, aryl ether, alkyl amino, aryl amino, alkyl-aryl amino, alkyl sulfide, alkyl-aryl sulfide, aryl sulfide, alkyl sulfone, alkyl-aryl sulfone, aryl sulfone, alkyl- alkyl sulfoxide, alkyl-aryl sulfoxide, alkyl amide, alkyl-aryl amide, aryl amide, alkyl sulfonamide, alkyl-aryl sulfonamide, aryl sulfonamide, alkyl urea, alkyl-aryl ure
• R 6 , R 8 , R 9 and R 10 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, CH(R 1' )COOR 11 , CH(R 1' )CONR 12 R 13 , CH(R 1' )CONHCH(R 2' )COO R 11 , CH(R v )CONHCH(R 2 )CONR 12 R 13 , CH(R 1' )CONHCH(R 2' )R', CH(R 1' )CONHCH(R 2' )CONHCH(R 3' )COO R 11 , CH(R 1' )CONHCH(R 2 )CONHCH(R 2 )CONHCH(
• R r , R 2' , R 3' , R 4' , R 5' , R 1 , R 12 , R 13 , and R' are independently selected from a group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, alkyl-aryl, alkyl-heteroaryl, aryl-alkyl and heteroaralkyl; Z is selected from O, N, or CH;
• Q maybe present or absent, and when Q is present, Q is CH, N, P, (CH 2 ) p , (CHR) p , (CRR') P , O, NR, S, or S0 2 ; and when Q is absent, M is also absent, and A is directly linked to X;
• A is O, CH 2 , (CHR) P , (CHR-CHR') p , (CRR') P , NR, S, S0 2 or a bond;
• E is CH, N or CR, or a double bond towards A, L or G;
• G may be present or absent, and when G is present, G is (CH 2 ) P , (CHR) p , or (CRR') p ,; and when G is absent, J is present and E is directly connected to the carbon atom where G was connected to;
• J maybe absent or present, and when J is present, J is (CH 2 ) P , (CHR) P , or (CRR') P , S0 2 , NH, NR or O; and when J is absent, G is present and E is directly linked to N;
• L may be present or absent, and when L is present, L is CH, CR, O, S or
• M when L is absent, then M may be absent or present, and if M is present with L being absent, then M is directly and independently linked to E, and J is directly and independently linked to E; M may be present or absent, and when M is present, M is O, NR, S, S0 2 , (CH 2 ) p , (CHR) p (CHR-CHR') P , or (CRR') p ; p is a number from 0 to 6; and
• R, R', R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are independently selected from the group consisting of H; C1-C10 alkyl; C2-C10 alkenyl; C3-C8 cycloalkyl; C3-C8 heterocycloalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, arylthio, amino, amido, ester, carboxylic acid, carbamate, urea, ketone, aldehyde, cyano, nitro; oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or phosphorus atoms with said oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or phosphorus atoms numbering zero to six;
• (cycloalkyl)alkyl and (heterocycloalkyl)alkyl wherein said cycloalkyl is made of three to eight carbon atoms, and zero to six oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or phosphorus atoms, and said alkyl is of one to six carbon atoms; aryl; heteroaryl; alkyl-aryl; and alkyl-heteroaryl; with said alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl moieties may be optionally substituted, with said term "substituted” referring to optional and suitable substitution with one or more moieties selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclic, halogen, hydroxy, thio, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, arylthio
• alkyl refers to a monovalent group derived from a straight or branched chain saturated hydrocarbon by the removal of a single atom having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to 6; aryl - represents a carbocyclic group having from 6 to 14 carbon atoms and having at least one benzenoid ring, with all available substitutable aromatic carbon atoms of the carbocyclic group being intended as possible points of attachment.
• Preferred aryl groups include phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl and indanyl, and especially phenyl and substituted phenyl; aralkyl - represents a moiety containing an aryl group linked vial a lower alkyl; alkylaryl - represents a moiety containing a lower alkyl linked via an aryl group; cycloalkyl - represents a saturated carbocyclic ring having from 3 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably 5 or 6, optionally substituted.
• heterocyclic - represents, in addition to the heteroaryl groups defined below, saturated and unsaturated cyclic organic groups having at least one O, S and/or N atom interrupting a carbocyclic ring structure that consists of one ring or two fused rings, wherein each ring is 3 to 9-membered and may or may not have double bonds that lack delocalized pi electrons, which ring structure has from 2 to 8, preferably from 3 to 6 carbon atoms, e.g., 2- or 3-piperidinyl, 2- or 3-piperazinyl, 2- or 3-morpholinyl, or 2- or 3-thiomorpholinyl; halogen - represents fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine; heteroaryl - represents a cyclic organic group having at least one O, S and/or N atom interrupting a carbocyclic ring structure and having a sufficient number of delocalized pi electrons to provide aromatic character, with the aromatic heterocyclic group having from 2 to 14, preferably 4 or 5 carbon atom
• Also included in the invention are tautomers, enantiomers and other optical isomers of compounds of Formula I, as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof.
• a further feature of the invention is pharmaceutical compositions containing as active ingredient a compound of Formula I (or its salt, solvate or isomers) together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
• the invention also provides methods for preparing compounds of Formula I, as well as methods for treating diseases such as, for example, HCV and related disorders.
• the methods for treating comprise administering to a patient suffering from said disease or diseases a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of Formula I.
• the present invention discloses compounds of Formula I as inhibitors of HCV protease, especially the HCV NS3/NS4a serine protease.
• preferred compounds are those which have the Formula II:
• R 2 in formula I may be selected from the following moieties:
• the structure a may be selected from the following non-limiting types of structures:
• the moieties G and J are independently selected from (CH 2 ) p , (CHR) P , (CHR-CHR') P , and (CRR') p , and the moiety A-E-L-M- Q is an aromatic ring consisting of two to eight carbon atoms, zero to six hetero atoms with X and J being ortho, para or meta with respect to each other.
• R 3 in formula I is selected from the following structures:
• R H, CH 3 or other alkyl groups
• R 31 OH, O-alkyl, NH 2 or N-alkyl
• R 32 and R 33 may be the same or different and are independently selected from H,
• inventive compounds Some of the inventive compounds and the methods of synthesizing the various types of the inventive compounds are listed below, then schematically described, followed by the illustrative Examples.
• the compounds of the invention may form pharmaceutically acceptable salts with organic or inorganic acids, or organic or inorganic bases.
• suitable acids for such salt formation are hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric, acetic, citric, oxalic, malonic, salicylic, malic, fumaric, succinic, ascorbic, maleic, methanesulfonic and other mineral and carboxylic acids well known to those skilled in the art.
• suitable bases are, for example, NaOH, KOH, NH 4 OH, tetraalkylammonium hydroxide, and the like.
• this invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising the above-described inventive macrocycles as an active ingredient.
• the pharmaceutical compositions generally additionally comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier diluent, excipient or carrier (collectively referred to herein as carrier materials). Because of their HCV inhibitory activity, such pharmaceutical compositions possess utility in treating hepatitis C and related disorders.
• the present invention discloses methods for preparing pharmaceutical compositions comprising the inventive macrocycle compounds as an active ingredient.
• the active ingredients will typically be administered in admixture with suitable carrier materials suitably selected with respect to the intended form of administration, i.e.
• the active drug component may be combined with any oral non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable inert carrier, such as lactose, starch, sucrose, cellulose, magnesium stearate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, talc, mannitol, ethyl alcohol (liquid forms) and the like.
• suitable binders, lubricants, disintegrating agents and coloring agents may also be incorporated in the mixture. Powders and tablets may be comprised of from about 5 to about 95 percent inventive composition.
• Suitable binders include starch, gelatin, natural sugars, corn sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, sodium alginate, carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol and waxes.
• lubricants there may be mentioned for use in these dosage forms, boric acid, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, and the like.
• Disintegrants include starch, methylcellulose, guar gum and the like. Sweetening and flavoring agents and preservatives may also be included where appropriate.
• compositions of the present invention may be formulated in sustained release form to provide the rate controlled release of any one or more of the components or active ingredients to optimize the therapeutic effects, i.e. HCV inhibitory activity and the like.
• Suitable dosage forms for sustained release include layered tablets containing layers of varying disintegration rates or controlled release polymeric matrices impregnated with the active components and shaped in tablet form or capsules containing such impregnated or encapsulated porous polymeric matrices.
• Liquid form preparations include solutions, suspensions and emulsions. As an example may be mentioned water or water-propylene glycol solutions for parenteral injections or addition of sweeteners and pacifiers for oral solutions, suspensions and emulsions. Liquid form preparations may also include solutions for intranasal administration. Aerosol preparations suitable for inhalation may include solutions and solids in powder form, which may be in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier such as inert compressed gas, e.g. nitrogen.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier such as inert compressed gas, e.g. nitrogen.
• a low melting wax such as a mixture of fatty acid glycerides such as cocoa butter is first melted, and the active ingredient is dispersed homogeneously therein by stirring or similar mixing. The molten homogeneous mixture is then poured into convenient sized molds, allowed to cool and thereby solidify.
• solid form preparations which are intended to be converted, shortly before use, to liquid form preparations for either oral or parenteral administration.
• liquid forms include solutions, suspensions and emulsions.
• the compounds of the invention may also be deliverable transdermally.
• the transdermal compositions may take the form of creams, lotions, aerosols and/or emulsions and can be included in a transdermal patch of the matrix or reservoir type as are conventional in the art for this purpose.
• the compound is administered orally.
• the pharmaceutical preparation is in a unit dosage form.
• the preparation is subdivided into suitably sized unit doses containing appropriate quantities of the active components, e.g., an effective amount to achieve the desired purpose.
• the quantity of the inventive active composition in a unit dose of preparation may be generally varied or adjusted from about 1.0 milligram to about 1 ,000 milligrams, preferably from about 1.0 to about 950 milligrams, more preferably from about 1.0 to about 500 milligrams, and typically from about 1 to about 250 milligrams, according to the particular application.
• the actual dosage employed may be varied depending upon the patient's age, sex, weight and severity of the condition being treated. Such techniques are well known to those skilled in the art.
• the human oral dosage form containing the active ingredients can be administered 1 or 2 times per day. The amount and frequency of the administration will be regulated according to the judgment of the attending clinician.
• a generally recommended daily dosage regimen for oral administration may range from about 1.0 milligram to about 1 ,000 milligrams per day, in single or divided doses.
• Capsule - refers to a special container or enclosure made of methyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohols, or denatured gelatins or starch for holding or containing compositions comprising the active ingredients.
• Hard shell capsules are typically made of blends of relatively high gel strength bone and pork skin gelatins. The capsule itself may contain small amounts of dyes, opaquing agents, plasticizers and preservatives.
• Tablet- refers to a compressed or molded solid dosage form containing the active ingredients with suitable diluents.
• the tablet can be prepared by compression of mixtures or granulations obtained by wet granulation, dry granulation or by compaction.
• Oral gel- refers to the active ingredients dispersed or solubilized in a hydrophillic semi-solid matrix.
• Powder for constitution refers to powder blends containing the active ingredients and suitable diluents which can be suspended in water or juices.
• Diluent - refers to substances that usually make up the major portion of the composition or dosage form. Suitable diluents include sugars such as lactose, sucrose, mannitol and sorbitol; starches derived from wheat, corn, rice and potato; and celluloses such as microcrystalline cellulose.
• the amount of diluent in the composition can range from about 10 to about 90% by weight of the total composition, preferably from about 25 to about 75%, more preferably from about 30 to about 60% by weight, even more preferably from about 12 to about 60%.
• Disintegrant - refers to materials added to the composition to help it break apart (disintegrate) and release the medicaments.
• Suitable disintegrants include starches; "cold water soluble" modified starches such as sodium carboxymethyl starch; natural and synthetic gums such as locust bean, karaya, guar, tragacanth and agar; cellulose derivatives such as methylcellulose and sodium carboxymethylcellulose; microcrystalline celluloses and cross-linked microcrystalline celluloses such as sodium croscarmellose; alginates such as alginic acid and sodium alginate; clays such as bentonites; and effervescent mixtures.
• the amount of disintegrant in the composition can range from about 2 to about 15% by weight of the composition, more preferably from about 4 to about 10% by weight.
• Binder - refers to substances that bind or "glue” powders together and make them cohesive by forming granules, thus serving as the "adhesive" in the formulation. Binders add cohesive strength already available in the diluent or bulking agent. Suitable binders include sugars such as sucrose; starches derived from wheat, corn rice and potato; natural gums such as acacia, gelatin and tragacanth; derivatives of seaweed such as alginic acid, sodium alginate and ammonium calcium alginate; cellulosic materials such as methylcellulose and sodium carboxymethylcellulose and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose; polyvinylpyrrolidone; and inorganics such as magnesium aluminum silicate.
• the amount of binder in the composition can range from about 2 to about 20% by weight of the composition, more preferably from about 3 to about 10% by weight, even more preferably from about 3 to about 6% by weight.
• Lubricant - refers to a substance added to the dosage form to enable the tablet, granules, etc. after it has been compressed, to release from the mold or die by reducing friction or wear.
• Suitable lubricants include metallic stearates such as magnesium stearate, calcium stearate or potassium stearate; stearic acid; high melting point waxes; and water soluble lubricants such as sodium chloride, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium oleate, polyethylene glycols and d'l- leucine. Lubricants are usually added at the very last step before compression, since they must be present on the surfaces of the granules and in between them and the parts of the tablet press.
• the amount of lubricant in the composition can range from about 0:2 to about 5% by weight of the composition, preferably from about 0.5 to about 2%, more preferably from about 0.3 to about 1.5% by weight.
• Glident - material that prevents caking and improve the flow characteristics of granulations, so that flow is smooth and uniform.
• Suitable glidents include silicon dioxide and talc.
• the amount of glident in the composition can range from about 0.1% to about 5% by weight of the total composition, preferably from about 0.5 to about 2% by weight.
• Coloring agents - excipients that provide coloration to the composition or the dosage form.
• excipients can include food grade dyes and food grade dyes adsorbed onto a suitable adsorbent such as clay or aluminum oxide.
• the amount of the coloring agent can vary from about 0.1 to about 5% by weight of the composition, preferably from about 0.1 to about 1%.
• Bioavailability - refers to the rate and extent to which the active drug ingredient or therapeutic moiety is absorbed into the systemic circulation from an administered dosage form as compared to a standard or control.
• Conventional methods for preparing tablets are known. Such methods include dry methods such as direct compression and compression of granulation produced by compaction, or wet methods or other special procedures. Conventional methods for making other forms for administration such as, for example, capsules, suppositories and the like are also well known.
• Another embodiment of the invention discloses the use of the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed above for treatment of diseases such as, for example, hepatitis C the like.
• the method comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of the inventive pharmaceutical composition to a patient having such a disease or diseases and in need of such a treatment.
• the invention includes tautomers, enantiomers and other stereoisomers of the compounds also.
• inventive compounds may exist in isomeric forms. Such variations are contemplated to be within the scope of the invention.
• Another embodiment of the invention discloses a method of making the macrocyclic compounds disclosed herein.
• the compounds may be prepared by several techniques known in the art. Representative illustrative procedures are outlined in the following reaction schemes. It is to be understood that while the following illustrative schemes describe the preparation of macrocycles predominately derived from 4-c/s-hydroxyproline (“c/s-HYP”) or 7- hydroxytetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (“TIC”), suitable substitution of any of both the natural and unnatural amino acids will result in the formation of the desired macrocycles based on such substitution.
• c/s-HYP 4-c/s-hydroxyproline
• TIC 7- hydroxytetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
• ADDP 1 , 1 '-(Azodicarbobyl)dipiperidine
• BOP Benzotrizaol-1 -yloxytris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate
• LDA Lithium diisopropyl amide
• Ph3P Triphenyl phosophine LAH: Lithium Aluminum Hydride
• BINAP 2,2'-Bis(diphenylphosphino)-1 ,1 '-binaphtol
• R' is alkyl, heteroalkyl (OR", SR"', NR"R"' wherein R" and R'' 1 are alkyl groups), halo substituent at ortho, meta, or para -position to oxygen atom;
• R is alkyl, aryl, or alkylaryl groups;
• n is from zero to five;
• the protected 4-hydroxyproline acid (la) is alkylated at the 4-position by an alkyl bromide in the presence of sodium hydride.
• the product lb is then converted to an ester either with an alcohol under acidic conditions, or with trimethylsilyldiazamethane.
• the resulting amine is coupled to a Boc-protected amino acid in the presence of HOOBt, EDCI-HCI and NMM.
• the dipeptide is reacted with a substituted hydroxyphenyl acetic acid using the same coupling conditions.
• Catalytic hydrogenation of the benzyl ether gives the precursor for the macrocyclization.
• the compound of formula 6m is synthesized as outlined in Scheme 6 wherein R 1 , R 2 , R' and n are defined in Scheme 1 and R 6 being alkyl, aryl, ester, carboxylic acid and carboxylamides.
• the compound of type 6b is synthesized from 6a by a Wittig olefination using Ph 3 PCH 3 l and BuLi.
• the compound 6b is further aminohydroxylated to synthesize compound of the type 6c, which was reduced using Rh/C, and H 2 to afford compound of type 6d.
• the compound 6d was oxidized to compound of type 6e_ using RuCI 3 and H 5 I0 6 .
• the compound 6e was elaborated to compound 6i by coupling it with deprotected 6h using NMM, EDCI, and HOOBt. Extension of compound 6i to 6j was again achieved by coupling deprotected 6J and appropriately substituted phenyl acetic acid using EDCI, HOOBt and NMM.
• the compound 6k obtained after hydrogenolysis of benzyl group in 6j was cyclized to 6J using the Mitsunobu conditions. 61 was further elaborated to compounds of type 6m as outlined in Scheme 1.
• the synthesis of the compound of formula 7b was obtained from compound of type 7a by an EDCI, HOBt, H ⁇ nigs base coupling.
• the treatment of 7b with Cs 2 C0 3 and photolytic removal of ruthenium converted the compound of type 7b to type 7c, which was further elaborated to compounds 7d as outlined in Scheme 1.
• R is alkyl, heteroalkyl (OR", SR"', NR"R"' wherein R" and R"' are alkyl groups), halo substituent at ortho, meta, or para -position to oxygen atom;
• R is alkyl, aryl, or alkylaryl groups;
• n is from zero to five;
• X is (CH 2 ) m where m is one to five, oxygen atom, NY where Y is hydrogen atom, alkyl, aryl group is outlined in Scheme 8.
• R' is alkyl, heteroalkyl (OR", SR'", NR"R"' wherein R" and R"' are alkyl groups), halo substituent at ortho, meta, or para -position to oxygen atom;
• R is alkyl, aryl, or alkylaryl groups;
• n is from zero to five;
• X is (CH 2 ) m where m is one to five, oxygen atom, NY where Y is hydrogen atom, alkyl, aryl group; and LG is leaving group (e.g., OTs, Br) is outlined in Scheme 9.
• R is alkyl, aryl, or alkylaryl groups
• X is (CH 2 ) m , (CH 2 ) m O, (CH 2 ) m NY where m is one to five, and Y is hydrogen atom, alkyl, aryl group
• A is hydrogen atom or appropriately positioned halogen atom
• the protected 4- aminoproline derivative 11a is converted to 11b by treatment with suitable benzenesulfonyl chloride and a base.
• Step 1
• the desired product xii was obtained by the procedure described for Intermediate A, Step 8 using commercially available xi as the coupling partner.
• the crude material was sufficiently pure for further studies.
• a portion of the product was purified by flash chromatography using 97/3 dichloromethane/MeOH.
• Step 1
• xvi (5g) in dichloromethane (20 mL) was added TFA (20 mL) and stirred at ambient temperature for 4 hrs. Another portion of TFA (10 mL) was added and left standing for additional 3 hrs. All the volatiles were evaporated and it was dried in vacuo to provide quantitative yield of xvii. This material was carried further. (Note: The starting material xvi was obtained by a similar protocol described for B, using nitropentane as precursor).
• the Boc-amino methyl ester 1c (5.83 g, 14.8 mmol) was dissolved in 4 N HCl in dioxane (80 mL, 320 mmol) and the resulting solution was stirred at room temperature. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC. After 5 h, the solution was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was kept under vacuum overnight to yield a white solid which was used in the next coupling reaction without further purification.
• N-Boc- cyclohexylglycine (4.10 g, 14.9 mmol), HOOBt (2.60 g, 15.9 mmol) and EDCI (3.41 g, 17.8 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (150 mL) and CH2CI2 at -20°C, was added NMM (6.50 mL, 59.1 mmol). After being stirred at this temperature for 30 min, the reaction mixture was kept in a freezer overnight (18 h). It was then stirred in air and allowed to warm to room temperature in 1 h.
• the desired compound 2a was prepared according to the method of
• Example 1 Step J, except for substituting the amine B for the amine A.
• the hydoxy amide was obtained as a mixture of inseparable diastereomers in the form of a white solid in 60 % yield.
• the desired ketoamide was prepared from the hydroxy amide 2a according to the method of Example 1 , Step K.
• the product was obtained as a mixture of inseparable diastereomers in the form of a white solid in 78 % yield.
• Step B The desired product 4a was obtained by the method described for Example 1 , Step A. The crude material was carried to the next step as it was. Step B:
• the desired product 4b was obtained by the method described for Example 1 , Step B.
• the material was purified by flash column chromatography using 80/20 to 75/25 hexanes/ethyl acetate to provide 4b in 50% yield as a colorless oil.
• Step C The material was purified by flash column chromatography using 80/20 to 75/25 hexanes/ethyl acetate to provide 4b in 50% yield as a colorless oil.
• Step F The desired product 4e was obtained by the method described in Example 1 , Step E. The crude material was carried to the next step as was. Step F:
• Step B The desired compound 7a was prepared from 1c according to the procedure of Example 1 , Step A. The crude product was used in Step B without further purification. Step B:
• the desired compound 7c was prepared from 7b according to the procedure of Example 1 , Step C.
• the product was used in Step D without further purification.
• Step F The desired compound 7e was prepared from 7d according to the procedure of Example 1 , Step E. The product was used in Step F without further purification. Step F:
• the desired compound 7j was prepared from 7i and A in 56 % yield according to the procedure of Example 1 , Step J. Step K:
• the desired compound 8a was prepared according to the method of Example 1 , Step J. except substituting amine B for amine A.
• the product was obtained as a mixture of inseparable diastereomers in the form of a white solid in 57 % yield.
• the desired compound 9 was prepared quantitatively from 8 according to the method of Example 3, Step A.
• Example 10 preparation of Compounds of Formula 10A and 10B:
• the desired compound 10d was prepared by the protocol described for
• Step D Reaction conditions were 0°C, 1 hr. The material was carried to the next step as it was. Step D:
• the desired compound 10e was prepared by the method described for Example 1 , Step P.
• the coupling reaction was carried out at -8°C for 2 days. After workup the product 10e was sufficiently pure by TLC and was obtained in
• Step F The desired compound 10f was prepared by the protocol described for Example 1 , Step E. The material was carried forward as it was. Step F:
• the desired compound 10g was prepared by the procedure described for Example 1 , Step F.
• the crude product was purified by flash column chromatography using 98/2 of dichloromethane/methanol to provide 10g in 40% yield as a white solid;
• 1 H NMR mixture of rotamers, CDCI 3 ) ⁇ 0.90-1.26 (m), 1.66-1.88 (m), 2.22-2.31 (m, 2H), 2.73 (t, 2H), 3.47 (s), 3.5-3.55 (m), 3.65-3.75 (m), 3.88-3.94 (dd, 1 H), 4.07-4.12 (dd, 1 H), 4.53 (t, 1 H), 4.62 (t, 1 H), 6.73-6.80
• the desired compound 10h was prepared by the protocol described for Example 1 , Step G.
• the crude product was suspended in 80/20 ethyl acetate/hexane, and the solid material was filtered off. The filtrate was concentrated and purified by flash column chromatography using 80/20 hexane/acetone to yield 22% of 10h as a solid.
• 1 H NMR (CDCI 3 ) ⁇ 0.98-1.30 (m), 1.64-1.90 (m), 2.06-2.14 (m, 1H), 2.16-2.21 (dd, 2H), 2.62-2.70 (m, 2H), 3.38-3.46 (m, 2H).
• the advanced intermediate 10i was synthesized as described for Example 1 , Step H. in quantitative yield as a white solid; 1 H NMR (DMSO-d ⁇ ) ⁇ 0.88-0.96 (m, 2H), 1.10-1.14 (m, 3H), 1.59-1.76 (m, 7H), 1.88-1.94 (m, 1 H), 2.09 (app. t, 1 H), 2.61 (dd, 1 H), 3.32 (app. d, 1 H), 3.40-3.45 (m, 2H), 3.61 (app. d, 1 H), 3.83 (q, 1 H), 4.13 (app.
• Example 12 Preparation of Compounds of Formulas 12A and 12B:
• the desired product 12a was obtained by the method described for Example 1 , Step D using N-boc-tert-butylglycine as the coupling partner.
• the material was purified by flash column chromatography using 90/10 dichloromethane/ethyl acetate to provide 12a in 73% yield.
• Step C The desired compound 12b was prepared by the protocol described for Example 1 , Step E. The material was carried forward to the next step. Step C:
• the desired product 12c was obtained by the procedure described for Example 1 , Step F.
• the material was purified by flash column chromatography using 99/1 dichloromethane/methanol to yield 12c in 91%.
• 13 C NMR (CDCI 3 ) ⁇ 26.24, 29.93, 34.95, 35.96, 43.48, 52.18, 53.09, 57.06, 58.06, 66.10, 66.92, 72.93, 77.43, 114.59, 116.14, 120.87, 127.58, 127.64, 127.74, 128.37, 130.02, 135.95, 138.39, 156.90, 170.65, 171.06, 172.38; HRMS (FAB) Calcd for C30H41 N2O7: 541.2914 (M+H)+. Found: 541.2921.
• the desired product 12d was obtained by the procedure described for Example 1 , Step G.
• the product obtained after filtering off the catalyst was pure enough for subsequent manipulations.
• 13 C NMR (CDCI 3 ) ⁇ 26.27, 32.09, 35.44, 35.67, 43.19, 52.21 , 52.74, 57.60, 58.21 , 58.75, 65.78, 77.74, 114.74, 116.02, 120.68, 130.07, 135.66, 157.11 , 170.59, 172.05, 172.51 ;
• HRMS (FAB) Calcd for
• the desired product 12e was obtained by the procedure described for Example 1 , Step H.
• the crude material was suspended in ethyl acetate/hexane (approx. 1/1) and the undissolved solid material was filtered off. Repeated this process once again, the filtrate was concentrated and applied on the column as a dichloromethane solution. The column was eluted with 75/25 hexane/acetone to yield 29% of 12e.
• HRMS (FAB) Calcd for C23H33N2O6: 433.2339 (M+H)+. Found: 433.2339.
• the desired compound 16a was prepared from 14d in 70% yield according to the procedure of Example 14, Step F. It was used for the couplings without further purification's; MS (FAB): 380.2 ([M+Na]+, 30) 358 ([M+1]+, 5), 302 (20), 258(20), 246 (100), 202 (70), 200 (20); HRMS calcd. for CisH32N06 (M+1)+: 358.2230; Found: 358. 2237. Step B:
• the desired compound 16b was prepared from 16a in 41% yield according to the procedure of Example 14, Step G; [ ⁇ ]D -52.7 (c ⁇ .3 CHCI3, 25); 1 H NMR
• the desired compound 16c was prepared from 16b according to the procedure of Example 14, Step H. The product was used without further purification.
• the desired compound 16e was prepared from 16d according to the procedure of Example 14, Step J. The product was used without further purification.
• the desired compound 16g was prepared from 16f according to the procedure of Example 14, Step H. The product was used without further purification.
• the desired compound 16h was prepared from 16g and A according to the procedure of Example 14, Step L. The product was used without further purification.
• the desired compound 16 was prepared as a colorless solid from 16h in 40% yield according to the procedure of Example 14, Step N. MS (electron spray)
• the desired compound 17 was prepared from 16 quantitatively according to the procedure of Example 15, Step A. MS (FAB) 833 [(M+1)+, 100], 788 (10),
• Step H The expected product 18h was synthesized as described earlier for the Example 1 , Step C. The material was carried to the next step as it was. Step H:
• the expected product 18i was synthesized as described earlier for the Example 1 , Step P.
• the crude material was purified by flash chromatography using 98/2 to 90/10 dichloromethane/methanol to afford 18i in 34% yield.
• the expected product 18j was synthesized as described earlier for the
• Example 1 Step C. The material was carried to the next step as it was.
• Example 1 Step J.
• the material after work-up was of sufficient purity to be carried forward to the next step.
• the expected product 19 was synthesized as described earlier for the
• Example 20 Preparation of Compounds of Formulas 20A and 20B:
• the desired product 20a was obtained by the method described for Example 1 , Step F.
• the material was purified by flash column chromatography using 98/2 dichloromethane/methanol to provide 20a in 97% yield.
• HRMS (FAB) Calcd for C32H43N2O7: 567.3070 (M+H) + . Found:
• the desired product 20b was obtained by the method described for Example 1 , Step G.
• the material was purified by flash column chromatography using 98/2 to 96/4 dichloromethane/methanol to provide 20b in 81 % yield.
• HRMS (FAB) Calcd for C25H37N2O7: 477.2601 (M+H) + . Found: 477.2606.
• the desired product 20d was obtained by the method described for
• 1 H NMR (DMSO-d6) 0.84 (m, 2H), 1.10 (m, 3H), 1.56-1.67 (m, 6H), 1.75-1.81 (m, 1 H), 2.32-2.49 (m, 3H), 2.55-2.59 (m, 1 H), 2.94 (dt, 1 H), 3.50 (dd, 1 H), 3.56-3.65 (m, 2H), 3.99 (dd, 1 H), 4.06-4.23 (m, 4H), 4.37 (t, 1 H), 6.64-6.74 (m, 3H), 7.08 (app. t,
• the expected product 20e was synthesized as described earlier for the Example 1 , Step J.
• the material after work-up was of sufficient purity to be carried forward to the next step.
• Step A The expected product 21a was synthesized as described earlier for the Example 2, Step A. The material after work-up was of sufficient purity to be carried forward to the next step. Step B:
• the desired product 21 was obtained by the oxidation protocol described previously for Example 2, Step B. Purification by flash column chromatography using 100/0 to 98/2 dichloromethane/methanol afforded 21 in
• the desired compound 23a was prepared in 58 % yield from 11 and D according to the method of Example 1 , Step J.
• Example 24 Preparation of Compound of Formula 24:
• the desired compound 25 was prepared in 53 % yield from 24 according to the method of Example 1 , Step J, except substituting benzyl amine for amine A.
• Example 26 Preparation of Compounds of Formulas 26A and 26B:
• the desired product 26d was obtained by the method described for Example 1 , Step G.
• the crude material was carried to the next step as it was.
• the desired product 26g was obtained by the method described for Example 1 , Step J.
• the crude material was purified by flash column chromatography using 98/2 dichloromethane/methanol to provide 26g in 31 % yield (3 steps).
• HRMS (FAB) Calcd for C41 H58N7O9: 792.4296 (M+H) + .
• the desired compound 27d was prepared from 27c according to the method of Example 1 , Step C. It was used in the next reaction without further purification.
• the desired compound was prepared from 27j according to the method of Example 1 , Step J. Flash chromatography (3 to 6 % MeOH/CH2Cl2) afforded 27k (69%) as a mixture of diastereomers.
• the desired compound 29A was prepared from 28A according to the method of Example 3, Step A.
• the desired compound 29B was prepared from 28B according to the method of Example 3, Step A.
• Example 30 Preparation of Compound 30:
• the desired compound 30d was prepared from 30c quantitatively according to the procedure of Example 1 , Step G. Step C:
• the desired compound 30e was prepared from 30d and Boc- cyclohexylglycine-OH according to the procedure of Example 1 , Step D. Flash chromatography (3 to 5 % MeOH/CH2Cl2) afforded 30e (61 %). Step D:
• the desired compound 30i was prepared from 30h according to the procedure of Example 1 , Step H. Step H:
• the desired compound 30j was prepared from 30i according to the procedure of Example 1 , Step I (23 %, 3 steps). Step
• the desired compound was prepared from 30j according to the procedure of Example 1 , Step J . Flash chromatography (3 to 6 % MeOH/CH2Cl2) afforded 30k (58%).
• Example 31 Preparation of Compound 31 :
• the desired compound was prepared from 30j and B according to the procedure of Example 1 , Step J. Flash chromatography (2 to 5 % MeOH/CH2Cl2) afforded 31a (73 %).
• the desired compound 32 can be prepared from 31 according to the procedure of Example 3, Step A.
• the desired compound 33h is prepared from 33g and A according to the procedure of Example 1 , Step J. Step H:
• the desired compounds are prepared from 33h according to the procedure of Example 1 , Step K.

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